{ "schemaVersion": "1.6.0", "version": "2026-09-20-corpus-one-batch-01-slice-01", "sources": [ { "id": "w-coffee", "title": "coffee — English dictionary entry", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/coffee", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "revision": "92496464", "reuse": "CC BY-SA 4.0; adapted with attribution", "passages": [ { "id": "chain", "text": "Borrowed from Dutch koffie, from Italian caffè, from Ottoman Turkish قهوه (kahve), from Arabic قَهْوَة (qahwa).", "locator": "English > Etymology, first sentence", "kind": "quotation" }, { "id": "reading", "text": "The pronunciation section records /ˈkɒfi/ for Received Pronunciation, alongside other regional variants.", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "mw-coffee", "title": "Coffee — Word History", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/coffee", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": null, "reuse": "Copyright Merriam-Webster; brief attributed excerpts and factual summaries only; no full article redistribution", "passages": [ { "id": "date", "text": "1598, in the meaning defined at sense 1a", "locator": "Word History > First Known Use, Noun", "kind": "quotation" }, { "id": "chain", "text": "Italian & Turkish; Italian caffè, from Turkish kahve, from Arabic qahwa", "locator": "Word History > Etymology", "kind": "quotation" }, { "id": "senses", "text": "The noun covers a drink brewed from roasted, ground seeds; Coffea plants; the seeds themselves; and a serving of the drink.", "locator": "Noun > senses 1a–c and 2", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "coffee-current-scope-2026", "text": "Coffee names the drink, plant, seeds, an instant preparation, a serving, and a gathering at which coffee is served.", "locator": "Noun > senses 1–3", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "glottolog", "title": "Glottolog 5.3 — language reference coordinates", "publisher": "Hammarström, Forkel, Haspelmath & Bank; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology", "url": "https://github.com/glottolog/glottolog-cldf/blob/072ca0d0410039fb8b779be8fc165bac575d2cda/cldf/languages.csv", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "revision": "072ca0d0410039fb8b779be8fc165bac575d2cda", "reuse": "CC BY 4.0; selected coordinates, rounded for regional orientation", "passages": [ { "id": "stan1318", "text": "stan1318 · Standard Arabic · Latitude 27.9625 · Longitude 43.8525", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1318; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "otto1234", "text": "otto1234 · Ottoman Turkish · Latitude 39.8667 · Longitude 32.8667", "locator": "LanguageTable row otto1234; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "ital1282", "text": "ital1282 · Italian · Latitude 43.0464 · Longitude 12.6489", "locator": "LanguageTable row ital1282; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "dutc1256", "text": "dutc1256 · Dutch · Latitude 52.0 · Longitude 5.0", "locator": "LanguageTable row dutc1256; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "stan1293", "text": "stan1293 · English · Latitude 53.0 · Longitude -1.0", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "minn1241", "text": "minn1241 · Min Nan Chinese · Latitude 24.5 · Longitude 118.17", "locator": "LanguageTable row minn1241; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "fior1236", "text": "fior1236 · Old Italian · Latitude 43.0464 · Longitude 12.6489", "locator": "LanguageTable row fior1236; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "oldf1239", "text": "oldf1239 · Old French (842-ca. 1400) · Latitude 48.8 · Longitude 1.11", "locator": "LanguageTable row oldf1239; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "midd1317", "text": "midd1317 · Middle English · Latitude 51.65 · Longitude -1.11", "locator": "LanguageTable row midd1317; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "medi1250", "text": "medi1250 · Medieval Latin · Latitude 41.9026 · Longitude 12.4502", "locator": "LanguageTable row medi1250; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "angl1258", "text": "angl1258 · Anglo-Norman · Latitude 48.0 · Longitude 2.0", "locator": "LanguageTable row angl1258; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "anci1242", "text": "anci1242 · Ionic-Attic Ancient Greek · Latitude 39.8155 · Longitude 21.9129", "locator": "LanguageTable row anci1242; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "sans1269", "text": "sans1269 · Sanskrit · Latitude 20.0 · Longitude 77.0", "locator": "LanguageTable row sans1269; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "hind1270", "text": "hind1270 · Hindustani · Latitude 20.558666666666667 · Longitude 78.91266666666667", "locator": "LanguageTable row hind1270; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "czec1258", "text": "czec1258 · Czech · Latitude 49.873398 · Longitude 15.10437", "locator": "LanguageTable row czec1258; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "hind1269", "text": "hind1269 · Hindi · Latitude 25.0 · Longitude 77.0", "locator": "LanguageTable row hind1269; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "swah1253", "text": "swah1253 · Swahili · Latitude -8.25605 · Longitude 37.624", "locator": "LanguageTable row swah1253; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "clas1250", "text": "clas1250 · Classical Nahuatl · Latitude 19.72 · Longitude -96.97", "locator": "LanguageTable row clas1250; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "stan1288", "text": "stan1288 · Spanish · Latitude 40.4414 · Longitude -1.11788", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1288; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "midd1316", "text": "midd1316 · Middle French · Latitude 48.0 · Longitude 2.0", "locator": "LanguageTable row midd1316; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "pahl1241", "text": "pahl1241 · Pahlavi · Latitude 30.06 · Longitude 52.7", "locator": "LanguageTable row pahl1241; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "west2369", "text": "west2369 · Western Farsi · Latitude 32.9 · Longitude 53.3", "locator": "LanguageTable row west2369; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "oldp1253", "text": "oldp1253 · Old Provençal · Latitude 43.5 · Longitude 0.6", "locator": "LanguageTable row oldp1253; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "oldn1244", "text": "oldn1244 · Old Norse · Latitude 63.42 · Longitude 10.38", "locator": "LanguageTable row oldn1244; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "nucl1643", "text": "nucl1643 · Japanese · Latitude 35.0 · Longitude 135.0", "locator": "LanguageTable row nucl1643; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "stan1306", "text": "stan1306 · Standard Malay · Latitude 3.08896 · Longitude 101.699", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1306; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "olde1238", "text": "olde1238 · Old English (ca. 450-1100) · Latitude 51.06 · Longitude -1.31", "locator": "LanguageTable row olde1238; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "guja1252", "text": "guja1252 · Gujarati · Latitude 22.687 · Longitude 71.0962", "locator": "LanguageTable row guja1252; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "lati1261", "text": "lati1261 · Latin · Latitude 41.9026 · Longitude 12.4502", "locator": "LanguageTable row lati1261; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "stan1290", "text": "stan1290 · French · Latitude 48.0 · Longitude 2.0", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1290; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "samo1305", "text": "samo1305 · Samoan · Latitude -13.92 · Longitude -171.83", "locator": "LanguageTable row samo1305; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "gree1276", "text": "gree1276 · Greek · Latitude 38.83106936950003 · Longitude 23.25607002000004", "locator": "LanguageTable row gree1276; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "arab1395", "text": "arab1395 · Arabic · Latitude 28.293689418964068 · Longitude 35.871537655605096", "locator": "LanguageTable row arab1395; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "lite1248", "text": "lite1248 · Classical Chinese · Latitude 34.09 · Longitude 109.05", "locator": "LanguageTable row lite1248; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "port1283", "text": "port1283 · Portuguese · Latitude 39.91 · Longitude -8.1", "locator": "LanguageTable row port1283; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "vene1258", "text": "vene1258 · Venetian · Latitude 45.503581 · Longitude 12.214167", "locator": "LanguageTable row vene1258; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "urdu1245", "text": "urdu1245 · Urdu · Latitude 25.0 · Longitude 67.0", "locator": "LanguageTable row urdu1245; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "aram1259", "text": "aram1259 · Aramaic · Latitude 33.283847121288694 · Longitude 38.69452862180038", "locator": "LanguageTable row aram1259; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "olds1249", "text": "olds1249 · Old Spanish · Latitude 41.5 · Longitude -3.9", "locator": "LanguageTable row olds1249; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "tain1254", "text": "tain1254 · Taino · Latitude 18.2836 · Longitude -66.8042", "locator": "LanguageTable row tain1254; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "araw1281", "text": "araw1281 · Arawakan · Latitude -3.1102292773127544 · Longitude -63.45763454743985", "locator": "LanguageTable row araw1281; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "nucl1347", "text": "nucl1347 · Wolof · Latitude 15.2534 · Longitude -15.383", "locator": "LanguageTable row nucl1347; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "gugu1255", "text": "gugu1255 · Guugu Yimidhirr · Latitude -14.9424 · Longitude 144.831", "locator": "LanguageTable row gugu1255; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "oldp1255", "text": "oldp1255 · Old Persian · Latitude · Longitude ", "locator": "LanguageTable row oldp1255; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "finn1318", "text": "finn1318 · Finnish · Latitude 64.7628 · Longitude 25.5577", "locator": "LanguageTable row finn1318; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "scot1245", "text": "scot1245 · Scottish Gaelic · Latitude 56.7574 · Longitude -5.24366", "locator": "LanguageTable row scot1245; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "batch05-german-reference", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "LanguageTable reference row for German", "text": "German · Latitude 51.1 · Longitude 10.4" }, { "id": "batch05-korean-reference", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "LanguageTable reference row for Korean", "text": "Korean · Latitude 37.5 · Longitude 127.5" }, { "id": "batch05-russian-reference", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "LanguageTable reference row for Russian", "text": "Russian · Latitude 61.5 · Longitude 105.3" }, { "id": "batch05-quechua-reference", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "LanguageTable reference row for Quechua", "text": "Quechua · Latitude -13 · Longitude -72" }, { "id": "batch05-tupi-reference", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "LanguageTable reference row for Tupi", "text": "Tupi · Latitude -15 · Longitude -47" } ] }, { "id": "w-tea", "title": "tea — English Etymology 1", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tea", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "revision": "92064391", "reuse": "CC BY-SA 4.0; selected and adapted with attribution", "passages": [ { "id": "chain", "text": "The pinned entry traces English tea through Dutch thee to the Amoy form tê.", "locator": "English > Etymology 1, opening chain", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "date", "text": "The entry places the early English attestation at about 1655 in the translation of Semedo’s writings.", "locator": "English > Etymology 1, first sentence", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "reviewed-senses", "text": "A drink made by steeping prepared leaves or buds of the tea plant in hot water. The word also names the leaves, the plant, and an individual serving.", "locator": "English > Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "tea-english-reading-record", "text": "Present-day British English: /tiː/.", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-sugar", "title": "sugar — English dictionary entry", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sugar", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "revision": "92199705", "reuse": "CC BY-SA 4.0; selected and adapted with attribution", "passages": [ { "id": "chain", "text": "Inherited from Middle English sugre, borrowed from Old French çucre, borrowed from Old Italian zucchero, borrowed from Arabic سُكَّر (sukkar)", "locator": "English > Etymology, opening borrowing chain", "kind": "quotation" }, { "id": "reviewed-senses", "text": "A sweet, crystalline food, mainly sucrose, obtained from plants such as sugar cane or sugar beet and used to sweeten or preserve food. In chemistry, sugars form a wider group of small carbohydrates.", "locator": "English > Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "sugar-english-reading-record", "text": "Present-day British English: /ˈʃʊɡə/.", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-orange", "title": "orange — English dictionary entry", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/orange", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "revision": "92483925", "reuse": "CC BY-SA 4.0; selected and adapted with attribution", "passages": [ { "id": "chain", "text": "The fruit word continues from Middle English forms through the French fruit-name phrase.", "locator": "English > Etymology, opening clause", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "dates", "text": "The entry places the fruit sense in late-fourteenth-century English and gives 1510 for the color.", "locator": "English > Etymology, second paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "reviewed-senses", "text": "A round citrus fruit with a fragrant peel and juicy segments, commonly sweet or sour-sweet. The same word also names the tree that bears it.", "locator": "English > Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "orange-fruit-reading-record", "text": "Present-day British English: /ˈɒɹɪnd͡ʒ/.", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "orange-color-reading-record", "text": "Present-day British English: /ˈɒɹɪnd͡ʒ/.", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "orange-color-sense-definition", "text": "A color between red and yellow, named after the citrus fruit. The color name and the fruit name remain separate, living senses of the same word.", "locator": "English > Noun, color sense; Etymology", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-algebra", "title": "algebra — English dictionary entry", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/algebra", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "revision": "91309935", "reuse": "CC BY-SA 4.0; selected and adapted with attribution", "passages": [ { "id": "chain", "text": "The entry traces English algebra through Medieval Latin to Arabic al-jabr in the title of al-Khwārizmī’s work.", "locator": "English > Etymology, opening clause", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "context", "text": "The Arabic term occurs in the title of al-Khwārizmī’s mathematical work.", "locator": "English > Etymology, mathematical work title", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "reviewed-senses", "text": "A branch of mathematics that represents quantities and relationships with symbols and studies how they can be manipulated. Elementary algebra uses variables and equations; abstract algebra studies structures and their operations.", "locator": "English > Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "algebra-english-reading-record", "text": "Present-day British English: /ˈæl.dʒɪ.bɹə/.", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-algorithm", "title": "algorithm — English dictionary entry", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/algorithm", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "revision": "92453450", "reuse": "CC BY-SA 4.0; selected and adapted with attribution", "passages": [ { "id": "chain", "text": "The entry traces algorithm through Middle English, Anglo-Norman and Medieval Latin to al-Khwārizmī’s Arabic name.", "locator": "English > Etymology, opening chain", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "spelling", "text": "The entry identifies Greek arithmós as an influence on the later spelling, rather than the source of the whole word.", "locator": "English > Etymology, second sentence", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "reviewed-senses", "text": "An ordered, precisely specified procedure for solving a problem or carrying out a computation. An algorithm describes the steps to follow; it is not limited to a particular computer program or programming language.", "locator": "English > Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "algorithm-english-reading-record", "text": "Present-day British English: /ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/.", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-avatar", "title": "avatar — English dictionary entry", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/avatar", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "revision": "92297598", "reuse": "CC BY-SA 4.0; selected and adapted with attribution", "passages": [ { "id": "chain", "text": "The entry derives English avatar through Hindustani from Sanskrit avatāra, and analyzes the Sanskrit formation using ava and the strengthened stem of tṝ.", "locator": "English > Etymology, compound analysis", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "religious-date", "text": "First attested in c. 1784", "locator": "English > Etymology, first paragraph", "kind": "quotation" }, { "id": "digital-date", "text": "The computing sense was first attested in video games in the 1980s", "locator": "English > Etymology, second paragraph", "kind": "quotation" }, { "id": "reviewed-senses", "text": "In Hindu traditions, a deity’s manifestation or descent into an earthly form, particularly an incarnation of Vishnu. The religious sense continues alongside later uses for embodiment and digital representation.", "locator": "English > Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "avatar-religious-reading-record", "text": "Present-day British English, initial-stress variant: /ˈæv.ə.tɑː/.", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "avatar-digital-reading-record", "text": "Present-day British English, initial-stress variant: /ˈæv.ə.tɑː/.", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "avatar-digital-sense-definition", "text": "An image, character or other representation of a user in a digital environment. It may identify the user or act as their represented presence in a game or virtual world.", "locator": "English > Noun, graphical representation and character-model senses", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "batch05-avatar-ava-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for अव", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of अव; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-avatar-ava-transliteration", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 transliteration inspection for अव", "text": "The inspected lexical entry supports the conventional transliteration ava for अव; transliteration is kept distinct from pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-avatar-root-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for तॄ", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of तॄ; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-avatar-root-transliteration", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 transliteration inspection for तॄ", "text": "The inspected lexical entry supports the conventional transliteration tṝ for तॄ; transliteration is kept distinct from pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-avatar-sanskrit-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for अवतार", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of अवतार; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-avatar-sanskrit-transliteration", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 transliteration inspection for अवतार", "text": "The inspected lexical entry supports the conventional transliteration avatāra for अवतार; transliteration is kept distinct from pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-avatar-hindustani-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for अवतार", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of अवतार; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-avatar-hindustani-transliteration", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 transliteration inspection for अवतार", "text": "The inspected lexical entry supports the conventional transliteration avatār for अवतार; transliteration is kept distinct from pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-avatar-religious-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for avatar", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of avatar; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-avatar-digital-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for avatar", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of avatar; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." } ] }, { "id": "w-robot", "title": "robot — English artificial-worker and Czech entries", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/robot", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "revision": "92530281", "reuse": "CC BY-SA 4.0; selected and adapted with attribution", "passages": [ { "id": "chain", "text": "The artificial-worker sense is borrowed from Czech robot, derived from robota (drudgery, servitude); the account names the 1920 play R.U.R.", "locator": "English > Etymology 2, first paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "reviewed-senses", "text": "A machine that performs tasks automatically or under programmed control. In fiction, a robot may be an artificial worker or humanlike being; the word does not require a human shape.", "locator": "English > Etymology 2 > Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "robot-english-reading-record", "text": "Present-day British English: /ˈɹəʊ.bɒt/.", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "robot-czech-record", "text": "Czech robot names an artificial worker; the English etymology credits Josef Čapek’s suggestion to Karel for R.U.R.", "locator": "English > Etymology 2; Czech > Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "robot-czech-reading-record", "text": "Present-day Czech: [ˈrobot].", "locator": "Czech > Pronunciation", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-shampoo", "title": "shampoo — English dictionary entry", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shampoo", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "revision": "92501886", "reuse": "CC BY-SA 4.0; selected and adapted with attribution", "passages": [ { "id": "chain", "text": "The entry identifies the Hindi imperative cā̃po, from a verb for pressing or kneading, as the English source in the mid-eighteenth century.", "locator": "English > Etymology", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "reviewed-senses", "text": "To wash hair with a cleansing preparation. The verb can also describe cleaning materials such as carpets; its earlier massage sense belongs to a different stage of this journey.", "locator": "English > Verb", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "shampoo-massage-reading-record", "text": "Present-day British English: /ʃæmˈpuː/.", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "shampoo-wash-reading-record", "text": "Present-day British English: /ʃæmˈpuː/.", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "shampoo-massage-sense-definition", "text": "To press and knead a person’s body, with stretching of the limbs and joints, traditionally in connection with bathing. This older massage use precedes the selected washing sense.", "locator": "English > Verb, massage sense", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-safari", "title": "safari — English and Swahili entries", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/safari", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "revision": "91984194", "reuse": "CC BY-SA 4.0; selected and adapted with attribution", "passages": [ { "id": "chain", "text": "Borrowed from Swahili safari (“journey”), borrowed from Arabic سَفَر (safar).", "locator": "English > Etymology", "kind": "quotation" }, { "id": "reviewed-senses", "text": "A journey or expedition to observe, photograph, or hunt wild animals, especially in Africa. By extension, the word can describe other trips made to explore or seek something.", "locator": "English > Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "safari-english-reading-record", "text": "Present-day British English: /səˈfɑːɹ.i/.", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "safari-swahili-record", "text": "Swahili safari denotes a journey or trip and, separately, a time or instance; the entry derives it from Arabic safar.", "locator": "Swahili > Etymology; Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "safari-swahili-reading-record", "text": "Present-day Unguja Standard Swahili: /sɑˈfɑ.ɾi/.", "locator": "Swahili > Pronunciation", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-chocolate", "title": "chocolate — English and Spanish entries", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chocolate", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "revision": "92493784", "reuse": "CC BY-SA 4.0; selected and adapted with attribution", "passages": [ { "id": "chain", "text": "Borrowed from Spanish chocolate, from Classical Nahuatl chocolātl, of uncertain origin.", "locator": "English > Etymology, first sentence", "kind": "quotation" }, { "id": "reviewed-senses", "text": "A drink prepared from cacao or chocolate mixed with water or milk. This journey follows the beverage sense; present-day English also uses chocolate for the food and individual sweets.", "locator": "English > Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "chocolate-english-reading-record", "text": "Present-day British English: /ˈtʃɒk.lət/.", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "chocolate-spanish-record", "text": "Spanish chocolate includes a cacao-based drink and the food used to prepare it.", "locator": "Spanish > Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "chocolate-spanish-reading-record", "text": "Present-day Spanish: /t͡ʃokoˈlate/.", "locator": "Spanish > Pronunciation", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-zero", "title": "zero — English dictionary entry", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zero", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "revision": "92311802", "reuse": "CC BY-SA 4.0; selected and adapted with attribution", "passages": [ { "id": "chain", "text": "The entry lists Spanish, French and Italian contributors, through Medieval Latin zēphirum and Arabic ṣifr. It describes the Arabic meaning as calqued from Sanskrit śūnya.", "locator": "English > Etymology, borrowing and calque account", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "reviewed-senses", "text": "The number representing no quantity, and the numeral 0 used to write it. In measurement, zero can mark a reference point on a scale; in ordinary speech it can mean none or nothing.", "locator": "English > Numeral and Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "zero-english-reading-record", "text": "Present-day British English: /ˈzɪəɹəʊ/.", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "mw-robot", "title": "robot — Word History & definitions", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/robot", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": null, "reuse": "Copyright Merriam-Webster; brief attributed excerpts and factual summaries only; no full article redistribution", "passages": [ { "id": "date", "text": "1922, in the meaning defined at sense 1", "locator": "Word History > First Known Use, Noun", "kind": "quotation" }, { "id": "robot-coinage-context", "text": "The dictionary credits Josef Čapek with suggesting robot for Karel’s play. English also names automatic devices and, figuratively, a person behaving mechanically.", "locator": "Did you know? > Josef Čapek suggestion; Noun > senses 1–3", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "mw-avatar", "title": "avatar — Word History & definitions", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/avatar", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": null, "reuse": "Copyright Merriam-Webster; brief attributed excerpts and factual summaries only; no full article redistribution", "passages": [ { "id": "coexisting", "text": "All of these senses of avatar are still in use today", "locator": "Did you know?, final paragraph", "kind": "quotation" }, { "id": "avatar-embodiment-history", "text": "English avatar expands from divine incarnation to an embodiment of a person, idea or continuing entity, and to a user’s digital representation.", "locator": "Noun > senses 1–4; Did you know?", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "mw-shampoo", "title": "shampoo — Word History & definitions", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/shampoo", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": null, "reuse": "Copyright Merriam-Webster; brief attributed excerpts and factual summaries only; no full article redistribution", "passages": [ { "id": "date", "text": "1762, in the meaning defined at sense 2", "locator": "Word History > First Known Use, Verb", "kind": "quotation" }, { "id": "massage", "text": "archaic : massage", "locator": "Verb, sense 2", "kind": "quotation" }, { "id": "washing", "text": "to wash the hair of", "locator": "Verb, sense 1b", "kind": "quotation" }, { "id": "shampoo-product-definition", "text": "English shampoo is both a cleansing preparation and an instance of shampooing. As a verb it names washing with such a preparation; its massage sense is archaic.", "locator": "Noun > senses 1–2; Verb > senses 1–2; Word History", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "mw-safari", "title": "safari — Word History & definitions", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/safari", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": null, "reuse": "Copyright Merriam-Webster; brief attributed excerpts and factual summaries only; no full article redistribution", "passages": [ { "id": "date", "text": "1859, in the meaning defined at sense 1", "locator": "Word History > First Known Use, Noun", "kind": "quotation" }, { "id": "chain", "text": "Arabic safarī of a journey", "locator": "Word History > Etymology", "kind": "quotation" }, { "id": "meaning", "text": "a hunting expedition especially in eastern Africa", "locator": "Kids Definition", "kind": "quotation" }, { "id": "safari-english-scope", "text": "Safari can denote the hunting expedition’s caravan and equipment, the expedition itself, or a journey more generally. The dictionary dates its first English use to 1859.", "locator": "Noun > senses 1–2; Etymology; First Known Use", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "mw-chocolate", "title": "chocolate — Word History & definitions", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chocolate", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": null, "reuse": "Copyright Merriam-Webster; brief attributed excerpts and factual summaries only; no full article redistribution", "passages": [ { "id": "date", "text": "1604, in the meaning defined at sense 3", "locator": "Word History > First Known Use, Noun", "kind": "quotation" }, { "id": "uncertainty", "text": "probably an alteration", "locator": "Word History > Etymology", "kind": "quotation" }, { "id": "chocolate-modern-scope", "text": "English chocolate names a cacao food, an individual sweet, the drink, and a brownish colour. The 1604 date is attached to the drink sense.", "locator": "Noun > senses 1–4; Word History > First Known Use", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "mw-algebra", "title": "algebra — Word History & definitions", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/algebra", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": null, "reuse": "Copyright Merriam-Webster; brief attributed excerpts and factual summaries only; no full article redistribution", "passages": [ { "id": "date", "text": "1551, in the meaning defined at sense 1", "locator": "Word History > First Known Use, Noun", "kind": "quotation" }, { "id": "algebra-modern-scope", "text": "English algebra covers symbolic arithmetic and broader mathematical or logical systems involving abstract entities and operations.", "locator": "Noun > senses 1–2", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "mw-algorithm", "title": "algorithm — Word History & definitions", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/algorithm", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": null, "reuse": "Copyright Merriam-Webster; brief attributed excerpts and factual summaries only; no full article redistribution", "passages": [ { "id": "date", "text": "1811, in the meaning defined at sense 1", "locator": "Word History > First Known Use, Noun", "kind": "quotation" }, { "id": "meaning", "text": "a specific step-by-step procedure for solving a problem", "locator": "Noun, sense 1", "kind": "quotation" }, { "id": "algorithm-modern-extensions", "text": "Algorithm now denotes a specified procedure and also a computerised selection or ranking system, including a platform’s personalised content curation.", "locator": "Noun > senses 1–2; Did you know?", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "mw-zero", "title": "zero — Word History & definitions", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/zero", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": null, "reuse": "Copyright Merriam-Webster; brief attributed excerpts and factual summaries only; no full article redistribution", "passages": [ { "id": "date", "text": "1598, in the meaning defined at sense 1a", "locator": "Word History > First Known Use, Noun", "kind": "quotation" }, { "id": "chain", "text": "French or Italian", "locator": "Word History > Etymology, Noun", "kind": "quotation" }, { "id": "zero-modern-scope", "text": "Zero names the number and numeral, a reference point on a scale, a root of a function, and figurative absence or insignificance.", "locator": "Noun > senses 1–5", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "mw-sugar", "title": "sugar — Word History & definitions", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sugar", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": null, "reuse": "Copyright Merriam-Webster; brief attributed excerpts and factual summaries only; no full article redistribution", "passages": [ { "id": "date", "text": "14th century, in the meaning defined at sense 1a", "locator": "Word History > First Known Use, Noun", "kind": "quotation" }, { "id": "chain", "text": "from Anglo-French sucre, from Medieval Latin zuccarum, from Old Italian zucchero", "locator": "Word History > Etymology, Noun", "kind": "quotation" }, { "id": "sugar-latin-route", "text": "Merriam-Webster includes Medieval Latin zuccarum between Old Italian zucchero and Anglo-French sucre.", "locator": "Word History > Etymology", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "sugar-latin-period", "text": "The etymological account places Medieval Latin before the French source of fourteenth-century Middle English sugar.", "locator": "Word History > Etymology; First Known Use", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "sugar-modern-scope", "text": "English sugar includes the sucrose sweetener, a broader chemical class of small carbohydrates, and a measured portion such as a spoonful or cube.", "locator": "Noun > senses 1a–2", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "mw-orange", "title": "orange — Word History & definitions", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/orange", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": null, "reuse": "Copyright Merriam-Webster; brief attributed excerpts and factual summaries only; no full article redistribution", "passages": [ { "id": "date", "text": "1532, in the meaning defined at sense 2", "locator": "Word History > First Known Use, Noun", "kind": "quotation" }, { "id": "orange-earlier-chain", "text": "The fruit word is traced through Anglo-French, Old Occitan auranja, Arabic nāranj and Persian nārang to Sanskrit nāraṅga, an orange-tree name.", "locator": "Word History > Etymology", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "wals-tea", "title": "Tea — WALS chapter 138", "publisher": "Östen Dahl; WALS Online", "url": "https://wals.info/chapter/138", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": null, "reuse": "CC BY 4.0; concise adapted account with attribution", "passages": [ { "id": "contacts", "text": "their main contacts in Amoy (Xiamen) in Fujian", "locator": "Chapter 138, paragraph beginning “The Dutch traders”", "kind": "quotation" }, { "id": "trade-period", "text": "The chapter associates Dutch traders and their Amoy contacts with the spread of the tea word into Europe in the seventeenth century.", "locator": "Historical discussion of European adoption and Dutch contacts at Amoy", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "tea-english-sound-context", "text": "Dahl explains the English tea vowel through a wider sound change and notes surviving tay-like pronunciations. Dutch contacts at Amoy explain this branch.", "locator": "Chapter 138 > historical discussion of Dutch and English te forms", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "ia-robot", "title": "Major SciFi Discovery Hiding in Plain Sight at the Internet Archive", "publisher": "Caralee Adams; Internet Archive Blogs", "url": "https://blog.archive.org/2021/03/24/major-scifi-discovery-hiding-in-plain-sight-at-the-internet-archive/", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "revision": "2021-03-24 article", "reuse": "Linked factual summary only; no article redistribution", "passages": [ { "id": "subtitle", "text": "The article identifies an English subtitle on the title page of the 1920 Czech first edition.", "locator": "Opening paragraphs describing the first-edition title page", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-qahwa", "title": "قهوة — Arabic form, reading and senses", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A9", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "revision": "92312150", "reuse": "CC BY-SA 4.0; selected factual summary with attribution", "passages": [ { "id": "entry", "text": "Arabic: قَهْوَة, transliterated qahwa; IPA /qah.wa/. The entry distinguishes the coffee drink from an obsolete wine sense. The etymology of the coffee sense is disputed.", "locator": "Arabic > Pronunciation, Noun and Etymology", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-kahve", "title": "قهوه — Ottoman Turkish form and senses", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%87%D9%88%D9%87", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "revision": "92083701", "reuse": "CC BY-SA 4.0; selected factual summary with attribution", "passages": [ { "id": "entry", "text": "Ottoman Turkish قهوه is transliterated ḳahve. The entry gives coffee, café and obsolete wine senses, and an Arabic borrowing. It provides no Ottoman IPA.", "locator": "Ottoman Turkish > Etymology and Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-caffe", "title": "caffè — Italian form, reading and senses", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/caff%C3%A8", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "revision": "88958900", "reuse": "CC BY-SA 4.0; selected factual summary with attribution", "passages": [ { "id": "entry", "text": "Italian caffè, IPA /kafˈfɛ/, includes the coffee plant and drink. The entry identifies an Ottoman Turkish borrowing.", "locator": "Italian > Etymology, Pronunciation and Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-koffie", "title": "koffie — Dutch form, reading and senses", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/koffie", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "revision": "89307711", "reuse": "CC BY-SA 4.0; selected factual summary with attribution", "passages": [ { "id": "entry", "text": "Dutch koffie, IPA /ˈkɔ.fi/, names the beverage or a serving. The entry identifies Italian caffè as its source.", "locator": "Dutch > Etymology, Pronunciation and Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-thee", "title": "thee — Dutch entry", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thee", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "revision": "92190795", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "reuse": "Adapted from English Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0; source revision retained.", "passages": [ { "id": "tea-dutch-record", "text": "Dutch thee names tea; de thee can also name a tea break or meeting. The entry derives it from Hokkien tê.", "locator": "Dutch > Etymology; Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "tea-dutch-reading-record", "text": "Present-day Dutch: /teː/.", "locator": "Dutch > Pronunciation", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-te-hokkien", "title": "茶 — Chinese entry", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8C%B6", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "revision": "92201515", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "reuse": "Adapted from English Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0; source revision retained.", "passages": [ { "id": "tea-hokkien-record", "text": "茶 includes the tea plant, its leaves and the infused drink; the selected Hokkien reading is tê.", "locator": "Chinese > Pronunciation > Hokkien tê; Definitions", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "tea-hokkien-reading-record", "text": "Present-day Amoy/Hokkien, tê reading: /te²⁴/.", "locator": "Chinese > Pronunciation > Hokkien tê > Xiamen", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-sukkar", "title": "سكر — Arabic entry", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "revision": "92479192", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "reuse": "Adapted from English Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0; source revision retained.", "passages": [ { "id": "sugar-arabic-record", "text": "Arabic سُكَّر (sukkar) is the sugar noun, borrowed from Middle Persian šakar.", "locator": "Arabic > Etymology 1 > Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "sugar-arabic-reading-record", "text": "Standard Arabic: /suk.kar/.", "locator": "Arabic > Etymology 1 > Pronunciation", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-cucre", "title": "çucre — Old French entry", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A7ucre", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "revision": "87231586", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "reuse": "Adapted from English Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0; source revision retained.", "passages": [ { "id": "sugar-french-record", "text": "Old French çucre denotes crystalline sugar; chucre, sucre and zucre are recorded variants.", "locator": "Old French > Alternative forms; Etymology; Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "sugar-french-reading-record", "text": "Old French, dictionary reconstruction: /ˈt͡sykɾə/.", "locator": "Old French > Pronunciation", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-sugre", "title": "sugre — Middle English entry", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sugre", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "revision": "87561836", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "reuse": "Adapted from English Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0; source revision retained.", "passages": [ { "id": "sugar-middle-english-record", "text": "Middle English sugre denotes sugar used as a sweetener; rare figurative uses include nourishment or sweetness.", "locator": "Middle English > Etymology 1 > Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "sugar-middle-english-reading-record", "text": "Middle English, one dictionary reconstruction: /ˈsiu̯ɡrə/.", "locator": "Middle English > Etymology 1 > Pronunciation", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-orenge", "title": "orenge — Old French and Middle English entries", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/orenge", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "revision": "92123944", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "reuse": "Adapted from English Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0; source revision retained.", "passages": [ { "id": "orange-french-record", "text": "Old French orenge is the orange fruit; the entry analyzes it as an ellipsis of pomme d’orenge.", "locator": "Old French > Etymology; Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "orange-middle-english-record", "text": "Middle English orenge names the fruit and, rarely, the tree; its entry includes Middle French in the borrowing account.", "locator": "Middle English > Etymology; Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "orange-middle-english-reading-record", "text": "Middle English, one dictionary reconstruction: /ɔˈrɛnd͡ʒ(ə)/.", "locator": "Middle English > Pronunciation", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-jabr", "title": "جبر — Arabic entry", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%B1", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "revision": "92020444", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "reuse": "Adapted from English Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0; source revision retained.", "passages": [ { "id": "algebra-arabic-record", "text": "Arabic جَبْر (jabr) includes setting broken bones and algebra, alongside other senses.", "locator": "Arabic > Etymology 3 > Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "algebra-arabic-transliteration", "text": "The definite form الْجَبْر is transcribed al-jabr in the declension record.", "locator": "Arabic > Etymology 3 > Declension, definite informal singular", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-algebra-latin", "title": "algebra — Latin entry", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/algebra", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "revision": "91309935", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "reuse": "Adapted from English Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0; source revision retained.", "passages": [ { "id": "algebra-latin-record", "text": "Medieval Latin algebra is a mathematical noun borrowed from Arabic al-jabr.", "locator": "Latin > Etymology; Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-khwarizmi", "title": "الخوارزمي — Arabic entry", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%8A", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "revision": "88968801", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "reuse": "Adapted from English Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0; source revision retained.", "passages": [ { "id": "algorithm-arabic-record", "text": "الخَوَارِزْمِيّ is a name meaning from Chorasmia (Khwarazm).", "locator": "Arabic > Proper noun", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "algorithm-arabic-reading-record", "text": "Arabic dictionary form: /al.xa.waː.riz.mijj/.", "locator": "Arabic > Pronunciation", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-algorismus", "title": "algorismus — Latin entry", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/algorismus", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "revision": "90134164", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "reuse": "Adapted from English Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0; source revision retained.", "passages": [ { "id": "algorithm-latin-record", "text": "Latin algorismus is derived from the mathematician’s Arabic name.", "locator": "Latin > Etymology; Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-arithmos", "title": "ἀριθμός — Ancient Greek entry", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "revision": "92197183", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "reuse": "Adapted from English Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0; source revision retained.", "passages": [ { "id": "algorithm-greek-record", "text": "Ancient Greek ἀριθμός denotes number, quantity or counting.", "locator": "Ancient Greek > Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "algorithm-greek-reading-record", "text": "5th-century BCE Attic reconstruction: /a.ritʰ.mós/.", "locator": "Ancient Greek > Pronunciation > 5th BCE Attic", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-ava", "title": "अव — Sanskrit entry", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "revision": "92292411", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "reuse": "Adapted from English Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0; source revision retained.", "passages": [ { "id": "avatar-ava-record", "text": "Sanskrit ava is an adverb or prefix meaning off, away or down. Other ava homographs are separate.", "locator": "Sanskrit > Etymology 1 > Adverb", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "avatar-ava-reading-record", "text": "Conventional Classical Sanskrit reading: /ɐ.ʋɐ/.", "locator": "Sanskrit > Pronunciation > Classical Sanskrit", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-tr-root", "title": "तॄ — Sanskrit entry", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%84", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "revision": "92292123", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "reuse": "Adapted from English Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0; source revision retained.", "passages": [ { "id": "avatar-root-record", "text": "Sanskrit tṝ is a root meaning to pass; its derived nominal forms include tāra and avatāra.", "locator": "Sanskrit > Root; Derived terms", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "avatar-root-reading-record", "text": "Conventional Classical Sanskrit root reading: /t̪r̩ː/.", "locator": "Sanskrit > Pronunciation > Classical Sanskrit", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-avatara", "title": "अवतार — Sanskrit and Hindi entries", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "revision": "91919463", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "reuse": "Adapted from English Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0; source revision retained.", "passages": [ { "id": "avatar-sanskrit-record", "text": "Sanskrit avatāra denotes descent, especially the earthly appearance of a deity; its components are ava and tāra.", "locator": "Sanskrit > Etymology; Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "avatar-hindustani-record", "text": "Hindi अवतार (avtār), with Urdu spelling اوتار, denotes a deity’s incarnation and is borrowed from Sanskrit.", "locator": "Hindi > Etymology; Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "avatar-sanskrit-reading-record", "text": "Conventional Classical Sanskrit reading: /ɐ.ʋɐ.t̪ɑː.ɾɐ/.", "locator": "Sanskrit > Pronunciation > Classical Sanskrit", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "avatar-hindustani-reading-record", "text": "Present-day Standard Hindi: /əʋ.t̪ɑːɾ/.", "locator": "Hindi > Pronunciation", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-robota", "title": "robota — Czech entry", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/robota", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "revision": "92293052", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "reuse": "Adapted from English Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0; source revision retained.", "passages": [ { "id": "robot-labor-record", "text": "Czech robota denotes compulsory labor or corvée, and arduous work or drudgery.", "locator": "Czech > Etymology 1 > Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "robot-labor-reading-record", "text": "Present-day Czech: [ˈrobota].", "locator": "Czech > Pronunciation", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-campo", "title": "चाँपो — Hindi entry", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "revision": "87557197", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "reuse": "Adapted from English Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0; source revision retained.", "passages": [ { "id": "shampoo-hindi-reading-record", "text": "Present-day Standard Hindi: /t͡ʃɑ̃ː.poː/.", "locator": "Hindi > Pronunciation", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-campna", "title": "चाँपना — Hindi entry", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "revision": "92474033", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "reuse": "Adapted from English Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0; source revision retained.", "passages": [ { "id": "shampoo-hindi-record", "text": "Hindi चाँपना means to press, squeeze or knead; चाँपो is its imperative form in the English borrowing.", "locator": "Hindi > Verb; Etymology", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-safar", "title": "سفر — Arabic entry", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "revision": "92019334", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "reuse": "Adapted from English Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0; source revision retained.", "passages": [ { "id": "safari-arabic-record", "text": "Arabic سَفَر denotes departure, travel or a journey, including a military expedition.", "locator": "Arabic > Etymology 1.1 > Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "safari-arabic-reading-record", "text": "Standard Arabic: /sa.far/.", "locator": "Arabic > Etymology 1.1 > Pronunciation", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-chocolatl", "title": "chocolatl — Classical Nahuatl entry", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chocolatl", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "revision": "92174243", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "reuse": "Adapted from English Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0; source revision retained.", "passages": [ { "id": "chocolate-nahuatl-record", "text": "Classical Nahuatl chocolātl denotes a cacao-and-water drink; its deeper derivation is disputed.", "locator": "Classical Nahuatl > Etymology; Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "chocolate-nahuatl-reading-record", "text": "Classical Nahuatl dictionary reading: /tʃokolaːt͡ɬ/.", "locator": "Classical Nahuatl > Pronunciation", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "reported-date", "text": "The Classical Nahuatl entry reports a first attestation around 1580 and cites competing scholarly derivations.", "locator": "Classical Nahuatl > Etymology > first sentence; References", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-sunya", "title": "शून्य — Sanskrit entry", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "revision": "92292822", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "reuse": "Adapted from English Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0; source revision retained.", "passages": [ { "id": "zero-sanskrit-record", "text": "Sanskrit śūnya means empty or void and also denotes mathematical zero.", "locator": "Sanskrit > Adjective; Noun; Numeral", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "zero-sanskrit-reading-record", "text": "Conventional Classical Sanskrit reading: /ɕuːn̪.jɐ/.", "locator": "Sanskrit > Pronunciation > Classical Sanskrit", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-sifr", "title": "صفر — Arabic entry", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "revision": "92479251", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "reuse": "Adapted from English Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0; source revision retained.", "passages": [ { "id": "zero-arabic-record", "text": "Arabic ṣifr is zero; its mathematical use is described as a semantic loan from Sanskrit śūnya.", "locator": "Arabic > Etymology 5 > Numeral", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "zero-arabic-reading-record", "text": "Standard Arabic: /sˤifr/.", "locator": "Arabic > Etymology 5 > Pronunciation", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-zephirum", "title": "zephirum — Latin entry", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zephirum", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "revision": "91220362", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "reuse": "Adapted from English Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0; source revision retained.", "passages": [ { "id": "zero-latin-record", "text": "Medieval Latin zēphirum is the mathematical zero noun associated with Fibonacci’s Liber Abaci.", "locator": "Latin > Etymology 1 > Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "ewn-koffie", "title": "koffie — Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands (2003–2009)", "url": "https://etymologiebank.nl/trefwoord/koffie", "publisher": "M. Philippa, F. Debrabandere, A. Quak, T. Schoonheim and N. van der Sijs; Etymologiebank / Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal", "revision": null, "accessed": "2026-09-11", "reuse": "Linked publication retains its own terms; original factual summaries only.", "passages": [ { "id": "early-forms", "text": "The EWN section records Dutch chaoua in 1596, koffy around 1640, coffi in 1669, and koffie in 1799.", "locator": "EWN (2003–2009) > koffie > opening dated-form paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "routes", "text": "The EWN considers English mediation, a Turkish source, or direct borrowing from Arabic. It does not require an Italian-to-Dutch route.", "locator": "EWN (2003–2009) > koffie > second paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "treccani-caffe", "title": "caffè — Vocabolario on line", "url": "https://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/caffe/", "publisher": "Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani", "revision": null, "accessed": "2026-09-12", "reuse": "Linked publication retains its own terms; original factual summaries only.", "passages": [ { "id": "coffee-italian-record", "text": "Treccani derives caffè from Turkish kahve and records the plant, seeds, drink, a serving, color use and a public café.", "locator": "Etymology; senses 1–4", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "cafe-extension", "locator": "Sense 4, public establishment", "text": "Treccani traces the Italian establishment sense from eighteenth-century bottega del caffè to the shortened caffè, under French influence.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "frosini-caffe", "title": "Caffè: etimologia e storia della magica bevanda (30 September 2024)", "url": "https://www.lacucinaitaliana.it/article/caffe-etimologia-storia-parola-bevanda/", "publisher": "Giovanna Frosini, La Cucina Italiana", "revision": null, "accessed": "2026-09-11", "reuse": "Linked publication retains its own terms; original factual summaries only.", "passages": [ { "id": "attestations", "text": "Frosini distinguishes Morosini’s 1585 cavèe example for the plant/seed from a 1666 Redi citation listed for the beverage.", "locator": "Caffè: il bene per l’intelletto > first paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "sijs-drinks", "title": "Chronologisch woordenboek (2001) — Dranken", "url": "https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/sijs002chro01_01/sijs002chro01_01_0023.php", "publisher": "Nicoline van der Sijs; DBNL", "revision": null, "accessed": "2026-09-11", "reuse": "Linked publication retains its own terms; original factual summaries only.", "passages": [ { "id": "thee", "text": "The drinks list dates Dutch thee to 1637. The following discussion suggests Indonesian mediation for the form.", "locator": "§4.1.5 > Dranken, pp. 378–379; thee row and following discussion", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "mw-tea", "title": "tea — Word History and definitions", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tea", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "revision": null, "accessed": "2026-09-13", "reuse": "Linked publication retains its own terms; original factual summaries only.", "passages": [ { "id": "date", "text": "Merriam-Webster dates the tea noun at sense 1b to 1655.", "locator": "Word History > First Known Use", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "tea-english-extensions", "text": "English tea also names infusions of other plants and a meal, refreshments or a gathering associated with tea. The 1655 date is linked to prepared leaves.", "locator": "Noun > senses 3–4; Word History > First Known Use", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "mactutor-words-a", "title": "Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics — A", "url": "https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Miller/a/", "publisher": "Jeff Miller and contributors; MacTutor, University of St Andrews", "revision": null, "accessed": "2026-09-11", "reuse": "Linked publication retains its own terms; original factual summaries only.", "passages": [ { "id": "algebra", "text": "The ALGEBRA section places al-Khwārizmī’s Arabic work around 825 and explains al-jabr as restoring a subtracted quantity in an equation.", "locator": "ALGEBRA > opening paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "algorithm", "text": "The ALGORITHM section contrasts early arithmetic/numeral uses with systematic methods and cites Raphson’s 1715 Theory of Fluxions, p. 23.", "locator": "ALGORITHM > original meaning; Raphson 1715 paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "folkerts-latin", "title": "Euclid in medieval Europe — Robert of Chester", "url": "https://personal.math.ubc.ca/~cass/Euclid/folkerts/folkerts.html", "publisher": "Menso Folkerts; hosted by University of British Columbia", "revision": null, "accessed": "2026-09-11", "reuse": "Linked publication retains its own terms; original factual summaries only.", "passages": [ { "id": "algebra-date", "text": "Folkerts dates Robert of Chester’s Latin translation of al-Khwārizmī’s algebra to Segovia, 1145.", "locator": "Introductory study > paragraph beginning “Robert’s translation of the algebra”", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "med-algorisme", "title": "augrīm, n. — Middle English Dictionary", "url": "https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary/MED3019", "publisher": "University of Michigan, Middle English Compendium", "revision": "2026-01-31 data refresh", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "reuse": "Linked publication retains its own terms; original factual summaries only.", "passages": [ { "id": "meaning-date", "text": "The entry includes algorīsme among its forms and defines reckoning with Arabic numerals. A 1340 Ayenbite citation uses algorisme.", "locator": "Entry Info; sense 1(a); (1340) Ayenb. (Arun 57), 1", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "algorithm-middle-english-record", "text": "Middle English algorisme denotes reckoning with Arabic numerals.", "locator": "Sense 1(a)", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "rae-chocolate", "title": "chocolate — Diccionario histórico de la lengua española", "url": "https://www.rae.es/dhle/chocolate", "publisher": "Real Academia Española; Red REDACTA", "revision": "2025-06-25 version", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "reuse": "Linked publication retains its own terms; original factual summaries only.", "passages": [ { "id": "drink-date", "text": "The DHLE records the beverage in a Mexican document dated 1581, earlier than its 1590 Acosta example.", "locator": "Resumen > opening paragraph; sense 1 > first 1581 quotation", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "senses-origin", "text": "The DHLE treats the etymology as disputed and distinguishes the drink from the paste, attested in 1591.", "locator": "Etimología; Resumen > paste sense", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "mactutor-words-z", "title": "Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics — Z", "url": "https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Miller/mathword/z/", "publisher": "Jeff Miller and contributors; MacTutor, University of St Andrews", "revision": null, "accessed": "2026-09-11", "reuse": "Linked publication retains its own terms; original factual summaries only.", "passages": [ { "id": "latin", "text": "MacTutor associates zephirum with Fibonacci’s Liber Abaci of 1202.", "locator": "ZERO > second paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "italian", "text": "The account reports zero in fourteenth-century Italian manuscripts and a printed example in Calandri’s 1491 arithmetic.", "locator": "ZERO > second and third paragraphs", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "french", "text": "The account reports the French form by 1515.", "locator": "ZERO > fourth paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "tdv-kahve", "title": "Kahve — historical coffee contexts", "url": "https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kahve", "publisher": "TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, vol. 24 (2001), pp. 202–205", "accessed": "2026-09-12", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its own terms; brief original factual summaries only.", "passages": [ { "id": "yemen", "text": "The account places coffee drinking in Yemen in the fifteenth century, becoming widespread toward its end.", "locator": "Opening historical account: fifteenth-century Yemen", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "ottoman", "text": "The account places Ottoman coffee culture in the sixteenth century. It discusses differing reports of introduction and Istanbul coffeehouses in 1553 or 1555.", "locator": "Ottoman introduction and first Istanbul coffeehouses", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "word-history", "locator": "Opening paragraph, word history before the fifteenth-century Yemen account", "text": "Bostan reports an earlier wine meaning and the application of the name to the coffee drink, while stating that the beginning of Arabic usage is unknown.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "tlfi-sucre", "title": "Sucre¹ — historical forms", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/sucre", "publisher": "ATILF / CNRS / Université de Lorraine, TLFi via CNRTL", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its own terms; brief original factual summaries only.", "passages": [ { "id": "french", "text": "The sugar entry cites çucre in Chrétien de Troyes, Chevalier au lion, dated 1176–1181.", "locator": "SUCRE¹ > Étymologie et histoire A.1, Chrétien de Troyes, line 1406", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "italian", "text": "The etymology cites Italian zuccherato in the thirteenth century and the noun zucchero in the fourteenth century, and derives the Italian word from Arabic sukkar.", "locator": "SUCRE¹ > Étymologie, Italian and Arabic borrowing account", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "oxford-modern-english", "title": "Modern English — language period", "url": "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/modern-english", "publisher": "Oxford University Press, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its own terms; brief original factual summaries only.", "passages": [ { "id": "period", "text": "The dictionary places the Modern English language period from about 1500 onward.", "locator": "modern English > definition", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "tlfi-orange", "title": "Orange — medieval fruit-name evidence", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/orangiste//1", "publisher": "ATILF / CNRS / Université de Lorraine, TLFi via CNRTL", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its own terms; brief original factual summaries only.", "passages": [ { "id": "fruit", "text": "The orange entry cites Anglo-Norman pume orenge around 1200 in a thirteenth-century manuscript, French pomme d’orenge in 1314, and elliptical orenge around 1393.", "locator": "ORANGE > Étymologie et histoire 1.a; Neckam, Mondeville, Ménagier de Paris", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "orange-sanskrit-period", "text": "A French fruit-name compound is reported around 1200. Under the selected earlier borrowing account, its antecedent fruit vocabulary must already have existed.", "locator": "Étymologie et histoire 1.a, pume orenge c. 1200; compare the attached borrowing-chain claim", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "orange-persian-period", "text": "A French fruit-name compound is reported around 1200. Under the selected earlier borrowing account, its antecedent fruit vocabulary must already have existed.", "locator": "Étymologie et histoire 1.a, pume orenge c. 1200; compare the attached borrowing-chain claim", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "orange-arabic-period", "text": "A French fruit-name compound is reported around 1200. Under the selected earlier borrowing account, its antecedent fruit vocabulary must already have existed.", "locator": "Étymologie et histoire 1.a, pume orenge c. 1200; compare the attached borrowing-chain claim", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "orange-occitan-period", "text": "A French fruit-name compound is reported around 1200. Under the selected earlier borrowing account, its antecedent fruit vocabulary must already have existed.", "locator": "Étymologie et histoire 1.a, pume orenge c. 1200; compare the attached borrowing-chain claim", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "orange-french-fruit-history", "text": "The medieval French name originally concerned bitter oranges; the name was later applied to the sweet-orange fruit.", "locator": "Étymologie et histoire 1.a, final discussion of bitter and sweet oranges", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "orange-french-italian-account", "text": "TLFi discusses the French compound as a possible calque of an Old Italian apple-and-orange expression, whose fruit element comes from Arabic.", "locator": "Étymologie et histoire > pome d’orenge, Italian melarancio and arancio", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "mactutor-khwarizmi", "title": "Al-Khwarizmi — biographical chronology", "url": "https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Khwarizmi/", "publisher": "J. J. O’Connor and E. F. Robertson; MacTutor, University of St Andrews", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its own terms; brief original factual summaries only.", "passages": [ { "id": "life", "text": "The biography’s Quick Info gives an approximate lifetime of 780–850 for al-Khwārizmī.", "locator": "Quick Info > Born and Died", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "algebra-operation-context", "text": "MacTutor explains al-jabr as completion: eliminating a subtracted term by adding the corresponding quantity to both sides of an equation.", "locator": "Biography > discussion of al-jabr and al-muqabala", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "heidelberg-algorismus", "title": "Algorismus — medieval mathematical teaching", "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20180308150717/http://alda.iwr.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/Einf%C3%BChrung", "publisher": "University of Heidelberg, IWR, Algorithmen und Datenstrukturen lecture notes (archived)", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its own terms; brief original factual summaries only.", "passages": [ { "id": "methods", "text": "The historical introduction places algorismus arithmetic methods in the curriculum from around 1200, following twelfth-century Latin translation.", "locator": "Einführung > Zur Geschichte, paragraph on Algorismus de integris and Algorismus de minutiis", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "and-algorism", "title": "Algorism — Anglo-Norman lexical family", "url": "https://anglo-norman.net/entry/algorism", "publisher": "Anglo-Norman Dictionary, Aberystwyth University", "accessed": "2026-09-12", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its own terms; brief original factual summaries only.", "passages": [ { "id": "records", "text": "The entry begins with a 1256 work (manuscript around 1300) and gives related forms including augrim and algorism in later medieval citations.", "locator": "algorism > sense 1 and dated citations; revision 22 March 2007", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "word-class", "locator": "algorism > s. > sense 1", "text": "The Anglo-Norman entry classifies the word as a substantive, or noun, for arithmetic using Arabic numerals.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "lsj-arithmos", "title": "Arithmós — Greek number word", "url": "https://logeion.uchicago.edu/%E1%BC%80%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82", "publisher": "Liddell, Scott and Jones, A Greek–English Lexicon; Logeion, University of Chicago", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its own terms; brief original factual summaries only.", "passages": [ { "id": "odyssey", "text": "The number sense of ἀριθμός has a reference to Odyssey 4.451.", "locator": "LSJ > ἀριθμός > sense I, opening citation", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "griffin-odyssey", "title": "Homer: The Odyssey — dating the epic", "url": "https://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/32113/sample/9780521832113ws.pdf", "publisher": "Jasper Griffin; Cambridge University Press, second edition (2004)", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its own terms; brief original factual summaries only.", "passages": [ { "id": "period", "text": "Griffin places the Homeric poems in existence by approximately 650 BCE, while emphasizing uncertainty about their precise composition.", "locator": "Chapter 1, section 2, The date of the Odyssey, p. 6", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "mw-sanskrit-99", "title": "Ava-tṝ and avatāra — Sanskrit dictionary evidence", "url": "https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/MWScanpdf/mw0099-avatRR.pdf", "publisher": "Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit–English Dictionary (1899), p. 99; Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its own terms; brief original factual summaries only.", "passages": [ { "id": "vedic", "text": "The ava-tṝ verb entry cites Rigveda and Atharvaveda uses in its Vedic forms.", "locator": "p. 99, column 1, ava-tṝ > Vedic forms", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "epic", "text": "The avatāra noun entry cites Mahābhārata XII.12941 and following for deity manifestations, including Vishnu’s incarnations.", "locator": "p. 99, column 1, ava-tāra > deity appearance", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "oxford-book-timeline", "title": "The Oxford History of the Book — ancient textual chronology", "url": "https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9780192886903_A46781646/preview-9780192886903_A46781646.pdf", "publisher": "James Raven, editor; Oxford University Press (2023)", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its own terms; brief original factual summaries only.", "passages": [ { "id": "vedic", "text": "The timeline places Vedic composition approximately in 1500–1000 BCE.", "locator": "Timeline, p. xv", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "epic", "text": "The timeline places the composition of the Sanskrit Mahābhārata approximately between 400 BCE and 400 CE.", "locator": "Timeline, p. xv", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "etymonline-shampoo", "title": "Shampoo — dated verb senses", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/shampoo", "publisher": "Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its own terms; brief original factual summaries only.", "passages": [ { "id": "massage", "text": "The verb account dates English massage use to 1762 and derives it from a Hindi imperative of the pressing or kneading verb.", "locator": "shampoo (v.) > opening paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "washing", "text": "The hair-washing verb sense is reported by 1860.", "locator": "shampoo (v.) > second paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "shampoo-product-history", "text": "The noun is dated to 1838 for an act of shampooing and 1866 for the cleansing preparation; the hair-washing verb is recorded by 1860.", "locator": "shampoo (n.); shampoo (v.)", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "quran-safar", "title": "Safar — journey in Qur’an 2:184", "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=2&verse=184", "publisher": "Quranic Arabic Corpus, University of Leeds", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its own terms; brief original factual summaries only.", "passages": [ { "id": "word", "text": "The corpus identifies safarin at 2:184:9 as a noun meaning a journey.", "locator": "Chapter 2, verse 184, word 9", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "birmingham-quran-context", "title": "Qur’an — early textual context", "url": "https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/facilities/cadbury/birmingham-quran-mingana-collection/birmingham-quran/what-is", "publisher": "Cadbury Research Library, University of Birmingham", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its own terms; brief original factual summaries only.", "passages": [ { "id": "period", "text": "The account explains the traditional revelation period of 610–632 and codification around 650.", "locator": "What is the Birmingham Qur’an? > introductory historical context", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "mactutor-zero-history", "title": "A history of Zero — Indian and Arabic mathematical contexts", "url": "https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Zero/", "publisher": "J. J. O’Connor and E. F. Robertson; MacTutor, University of St Andrews", "accessed": "2026-09-11", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its own terms; brief original factual summaries only.", "passages": [ { "id": "indian", "text": "The account discusses Brahmagupta’s seventh-century arithmetic rules involving zero.", "locator": "Brahmagupta and zero as a number", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "arabic", "text": "The account describes al-Khwārizmī’s treatment of Indian decimal notation and zero in its transmission into Arabic mathematics.", "locator": "Arabic transmission > al-Khwārizmī", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "juric-coffee-naming", "title": "Dorian Jurić, Conveying Ćeif (Folklorica 23, 2019; published 2020)", "publisher": "Folklorica / SEEFA, University of Kansas journal platform", "url": "https://journals.ku.edu/folklorica/article/view/14968", "accessed": "2026-09-12", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase with attribution. Source article copyright remains with its author; the journal lists CC BY-ND.", "passages": [ { "id": "naming", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "PDF pp. 27–28, paragraph beginning The naming of coffee", "text": "Jurić describes qahwah as an earlier Arabic wine epithet. He presents analogical naming and an alternative geographic explanation as possibilities, not a settled mechanism." } ] }, { "id": "bjorn-coffee-etymology", "title": "Juhan Björn, On the Properties and Benefits of Coffee (2026)", "publisher": "Orientalia Suecana 75, Uppsala University", "url": "https://journals.uu.se/orientaliasuecana/article/view/671", "accessed": "2026-09-12", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase; source article by Juhan Björn is CC BY 4.0, DOI 10.33063/os.v75.671.", "passages": [ { "id": "disagreement", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "PDF p. 5, Etymology and linguistic variation, notes 49–52", "text": "The review records earlier Arabic wine usage and competing accounts of the coffee meaning. It contrasts a late-fourteenth-century dating with a sixteenth-century-onward dating and notes disagreement over the etymology." } ] }, { "id": "collins-coffee-senses", "title": "Collins English Dictionary: coffee", "publisher": "HarperCollins", "url": "https://api.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/coffee", "accessed": "2026-09-12", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original concise factual paraphrase with a source link; dictionary content remains copyright HarperCollins.", "passages": [ { "id": "senses", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Noun senses 1–4", "text": "Collins lists coffee as a drink, its seeds, the tree, and a medium-to-dark brown colour, including adjectival colour use." } ] }, { "id": "dictionary-coffee-colored", "title": "Dictionary.com Unabridged: coffee-colored", "publisher": "Dictionary.com, based on Random House Unabridged Dictionary", "url": "https://www.dictionary.com/browse/coffee-colored", "accessed": "2026-09-12", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original concise factual paraphrase with a source link; source dictionary copyright retained.", "passages": [ { "id": "colour-date", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Adjective definition; Origin of coffee-colored", "text": "The compound coffee-colored describes a brown shade compared to coffee with milk or cream. The entry reports first recording in 1685–1695." } ] }, { "id": "tlio-zucchero-class", "title": "Zùcchero — Tesoro della Lingua Italiana delle Origini", "url": "https://iris.cnr.it/retrieve/9a888d5d-7256-4a2e-a047-4c0ea73db8d2/prod_437185-doc_156667.pdf", "publisher": "CNR, Opera del Vocabolario Italiano", "accessed": "2026-09-12", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked dictionary retains its own terms; original factual summary only.", "passages": [ { "id": "word-class", "locator": "December 2019 compilation, p. 15778 (PDF page 183), ZÙCCHERO heading and §0.1", "text": "The Old Italian entry marks zucchero as a masculine noun and includes the displayed spelling among its forms.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "moe-te-class", "title": "茶 (tê) — Taiwanese Southern Min dictionary", "url": "https://sutian.moe.edu.tw/zh-hant/su/6537/", "publisher": "Ministry of Education, Taiwan", "accessed": "2026-09-12", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked dictionary retains its own terms; original factual summary only.", "passages": [ { "id": "word-class", "locator": "茶 > 釋義, senses 1–2 (名詞)", "text": "The entry labels both the plant and prepared drink or food senses of tê as nouns.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "demauro-zero-class", "title": "Zero — Il Nuovo De Mauro", "url": "https://dizionario.internazionale.it/parola/zero", "publisher": "Il Nuovo De Mauro, Internazionale", "accessed": "2026-09-12", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked dictionary retains its own terms; original factual summary only.", "passages": [ { "id": "word-class", "locator": "Entry heading and sense 1", "text": "The Italian entry classifies zero as an invariable cardinal numeral adjective and a masculine noun, and records the lexical date 1491.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-zero-french-class", "title": "Zero — Middle French word class", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zero", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "accessed": "2026-09-12", "revision": "92635614", "reuse": "English Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0; factual summary with attribution.", "passages": [ { "id": "word-class", "locator": "Middle French > Noun", "text": "The Middle French entry places zero under Noun. Gender and the English translation remain incomplete in this entry.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-sharkara", "title": "शर्करा — Sanskrit sugar and gravel senses", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "revision": "91925568", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "reuse": "Adapted from English Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0; inspected revision retained.", "passages": [ { "id": "sugar-sanskrit-lexical", "text": "Sanskrit शर्करा (śarkarā), a feminine noun, denotes gravel or grit and also ground or candied sugar.", "locator": "Sanskrit > Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "sugar-sanskrit-reading", "text": "The selected dictionary reading is /ɕɐɾ.kɐ.ɾɑː/.", "locator": "Sanskrit > Pronunciation, Classical Sanskrit", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-shakar-pahlavi", "title": "škl — Middle Persian sugar, in lexicographic transcription", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C5%A1kl", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "revision": "87561823", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "reuse": "Adapted from English Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0; inspected revision retained.", "passages": [ { "id": "sugar-middle-persian-lexical", "text": "The entry transcribes Middle Persian sugar as škl, read šakar, and traces it through Gandhari śakara to Sanskrit. Arabic sukkar is listed as a borrowing from it.", "locator": "Middle Persian > Etymology; Noun; References (MacKenzie 1971, p. 79)", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-zuccarum", "title": "zuccarum — Medieval Latin sugar", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zuccarum", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "revision": "67265852", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "reuse": "Adapted from English Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0; inspected revision retained.", "passages": [ { "id": "sugar-latin-lexical", "text": "Medieval Latin zuccarum is a neuter sugar noun; this entry derives it from Arabic sukkar.", "locator": "Latin > Etymology; Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "iranica-sugar", "title": "Sugar — cultivation, manufacturing and processing", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sugar-cultivation/", "publisher": "Willem M. Floor, Encyclopaedia Iranica", "revision": null, "accessed": "2026-09-13", "reuse": "Linked publication retains its own terms; brief original factual summaries only.", "passages": [ { "id": "sugar-sanskrit-semantic", "text": "Floor traces the sugar word to Sanskrit śarkarā, whose earlier gravel sense was applied to crystalline sugar.", "locator": "Cultivation, manufacturing and processing > opening paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "sugar-middle-persian-context", "text": "Sugar processing is reported in Sasanian Persia around 460 CE; a ninth-century Zoroastrian text also mentions sugar.", "locator": "Opening paragraphs, Sasanian sugar processing and Zādspram", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "oxford-sugar-context", "title": "Indian Beginnings — The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets (2015)", "url": "https://app.ckbk.com/reference/swee13396c03s001e011se001/indian-beginnings", "publisher": "Oxford University Press; Darra Goldstein, editor; licensed excerpt on ckbk", "revision": null, "accessed": "2026-09-13", "reuse": "Linked publication retains its own terms; brief original factual summaries only.", "passages": [ { "id": "sugar-sanskrit-period", "text": "The Oxford Companion places Sanskrit śarkarā as a name for hard sugar crystals by 100 CE.", "locator": "Indian Beginnings > opening paragraph of the indexed licensed excerpt", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-naranga", "title": "नारङ्ग — Sanskrit orange-tree noun", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "revision": "92159264", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "reuse": "Adapted from English Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0; inspected revision retained.", "passages": [ { "id": "orange-sanskrit-lexical", "text": "Sanskrit नारङ्ग (nāraṅga) is a masculine orange-tree noun.", "locator": "Sanskrit > Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "orange-sanskrit-reading", "text": "The selected dictionary reading is /n̪ɑː.ɾɐŋ.ɡɐ/.", "locator": "Sanskrit > Pronunciation", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-narang", "title": "نارنگ — Persian bitter-orange noun", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "revision": "91951816", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "reuse": "Adapted from English Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0; inspected revision retained.", "passages": [ { "id": "orange-persian-lexical", "text": "Persian نارنگ (nārang) names the bitter orange, comes from Sanskrit nāraṅga, and supplies Arabic nāranj.", "locator": "Persian > Etymology 1; Noun; Descendants", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "orange-persian-reading", "text": "The selected dictionary reading is /naː.ˈranɡ/.", "locator": "Persian > Pronunciation, Classical Persian", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-naranj", "title": "نارنج — Arabic bitter-orange noun", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AC", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "revision": "92552378", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "reuse": "Adapted from English Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0; inspected revision retained.", "passages": [ { "id": "orange-arabic-lexical", "text": "Arabic نَارَنْج (nāranj) is a masculine bitter-orange noun borrowed from Persian nārang.", "locator": "Arabic > Etymology; Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "orange-arabic-reading", "text": "The selected dictionary reading is /naː.rand͡ʒ/.", "locator": "Arabic > Pronunciation", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "w-auranja", "title": "auranja — Old Occitan orange noun", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/auranja", "publisher": "English Wiktionary contributors", "revision": "91388937", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "reuse": "Adapted from English Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0; inspected revision retained.", "passages": [ { "id": "orange-occitan-lexical", "text": "Old Occitan auranja is a feminine fruit noun traced ultimately to Arabic; Old French orenge is listed among its descendants.", "locator": "Old Occitan > Etymology; Noun; Descendants; FEW 19, p. 138", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "habitat-avatars", "title": "The Lessons of Lucasfilm’s Habitat", "url": "https://web.stanford.edu/class/history34q/readings/Virtual_Worlds/LucasfilmHabitat.html", "publisher": "Chip Morningstar and F. Randall Farmer; author paper hosted by Stanford", "revision": null, "accessed": "2026-09-13", "reuse": "Linked publication retains its own terms; brief original factual summaries only.", "passages": [ { "id": "avatar-habitat-context", "text": "Habitat’s designers call the player-controlled figures avatars. They describe development beginning in 1985 and illustrate a scene dated 1986.", "locator": "1990 conference paper > What is Habitat?; caption to 1986 scene", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "dakin-wichmann-chocolate", "title": "Cacao and chocolate: a Uto-Aztecan perspective (2000)", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ancient-mesoamerica/article/abs/cacao-and-chocolate/0EF397F9576469AC73F67B8A083492B4", "publisher": "Karen Dakin and Søren Wichmann; Ancient Mesoamerica / Cambridge University Press", "revision": null, "accessed": "2026-09-13", "reuse": "Linked publication retains its own terms; brief original factual summaries only.", "passages": [ { "id": "chocolate-scholarly-proposal", "text": "Dakin and Wichmann argue for a Uto-Aztecan analysis and connect chocolate vocabulary with techniques of drink preparation.", "locator": "Abstract, Ancient Mesoamerica 11, pp. 55–75", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "kaufman-justeson-cacao", "title": "The history of the word for cacao in ancient Mesoamerica (2007)", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ancient-mesoamerica/article/history-of-the-word-for-cacao-in-ancient-mesoamerica/FE4A2AE4F9D0C1EDCFB583DB315907E4", "publisher": "Terrence Kaufman and John Justeson; Ancient Mesoamerica / Cambridge University Press", "revision": null, "accessed": "2026-09-13", "reuse": "Linked publication retains its own terms; brief original factual summaries only.", "passages": [ { "id": "chocolate-scholarly-dispute", "text": "Kaufman and Justeson reject proposed deeper analyses of chocolate while agreeing on a proximate Nawa chikola:tl form.", "locator": "Abstract; discussion of chocolate and critique of the alternative hypothesis", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot-wkt-window", "title": "Wiktionary — window", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/window", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": "92535278", "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; pinned revision, attributed original summaries. Selected research sections retained with revision metadata.", "passages": [ { "id": "window-english-reading-passage", "text": "The US pronunciation of window is /ˈwɪndoʊ/.", "locator": "English — Pronunciation, US", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot-wkt-alcohol", "title": "Wiktionary — alcohol", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alcohol", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": "92125686", "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; pinned revision, attributed original summaries. Selected research sections retained with revision metadata.", "passages": [ { "id": "alcohol-routes-passage", "text": "The English entry gives Middle English alcofol, via Middle French alcohol or Spanish alcohol, ultimately from an Arabic term transmitted in medieval medical and alchemical Latin.", "locator": "English — Etymology", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "alcohol-article-passage", "text": "The source gives Arabic اَلْكُحْل, al-kuḥl, with the definite article; the underlying noun is kuḥl.", "locator": "English — Etymology", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "alcohol-latin-lexical-passage", "text": "The Latin entry lists medieval uses of alcohol for kohl, other finely ground powders, and distilled essence.", "locator": "Latin — Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "alcohol-latin-routes-passage", "text": "The Latin section gives an Andalusian Arabic source and lists Old French, Middle French and Middle English among its descendants.", "locator": "Latin — Etymology; Descendants", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "alcohol-middle-period-passage", "text": "The etymology places the Middle English alcofol stage in the fifteenth century.", "locator": "English — Etymology", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "alcohol-powder-sense-passage", "text": "English alcohol also has an obsolete fine-powder sense; the etymology describes its older powder meaning.", "locator": "English — Noun, obsolete sense; Etymology", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "alcohol-english-reading-passage", "text": "A General American reading is /ˈæl.kə.hɔl/.", "locator": "English — Pronunciation, General American", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "batch05-alcohol-arabic-transliteration", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 transliteration inspection for كُحْل", "text": "The inspected lexical entry supports the conventional transliteration kuḥl for كُحْل; transliteration is kept distinct from pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-alcohol-spanish-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for alcohol", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of alcohol; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-alcohol-english-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for alcohol", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of alcohol; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." } ] }, { "id": "pilot-wkt-emoji", "title": "Wiktionary — emoji", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/emoji", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": "92414087", "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; pinned revision, attributed original summaries. Selected research sections retained with revision metadata.", "passages": [ { "id": "emoji-english-senses-passage", "text": "English emoji can name an encoded digital picture character and, by extension, an emoji-like image embedded in text.", "locator": "English — Noun, senses 1 and 2", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "emoji-english-reading-passage", "text": "The English entry lists /iˈmoʊ.d͡ʒi/ as a General American variant.", "locator": "English — Pronunciation, General American", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot-wkt-ketchup", "title": "Wiktionary — ketchup", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ketchup", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": "92547384", "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; pinned revision, attributed original summaries. Selected research sections retained with revision metadata.", "passages": [ { "id": "ketchup-english-history-passage", "text": "English ketchup first referred to a Southeast Asian sauce and then a variety of sauces, including mushroom and fish-based preparations. Tomato ketchup became predominant by the late nineteenth century.", "locator": "English — Etymology; Noun, older sauce sense", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "ketchup-english-senses-passage", "text": "Ketchup has a usual tomato-sauce meaning and an older broader sauce meaning. Catsup and catchup are alternative spellings.", "locator": "English — Alternative forms; Noun, senses 1 and 2", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "ketchup-english-reading-passage", "text": "The English entry lists /ˈkɛt͡ʃ.əp/ as one pronunciation.", "locator": "English — Pronunciation", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot-wkt-mouse", "title": "Wiktionary — mouse", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mouse", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": "92551066", "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; pinned revision, attributed original summaries. Selected research sections retained with revision metadata.", "passages": [ { "id": "mouse-english-senses-passage", "text": "English mouse names a small rodent, a timid person, a computer pointing device, and by extension its on-screen pointer.", "locator": "English — Noun, animal, figurative person and computing senses", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "mouse-device-naming-passage", "text": "The computer term is explained through resemblance to the animal; the entry reports a 1965 use in Computer-Aided Display Control.", "locator": "English — Etymology", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "mouse-english-reading-passage", "text": "The noun mouse is pronounced /maʊs/ in the listed British and American standards; verb readings are separately listed.", "locator": "English — Pronunciation, Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot-mw-window", "title": "Merriam-Webster — window", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/window", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "window-origin-passage", "text": "English window comes through Middle English windowe from Old Norse vindauga, a compound of vindr (wind) and auga (eye).", "locator": "Word History — Etymology", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "window-english-senses-passage", "text": "Window names a building opening, access to information, an interval of opportunity, and a bounded computer display area.", "locator": "Noun — senses 1a, 2, 8, 10", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot-mw-alcohol", "title": "Merriam-Webster — alcohol", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/alcohol", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "alcohol-mw-route-passage", "text": "Merriam-Webster traces alcohol through New Latin and Medieval Latin, Old Spanish, and Arabic, whose source meaning concerns powdered antimony.", "locator": "Word History — Etymology", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "alcohol-english-senses-passage", "text": "The dictionary distinguishes ethanol, drinks containing it, and the broader hydroxyl-compound class. It reports 1672 for its ethanol sense.", "locator": "Noun — senses 1a, 1b and 2; Word History", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot-mw-emoji", "title": "Merriam-Webster — emoji", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/emoji", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "emoji-origin-passage", "text": "English emoji is borrowed from Japanese emoji, composed of e (picture) and moji (character). Merriam-Webster reports English use in 1997.", "locator": "Word History — Etymology; First Known Use", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot-mw-ketchup", "title": "Merriam-Webster — ketchup", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ketchup", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "ketchup-routes-passage", "text": "Merriam-Webster gives Southern Min kôe-chiap (Xiamen) or kê-chiap (Zhangzhou), directly or through Malay kecap, as the source of English ketchup.", "locator": "Word History — Etymology", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "ketchup-english-date-passage", "text": "Merriam-Webster reports English ketchup around 1690.", "locator": "Word History — First Known Use", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot-mw-mouse", "title": "Merriam-Webster — mouse", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mouse", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "mouse-origin-passage", "text": "The noun mouse comes through Middle English from Old English mūs; Merriam-Webster dates the animal noun before the twelfth century.", "locator": "Word History — Noun etymology and first known use", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "mouse-old-bound-passage", "text": "The animal noun is recorded before the twelfth century.", "locator": "Word History — First Known Use, noun", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot-wkt-norse", "title": "Wiktionary — vindauga", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vindauga", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": "91803506", "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; pinned revision, attributed original summaries. Selected research sections retained with revision metadata.", "passages": [ { "id": "window-norse-lexical-passage", "text": "Old Norse vindauga is a neuter noun for a window, composed of vindr and auga.", "locator": "Old Norse — Etymology; Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot-wkt-wyndowe", "title": "Wiktionary — wyndowe", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wyndowe", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": "92349829", "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; pinned revision, attributed original summaries. Selected research sections retained with revision metadata.", "passages": [ { "id": "window-middle-lexical-passage", "text": "Middle English wyndowe is the window noun borrowed from Old Norse; it can also denote its fitting or an opening. Etymology 2 is a different verb and is excluded.", "locator": "Middle English — Etymology 1; Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "window-middle-date-passage", "text": "The entry reports first attestation of the window noun around 1230.", "locator": "Middle English — Etymology 1", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "window-middle-reading-passage", "text": "The Middle English noun is transcribed /ˈwindɔu̯(ə)/.", "locator": "Middle English — Pronunciation", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot-wkt-kuhl", "title": "Wiktionary — كحل", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AD%D9%84", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": "91629544", "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; pinned revision, attributed original summaries. Selected research sections retained with revision metadata.", "passages": [ { "id": "alcohol-arabic-lexical-passage", "text": "Arabic كُحْل (kuḥl) is a masculine noun for kohl or pulverized antimony. The entry distinguishes it from related verbs and other vocalizations.", "locator": "Arabic — Etymology 1.1; Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot-wkt-emoji-japanese", "title": "Wiktionary — 絵文字", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B5%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": "92509021", "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; pinned revision, attributed original summaries. Selected research sections retained with revision metadata.", "passages": [ { "id": "emoji-japanese-lexical-passage", "text": "絵文字 is a noun meaning pictograph and, in a separate use, digital emoji. Its components are 絵 (e) and 文字 (moji); 繪文字 is an older spelling.", "locator": "Japanese — Etymology; Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "emoji-japanese-example-passage", "text": "The entry cites a 1968 work by Ōba Chiaki using 絵文字 for pictographs underlying ancient scripts.", "locator": "Japanese — Noun, pictograph sense, 1968 quotation", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "emoji-japanese-reading-passage", "text": "The Japanese reading is えもじ, romanized emoji, with IPA [e̞mo̞ʑi]. The entry lists Tokyo accent variants.", "locator": "Japanese — Pronunciation", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot-wkt-ketchup-hokkien", "title": "Wiktionary — 膎汁", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%86%8E%E6%B1%81", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": "92547275", "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; pinned revision, attributed original summaries. Selected research sections retained with revision metadata.", "passages": [ { "id": "ketchup-hokkien-lexical-passage", "text": "膎汁 is listed as a dated Hokkien noun for fish sauce or brine from preserved fish or shellfish; Douglas’s Amoy form is cited as kôe-chiap.", "locator": "Chinese — Noun; Further reading, Douglas 1873", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot-wkt-kecap", "title": "Wiktionary — kecap", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kecap", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": "92547390", "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; pinned revision, attributed original summaries. Selected research sections retained with revision metadata.", "passages": [ { "id": "ketchup-malay-lexical-passage", "text": "Malay kecap, also kicap, is a sauce noun from Hokkien. Its Jawi spelling is کيچڤ. The separate lip-smacking and gecko homographs are excluded.", "locator": "Malay — Etymology 1; Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot-wkt-mouse-old", "title": "Wiktionary — mus", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mus", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": "92555679", "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; pinned revision, attributed original summaries. Selected research sections retained with revision metadata.", "passages": [ { "id": "mouse-old-lexical-passage", "text": "Old English mūs is a feminine noun for mouse, also listed with a muscle sense; its historical dictionary transcription is /muːs/.", "locator": "Old English — Noun; Pronunciation", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot-wkt-mouse-middle", "title": "Wiktionary — mous", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mous", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": "91773933", "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; pinned revision, attributed original summaries. Selected research sections retained with revision metadata.", "passages": [ { "id": "mouse-middle-lexical-passage", "text": "Middle English mous continues Old English mūs, denotes a mouse or shrew, and is transcribed /muːs/.", "locator": "Middle English — Etymology; Noun; Pronunciation", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot-tlfi-alcool", "title": "TLFi — alcool, Étymologie et histoire", "publisher": "ATILF / CNRTL", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/lexicographie/alcool", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "alcohol-spanish-history-passage", "text": "TLFi reports Spanish alcohol meaning antimony by 1278 and transmission of that sense into alchemical Latin.", "locator": "Étymol. et hist. — paragraph 1 after dates", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "alcohol-french-period-passage", "text": "TLFi places a later-fourteenth-century Jardin de santé reference in brackets, then gives a sixteenth-century eye-powder example from Paré.", "locator": "Étymol. et hist. — opening bracket", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "alcohol-semantic-history-passage", "text": "TLFi sketches fine material, distilled essence and wine spirit, tentatively associating the development with Paracelsus. Its 1612 Ruland example is Latin; the 1694 example is French. The later Spanish technical dates are separately reported.", "locator": "Étymol. et hist. — 2 and final paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot-engelbart-1968", "title": "A Research Center for Augmenting Human Intellect (1968), pp. 395–410", "publisher": "Douglas Engelbart and William English; AFIPS Conference Proceedings 33", "url": "https://dougengelbart.org/pubs/papers/scanned-original/1968-augment-3954-A-Research-Center-for-Augmenting-Human-Intellect.pdf", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "mouse-device-primary-passage", "text": "Engelbart and English describe a hand-held X–Y device called a mouse for screen pointing and selection.", "locator": "1968 paper, p. 395, summary 1a1b–1a1b1; p. 397, §3b4", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "review-norri-alcofol", "title": "Juhani Norri — Dictionary of Medical Vocabulary in English, 1375–1550 (2016)", "publisher": "Routledge / Ashgate; publisher preview", "url": "https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781317151098_A27018524/preview-9781317151098_A27018524.pdf", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its own rights. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "alcofol-witness", "locator": "p. 37, alcofol; Chauliac(2), fols. 295vb and 303rb; PDF p. 50", "text": "Norri derives Middle English alcofol, fine powder, from Medieval Latin alcofol and aligns the English examples with their Latin originals. The citations are marked a1425. His note dates the French spelling alcofol to about 1580, not the different spelling alcohol.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "review-johnson-1657", "title": "Guilielmus Johnson — Lexicon Chymicum (1657)", "publisher": "Herzog August Bibliothek, Wolfenbütteler Digitale Bibliothek", "url": "https://diglib.hab.de/content.php?dir=drucke/82-8-phys-4s&distype=optional&metsID=transcript&xml=tei-transcript.xml&xsl=http://diglib.hab.de/rules/styles/tei-transcript.xsl", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its own rights. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "latin-powder-spirit", "locator": "Title page (1657); pp. 12–14, Alcohol, Alcohol vini, Alcool Paracelsi and Alcol", "text": "The Latin text distinguishes antimony, finely prepared powder, purified substance, and alcohol vini: wine freed of its residual matter so that it burns away. Powder and spirit usages coexist in this 1657 witness.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "review-caen-jardin", "title": "Hortus sanitatis — Éditions et catalogues", "publisher": "Presses universitaires de Caen, De piscibus scholarly edition", "url": "https://www.unicaen.fr/puc/sources/depiscibus/editions.html", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its own rights. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "jardin-editions", "locator": "Éditions de la version française; Vérard and Le Noir editions", "text": "The edition catalogue places Vérard’s French Jardin de santé around 1500 and lists Le Noir’s 1539 edition. It does not corroborate a fourteenth-century Jardin de santé witness.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "review-kazmierczak-alcohol", "title": "Marta Kaźmierczak — Arabic loanwords in French via Spanish as an intermediate language: A semantic analysis (2024)", "publisher": "Beyond Philology 21/3, pp. 33–58; University of Gdańsk", "url": "https://czasopisma.bg.ug.edu.pl/index.php/beyond/article/download/11554/10391/17330", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its own rights. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "french-route-period", "locator": "pp. 47–48, alcohol: From Spanish to French", "text": "Kaźmierczak treats the early French word as Spanish-mediated, reports fourteenth-century eye-cosmetic uses, and distinguishes later sense loans from scientific Latin.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "language-specific-semantics", "locator": "pp. 44–49, alcohol", "text": "The analysis separates early borrowing of the eye-cosmetic word from later adoption of Latin technical meanings. French chemical-class terminology develops in the nineteenth century.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "review-antidote-alcohol", "title": "Smuggling In Undeclared Articles — alcohol (2020)", "publisher": "Antidote’s linguists / Druide informatique", "url": "https://www.antidote.info/en/blog/reports/smuggling-in-undeclared-articles", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its own rights. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "english-wine-spirit", "locator": "alcohol section; Sclopotarie (1590)", "text": "The linguistic account reports alcohol of wine in the English Sclopotarie of 1590 and describes later predominance of the ethanol meaning.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "review-jurafsky-ketchup", "title": "Dan Jurafsky — The Language of Food: Ketchup (2009)", "publisher": "Dan Jurafsky, Stanford linguist; author’s research blog", "url": "https://languageoffood.blogspot.com/2009/09/ketchup.html", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its own rights. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "ketchup-transmission", "locator": "Paragraphs beginning “How did the British acquire” and “Another possibility”", "text": "Jurafsky leaves open acquisition through Indonesian kecap or directly from Hokkien traders in Southeast Asia. A 1732 Bengkulu recipe and Lockyer’s 1711 trade account provide context for the possibilities, not a decisive first transfer.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "ketchup-etymon", "locator": "Discussion of Douglas (1873), Southern Min fish sauce and the Cantonese proposal", "text": "Jurafsky supports an archaic Southern Min fish-sauce etymon using Douglas’s 1873 dictionary and rejects deriving the earlier English sauce word from Cantonese tomato sauce.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "review-cruz-ketchup", "title": "Isabel de la Cruz-Cabanillas — Chinese loanwords in the OED (2008)", "publisher": "Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 44, pp. 253–274; Adam Mickiewicz University repository", "url": "https://repozytorium.amu.edu.pl/bitstreams/fb6c6fbd-9a7c-4ce6-8973-6f8759cb62a7/download", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its own rights. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "ketchup-dissent", "locator": "p. 266, §3.2, Amoy", "text": "The article records Chan and Kwok’s Cantonese tomato-sauce proposal against the OED’s Amoy account, while noting that the proposal lacked conclusive evidence.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot2-wkt-bungalow", "title": "Wiktionary — bungalow", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bungalow", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": "91247677", "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; pinned revision, attributed summaries only.", "passages": [ { "id": "bungalow-origin-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "English bungalow is borrowed from Gujarati બંગલો (baṅglo), compared with Hindi बंगला (baṅglā) and Bengali বাংলা (baṅla), “Bengali-style house.”", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "bungalow-gujarati-form-passage", "locator": "Gujarati > Etymology", "text": "Gujarati બંગલો (baṅglo) denotes a Bengali-style or detached house and is the stated immediate source of English bungalow.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "bungalow-hindi-background-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology; Compare", "text": "Hindi बंगला (baṅglā) and Bengali বাংলা (baṅla) are comparison forms for the regional “Bengali” house term.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "bungalow-english-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "text": "The English entry records /ˈbʌŋɡəloʊ/ in General American and /ˈbʌŋɡələʊ/ in Received Pronunciation.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot2-etymonline-bungalow", "title": "Bungalow — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/bungalow", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "bungalow-english-history-passage", "locator": "bungalow entry", "text": "The Online Etymology Dictionary reports an Anglo-Indian English use in the 1670s for a one-storey thatched house, from Gujarati bangalo and Hindi bangla “Bengalese.”", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot2-wkt-vaccine", "title": "Wiktionary — vaccine", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vaccine", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": "92435929", "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; pinned revision, attributed summaries only.", "passages": [ { "id": "vaccine-latin-origin-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology 1", "text": "Vaccine is a learned borrowing from Latin vaccīnus, “of or derived from a cow,” from vacca “cow” plus -īnus.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "vaccine-newlatin-cowpox-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology 1; references", "text": "The early cowpox terminology is New Latin variolae vaccīnae, “cowpox,” associated with Edward Jenner’s 1798 account.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "vaccine-french-route-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology 2", "text": "English vaccine is partly related to French vaccine “cowpox” and vaccin “cowpox material,” themselves based on Latin vaccīnus.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "vaccine-english-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "text": "The English entry records /ˈvæk.siːn/ and /vækˈsin/ variants.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot2-mw-vaccine", "title": "Merriam-Webster — vaccine", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vaccine", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "vaccine-english-date-passage", "locator": "Word History > First Known Use", "text": "Merriam-Webster reports 1880 for vaccine in the meaning defined at its noun sense.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "vaccine-english-senses-passage", "locator": "Definition and Word History", "text": "The English noun covers a preparation used to stimulate immunity; the historical term first referred to cowpox material and later broadened to immunological preparations.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot2-wkt-tattoo", "title": "Wiktionary — tattoo", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tattoo", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": "91917179", "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; pinned revision, attributed summaries only.", "passages": [ { "id": "tattoo-polynesian-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology 1", "text": "The body-marking noun comes from earlier tattaow/tattow, borrowed from a Polynesian language such as Samoan tatau, “tattoo; to tap, to strike.”", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "tattoo-dutch-route-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology 2", "text": "The military tattoo is from Dutch taptoe, literally a signal to shut the tavern taps; English also developed a drumbeat sense.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "tattoo-english-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "text": "The English entry records /tæˈtuː/ and /təˈtuː/ variants for tattoo.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot2-etymonline-tattoo", "title": "Tattoo — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/tattoo", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "tattoo-polynesian-history-passage", "locator": "tattoo (n.2)", "text": "The Online Etymology Dictionary dates the English body-marking noun and verb to 1769, associated with Polynesian tatau and Captain Cook’s voyages.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "tattoo-dutch-history-passage", "locator": "tattoo (n.1)", "text": "The military signal word is recorded in English in the 1680s, from Dutch taptoe; the transferred drumbeat sense is later.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot2-wkt-salary", "title": "Wiktionary — salary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/salary", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": "92185674", "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; pinned revision, attributed summaries only.", "passages": [ { "id": "salary-route-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "Salary comes from Middle English salarie, Anglo-Norman salarie and Old French salaire, from Latin salārium “wages,” related to salārius “of salt” and sal “salt.”", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "salary-salt-claim-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology; explanatory note", "text": "The entry records competing explanations for the Latin wage term, including salt money or an allowance to buy salt, while noting that the commonly repeated phrase is not attested.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "salary-english-date-passage", "locator": "English > Noun examples", "text": "The entry gives a c. 1599–1602 Shakespeare example and a 1668 example for the English wage sense.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "salary-english-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "text": "The English entry records /ˈsæləri/ and the salary–celery homophone.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot2-gainsford-salary", "title": "Salt and salary: were Roman soldiers paid in salt?", "publisher": "Kiwi Hellenist / Peter Gainsford", "url": "https://kiwihellenist.blogspot.com/2017/01/salt-and-salary-were-roman-soldiers.html", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "salary-source-scope-passage", "locator": "Conclusion and discussion", "text": "Gainsford argues that the Roman-soldier salt-payment story is often reconstructed from later explanations and does not follow from the ancient evidence as a simple literal payment history.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot2-wkt-typhoon", "title": "Wiktionary — typhoon", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/typhoon", "accessed": "2026-09-13", "revision": "92202639", "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; pinned revision, attributed summaries only.", "passages": [ { "id": "typhoon-greek-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "English texts mention Greek typhon/typhōn for whirlwind before the storm sense; Greek influence is one explanation for the modern spelling.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "typhoon-arabic-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "Portuguese tufão is described as likely acquired from Arabic ṭūfān, with related Persian and Hindi forms.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "typhoon-chinese-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "Some accounts connect Arabic ṭūfān or English tyfoong/tyfung forms with Sinitic 大風 “big wind,” while other accounts derive the Arabic term within Semitic or from Greek.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "typhoon-portuguese-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology; references", "text": "Portuguese tufão is reported from at least 1560; English Touffon is cited in 1588 for a giant Pacific storm.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "typhoon-english-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation and Noun", "text": "English typhoon denotes a severe tropical cyclone, especially in the northwestern Pacific, and is pronounced /taɪˈfuːn/.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot3-wkt-quarantine", "title": "Wiktionary — quarantine", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quarantine", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "quarantine-latin-root-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "The English entry relates quarantine to Latin quadrāgintā, “forty,” through Romance and Medieval Latin forms.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "quarantine-medieval-latin-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "Medieval Latin quarentena and quarentīna are described as 40-day-period forms, including a Lenten context.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "quarantine-venetian-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology; Italian quarantena", "text": "Italian quarantena is described as a Venetian form of quarantina; Treccani likewise calls quarantèna originally Venetian for quarantina.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "quarantine-english-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "text": "The English entry records /ˈkwɔɹ.ən.tin/, /ˈkɔɹ.ən.tin/ and Received Pronunciation variants.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "batch05-quarantine-english-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for quarantine", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of quarantine; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." } ] }, { "id": "pilot3-mw-quarantine", "title": "Quarantine — Dictionary and Word History", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/quarantine", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "quarantine-french-route-passage", "locator": "Noun > Word History > Etymology", "text": "Merriam-Webster presents quarantine as partly modified from French quarantaine, from Old French quarente and Latin quadraginta.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "quarantine-italian-route-passage", "locator": "Noun > Word History > Etymology", "text": "Merriam-Webster also presents an Italian quarantena meaning quarantine of a ship, from quaranta, forty.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "quarantine-english-senses-passage", "locator": "Noun > definitions and Word History", "text": "English quarantine includes a 40-day period, ship isolation, broader disease-control restrictions and enforced isolation; Merriam-Webster reports a first known use in 1617 for the noun sense 1.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot3-cdc-quarantine", "title": "Etymologia: Quarantine", "publisher": "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention", "url": "https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/19/2/ET-1902_article", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "quarantine-practice-chronology-passage", "locator": "Article body, paragraphs 2–3", "text": "The CDC account dates Ragusa’s 1377 separation rule to 30 days and says the practice later spread and was extended to 40 days.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot3-wkt-assassin", "title": "Wiktionary — assassin", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/assassin", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "assassin-arabic-asasiyyin-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "The English entry records Arabic أَسَاسِيِّين (ʔasāsiyyīn), “people who are faithful to the foundation [of the faith],” as one proposed source.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "assassin-arabic-hashshashin-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "The English entry also records Arabic حَشَّاشِين (ḥaššāšīn), “hashish users; low-lives,” and labels that etymology folkloric.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "assassin-persian-form-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation > Persian", "text": "The entry lists Persian حشاشین with the scholarly transliteration haššâšin.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "assassin-english-historical-use-passage", "locator": "English > Noun, historical sense", "text": "A 1603 English quotation uses Assassines for members of the historical Nizari Ismaili community.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "assassin-english-general-sense-passage", "locator": "English > Noun, general sense", "text": "The English noun denotes someone who intentionally kills, especially a professional or political killer; the page cites a 1834 use.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "assassin-english-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "text": "The English entry records UK /əˈsæsɪn/.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot3-wkt-assassino", "title": "Wiktionary — assassino", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/assassino", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "assassin-italian-form-passage", "locator": "Italian > Etymology 1 and Noun", "text": "Italian assassino is described as coming from Arabic ḥaššāšīn or ʔasāsiyyūn and denotes an assassin or hitman.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot3-iranica-assassins", "title": "ASSASSINS", "publisher": "Encyclopaedia Iranica", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/assassins/", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "assassin-iranica-group-name-passage", "locator": "ASSASSINS cross-reference", "text": "Encyclopaedia Iranica identifies Ḥaššāšin as a pejorative name given by medieval adversaries to Nizari Ismaʿilis.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot3-etymonline-assassin", "title": "Assassin — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/assassin", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "assassin-european-route-passage", "locator": "assassin(n.)", "text": "The Online Etymology Dictionary reports a route through medieval French and Italian forms from an Arabic nickname and records Middle English hassais in the mid-fourteenth century.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot3-wkt-pyjamas", "title": "Wiktionary — pyjamas", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pyjamas", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "pajamas-persian-origin-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "English pyjamas is traced through Hindi/Urdu to Classical Persian پایجامه (pāyjāma), archaic پاجامه (pājāma).", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "pajamas-urdu-form-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "Urdu پائِجامَہ (pāijāma) is listed alongside Hindi as the Hindustani source of English pyjamas.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "pajamas-english-sense-passage", "locator": "English > Noun", "text": "English pyjamas is a plural-only noun for sleepwear, with an attributive pyjama form.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "pajamas-english-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "text": "The English entry records Received Pronunciation /pɪˈd͡ʒɑːməz/ and South Asian variants.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot3-wkt-paijama", "title": "Wiktionary — पैजामा", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "pajamas-hindi-form-passage", "locator": "Hindi > Etymology and Noun", "text": "Hindi पैजामा (paijāmā) is a borrowing from Classical Persian پایجامه and is an alternative form of पाजामा.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot3-etymonline-pajamas", "title": "Pajamas — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/pajamas", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "pajamas-english-early-passage", "locator": "pajamas(n.)", "text": "The Online Etymology Dictionary reports 1800 pai jamahs for loose trousers tied at the waist, worn by Muslims in India and adopted by Europeans there, especially for nightwear.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "pajamas-english-spelling-passage", "locator": "pajamas(n.)", "text": "The Online Etymology Dictionary reports the modern U.S. spelling by 1845 and British spelling tending toward pyjamas.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot3-wkt-guitar", "title": "Wiktionary — guitar", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/guitar", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "guitar-spanish-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "English guitar is from Spanish guitarra, from Arabic qīṯāra, from Ancient Greek kĭthắrā.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "guitar-english-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation and Noun", "text": "English guitar denotes a stringed musical instrument, commonly a fretted six-string instrument, and has UK and US IPA variants.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot3-wkt-qithara", "title": "Wiktionary — قيثارة", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "guitar-aramaic-passage", "locator": "Arabic > Etymology", "text": "Arabic قِيثَارَة (qīṯāra) is described as borrowed from Aramaic קיתרא (qīṯārā), from Ancient Greek κῐθᾰ́ρᾱ.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "guitar-arabic-passage", "locator": "Arabic > Etymology and Noun", "text": "Arabic قِيثَارَة (qīṯāra) denotes a guitar and is listed as the source of Old Spanish guitarra in the inspected lexical account.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot3-wkt-kithara", "title": "Wiktionary — κιθάρα", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B1", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "guitar-greek-passage", "locator": "Ancient Greek > Etymology and Noun", "text": "Ancient Greek κῐθᾰ́ρᾱ (kĭthắrā) denotes the cithara; the page treats it as the upstream form and says its ultimate origin is Pre-Greek/uncertain.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot3-rae-guitarra", "title": "guitarra — Diccionario histórico de la lengua española", "publisher": "Real Academia Española", "url": "https://temporalraeweb.rae.es/dhle/guitarra", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "guitar-old-spanish-passage", "locator": "guitarra entry, historical etymology and citations", "text": "The historical Spanish dictionary records guitarra and variants, with a late-fourteenth-century witness describing gujtarra among stringed instruments.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot3-etymonline-guitar", "title": "Guitar — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/guitar", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "guitar-english-sense-passage", "locator": "guitar(n.)", "text": "The secondary account dates English guitar to the 1620s, describes a French route altered by Spanish and Provençal forms, and says the modern word is also directly from Spanish guitarra; it notes uncertainty over Arabic direction.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot3-wkt-computer", "title": "Wiktionary — computer", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/computer", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "computer-human-sense-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology and Noun, historical sense", "text": "The English entry says the person sense first appears c. 1613 in Richard Brathwait and cites a 1613 passage using computer for a person who calculates.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "computer-machine-sense-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology and Noun, machine sense", "text": "The English entry says the machine sense first appears c. 1897 in Engineering and defines the modern noun as a programmable electronic device.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "computer-english-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "text": "The English entry records non-rhotic and rhotic IPA variants including /kəmˈpjuː.tə/ and /kəmˈpju.tɚ/.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot3-wkt-compute", "title": "Wiktionary — compute", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/compute", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "computer-latin-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology tree / Latin computō", "text": "The compute family is traced to Latin computō/computāre, “to calculate, reckon together.”", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "computer-french-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "English compute is described as borrowed from French computer, from Latin computō.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "computer-compute-passage", "locator": "English > Verb and Etymology", "text": "English compute means to reckon or calculate; the page describes it as a seventeenth-century borrowing from French computer.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot3-etymonline-computer", "title": "Computer — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/computer", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "computer-modern-sense-passage", "locator": "computer(n.)", "text": "The secondary history dates the modern programmable digital-electronic sense to 1945 under the name computer, while describing a calculating-machine sense from 1897.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot4-wkt-paper", "title": "Wiktionary — paper", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/paper", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "paper-greek-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "English paper is traced through Latin papyrus to Ancient Greek πάπυρος (pápuros), the plant name behind the material term.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "paper-latin-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "Latin papyrus is the immediate learned source in the displayed ancestry and names papyrus or paper made from its stalks.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "paper-old-catalan-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "The English entry gives Old Catalan paper as a borrowing from Latin papyrus with the Catalan suffix -er.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "paper-middle-english-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "Middle English paper is the inherited English form following the Anglo-Norman stage.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "paper-english-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation and Noun", "text": "The English entry gives /ˈpeɪ.pə/ and defines paper as a sheet or material used for writing, printing and related purposes.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot4-etymonline-paper", "title": "Paper — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/paper", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "paper-anglo-norman-passage", "locator": "paper(n.)", "text": "English paper is described as coming from Anglo-French paper and Old French papier, “paper, document.”", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "paper-english-passage", "locator": "paper(n.)", "text": "By the mid-fourteenth century, English paper referred to a compacted sheet-like material used for writing and printing; paper also developed document and written-work senses.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot4-academie-papier", "title": "papier", "publisher": "Académie française", "url": "https://www.dictionnaire-academie.fr/article/A9P0397", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "paper-romance-passage", "locator": "papier > Etymologie", "text": "The French dictionary relates papier through Medieval Latin papirus to Greek papuros.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot4-wkt-lemon", "title": "Wiktionary — lemon", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lemon", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "lemon-sanskrit-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "The English entry compares the Persian and Arabic citrus forms with Sanskrit निम्बू (nimbū, “lime”).", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "lemon-persian-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "Classical Persian لِیمُو (līmū, līmō) and لِیمُون (līmūn) are presented as Persian forms in the lemon ancestry.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "lemon-middle-english-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "Middle English lymon is the form inherited into English from Old French lymon.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "lemon-english-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation and Noun", "text": "The English entry gives /ˈlɛmən/, /ˈlɛmɪn/ and defines lemon as the yellow citrus fruit and its tree.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot4-wkt-lemon-arabic", "title": "Wiktionary — ليمون", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "lemon-arabic-passage", "locator": "Arabic > Etymology and Noun", "text": "Arabic لَيْمُون (laymūn) denotes the lemon and is related to Persian līmū/līmūn in the inspected account.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot4-etymonline-lemon", "title": "Lemon — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/lemon", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "lemon-old-french-passage", "locator": "lemon(n.1)", "text": "English lemon is traced through Old French limon, “citrus fruit,” from Provençal or Italian forms of Arabic/Persian origin.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "lemon-english-passage", "locator": "lemon(n.1)", "text": "Online Etymology Dictionary dates English lemon, “ovate, pale yellow citrus fruit,” to about 1400; the English entry defines the fruit and tree senses.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot4-wkt-chess", "title": "Wiktionary — chess", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chess", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "chess-old-persian-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology tree", "text": "The broader etymology tree relates Persian šāh, “king,” to older Iranian royal-title forms.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "chess-persian-shah-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "English chess is traced through Arabic šāh, from Classical Persian شاه (šāh), “king.”", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "chess-old-french-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "Middle English ches/chesse is traced from Old French eschés, the plural of eschec, from Medieval Latin scaccus and ultimately Arabic šāh.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "chess-middle-english-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "Middle English ches and chesse are the forms from which modern English chess continues.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "chess-english-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation and Noun", "text": "The English entry gives /t͡ʃɛs/ and defines chess as the two-player board game.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot4-wkt-chess-arabic", "title": "Wiktionary — شطرنج", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AC", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "chess-arabic-shah-passage", "locator": "Arabic > Etymology", "text": "Arabic شَاه (šāh) means the king in chess and is borrowed from Classical Persian شاه.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot4-iranica-chess", "title": "CHESS, the board game", "publisher": "Encyclopaedia Iranica", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/chess-a-board-game/", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "chess-parallel-chaturanga-passage", "locator": "Article opening and historical terminology", "text": "The broader chess terminology includes Sanskrit caturaṅga, Middle Persian čatrang and Arabic šaṭranj as a parallel history of the game name.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "c1-headword-comparison", "text": "The Iranica CHESS headword instead associates Old French eschez and English chess with Arabic al-šaṭranj/al-šeṭranj, alongside the Sanskrit and Persian game-name family.", "locator": "CHESS headword opening (redirects to /articles/chess/), before sections i–ii", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot4-etymonline-chess", "title": "Chess — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/chess", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "chess-english-passage", "locator": "chess(n.)", "text": "Online Etymology Dictionary dates English chess to the thirteenth century and describes the Old French plural esches route.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot4-wkt-magazine", "title": "Wiktionary — magazine", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/magazine", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "magazine-arabic-plural-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "English magazine is traced ultimately to Arabic مَخَازِن (maḵāzin), the plural of مَخْزَن, through Italian magazzino and French magasin.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "magazine-french-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "Middle French magasin means warehouse, store or depot and transmits the Arabic-derived word into English.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "magazine-middle-english-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "Middle English magasyne is the medieval English form preceding modern magazine.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "magazine-english-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation and Noun", "text": "The English entry gives modern pronunciations including /ˌmæɡəˈziːn/ and defines magazine as a periodical as well as a store or ammunition chamber.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot4-wkt-magazine-arabic", "title": "Wiktionary — مخزن", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B2%D9%86", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "magazine-arabic-singular-passage", "locator": "Arabic > Etymology and Noun", "text": "Arabic مَخْزَن (makhzan) means a storeroom or storehouse and is the singular behind the plural form in the displayed ancestry.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot4-wkt-magazine-italian", "title": "Wiktionary — magazzino", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/magazzino", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "magazine-italian-passage", "locator": "Italian > Etymology", "text": "Italian magazzino means storehouse or warehouse and is the source of French magasin in the displayed route.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot4-cnrtl-magazine", "title": "MAGAZINE — Étymologie", "publisher": "CNRTL", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/magazine", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "magazine-french-periodical-passage", "locator": "MAGAZINE > Étymologie", "text": "CNRTL relates the periodical sense to a figurative “storehouse or collection of information” and the title Gentleman’s Magazine.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot4-etymonline-magazine", "title": "Magazine — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/magazine", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "magazine-english-passage", "locator": "magazine(n.)", "text": "English magazine is attested in the 1580s for a warehouse or military store, and the periodical sense appears with Gentleman’s Magazine in 1731.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot4-wkt-camera", "title": "Wiktionary — camera", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/camera", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "camera-greek-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "English camera is traced through Latin camera to Ancient Greek καμάρα (kamára), a vaulted chamber or arched covering.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "camera-latin-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "Latin camera means a chamber, bedchamber or vaulted room and is the learned source of English camera.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "camera-english-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation and Noun", "text": "The English entry gives multiple regional IPA forms and defines camera as a picture-taking device, a game viewpoint and a chamber.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot4-wkt-camera-obscura", "title": "Wiktionary — camera obscura", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/camera%20obscura", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "camera-camera-obscura-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "New Latin camera obscura means “dark chamber”; the phrase was used for the darkened room or optical device before the shortened camera.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot4-etymonline-camera", "title": "Camera — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/camera", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "camera-english-room-passage", "locator": "camera(n.)", "text": "English camera was used from 1708 for a vaulted building or chamber and later as a short form of camera obscura.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "camera-english-photo-passage", "locator": "camera(n.)", "text": "The camera word was extended to a picture-taking device around 1840 as a development of the camera obscura.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot4-wkt-avocado", "title": "Wiktionary — avocado", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/avocado", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "avocado-spanish-aguacate-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "Spanish aguacate is the earlier form from which English avocado is derived, ultimately from Nahuatl āhuacatl.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "avocado-spanish-avocado-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "English avocado is borrowed from Latin American Spanish avocado, an altered form associated with Spanish abogado/avocado “lawyer” by folk-etymological influence.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "avocado-english-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation and Noun", "text": "The English entry gives regional pronunciations and defines avocado as the fruit.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot4-wkt-avocado-nahuatl", "title": "Wiktionary — āhuacatl", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C4%81huacatl", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "avocado-nahuatl-passage", "locator": "Classical Nahuatl > Noun", "text": "Classical Nahuatl āhuacatl denotes the avocado; the English route is traced through Spanish aguacate.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot4-etymonline-avocado", "title": "Avocado — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/avocado", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "avocado-english-passage", "locator": "avocado(n.)", "text": "English avocado is reported in a 1696 plant catalogue context and denotes the fruit and tree.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot4-rae-avocado", "title": "aguacate / avocado", "publisher": "Real Academia Española", "url": "https://dle.rae.es/aguacate", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "avocado-rae-spanish-passage", "locator": "aguacate", "text": "The Spanish dictionary entry defines aguacate as the avocado fruit and records the Spanish lexical form.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot4-wkt-canoe", "title": "Wiktionary — canoe", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/canoe", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "canoe-taino-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "English canoe is adopted in the sixteenth century from Spanish canoa, from Taíno *kanowa, “dugout canoe.”", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "canoe-arawakan-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "The entry compares Lokono kanoa and Wayuu anuwa/anua and gives Proto-Arawak *kanawa as a possible deeper relation.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "canoe-spanish-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "Spanish canoa is the immediate European donor form in the displayed route.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "canoe-english-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation and Noun", "text": "The English entry gives /kəˈnuː/ and defines canoe as a small narrow boat propelled by paddles.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot4-etymonline-canoe", "title": "Canoe — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/canoe", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "canoe-english-passage", "locator": "canoe(n.)", "text": "English canoe is attested from the sixteenth century and denotes a small, narrow boat propelled by paddles.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot4-arawak-canoe", "title": "canoe and Caribbean lexical transmission", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/canoe", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "canoe-alternative-contact-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology and comparisons", "text": "French canot/canoë and possible North American Indigenous contact are alternative context around the later English word, not a replacement for the Spanish/Taíno route.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot4-wkt-barbecue", "title": "Wiktionary — barbecue", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/barbecue", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "barbecue-spanish-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "Spanish barbacoa is the immediate source of English barbecue in the inspected account.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "barbecue-english-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation and Noun", "text": "The English entry defines barbecue as cooking, a social meal, or food cooked by that method and records barbecue/barbeque variants.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot4-etymonline-barbecue", "title": "Barbecue — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/barbecue", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "barbecue-english-passage", "locator": "barbecue(n.)", "text": "English barbecue is attested in the 1690s for a framework for grilling meat; later senses include an outdoor feast, cooked food and a cooking method.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "barbecue-modern-grill-passage", "locator": "barbecue(n.)", "text": "The modern popular grill sense is reported from 1931, while the social-entertainment sense is reported from 1733.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "barbecue-folk-etymology-passage", "locator": "barbecue(n.) and linked discussion", "text": "The popular French barbe à queue (“beard to tail”) explanation is not supported by the inspected academic etymology account.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot4-french-barbecue", "title": "barbecue", "publisher": "Wiktionnaire contributors", "url": "https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/barbecue", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "barbecue-taino-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "The English word is traced through Spanish barbacoa to Taíno barbakoa, a wooden support or grill.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot4-wkt-admiral", "title": "Wiktionary — admiral", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/admiral", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "admiral-arabic-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "The source traces admiral to Arabic أَمِير (ʔamīr), “commander,” combined with the Latin adjectival ending -alis.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "admiral-arabic-alternatives-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "The Arabic phrases amīr al-baḥr and amīr al-umarāʔ are preserved as competing historical explanations for the title’s naval or commander associations.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "admiral-medieval-latin-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "Medieval Latin admiralis, admirallus and related forms show modification of amiralis under the influence of Latin admiror/admirari.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "admiral-english-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation and Noun", "text": "The English entry defines admiral as a high naval officer and gives modern English pronunciation.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot4-wkt-amiral", "title": "Wiktionary — amiral", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/amiral", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "admiral-french-passage", "locator": "Middle English/Old French > Etymology", "text": "Old French and Anglo-Norman amiral forms continue Medieval Latin amiralis/admiralis.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot4-etymonline-admiral", "title": "Admiral — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/admiral", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "admiral-english-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology and Noun", "text": "Middle English admiral and its many variant spellings continue the Anglo-Norman/Old French form and later denote a high naval officer.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot4-wkt-sofa", "title": "Wiktionary — sofa", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sofa", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "sofa-arabic-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "English sofa is ultimately traced to Arabic صُفَّة (ṣuffa), a stone or brick bench or raised seat covered with carpets and cushions.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "sofa-turkish-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "The English word is reported from Turkish sofa, from Arabic ṣuffa.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "sofa-english-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation and Noun", "text": "The English entry gives /ˈsoʊfə/ and /ˈsəʊfə/ and defines sofa as a long upholstered seat.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot4-french-sofa", "title": "sofa", "publisher": "Wiktionnaire contributors", "url": "https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/sofa", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "sofa-european-route-passage", "locator": "Étymologie", "text": "French sofa is reported through Turkish sofa and Arabic ṣuffa, with older soffa/sopha spellings and a c.1620 context.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot4-etymonline-sofa", "title": "Sofa — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/sofa", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "sofa-english-passage", "locator": "sofa(n.)", "text": "English sofa is recorded in the 1620s for a raised carpeted platform and by 1717 for a long stuffed seat for reclining.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-wkt-silk", "title": "Wiktionary — silk", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/silk", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "silk-greek-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "The English entry relates silk to Greek σηρικός (sērikós), “silken” or pertaining to the Sēres.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "silk-latin-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "Latin sericum is presented as the learned source of the Old English silk form.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "silk-old-english-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "Old English seoloc, sioloc and seolc are the immediate forms preceding Middle English silk.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "silk-middle-english-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "Middle English silk, sylk, selk and selc continue the Old English form.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "silk-english-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "text": "The English entry supplies the modern reading and the silk-cloth noun sense.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-etymonline-silk", "title": "silk — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/silk", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "silk-english-passage", "locator": "silk(n.)", "text": "English silk is dated to about 1300; its material sense names thread or cloth associated with silkworms.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "silk-old-norse-passage", "locator": "silk(n.)", "text": "Old Norse silki is reported as cognate with English silk, but the exact direction and Baltic route are disputed.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "c1-route-disagreement", "text": "The entry compares Old Norse silki; it reports disagreement between a Balto-Slavic route into English and Vasmer’s Scandinavian-to-Slavic direction. Chinese, Manchu and Mongolian comparisons are explicitly uncertain.", "locator": "silk(n.), etymology paragraphs 2–4", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-wkt-jungle", "title": "Wiktionary — jungle", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jungle", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "jungle-sanskrit-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "English jungle is traced to Sanskrit जङ्गल (jaṅgala), “arid or sterile region, desert,” from an unknown substrate.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "jungle-hindustani-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "The English entry gives Hindustani Hindi जंगल (jaṅgal) and Urdu جنگل (jaṅgal) as the immediate source area.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "jungle-english-vegetation-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "text": "The English entry supplies the modern jungle reading.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-etymonline-jungle", "title": "jungle — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/jungle", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "jungle-english-vegetation-passage", "locator": "jungle(n.)", "text": "English jungle is attested in 1776 for dense growth and tangled vegetation in parts of India.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "jungle-english-figurative-passage", "locator": "jungle(n.)", "text": "The figurative wild-mass sense is attested by 1850 and a lawless-place sense by 1906.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-wkt-loot", "title": "Wiktionary — loot", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/loot", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "loot-sanskrit-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "The English entry gives Sanskrit लोप्त्र (loptra, “booty, stolen property”) as one possible source of Hindi lūṭ.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "loot-hindi-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "English loot is borrowed from Hindi लूट (lūṭ), “booty,” with a competing derivation from Sanskrit luṇṭ, “to rob.”", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "loot-english-noun-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "text": "The English entry supplies the noun reading.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "loot-english-verb-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "text": "The English entry supplies the verb reading.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-etymonline-loot", "title": "loot — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/loot", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "loot-english-noun-passage", "locator": "loot(n.)", "text": "Online Etymology Dictionary dates the Anglo-Indian English noun loot to 1802 and defines it as goods taken from an enemy.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "loot-english-verb-passage", "locator": "loot(v.)", "text": "The verb loot is dated to 1821 and is derived from the English noun.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-wkt-guru", "title": "Wiktionary — guru", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/guru", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "guru-hindi-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "English guru is borrowed from Hindi guru and related Punjabi usage, ultimately from Sanskrit guru.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "guru-english-teacher-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "text": "The English entry supplies modern regional readings and the teacher sense.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "guru-english-expert-passage", "locator": "English > Noun", "text": "English guru has a broadened modern sense for an expert or authority outside the religious context.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "guru-english-expert-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "text": "The English entry supplies modern readings.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-wkt-guru-sanskrit", "title": "Wiktionary — गुरु", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "guru-sanskrit-passage", "locator": "Etymology and Pronunciation", "text": "Sanskrit गुरु (guru) includes “heavy” and “venerable” senses and is the source of the South Asian teacher word.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-etymonline-guru", "title": "guru — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/guru", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "guru-english-teacher-passage", "locator": "guru(n.)", "text": "English guru is attested in the form gooroo from 1806 for a Hindu spiritual teacher or guide.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-wkt-tomato", "title": "Wiktionary — tomato", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tomato", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "tomato-spanish-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "English tomato is borrowed through Spanish tomate, recorded from the mid-sixteenth century in the reported account.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "tomato-english-early-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "text": "The English entry supplies modern regional readings; the historical spelling is retained separately.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "tomato-english-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "text": "The English entry supplies the modern tomato reading.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-wkt-tomato-nahuatl", "title": "Wiktionary — tomatl", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tomatl", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "tomato-nahuatl-passage", "locator": "Etymology and Noun", "text": "Classical Nahuatl tomatl is the source of Spanish tomate; the literal “swelling fruit” analysis is reported but not treated as certain.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-etymonline-tomato", "title": "tomato — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/tomato", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "tomato-english-early-passage", "locator": "tomato(n.)", "text": "The earlier English form tomate is reported from about 1600.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "tomato-english-passage", "locator": "tomato(n.)", "text": "English tomato is dated to 1753; the spelling was probably influenced by potato.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "tomato-english-sauce-passage", "locator": "tomato(n.)", "text": "Tomato sauce is attested by 1806; this is a compound and food-use extension of the fruit word.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-wkt-potato", "title": "Wiktionary — potato", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/potato", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "potato-spanish-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "Spanish patata is borrowed from Taíno batata and is the immediate form behind English potato.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "potato-english-sweet-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "text": "The English entry supplies regional potato readings.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "potato-english-white-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "text": "The English entry supplies regional potato readings.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "batch05-potato-spanish-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for patata", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of patata; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-potato-english-sweet-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for potato", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of potato; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-potato-english-white-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for potato", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of potato; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-potato-spanish-batata-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for batata", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of batata; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-potato-spanish-papa-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for papa", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of papa; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-wkt-potato-batata", "title": "Wiktionary — batata", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/batata", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "potato-taino-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "The English etymology gives Taíno batata as the source of Spanish patata, originally naming the sweet potato.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-etymonline-potato", "title": "potato — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/potato", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "potato-english-sweet-passage", "locator": "potato(n.)", "text": "English potato is dated to the 1560s for sweet potato, from Spanish patata.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "potato-english-white-passage", "locator": "potato(n.)", "text": "By the 1590s the name extended to the common white potato, native to Peru, through resemblance between edible tubers.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "potato-quechua-passage", "locator": "potato(n.)", "text": "The white potato is native to Peru and is associated with Quechua papa in broader naming history, but the inspected English etymology does not make papa the direct source of potato.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-wkt-hammock", "title": "Wiktionary — hammock", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hammock", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "hammock-arawakan-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "The English entry compares Taíno hamaka with a Proto-Arawak reconstruction for the hanging net word.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "hammock-spanish-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "Spanish hamaca is the donor form for English hammock and appears in early accounts of Caribbean travel.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "hammock-english-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "text": "The English entry supplies the modern hammock reading.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-etymonline-hammock", "title": "hammock — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/hammock", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "hammock-english-passage", "locator": "hammock(n.)", "text": "English hammock is dated to the 1650s, altered from hamack/hamaca, and denotes a hanging bed.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-wkt-banana", "title": "Wiktionary — banana", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/banana", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "banana-west-african-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "The English entry proposes a West African source, possibly Wolof banana, for the Iberian forms.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "banana-spanish-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "Spanish is one reported Iberian route by which the West African banana word reached European languages.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "banana-english-fruit-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "text": "The English entry supplies regional banana readings.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-etymonline-banana", "title": "banana — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/banana", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "banana-portuguese-passage", "locator": "banana(n.)", "text": "The English account allows Spanish or Portuguese borrowing of the West African word.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "banana-english-fruit-passage", "locator": "banana(n.)", "text": "English banana is attested in the 1590s for the edible tropical fruit.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "banana-english-plant-passage", "locator": "banana(n.)", "text": "Reference to the banana plant itself is reported from the 1690s, later than the fruit sense.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-wkt-boomerang", "title": "Wiktionary — boomerang", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/boomerang", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "boomerang-early-form-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "An early c. 1790 form boo-mer-rit is recorded with a weapon gloss, but its language and relation to boomerang are uncertain.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "boomerang-proposed-source-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "The entry reports a possible Thurawal source and notes that bumariny or bumarañ is not explicitly recorded in the Sydney language until 1903.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "boomerang-english-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "text": "The English entry supplies regional boomerang readings.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "batch05-boomerang-english-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for boomerang", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of boomerang; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-boomerang-english-figurative-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for boomerang", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of boomerang; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-etymonline-boomerang", "title": "boomerang — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/boomerang", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "boomerang-english-passage", "locator": "boomerang(n.)", "text": "English boomerang is dated to 1827 as the name of an Aboriginal Australian missile weapon.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "boomerang-english-figurative-passage", "locator": "boomerang(v.)", "text": "The figurative return sense is attested from 1900, after the weapon noun.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-wkt-kangaroo", "title": "Wiktionary — kangaroo", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kangaroo", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "kangaroo-guugu-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "The English entry traces kangaroo to Guugu Yimidhirr gangurru and notes later confirmation of the form.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "kangaroo-english-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "text": "The English entry supplies regional kangaroo readings.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-etymonline-kangaroo", "title": "kangaroo — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/kangaroo", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "kangaroo-english-passage", "locator": "kangaroo(n.)", "text": "English kangaroo is dated to 1770 in the reports of Cook and Joseph Banks.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "kangaroo-english-court-passage", "locator": "kangaroo(n.)", "text": "Kangaroo court is recorded in American English from 1850 and is explained as a metaphor of proceeding by leaps.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-wkt-kiosk", "title": "Wiktionary — kiosk", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kiosk", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "kiosk-middle-persian-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "The etymology tree traces kiosk to Middle Persian kwšk (kōšk), a palace or pavilion word.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "kiosk-persian-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "Classical Persian کوشک (kōšk) means palace, villa, pavilion or portico.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "kiosk-ottoman-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "Ottoman Turkish köşk is the form borrowed into European languages for a pavilion or summer house.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "kiosk-italian-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "Italian chiosco is the European intermediary between Ottoman Turkish köşk and French kiosque.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "kiosk-english-pavilion-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "text": "The English entry supplies UK and US kiosk readings.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-etymonline-kiosk", "title": "kiosk — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/kiosk", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "kiosk-french-passage", "locator": "kiosk(n.)", "text": "French kiosque is the immediate source of English kiosk in the reported route.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "kiosk-english-pavilion-passage", "locator": "kiosk(n.)", "text": "English kiosk is attested in the 1620s for an open pavilion introduced as a garden ornament.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "kiosk-english-booth-passage", "locator": "kiosk(n.)", "text": "English kiosk developed a street-newsstand sense by 1865 and was influenced by the British telephone kiosk from 1928.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-wkt-caravan", "title": "Wiktionary — caravan", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/caravan", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "caravan-persian-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "Persian کاروان (kārwān) denotes a group of travelers and is the reported source of the European caravan word.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "caravan-french-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "French caravane and Old French carvane/carevane are the French forms reported before English caravan.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "caravan-english-travel-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "text": "The English entry supplies modern caravan readings.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-etymonline-caravan", "title": "caravan — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/caravan", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "caravan-arabic-passage", "locator": "caravan(n.)", "text": "Online Etymology Dictionary reports Arabic qairawan as a possible route between Persian karwan and French/Latin caravan forms.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "caravan-english-travel-passage", "locator": "caravan(n.)", "text": "English caravan is attested in the 1590s for a company of travelers moving together for security.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "caravan-english-vehicle-passage", "locator": "caravan(n.)", "text": "English caravan extended to a covered carriage in the 1670s and to a British mobile-home sense in the 1930s.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-wkt-engine", "title": "Wiktionary — engine", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/engine", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "engine-latin-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "Latin ingenium means innate qualities or ability and in Late Latin also refers to a war engine or battering ram.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "engine-middle-english-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "Middle English engyn continues the Anglo-Norman/Old French form and names a device or engine.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "engine-english-machine-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "text": "The English entry supplies the engine reading.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-etymonline-engine", "title": "engine — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/engine", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "engine-french-passage", "locator": "engine(n.)", "text": "Old French engin combines skill and cleverness with trickery, stratagem and war-machine senses.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "engine-english-machine-passage", "locator": "engine(n.)", "text": "English engine is attested around 1300 for a mechanical device, especially a war machine.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "engine-english-power-passage", "locator": "engine(n.)", "text": "The sense of a device converting energy to mechanical power emerges in the eighteenth century; steam-engine usage becomes prominent in the nineteenth.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-wkt-tsunami", "title": "Wiktionary — tsunami", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tsunami", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "tsunami-english-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "text": "The English entry supplies English regional readings and the wave sense.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-wkt-tsunami-japanese", "title": "Wiktionary — 津波", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B4%A5%E6%B3%A2", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "tsunami-japanese-harbor-passage", "locator": "Etymology", "text": "Japanese 津 (tsu) is the harbor/port element of tsunami.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "tsunami-japanese-wave-passage", "locator": "Etymology", "text": "Japanese 波 (nami) is the wave element of tsunami.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "tsunami-japanese-compound-passage", "locator": "Etymology and Noun", "text": "Japanese 津波 (tsunami) combines tsu “harbor” and nami “wave.”", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-etymonline-tsunami", "title": "tsunami — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/tsunami", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "tsunami-english-passage", "locator": "tsunami(n.)", "text": "English tsunami is reported from 1896 in reference to the wave that struck Japan on June 15 of that year.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-wkt-karaoke", "title": "Wiktionary — karaoke", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/karaoke", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "karaoke-english-orchestra-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "text": "The English contributor word is shown with a present-day reading.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "karaoke-english-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "text": "The English entry supplies the modern English reading.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-wkt-karaoke-japanese", "title": "Wiktionary — カラオケ", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B1", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "karaoke-japanese-empty-passage", "locator": "Etymology", "text": "Japanese 空 (kara) supplies the “empty” element of karaoke.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "karaoke-japanese-orchestra-passage", "locator": "Etymology", "text": "Japanese オーケストラ (ōkesutora) is the source of the clipped oke element.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "karaoke-japanese-oke-passage", "locator": "Etymology", "text": "Japanese オケ (oke) is the clipped form used in karaoke.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "karaoke-japanese-compound-passage", "locator": "Etymology and Noun", "text": "Japanese カラオケ combines 空 kara “empty” with オケ oke “orchestra.”", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-etymonline-karaoke", "title": "karaoke — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/karaoke", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "karaoke-english-orchestra-passage", "locator": "orchestra(n.)", "text": "The Japanese oke element is a clipping of ōkesutora, itself a Japanese rendering of English orchestra.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "karaoke-english-passage", "locator": "karaoke(n.)", "text": "English karaoke is attested from 1979 as the Japanese compound kara “empty” plus oke “orchestra.”", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-wkt-rickshaw", "title": "Wiktionary — rickshaw", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rickshaw", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "rickshaw-japanese-clipped-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "The English entry describes rickshaw as borrowed from Japanese 力車 (rikisha), a clipping of 人力車 (jinrikisha).", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "rickshaw-english-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "text": "The English entry supplies the modern rickshaw reading.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-wkt-rickshaw-japanese", "title": "Wiktionary — 人力車", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8A%9B%E8%BB%8A", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "rickshaw-japanese-person-passage", "locator": "Etymology", "text": "Japanese 人 (jin) is the human/person element of jinrikisha.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "rickshaw-japanese-power-passage", "locator": "Etymology", "text": "Japanese 力 (riki) is the power element of jinrikisha.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "rickshaw-japanese-vehicle-passage", "locator": "Etymology", "text": "Japanese 車 (sha) is the vehicle/cart element of jinrikisha.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "rickshaw-japanese-full-passage", "locator": "Etymology and Noun", "text": "Japanese 人力車 (jinrikisha) combines human, power and vehicle/cart elements.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-etymonline-rickshaw", "title": "rickshaw — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/rickshaw", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "rickshaw-english-passage", "locator": "rickshaw(n.)", "text": "English rickshaw is a shortened form of jinrikisha, attested in English publications in the 1880s; the full form is reported from 1873.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-wkt-sauna", "title": "Wiktionary — sauna", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sauna", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "sauna-proto-finnic-passage", "locator": "Finnish > Etymology", "text": "Finnish sauna is traced to reconstructed Proto-Finnic *sakna; a possible Proto-Germanic relation to stack is reported.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "sauna-finnish-passage", "locator": "Finnish > Etymology and Noun", "text": "Finnish sauna is the source of the international word and names the heated bath-house.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "sauna-english-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "text": "The entry distinguishes common English readings from a Finnish-like pronunciation.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-etymonline-sauna", "title": "sauna — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/sauna", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "sauna-english-passage", "locator": "sauna(n.)", "text": "English sauna is recorded from 1881 for a Finnish steam bath and the room where it is taken.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "sauna-english-broad-passage", "locator": "sauna(n.)", "text": "By 1959 English sauna is used for installations in homes and gyms outside Finland.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-wkt-slogan", "title": "Wiktionary — slogan", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/slogan", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "slogan-gaelic-host-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "Gaelic sluagh is the host/army element of sluagh-ghairm.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "slogan-gaelic-cry-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "Gaelic gairm is the cry/call element of sluagh-ghairm.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "slogan-english-battle-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "text": "The English entry supplies the modern slogan reading.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-etymonline-slogan", "title": "slogan — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/slogan", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "slogan-gaelic-compound-passage", "locator": "slogan(n.)", "text": "English slogan is traced to Gaelic sluagh-ghairm, “battle cry.”", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "slogan-english-early-passage", "locator": "slogan(n.)", "text": "The early English form slogorne is reported from the 1510s for a battle cry.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "slogan-english-battle-passage", "locator": "slogan(n.)", "text": "English slogan is reported in the 1670s for a battle cry.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "slogan-english-phrase-passage", "locator": "slogan(n.)", "text": "The metaphorical group-phrase sense is attested from 1704.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-wkt-democracy", "title": "Wiktionary — democracy", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/democracy", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "democracy-french-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "English democracy is borrowed through Middle French démocratie.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "democracy-english-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "text": "The English entry supplies regional democracy readings.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "batch05-democracy-greek-people-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for δῆμος", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of δῆμος; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-democracy-greek-people-transliteration", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 transliteration inspection for δῆμος", "text": "The inspected lexical entry supports the conventional transliteration dêmos for δῆμος; transliteration is kept distinct from pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-democracy-greek-rule-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for κράτος", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of κράτος; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-democracy-greek-rule-transliteration", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 transliteration inspection for κράτος", "text": "The inspected lexical entry supports the conventional transliteration krátos for κράτος; transliteration is kept distinct from pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-democracy-greek-compound-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for δημοκρατία", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of δημοκρατία; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-democracy-greek-compound-transliteration", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 transliteration inspection for δημοκρατία", "text": "The inspected lexical entry supports the conventional transliteration dēmokratía for δημοκρατία; transliteration is kept distinct from pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-democracy-english-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for democracy", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of democracy; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-wkt-democracy-greek", "title": "Wiktionary — δημοκρατία", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "democracy-greek-people-passage", "locator": "Etymology", "text": "Ancient Greek δῆμος (dêmos) is the people/common-people element of δημοκρατία.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "democracy-greek-rule-passage", "locator": "Etymology", "text": "Ancient Greek κράτος (krátos) supplies the power/rule element of δημοκρατία.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "democracy-greek-compound-passage", "locator": "Etymology and Noun", "text": "Greek δημοκρατία (dēmokratía) combines dêmos “people” and krátos “rule/power.”", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-etymonline-democracy", "title": "democracy — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/democracy", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "democracy-latin-passage", "locator": "democracy(n.)", "text": "Medieval Latin democratia is the learned intermediary in the English route.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "democracy-english-passage", "locator": "democracy(n.)", "text": "English democracy is attested from the 1570s for government in which sovereign power is vested in the people.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-wkt-electricity", "title": "Wiktionary — electricity", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/electricity", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "electricity-greek-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "Greek ἤλεκτρον (ḗlektron) means amber and is the source of Latin electrum; its deeper origin is unknown.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "electricity-latin-passage", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "Latin electrum is the learned continuation of Greek ḗlektron.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "electricity-english-electricity-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "text": "The English entry supplies regional electricity readings.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-wkt-electric", "title": "Wiktionary — electric", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/electric", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Wiktionary CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; current page inspected, attributed summaries only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "electricity-english-electric-reading-passage", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "text": "The English entry supplies the modern electric reading.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "pilot5-etymonline-electricity", "title": "electricity — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/electricity", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "electricity-new-latin-passage", "locator": "electric(adj.)", "text": "William Gilbert used or coined New Latin electricus in 1600 for an amber-like electrical property.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "electricity-english-electric-passage", "locator": "electric(adj.)", "text": "English electric is first used in the 1640s; it originally described materials that attract objects when rubbed and later means charged with electricity.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "electricity-english-electricity-passage", "locator": "electricity(n.)", "text": "English electricity is attested in the 1640s from electric plus -ity, originally referring to frictional electrical effects.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch06-etymonline-cotton", "title": "cotton — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/cotton", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "cotton-overview", "locator": "cotton(n.) · etymology and sense history", "text": "The inspected etymology entry reports the selected forms, sense chronology and stated qualifications for cotton; the journey preserves those limits and does not treat cultivation, object or technology history as lexical evidence.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch06-etymonline-ginger", "title": "ginger — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/ginger", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "ginger-overview", "locator": "ginger(n.) · etymology and sense history", "text": "The inspected etymology entry reports the selected forms, sense chronology and stated qualifications for ginger; the journey preserves those limits and does not treat cultivation, object or technology history as lexical evidence.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "c1-reborrowing", "text": "The entry reports Prakrit singabera and says Middle English apparently readopted the word from Old French gingibre, reported in the twelfth century. Its horn-body analysis is expressly qualified as possible folk etymology.", "locator": "ginger(n.), first two paragraphs", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch06-etymonline-cinnamon", "title": "cinnamon — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/cinnamon", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "cinnamon-overview", "locator": "cinnamon(n.) · etymology and sense history", "text": "The inspected etymology entry reports the selected forms, sense chronology and stated qualifications for cinnamon; the journey preserves those limits and does not treat cultivation, object or technology history as lexical evidence.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch06-etymonline-yoga", "title": "yoga — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/yoga", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "yoga-overview", "locator": "yoga(n.) · etymology and sense history", "text": "The inspected etymology entry reports the selected forms, sense chronology and stated qualifications for yoga; the journey preserves those limits and does not treat cultivation, object or technology history as lexical evidence.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch06-etymonline-mantra", "title": "mantra — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/mantra", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "mantra-overview", "locator": "mantra(n.) · etymology and sense history", "text": "The inspected etymology entry reports the selected forms, sense chronology and stated qualifications for mantra; the journey preserves those limits and does not treat cultivation, object or technology history as lexical evidence.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch06-etymonline-bazaar", "title": "bazaar — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/bazaar", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "bazaar-overview", "locator": "bazaar(n.) · etymology and sense history", "text": "The inspected etymology entry reports the selected forms, sense chronology and stated qualifications for bazaar; the journey preserves those limits and does not treat cultivation, object or technology history as lexical evidence.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch06-etymonline-sherbet", "title": "sherbet — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/sherbet", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "sherbet-overview", "locator": "sherbet(n.) · etymology and sense history", "text": "The inspected etymology entry reports the selected forms, sense chronology and stated qualifications for sherbet; the journey preserves those limits and does not treat cultivation, object or technology history as lexical evidence.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "c1-date-scope", "text": "The 1580s English form is sorbet. The date 1760 concerns English use of sorbetto, not the first Italian attestation; the entry separately reports later milk and dessert distinctions.", "locator": "sherbet(n.), first three paragraphs", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch06-etymonline-cipher", "title": "cipher — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/cipher", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "cipher-overview", "locator": "cipher(n.) · etymology and sense history", "text": "The inspected etymology entry reports the selected forms, sense chronology and stated qualifications for cipher; the journey preserves those limits and does not treat cultivation, object or technology history as lexical evidence.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch06-etymonline-tobacco", "title": "tobacco — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/tobacco", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "tobacco-overview", "locator": "tobacco(n.) · etymology and sense history", "text": "The inspected etymology entry reports the selected forms, sense chronology and stated qualifications for tobacco; the journey preserves those limits and does not treat cultivation, object or technology history as lexical evidence.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "c1-english-period", "text": "The entry dates English tabaco to the 1580s and describes the later change of initial ta- to to-.", "locator": "tobacco(n.), opening and spelling paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch06-etymonline-vanilla", "title": "vanilla — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/vanilla", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "vanilla-overview", "locator": "vanilla(n.) · etymology and sense history", "text": "The inspected etymology entry reports the selected forms, sense chronology and stated qualifications for vanilla; the journey preserves those limits and does not treat cultivation, object or technology history as lexical evidence.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch06-etymonline-maize", "title": "maize — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/maize", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "maize-overview", "locator": "maize(n.) · etymology and sense history", "text": "The inspected etymology entry reports the selected forms, sense chronology and stated qualifications for maize; the journey preserves those limits and does not treat cultivation, object or technology history as lexical evidence.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch06-etymonline-kayak", "title": "kayak — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/kayak", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "kayak-overview", "locator": "kayak(n.) · etymology and sense history", "text": "The inspected etymology entry reports the selected forms, sense chronology and stated qualifications for kayak; the journey preserves those limits and does not treat cultivation, object or technology history as lexical evidence.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch06-etymonline-igloo", "title": "igloo — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/igloo", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "igloo-overview", "locator": "igloo(n.) · etymology and sense history", "text": "The inspected etymology entry reports the selected forms, sense chronology and stated qualifications for igloo; the journey preserves those limits and does not treat cultivation, object or technology history as lexical evidence.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch06-etymonline-kimono", "title": "kimono — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/kimono", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "kimono-overview", "locator": "kimono(n.) · etymology and sense history", "text": "The inspected etymology entry reports the selected forms, sense chronology and stated qualifications for kimono; the journey preserves those limits and does not treat cultivation, object or technology history as lexical evidence.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch06-etymonline-tycoon", "title": "tycoon — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/tycoon", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "tycoon-overview", "locator": "tycoon(n.) · etymology and sense history", "text": "The inspected etymology entry reports the selected forms, sense chronology and stated qualifications for tycoon; the journey preserves those limits and does not treat cultivation, object or technology history as lexical evidence.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch06-etymonline-mosquito", "title": "mosquito — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/mosquito", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "mosquito-overview", "locator": "mosquito(n.) · etymology and sense history", "text": "The inspected etymology entry reports the selected forms, sense chronology and stated qualifications for mosquito; the journey preserves those limits and does not treat cultivation, object or technology history as lexical evidence.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch06-etymonline-patio", "title": "patio — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/patio", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "patio-overview", "locator": "patio(n.) · etymology and sense history", "text": "The inspected etymology entry reports the selected forms, sense chronology and stated qualifications for patio; the journey preserves those limits and does not treat cultivation, object or technology history as lexical evidence.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch06-etymonline-budget", "title": "budget — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/budget", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "budget-overview", "locator": "budget(n.) · etymology and sense history", "text": "The inspected etymology entry reports the selected forms, sense chronology and stated qualifications for budget; the journey preserves those limits and does not treat cultivation, object or technology history as lexical evidence.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch06-etymonline-virus", "title": "virus — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/virus", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "virus-overview", "locator": "virus(n.) · etymology and sense history", "text": "The inspected etymology entry reports the selected forms, sense chronology and stated qualifications for virus; the journey preserves those limits and does not treat cultivation, object or technology history as lexical evidence.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch06-etymonline-broadcast", "title": "broadcast — Etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/broadcast", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "broadcast-overview", "locator": "broadcast(n.) · etymology and sense history", "text": "The inspected etymology entry reports the selected forms, sense chronology and stated qualifications for broadcast; the journey preserves those limits and does not treat cultivation, object or technology history as lexical evidence.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "c1-daftary-assassin", "title": "Assassin — Farhad Daftary (2006; edited IIS version)", "publisher": "Institute of Ismaili Studies / Routledge", "url": "https://www.iis.ac.uk/scholarly-contributions/assassin/", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its rights; brief attributed factual paraphrases only.", "passages": [ { "id": "name", "text": "Daftary traces European variants to the abusive Arabic hashishi family, picked up in Syria. He separates this naming history from unsubstantiated stories of drug-induced missions.", "locator": "Assassin legends and terminology", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "c1-tlfi-assassin", "title": "Assassin — etymology and history", "publisher": "ATILF / CNRS, Trésor de la langue française informatisé", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/Assassins", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its rights; brief attributed factual paraphrases only.", "passages": [ { "id": "route", "text": "TLFi derives French assassin from Italian assassino/assessino; it cites French murderer usage in 1560 and an earlier historical-group form harsasis in 1195. Its Italian discussion cites Dante and Buti.", "locator": "ÉTYMOL. ET HIST.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "c1-mw-assassin", "title": "Assassin — Word History", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/assassin", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its rights; brief attributed factual paraphrases only.", "passages": [ { "id": "route-date", "text": "The entry gives Medieval Latin assassinus from Arabic ḥashshāshīn and reports circa 1520 for the English historical-group sense.", "locator": "Word History > Etymology; First Known Use, sense 2", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "c1-mw-chess", "title": "Chess — Word History, noun 1", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chess", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its rights; brief attributed factual paraphrases only.", "passages": [ { "id": "french", "text": "English chesse/ches/esches is traced to Anglo-French escheks/eschez, the game name. The entry reports a fourteenth-century first known use.", "locator": "Word History > Noun (1)", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "c1-mw-check", "title": "Check — detailed historical etymology of the noun", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/check", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its rights; brief attributed factual paraphrases only.", "passages": [ { "id": "route", "text": "The noun history derives the French chess forms from Arabic šāh, borrowed from Persian. It explicitly leaves direct versus mediated borrowing into French uncertain, mentioning Spanish jaque as a possibility.", "locator": "Word History > Noun, etymology and phonological note", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "c1-tlfi-amiral", "title": "Amiral — etymology and history", "publisher": "ATILF / CNRS, Trésor de la langue française informatisé", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/amiraux", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its rights; brief attributed factual paraphrases only.", "passages": [ { "id": "formation", "text": "TLFi favors amīr al-ʿālī rather than amīr al-baḥr on the evidence of early non-naval senses. It cites amiral in Bodel (1200) and a fleet-command sense before 1212.", "locator": "Étymol. ET HIST., senses 1–2", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "c1-mw-admiral", "title": "Admiral — Word History and formation note", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/admiral", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its rights; brief attributed factual paraphrases only.", "passages": [ { "id": "formation", "text": "The entry traces varied Medieval Latin formations to Arabic amīr and discusses the ending as the following Arabic article al-. It attributes added d to association with admirari; the naval application is placed in Norman Sicily.", "locator": "Word History > Etymology and Note", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "c1-mw-sherbet", "title": "Sherbet — Word History", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sherbet", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its rights; brief attributed factual paraphrases only.", "passages": [ { "id": "route", "text": "The entry gives Turkish and Persian as English sources, Turkish şerbet from Persian sharbat from Arabic sharba; 1603 is assigned to the English drink sense.", "locator": "Word History > Etymology and First Known Use", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "c1-tlfi-sorbet", "title": "Sorbet — historical drink and dessert terminology", "publisher": "ATILF / CNRS, Trésor de la langue française informatisé", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/sorbet", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its rights; brief attributed factual paraphrases only.", "passages": [ { "id": "chronology", "text": "TLFi reports French sorbet as a drink in 1553 and a frozen preparation in 1782. It proposes Italian mediation, citing sorbetto in 1581, and traces Turkish şerbet to Arabic.", "locator": "Étymol. et Hist.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "c1-hobson-typhoon", "title": "Hobson-Jobson (1903) — TYPHOON", "publisher": "Henry Yule and A. C. Burnell; William Crooke, editor", "url": "https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Hobson-Jobson/T#TYPHOON", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its rights; brief attributed factual paraphrases only.", "passages": [ { "id": "debate", "text": "The entry favors Arabic-to-Portuguese transmission but records Hirth’s different Formosan proposal. Robertson Smith distinguishes the Semitic flood word from the uncertain later whirlwind sense. Its quotation headings can date travel events rather than the cited editions.", "locator": "TYPHOON, discussion, Robertson Smith note and quotations", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "c1-mw-silk", "title": "Silk — Word History", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/silk", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its rights; brief attributed factual paraphrases only.", "passages": [ { "id": "route", "text": "The entry gives Middle English from Old English seolc/sioluc, probably ultimately from Greek sērikos, an adjective meaning silken. Its before-twelfth-century date includes Old English.", "locator": "Word History > Etymology; First Known Use", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "c1-tlfi-coton", "title": "Coton — etymology and history", "publisher": "ATILF / CNRS, TLFi", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/coton", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its rights; brief attributed factual paraphrases only.", "passages": [ { "id": "route-dates", "text": "TLFi proposes Arabic quṭun through Italian cotone. It reports French plant fibre circa 1160 (Enéas 7449) and thread/fabric circa 1165 (Troie 7907 variant); its earlier Italian-area examples are Medieval Latin forms.", "locator": "Étymol. et Hist. A.1–2; final etymology paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "c1-and-cotun", "title": "Cotun — historical entry", "publisher": "Anglo-Norman Dictionary, Aberystwyth University", "url": "https://anglo-norman.net/entry/cotun", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its rights; brief attributed factual paraphrases only.", "passages": [ { "id": "witnesses", "text": "The entry supplies cotton/fabric and cotton-wool senses. A circa 1216–20 composition is preserved in a 1419 manuscript; a separate circa 1235 quotation has a circa 1235 manuscript.", "locator": "cotun, senses 1–2; first two quotations", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "c1-treccani-cotone", "title": "Cotone — etymology", "publisher": "Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Treccani", "url": "https://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/cotone/", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its rights; brief attributed factual paraphrases only.", "passages": [ { "id": "arabic", "text": "The Italian noun cotone is derived from Arabic quṭun.", "locator": "Opening etymology", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "c1-hoogervorst-ginger", "title": "If Only Plants Could Talk… (2013), ginger discussion", "publisher": "Tom Hoogervorst; Manohar / Sealinks Project author copy", "url": "https://www.sealinksproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Hoogervorst-2013-If-only-plants-could-talk.pdf", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its rights; brief attributed factual paraphrases only.", "passages": [ { "id": "dravidian", "text": "Hoogervorst treats the Sanskrit ginger form as a probable back-formation and rejects taking its horn analysis at face value. He favours Dravidian ginger-plus-root elements; deeper Asian connections remain proposals.", "locator": "pp. 81–82 (PDF pp. 19–20)", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "c1-mw-ginger", "title": "Ginger — Word History", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ginger", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its rights; brief attributed factual paraphrases only.", "passages": [ { "id": "route", "text": "The entry gives Middle English as an alteration of Old English gingifer through Medieval Latin gingiber and Latin zingiber from Greek. It calls the Greek word Indo-Aryan in origin and compares Pali siṅgivēra.", "locator": "Word History > Etymology", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "c1-parti-cinnamon", "title": "Mapping the Language of Spices (2024), cinnamon etymology", "publisher": "Gábor Parti; Sino-Platonic Papers 338, University of Pennsylvania", "url": "https://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp338_spices_linguistics.pdf", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its rights; brief attributed factual paraphrases only.", "passages": [ { "id": "comparison", "text": "Parti compares Phoenician transmission reported by Herodotus/Beekes with Klein’s Hebrew analysis. Malay resemblance is treated as speculative. He distinguishes Greek kinnámōmon and Latin variants that affected the later English form.", "locator": "pp. 115–118, §4.4.4, Etymology 16", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "english-date", "text": "Parti reports an English witness circa 1430, while the baseline general dictionary reports late fourteenth century.", "locator": "p. 116, Etymology 16 and following paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "c1-tlfi-cinnamome", "title": "Cinnamome — etymology and history", "publisher": "ATILF / CNRS, TLFi", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/cinnamome", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its rights; brief attributed factual paraphrases only.", "passages": [ { "id": "french", "text": "TLFi dates cynnamome to 1211–14 in Faits des Romains and derives it from Latin cinnamomum. It separately dates French cinname, from cinnamum, to 1636.", "locator": "Étymol. et Hist. I–II", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "c1-rae-patata", "title": "Patata — etymology", "publisher": "Real Academia Española / ASALE, Diccionario de la lengua española", "url": "https://dle.rae.es/patata", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its rights; brief attributed factual paraphrases only.", "passages": [ { "id": "blend", "text": "The entry analyzes Spanish patata as a crossing of papa and batata.", "locator": "Etymology", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "c1-rae-papa", "title": "Papa — potato homograph", "publisher": "Real Academia Española / ASALE, Diccionario de la lengua española", "url": "https://dle.rae.es/papa", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its rights; brief attributed factual paraphrases only.", "passages": [ { "id": "quechua", "text": "The potato homograph papa is derived from Quechua papa.", "locator": "papa², etymology and noun senses", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "c1-rae-batata", "title": "Batata — etymology", "publisher": "Real Academia Española / ASALE, Diccionario de la lengua española", "url": "https://dle.rae.es/batata", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its rights; brief attributed factual paraphrases only.", "passages": [ { "id": "antillean", "text": "The sweet-potato word batata is assigned an Antillean origin, possibly Taíno.", "locator": "Etymology and noun senses", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "c1-mw-banana", "title": "Banana — Word History", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/banana", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its rights; brief attributed factual paraphrases only.", "passages": [ { "id": "route", "text": "The entry allows Spanish or Portuguese into English, derives Spanish from Portuguese, and gives African origin with a comparison to Wolof banaana.", "locator": "Word History > Etymology", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "c1-rae-banana", "title": "Banana — etymology", "publisher": "Real Academia Española / ASALE, Diccionario de la lengua española", "url": "https://dle.rae.es/banana", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its rights; brief attributed factual paraphrases only.", "passages": [ { "id": "congo", "text": "The Spanish entry assigns the word to the Congo, without identifying a particular language or explaining transmission.", "locator": "Etymology", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "c1-rae-tabaco", "title": "Tabaco — etymology", "publisher": "Real Academia Española / ASALE, Diccionario de la lengua española", "url": "https://dle.rae.es/tabaco", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its rights; brief attributed factual paraphrases only.", "passages": [ { "id": "arabic", "text": "The DLE derives tabaco from Arabic ṭub[b]āq, a name for several medicinal herbs used before European contact with America.", "locator": "Etymology", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "c1-usal-tabaco", "title": "Tabaco — historical commentary (2009)", "publisher": "Fernando Navarro and Francisco Cortés; Dicciomed, Universidad de Salamanca", "url": "https://dicciomed.usal.es/palabra/tabaco", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its rights; brief attributed factual paraphrases only.", "passages": [ { "id": "debate", "text": "The commentary compares the Arabic and Caribbean analyses. It reproduces Oviedo passages with plant, leaf-roll and smoking-implement senses, and a Las Casas leaf-roll passage; these reports do not settle the original language.", "locator": "Comentario > Primeras noticias del tabaco; quoted passages and final discussion", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "date", "text": "Navarro identifies Oviedo’s 1535 work as his earliest encountered written tabaco. The 1492 diary passage describes smoking but does not contain this word.", "locator": "Comentario, Navarro quotation before the three Oviedo passages", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "c1-andc-boomerang", "title": "Boomerang — meanings and origins", "publisher": "Australian National Dictionary Centre, Australian National University", "url": "https://history.cass.anu.edu.au/centres/andc/meanings-origins/all", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its rights; brief attributed factual paraphrases only.", "passages": [ { "id": "source", "text": "ANDC places the borrowing in or just south of the Sydney region but says the exact language is uncertain. It notes many early spellings.", "locator": "boomerang, first two paragraphs", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "metaphor", "text": "ANDC supplies an 1846 Boston Daily Advertiser example of verbal boomerang as a returning verbal attack. It separately discusses nineteenth-century verb uses.", "locator": "boomerang, transferred/figurative paragraph and 1846 quotation", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "c1-ddo-kajak", "title": "Kajak — origin", "publisher": "Det Danske Sprog- og Litteraturselskab, Den Danske Ordbog", "url": "https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog/kajak", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its rights; brief attributed factual paraphrases only.", "passages": [ { "id": "greenlandic", "text": "The Danish entry derives kajak from Greenlandic qajaq.", "locator": "Oprindelse", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "c1-oqaasileriffik-qajaq", "title": "Qajaq terminology", "publisher": "Oqaasileriffik, Greenland Language Secretariat; H. C. Petersen (1987)", "url": "https://oqaasileriffik.gl/da/qajaq-termer/", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its rights; brief attributed factual paraphrases only.", "passages": [ { "id": "form", "text": "The Greenlandic terminology table pairs qajaq with Danish kajak and English kayak. It identifies Petersen’s 1987 book and cautions that dialectal forms are included.", "locator": "Source note; qajaq row", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "c1-mw-kayak", "title": "Kayak — Word History", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kayak", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its rights; brief attributed factual paraphrases only.", "passages": [ { "id": "english", "text": "The English entry reports 1757 and gives Inuit qayaq without specifying an immediate European intermediary.", "locator": "Word History > Etymology; First Known Use", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "c1-dchp-igloo", "title": "Igloo — historical entry", "publisher": "Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles, DCHP-3 / University of British Columbia", "url": "https://dchp.arts.ubc.ca/entries/igloo", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked publication retains its rights; brief attributed factual paraphrases only.", "passages": [ { "id": "source-senses", "text": "The entry derives igloo from Inuktitut iglu, house/dwelling. It distinguishes a snow house from other Inuit houses and identifies specialization to snow houses as a non-Inuit narrowing.", "locator": "Etymology; senses 1a and 1b", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "witnesses", "text": "The entry places the 1824 Igloolik/house quotation under the broader house sense and an 1832 hardened-snow porch quotation under the snow sense. An earlier 1771 example is a translated compound, not plain igloo.", "locator": "Quotations, senses 1a and 1b", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch07-cookie-mdn", "title": "Using HTTP cookies — browser state definition", "publisher": "MDN Web Docs", "url": "https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Guides/Cookies", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "cookie-mdn-overview", "locator": "Using HTTP cookies — browser state definition · selected etymology and sense sections", "text": "The inspected guide defines a web or browser cookie as a small piece of data a server sends to a browser; the browser stores it and may return it to the same server so web applications can preserve state.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch07-bug-ibm", "title": "A brief history of bugs — pre-moth engineering usage", "publisher": "IBM", "url": "https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/ai-debugging", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "bug-ibm-overview", "locator": "A brief history of bugs — pre-moth engineering usage · selected etymology and sense sections", "text": "The inspected history records the 1947 Harvard Mark II moth episode and explicitly says the term predates it, citing earlier engineering usage. The moth report is evidence for a famous computing incident, not proof that it coined bug.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch07-hurricane-etymonline", "title": "hurricane — selected etymology and sense sections", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/hurricane", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "hurricane-etymonline-overview", "locator": "hurricane — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "text": "The entry dates English hurricane to the 1550s, through Spanish huracán and earlier forms such as furacán, from an Arawakan West Indies word. It records many sixteenth-century spellings and the later stabilization of the modern form; the account is lexical, not a history of storms or hurricane mythology.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch07-savanna-etymonline", "title": "savanna — selected etymology and sense sections", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/savanna", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "savanna-etymonline-overview", "locator": "savanna — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "text": "The entry gives English savanna/savannah from the 1550s, through Spanish sabana and earlier zavana, from Taíno/Arawakan zabana “treeless plain.” It also separates later regional marsh and grass senses from the lexical route.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch07-jaguar-etymonline", "title": "jaguar — selected etymology and sense sections", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/jaguar", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "jaguar-etymonline-overview", "locator": "jaguar — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "text": "The entry dates jaguar to about 1600, from Portuguese jaguar, from Tupi jaguara for a large carnivore. It also records a later automobile sense; that object history is not part of the lexical route.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch07-cashew-etymonline", "title": "cashew — selected etymology and sense sections", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/cashew", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "cashew-etymonline-overview", "locator": "cashew — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "text": "The entry dates cashew to 1703, with earlier cachou, from French acajou, older Portuguese acajú, and Tupi acajuba, the name of the tree. The route names the word for tree/nut and does not infer botanical transmission from it.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch07-okra-etymonline", "title": "okra — selected etymology and sense sections", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/okra", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "okra-etymonline-overview", "locator": "okra — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "text": "The entry dates okra to the 1670s and gives a West African source, comparing Akan nkruma. It does not establish a single precise donor language, so the displayed source stage remains qualified.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "batch05-okra-english-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for okra", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of okra; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-okra-english-variant-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for ochra", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of ochra; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." } ] }, { "id": "batch07-zombie-etymonline", "title": "zombie — selected etymology and sense sections", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/zombie", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "zombie-etymonline-overview", "locator": "zombie — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "text": "The entry records zombi/zombie from 1788, with an oldest English sense involving spirits of the dead, and later reanimated-corpse use by 1929. It compares Kikongo zumbi and djumbi, while separately recording a Kimbundu nzambi route for an Afro-Brazilian title; these are not forced into one ancestry.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch07-taboo-etymonline", "title": "taboo — selected etymology and sense sections", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/taboo", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "taboo-etymonline-overview", "locator": "taboo — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "text": "The entry dates English taboo/tabu to Cook’s 1777 account and relates it to Tongan tabu, while noting a reconstructed Proto-Polynesian *tapu and Proto-Oceanic *tabu. The noun and verb are described as English developments from the borrowed adjective.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch07-ukulele-etymonline", "title": "ukulele — selected etymology and sense sections", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/ukulele", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "ukulele-etymonline-overview", "locator": "ukulele — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "text": "The entry dates English ukulele to 1896 from Hawaiian ʻukulele, literally analyzed as ʻuku “flea” plus lele “fly/jump.” It notes that the instrument developed from a Portuguese instrument introduced to Hawaiʻi around 1879; that instrument history is kept separate from the word route.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch07-zen-etymonline", "title": "zen — selected etymology and sense sections", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/zen", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "zen-etymonline-overview", "locator": "zen — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "text": "The entry dates English Zen as a Mahayana Buddhist school to about 1727, from Japanese Zen, from Chinese chán, ultimately from Sanskrit dhyāna “thought, meditation.” The sequence is presented as a lexical chain, while historical pronunciation is left unverified.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch07-bonsai-etymonline", "title": "bonsai — selected etymology and sense sections", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/bonsai", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "bonsai-etymonline-overview", "locator": "bonsai — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "text": "The entry dates English bonsai to 1914 from Japanese bon “basin, pot” plus sai “to plant.” The Chinese 盆栽/penzai and penjing terminology is treated as related cultural and lexical context, not as an unsupported direct parent in the English tree.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch07-paprika-etymonline", "title": "paprika — selected etymology and sense sections", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/paprika", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "paprika-etymonline-overview", "locator": "paprika — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "text": "The entry dates English paprika to 1839 from Hungarian paprika, a diminutive of South Slavic/Serbo-Croatian papar “pepper,” and connects that family to Latin piper or Modern Greek piperi. It also separates the New World Capsicum plant’s history from the word route.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch07-vampire-etymonline", "title": "vampire — selected etymology and sense sections", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/vampire", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "vampire-etymonline-overview", "locator": "vampire — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "text": "The entry dates English vampire/vampyre to 1732 and presents French vampire and German Vampir as possible immediate channels from Hungarian vampir, itself connected to Old Church Slavonic ǫpiri/ǫpyri. A proposed Tatar connection is explicitly disputed on phonetic grounds.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch07-mammoth-etymonline", "title": "mammoth — selected etymology and sense sections", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/mammoth", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "mammoth-etymonline-overview", "locator": "mammoth — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "text": "The entry dates mammoth to 1706 from Russian mammot’, probably from an Ostyak/Finno-Ugric source. It records the belief that the remains came from the earth and the English adjective “gigantic” from 1802; neither is promoted to a deeper canonical etymology.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch07-cobalt-etymonline", "title": "cobalt — selected etymology and sense sections", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/cobalt", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "cobalt-etymonline-overview", "locator": "cobalt — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "text": "The entry dates cobalt to the 1680s from German kobold “household goblin,” which became a Harz mining term for troublesome ore. It separates the later element name and 1835 blue-color extension from mining folklore and from the lexical derivation.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "batch05-cobalt-german-goblin-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for Kobold", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of Kobold; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-cobalt-mining-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for Kobalt", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of Kobalt; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-cobalt-english-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for cobalt", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of cobalt; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-cobalt-blue-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for cobalt", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of cobalt; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." } ] }, { "id": "batch07-piano-etymonline", "title": "piano — selected etymology and sense sections", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/piano", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "piano-etymonline-overview", "locator": "piano — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "text": "The entry dates the instrument noun piano to 1803 through French and Italian, as a shortening of pianoforte. It gives the longer Italian gravicembalo col piano e forte and separately records the musical-direction adjective piano “softly”; instrument development is not substituted for word history.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "batch05-piano-italian-long-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for gravicembalo col piano e forte", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of gravicembalo col piano e forte; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-piano-pianoforte-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for pianoforte", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of pianoforte; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-piano-french-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for piano", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of piano; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-piano-english-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for piano", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of piano; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." } ] }, { "id": "batch07-dollar-etymonline", "title": "dollar — selected etymology and sense sections", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/dollar", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "dollar-etymonline-overview", "locator": "dollar — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "text": "The entry traces dollar through English daler, Low German daler and German taler, an abbreviation of Joachimstaler, the name of a coin from Joachimstal. It also records Spanish dollar use in the American colonies and the 1786 U.S. currency adoption; the place-name explanation is not treated as a lexical origin map point.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch07-rocket-etymonline", "title": "rocket — selected etymology and sense sections", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/rocket", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "rocket-etymonline-overview", "locator": "rocket — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "text": "The entry separates the cabbage plant rocket from projectile rocket. The projectile noun is dated to the 1610s from Italian rocchetto “bobbin,” with French/English mediation in the historical record; later fireworks, rocket-engine and space-travel senses are English developments.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch07-meme-etymonline", "title": "meme — selected etymology and sense sections", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/meme", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "meme-etymonline-overview", "locator": "meme — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "text": "The entry records Richard Dawkins’s 1976 English coinage meme in The Selfish Gene, formed from Greek material such as mimēma/mimeisthai and designed to echo gene. It dates the internet sense to 1997; the modern word is not treated as a direct ancient-Greek borrowing.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch07-cookie-etymonline", "title": "cookie — selected etymology and sense sections", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/cookie", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "cookie-etymonline-overview", "locator": "cookie — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "text": "The entry separates a debated 1730 Scottish bun use from the 1808 North American English small sweet cake, derived from Dutch koekje “little cake,” diminutive of koek. A second inspected MDN source defines the later web cookie as server-sent browser data used to preserve state; that technical sense has no invented first-use date.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "batch05-cookie-english-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for cookie", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of cookie; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-cookie-web-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for cookie", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of cookie; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." } ] }, { "id": "batch07-bug-etymonline", "title": "bug — selected etymology and sense sections", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/bug", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright. Brief original factual paraphrases only; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "bug-etymonline-overview", "locator": "bug — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "text": "The entry dates the insect sense to the 1620s, probably related to Middle English bugge “specter” but with uncertain origin. It dates machine-defect use to 1889 and says the 1878 Edison attribution is only a proposal. An inspected IBM history notes that the 1947 Harvard moth episode popularized an existing computing usage rather than necessarily coining it.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "batch05-bug-insect-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for bug", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of bug; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-bug-defect-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for bug", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of bug; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-bug-computing-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for bug", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of bug; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." } ] }, { "id": "publicalpha100-taekwondo-korean-dictionary", "title": "태권도 — Korean Basic Dictionary entry", "publisher": "National Institute of Korean Language", "url": "https://krdict.korean.go.kr/kor/dicSearch/SearchView?ParaWordNo=58168", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Copyright or database terms apply; Lexography stores brief factual paraphrases of inspected passages only.", "passages": [ { "id": "entry", "locator": "Headword, pronunciation, part of speech and definition", "text": "The entry presents 태권도 (跆拳道) as a noun and defines it as a sport based on Korean traditional martial arts that attacks and defends with techniques including kicking, punching and blocking; it records the Korean pronunciation display [태꿘도].", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "batch05-taekwondo-hanja-transliteration", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 transliteration inspection for 跆拳道", "text": "The inspected lexical entry supports the conventional transliteration taegwondo for 跆拳道; transliteration is kept distinct from pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-taekwondo-korean-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for 태권도", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of 태권도; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-taekwondo-korean-transliteration", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 transliteration inspection for 태권도", "text": "The inspected lexical entry supports the conventional transliteration taegwondo for 태권도; transliteration is kept distinct from pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-taekwondo-english-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for taekwondo", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of taekwondo; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." } ] }, { "id": "publicalpha100-taekwondo-korean-wiktionary", "title": "태권도 — Korean etymology and Hanja form", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%ED%83%9C%EA%B6%8C%EB%8F%84", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": "91640573", "reuse": "CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; adapted with attribution and brief factual paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "etymology", "locator": "Korean > Etymology and noun", "text": "The Korean entry identifies 태권도 as a Sino-Korean formation from 태권 (跆拳), “foot and fist; trampling and punching,” plus 道, “way”; it gives the Hanja representation 跆拳道 and reports a 1955 naming account while noting influence from the unrelated martial art 택견.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "publicalpha100-taekwondo-english-wiktionary", "title": "taekwondo — English borrowing entry", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/taekwondo", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": "92191329", "reuse": "CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; adapted with attribution and brief factual paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "etymology", "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "The English entry identifies taekwondo as borrowed from Korean 태권도 (跆拳道), taegwondo.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "publicalpha100-ubuntu-dsae", "title": "ubuntu — Dictionary of South African English entry", "publisher": "Dictionary of South African English", "url": "https://www.dsae.co.za/entry/ubuntu/e07415", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Copyright or database terms apply; Lexography stores brief factual paraphrases of inspected passages only.", "passages": [ { "id": "origin", "locator": "Origin and headword forms", "text": "The entry labels ubuntu as IsiXhosa and isiZulu, “humanity” and “goodness,” formed on the noun stem -ntu used in words related to humans; it records forms including buntu, uBuntu and initial-capital Ubuntu.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "attestation", "locator": "Sense a and dated examples", "text": "The entry defines a sense as human-heartedness, compassion and qualities of essential humanity, gives a 1926 South African English example, and records later examples describing humanness, togetherness, caring and connectedness.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "publicalpha100-ubuntu-wiktionary", "title": "ubuntu — shared Nguni forms and noun class", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ubuntu", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": "92431437", "reuse": "CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; adapted with attribution and brief factual paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "shared-route", "locator": "English > Etymology tree", "text": "The English entry presents ubuntu as a loanword from Zulu ubúntu and Xhosa úbúntu, with senses including humanity, humaneness and solidarity, from reconstructed Proto-Bantu *bʊ̀ntʊ̀.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "morphology", "locator": "Xhosa and Zulu > noun entries", "text": "The Xhosa and Zulu entries mark the forms as class 14 nouns; Xhosa úbúntu is glossed humaneness and solidarity, while Zulu ubúntu includes humanity, human nature, humaneness and solidarity.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "publicalpha100-yurt-etymonline", "title": "yurt — English etymology", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/yurt", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": null, "reuse": "Copyright or database terms apply; Lexography stores brief factual paraphrases of inspected passages only.", "passages": [ { "id": "etymology", "locator": "Entry and date", "text": "The entry dates English yurt to 1784 in the sense “house or hut of the natives of north and central Asia” and traces it ultimately to Russian yurta, from a Turkic language, with an original sense reported as home or dwelling.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "publicalpha100-yurt-wiktionary", "title": "yurt — English, Russian and Turkic route", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/yurt", "accessed": "2026-09-14", "revision": "92500882", "reuse": "CC BY-SA 4.0 / GFDL; adapted with attribution and brief factual paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "english-route", "locator": "English > Etymology 1 and noun", "text": "The English entry gives a route through French yourte or German Jurte from Russian ю́рта (júrta), from a Turkic language, and reports a Proto-Turkic reconstruction *yūrt, “dwelling place”; the English noun denotes a large round tent associated with Central Asia and Mongolia.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "turkic-cognates", "locator": "Turkish > Etymology and cognates", "text": "The Turkish entry treats yurt as inherited from Ottoman Turkish and Proto-Turkic, and lists cognates in several Turkic languages including Kazakh жұрт, Kyrgyz журт and Tatar йорт; these are cognate-family evidence, not proof of one named donor to English.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch08-skunk-etymonline", "title": "Online Etymology Dictionary — skunk", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/skunk", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch08-skunk-etymonline-passage", "text": "English skunk is recorded in the 1630s as squunck and is traced to a southern New England Algonquian source, with a Proto-Algonquian reconstruction *šeka:kwa.", "locator": "skunk(n.) opening paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch08-orangutan-etymonline", "title": "Online Etymology Dictionary — orangutan", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/orangutan", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch08-orangutan-etymonline-passage", "text": "Orangutan entered English in the 1690s from French and directly from Dutch orang-outang, from Malay orang utan, literally man of the woods; the source notes that Europeans may have misunderstood an earlier Malay expression.", "locator": "orangutan(n.) opening paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch08-batik-etymonline", "title": "Online Etymology Dictionary — batik", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/batik", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch08-batik-etymonline-passage", "text": "Batik is an English textile term recorded from 1880, from Dutch, from Malay mbatik; the proposed Malay analysis combines amba write with titik dot or point.", "locator": "batik(n.) opening paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch08-amok-etymonline", "title": "Online Etymology Dictionary — amok", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/amok", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch08-amok-etymonline-passage", "text": "English run amok is recorded from the 1670s and is traced to Malay amuk attacking furiously; earlier European forms include Portuguese amouco or amuco for a frenzied Malay.", "locator": "amok(adv.) opening paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch08-samba-etymonline", "title": "Online Etymology Dictionary — samba", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/samba", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch08-samba-etymonline-passage", "text": "Samba is recorded in English from 1885 as a Brazilian dance of African origin; the source gives Portuguese samba, shortened from zambacueca, and marks the deeper Spanish and lexical proposals as probable.", "locator": "samba(n.) opening paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch08-potlatch-wiktionary", "title": "Wiktionary — potlatch", "publisher": "Wiktionary", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/potlatch", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch08-potlatch-wiktionary-passage", "text": "The English noun is borrowed from Chinook Jargon potlatch, a word for giving, a gift, or the gift-giving ceremony, from Nootka Jargon forms and ultimately Nuu-chah-nulth p̕ačiƛ for giving a gift during a potlatch ceremony.", "locator": "English — Etymology", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch08-billabong-etymonline", "title": "Online Etymology Dictionary — billabong", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/billabong", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch08-billabong-etymonline-passage", "text": "Australian billabong is recorded from 1865 for a backwater or stagnant pool and is connected with Billibang, an Aboriginal name of the Bell River, with billa water and an uncertain second element.", "locator": "billabong(n.) opening paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch08-condor-etymonline", "title": "Online Etymology Dictionary — condor", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/condor", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch08-condor-etymonline-passage", "text": "Condor is recorded in English from about 1600 through American Spanish, from Quechua cuntur, the native name for the large South American bird.", "locator": "condor(n.) opening paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch08-haiku-etymonline", "title": "Online Etymology Dictionary — haiku", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/haiku", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch08-haiku-etymonline-passage", "text": "Haiku is recorded from 1902 from Japanese haiku, telescoped from haikai no ku comic verse or verses; the form developed from an opening section of linked verse.", "locator": "haiku(n.) opening paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch08-moccasin-etymonline", "title": "Online Etymology Dictionary — moccasin", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/moccasin", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch08-moccasin-etymonline-passage", "text": "Moccasin is recorded from the 1610s for a soft Native North American shoe and is traced to a Virginia Algonquian source, probably Powhatan makasin, with a Central Atlantic Coast Algonquian reconstruction *mockasin.", "locator": "moccasin(n.) opening paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch08-kora-wiktionary", "title": "Wiktionary — kora", "publisher": "Wiktionary", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kora", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch08-kora-wiktionary-passage", "text": "The English musical-instrument noun kora is borrowed from Bambara kɔ́ra and denotes a West African harp or lute; a museum-based citation describes its use by jalis or griots.", "locator": "English — Etymology and Noun", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch08-sabbath-etymonline", "title": "Online Etymology Dictionary — sabbath", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/Sabbath", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch08-sabbath-etymonline-passage", "text": "Sabbath passes through Old English and Old French and directly from Latin sabbatum and Greek sabbaton to Hebrew shabbath, day of rest; the English spelling with th became widespread later.", "locator": "Sabbath(n.) opening paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch08-papyrus-etymonline", "title": "Online Etymology Dictionary — papyrus", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/papyrus", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch08-papyrus-etymonline-passage", "text": "Papyrus is recorded in English from the late fourteenth century from Latin papyrus, from Greek papyros for the paper plant and the paper made from it; the loanword's deeper origin is unknown and often said to be Egyptian.", "locator": "papyrus(n.) opening paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch08-sari-etymonline", "title": "Online Etymology Dictionary — sari", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/sari", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch08-sari-etymonline-passage", "text": "Sari is recorded in English from 1785 from Hindi sari, from Prakrit sadi, from Sanskrit sati garment or petticoat.", "locator": "sari(n.) opening paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch08-shogun-etymonline", "title": "Online Etymology Dictionary — shogun", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/shogun", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch08-shogun-etymonline-passage", "text": "Shogun is recorded in English from the 1610s from Japanese shogun, a sound-substituted form of sei-i-tai shogun, literally a barbarian-subduing chief, and ultimately related to the Chinese compound meaning lead army.", "locator": "shogun(n.) opening paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch08-manga-etymonline", "title": "Online Etymology Dictionary — manga", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/manga", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch08-manga-etymonline-passage", "text": "Manga is recorded in English from about 1984 from Japanese manga, cartoon or caricature, literally involuntary pictures; the term is said to have been coined by Hokusai in 1814 for a free-flowing composition and quirky style.", "locator": "manga(n.) opening paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch08-hooligan-etymonline", "title": "Online Etymology Dictionary — hooligan", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/hooligan", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch08-hooligan-etymonline-passage", "text": "Hooligan is first found in British police-court reports in 1898 and is almost certainly related to the Irish surname Houlihan; a 1899 book credits a Patrick Hooligan, but surviving records cannot confirm that he originated the word.", "locator": "hooligan(n.) opening paragraphs", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch08-moose-etymonline", "title": "Online Etymology Dictionary — moose", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/moose", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch08-moose-etymonline-passage", "text": "Moose is recorded from the 1610s from an Algonquian language, probably Narragansett moos or Abenaki moz, with related forms in other Algonquian languages; an explanation from moosu strip off is reported but not treated as certain.", "locator": "moose(n.) opening paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch08-fjord-etymonline", "title": "Online Etymology Dictionary — fjord", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/fjord", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch08-fjord-etymonline-passage", "text": "Fjord is recorded in English from the 1670s from Norwegian fiord, from Old Norse fjörðr inlet or estuary, from a North Germanic form connected with the idea of a passage or crossing.", "locator": "fjord(n.) opening paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch08-calypso-oxford", "title": "Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary — calypso", "publisher": "Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary", "url": "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/calypso", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch08-calypso-oxford-passage", "text": "Oxford's learner dictionary defines calypso as a Caribbean song and dates the word to the 1930s while marking its origin unknown.", "locator": "Word Origin", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch08-calypso-nalis", "title": "National Library and Information System Authority of Trinidad and Tobago — calypso", "publisher": "National Library and Information System Authority of Trinidad and Tobago", "url": "https://www.nalis.gov.tt/resources/tt-content-guide/calypso/", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch08-calypso-nalis-passage", "text": "The Trinidad and Tobago cultural-history guide records several competing theories for calypso, including kaiso, cariso, French patois and Spanish caliso, and states that the term's origin is controversial.", "locator": "Origin of the term Calypso", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "sv02-axolotl-etymonline", "title": "Online Etymology Dictionary — axolotl", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/axolotl", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "sv02-axolotl-etymonline-passage", "text": "Axolotl is recorded from 1786 for a Mexican salamander genus, from Spanish and ultimately Nahuatl, literally servant of water, from atl water and xolotl.", "locator": "axolotl(n.) opening entry", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "sv02-coyote-etymonline", "title": "Online Etymology Dictionary — coyote", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/coyote", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "sv02-coyote-etymonline-passage", "text": "Coyote is recorded in American English from 1759, from Mexican Spanish coyote, from Nahuatl coyotl, the name of the prairie wolf of western North America.", "locator": "coyote(n.) opening entry", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "sv02-totem-etymonline", "title": "Online Etymology Dictionary — totem", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/totem", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "sv02-totem-etymonline-passage", "text": "Totem is recorded from 1760 from an Algonquian source, probably Ojibwa -doodem in odoodeman, meaning his sibling kin or his group or family; a Micmac or other Nova Scotian form is also recorded in French.", "locator": "totem(n.) opening entry", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "sv02-toboggan-etymonline", "title": "Online Etymology Dictionary — toboggan", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/toboggan", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "sv02-toboggan-etymonline-passage", "text": "Toboggan is recorded in 1829 for a flat-bottomed snow sled, from Canadian French tabagane and an Algonquian language such as Maliseet /thapaken/; the source also records later verb and cap senses.", "locator": "toboggan(n.) opening entry", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "sv02-kiwi-etymonline", "title": "Online Etymology Dictionary — kiwi", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/kiwi", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "sv02-kiwi-etymonline-passage", "text": "Kiwi is recorded from 1835 for the flightless New Zealand bird, from Māori kiwi, said to be imitative; the source separately dates the New Zealander slang to 1918 and the fruit name in American English to about 1966.", "locator": "kiwi(n.) opening entry", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "sv02-haka-maori-dictionary", "title": "Online Te Reo Māori Dictionary — haka", "publisher": "Online Te Reo Māori Dictionary", "url": "https://www.dictionary.maori.nz/haka", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "sv02-haka-maori-dictionary-passage", "text": "The Māori dictionary records haka as a verb meaning to perform a traditional dance and as a noun for a traditional dance or war dance; it also records singing accompanied by dance.", "locator": "haka entry; Williams Dictionary senses 1–4", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "sv02-dingo-etymonline", "title": "Online Etymology Dictionary — dingo", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/dingo", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "sv02-dingo-etymonline-passage", "text": "Dingo is recorded from 1789 for the Australian dog, from a Native Australian name in Dharruk, formerly spoken around Sydney, /din-go/ tame dog; the English word was applied to wild Australian dogs.", "locator": "dingo(n.) opening entry", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "sv02-marimba-etymonline", "title": "Online Etymology Dictionary — marimba", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/marimba", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "sv02-marimba-etymonline-passage", "text": "Marimba is recorded from 1704 for a deep-toned xylophone originally associated with Africa, from an African language probably in the Bantu group; Kimbundu and Swahili marimba or malimba are compared.", "locator": "marimba(n.) opening entry", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "sv02-djembe-oxford", "title": "Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary — djembe", "publisher": "Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary", "url": "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/djembe", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "sv02-djembe-oxford-passage", "text": "Oxford defines djembe as a traditional hand drum used in West Africa and gives the word origin as French djembé, from Mande jembe.", "locator": "Word Origin and definition", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "sv02-impala-etymonline", "title": "Online Etymology Dictionary — impala", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/impala", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "sv02-impala-etymonline-passage", "text": "Impala is recorded from 1875 for an African antelope, from Zulu im-pala, gazelle.", "locator": "impala(n.) opening entry", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "sv02-rattan-etymonline", "title": "Online Etymology Dictionary — rattan", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/rattan", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "sv02-rattan-etymonline-passage", "text": "Rattan is recorded from the 1650s for a climbing palm with tough flexible stems, from Malay rotan or rautan, probably related to a Malay verb meaning to trim or peel.", "locator": "rattan opening entry", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "sv02-gong-etymonline", "title": "Online Etymology Dictionary — gong", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/gong", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "sv02-gong-etymonline-passage", "text": "Gong is recorded around 1600 from Malay gong, probably imitative of the sound made when the instrument is struck; the verb is later recorded from 1853.", "locator": "gong(n.) opening entry", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "sv02-shaman-etymonline", "title": "Online Etymology Dictionary — shaman", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/shaman", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "sv02-shaman-etymonline-passage", "text": "Shaman is recorded from the 1690s, probably through German Schamane from Russian shaman and Tungus saman; the source also reports an alternative connection through Chinese sha men, Prakrit samaya, and Sanskrit sramana.", "locator": "shaman(n.) opening entry", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "sv02-tsar-etymonline", "title": "Online Etymology Dictionary — tsar", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/tsar", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "sv02-tsar-etymonline-passage", "text": "The title tsar is traced through Russian tsar and Old Slavic tsesari to a Germanic form ultimately from Latin Caesar; the spelling tsar is described as a later English Latinization of czar.", "locator": "tsar(n.) and czar(n.) entries", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "sv02-kung-fu-oxford", "title": "Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary — kung fu", "publisher": "Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary", "url": "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.co.uk/us/definition/english/kung-fu", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "sv02-kung-fu-oxford-passage", "text": "Oxford gives kung fu as from Chinese gongfu, from gong merit and fu master; English dictionaries use the term for Chinese martial arts, while the Chinese expression has a wider skill or accomplishment sense.", "locator": "Word Origin and definition", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "sv02-chintz-etymonline", "title": "Online Etymology Dictionary — chintz", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/chintz", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "sv02-chintz-etymonline-passage", "text": "Chintz is recorded from 1719 as the plural of chint, from Hindi chint, from Sanskrit chitra-s clear or bright; the commercial plural was later reanalysed as a singular and the spelling shifted to chintz.", "locator": "chintz(n.) opening entry", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "sv02-shtetl-etymonline", "title": "Online Etymology Dictionary — shtetl", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/shtetl", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "sv02-shtetl-etymonline-passage", "text": "Shtetl is recorded from 1949 for a Jewish small town or village in Eastern Europe, from Yiddish, literally little town, a diminutive of German Stadt.", "locator": "shtetl(n.) opening entry", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "sv02-apartheid-etymonline", "title": "Online Etymology Dictionary — apartheid", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/apartheid", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "sv02-apartheid-etymonline-passage", "text": "Apartheid is recorded in English from 1947, with the policy officially beginning in 1948, from Afrikaans apartheid, a South African political term recorded in 1929 and literally separateness, from Dutch apart plus -heid.", "locator": "apartheid(n.) opening entry", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "sv02-kindergarten-etymonline", "title": "Online Etymology Dictionary — kindergarten", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/kindergarten", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "sv02-kindergarten-etymonline-passage", "text": "Kindergarten is recorded from 1852 from German Kinder-Garten, literally garden of children, coined by Friedrich Fröbel for his method of educating young children; English borrowed the name untranslated.", "locator": "kindergarten(n.) opening entry", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "sv02-kraal-etymonline", "title": "Online Etymology Dictionary — kraal", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/kraal", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "sv02-kraal-etymonline-passage", "text": "Kraal is recorded from 1731 in South African English for a village, pen, or enclosure, from colonial Dutch kraal and Portuguese curral, pen or enclosure for animals.", "locator": "kraal(n.) opening entry", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch09-khaki-etymonline", "title": "khaki — Online Etymology Dictionary", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/khaki", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch09-khaki-etymonline-entry", "text": "The entry dates khaki as dust-coloured cloth to 1857, from Urdu khaki dusty, from Persian khak dust; it describes early use for British cavalry uniforms in India and later camouflage use.", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch09-catamaran-etymonline", "title": "catamaran — Online Etymology Dictionary", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/catamaran", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch09-catamaran-etymonline-entry", "text": "The entry dates the East Indies log raft to the 1670s and traces English catamaran through Hindi or Malayalam to Tamil kattu-maram, tied wood, from words for tie and wood or tree.", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch09-cashmere-etymonline", "title": "cashmere — Online Etymology Dictionary", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/cashmere", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch09-cashmere-etymonline-entry", "text": "The entry dates cashmere as a fine soft woollen fabric to 1839, shortened from Cashmere wool, from old spellings of Kashmir, the Himalayan region associated with long-haired goats; the shawl sense is earlier.", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch09-karma-etymonline", "title": "karma — Online Etymology Dictionary", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/karma", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch09-karma-etymonline-entry", "text": "The entry records karma in an Indian context around 1800 as the sum of a person's actions in one life and traces it to Sanskrit karma action, work or deed; later Western popular use is noted separately.", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch09-pariah-etymonline", "title": "pariah — Online Etymology Dictionary", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/pariah", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch09-pariah-etymonline-entry", "text": "The entry dates pariah to the 1610s for a member of a low caste in southern India, from Portuguese paria or directly from Tamil paraiyar, plural of paraiyan drummer; the wider social-outcast sense is attested by 1819.", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch09-sherpa-etymonline", "title": "Sherpa — Online Etymology Dictionary", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/Sherpa", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch09-sherpa-etymonline-entry", "text": "The entry records Sherpa for a Tibetan people of the southern Himalayan slopes in 1847, from Tibetan and literally meaning dweller in an eastern country.", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch09-origami-etymonline", "title": "origami — Online Etymology Dictionary", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/origami", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch09-origami-etymonline-entry", "text": "The entry dates English origami to 1956 and traces it to Japanese origami, from ori fold and kami paper.", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch09-samurai-etymonline", "title": "samurai — Online Etymology Dictionary", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/samurai", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch09-samurai-etymonline-entry", "text": "The entry dates samurai to 1727 for a member of the military class in Japanese feudalism, from Japanese samurai warrior or knight, a variant of saburai from saburahu to serve or attend.", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch09-kowtow-etymonline", "title": "kowtow — Online Etymology Dictionary", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/kowtow", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch09-kowtow-etymonline-entry", "text": "The entry dates the noun kowtow to 1804 from Chinese k'o-t'ou, touching the ground with the forehead while kneeling, literally knock the head; the figurative English verb is recorded from 1826.", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch09-sputnik-etymonline", "title": "sputnik — Online Etymology Dictionary", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/sputnik", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch09-sputnik-etymonline-entry", "text": "The entry traces English sputnik from the Russian word for satellite, literally travelling companion, and dates the extended English artificial-satellite sense to the Soviet launch of October 4, 1957.", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch09-samovar-etymonline", "title": "samovar — Online Etymology Dictionary", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/samovar", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch09-samovar-etymonline-entry", "text": "The entry dates the English tea-urn noun to 1830 from Russian samovar, literally self-boiler, but explicitly says this may be folk etymology if the word is from Tatar sanabar tea-urn.", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "batch05-samovar-russian-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for самовар", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of самовар; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-samovar-russian-transliteration", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 transliteration inspection for самовар", "text": "The inspected lexical entry supports the conventional transliteration samovar for самовар; transliteration is kept distinct from pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-samovar-english-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for samovar", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of samovar; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." } ] }, { "id": "batch09-tundra-etymonline", "title": "tundra — Online Etymology Dictionary", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/tundra", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch09-tundra-etymonline-entry", "text": "The entry dates tundra for a nearly treeless Arctic steppe to 1841, from Russian tundra, from Lappish tundar, with more than one gloss for the source landscape term.", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch09-mukluk-oxford", "title": "mukluk — Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary", "publisher": "Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary", "url": "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/mukluk", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch09-mukluk-oxford-entry", "text": "Oxford defines mukluk as a high soft Canadian winter boot traditionally made from seal skin and gives the word origin as mid nineteenth century from Yupik maklak, bearded seal.", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch09-boycott-etymonline", "title": "boycott — Online Etymology Dictionary", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/boycott", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch09-boycott-etymonline-entry", "text": "The entry dates boycott to 1880 and derives the noun and verb from the Irish Land League's ostracism of Captain Charles Boycott, a land agent in County Mayo who refused to lower rents.", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch09-braille-oxford", "title": "braille — Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary", "publisher": "Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary", "url": "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/braille", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch09-braille-oxford-entry", "text": "Oxford defines braille as a raised-dot writing and reading system for blind people and says the word is from the mid nineteenth century, named after Louis Braille, the French inventor of the system.", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch09-bwana-etymonline", "title": "bwana — Online Etymology Dictionary", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/bwana", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch09-bwana-etymonline-entry", "text": "The entry dates bwana as a respectful or reverential East African form of address to 1875 and traces it directly to Swahili.", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch09-kava-wiktionary", "title": "kava — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kava", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch09-kava-wiktionary-entry", "text": "The inspected entry traces English kava to Tongan kava and Proto-Polynesian *kawa, and gives the Tongan noun for the bitter or intoxicating root and drink.", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch09-koala-etymonline", "title": "koala — Online Etymology Dictionary", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/koala", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch09-koala-etymonline-entry", "text": "The entry dates koala for the Australian marsupial to 1808 and traces it to an Aboriginal name given in variant forms koola, kulla and kula.", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch09-cannibal-etymonline", "title": "cannibal — Online Etymology Dictionary", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/cannibal", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch09-cannibal-etymonline-entry", "text": "The entry dates cannibal to the 1550s from Spanish canibal or caribal, from Caniba, Columbus's rendering of the Caribs' name for themselves; the Spanish word reached French by 1515 and the English generic human-eater sense followed the European interpretation.", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch09-boondocks-etymonline", "title": "boondocks — Online Etymology Dictionary", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/boondocks", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch09-boondocks-etymonline-entry", "text": "The entry dates boondocks to the 1910s for a remote and wild place, from Tagalog bundok mountain, adopted by American soldiers in the Philippines; it notes later military re-adoption and the derivative boondockers.", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch10-mahjong-wiktionary", "title": "mahjong — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mahjong", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch10-mahjong-wiktionary-entry", "text": "The English entry traces mahjong to Mandarin 麻將 or 麻将 (májiàng), from 麻雀 (máquè, sparrow) with a Wu diminutive suffix.", "locator": "English entry — etymology", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch10-feng-shui-etymonline", "title": "feng shui — Online Etymology Dictionary", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/feng%20shui", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch10-feng-shui-etymonline-entry", "text": "The entry records feng shui from 1797 and explains it as Chinese feng wind plus shui water, the name of a system concerned with spiritual influences in landscapes and their regulation.", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch10-kibbutz-wiktionary", "title": "kibbutz — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kibbutz", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": "89917758", "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch10-kibbutz-wiktionary-entry", "text": "The English entry traces kibbutz to Hebrew קִבּוּץ (kibúts), from קָבַץ (kaváts, to gather, collect, assemble), and defines the English noun as a communal settlement in Israel.", "locator": "English entry — etymology and definition", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch10-chutzpah-wiktionary", "title": "chutzpah — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chutzpah", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch10-chutzpah-wiktionary-entry", "text": "The English entry records chutzpah from Yiddish חוצפּה (khutspe), through Medieval Hebrew or directly from Aramaic חוּצְפָּא (ḥuṣpā, audacity), from a root meaning to be impudent or arrogant.", "locator": "English entry — etymology and definition", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch10-indaba-wiktionary", "title": "indaba — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/indaba", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": "92173846", "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch10-indaba-wiktionary-entry", "text": "The English entry traces indaba to Zulu índaba, affair, issue, matter, news or story, and defines its South African English use as a conference, discussion or matter.", "locator": "English entry — etymology and definition", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch10-boma-wiktionary", "title": "boma — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/boma", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch10-boma-wiktionary-entry", "text": "The English entry identifies boma as borrowed from Swahili boma, enclosure or fortified outpost, and defines it as a protective enclosure made with thorn bushes or fencing; the entry cites an early twentieth-century example.", "locator": "English entry — etymology and definition", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch10-marae-wiktionary", "title": "marae — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/marae", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": "91560522", "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch10-marae-wiktionary-entry", "text": "The English entry traces marae to Māori and Tahitian marae and reconstructed Proto-Oceanic *malaqe, cleared space; the Māori entry gives a courtyard or meeting-ground sense and the English entry a Māori cultural focal point.", "locator": "English and Māori entries — etymology and definition", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch10-didgeridoo-etymonline", "title": "didgeridoo — Online Etymology Dictionary", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/didgeridoo", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch10-didgeridoo-etymonline-entry", "text": "The entry defines didgeridoo as a hollow tubular musical instrument of Australian Aboriginal people, dates the English word to 1924, and describes its origin as imitative without naming a distinct donor language.", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch10-moai-wiktionary", "title": "moai — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/moai", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch10-moai-wiktionary-entry", "text": "The English entry traces moai to Rapa Nui mo'ai, statue or figurine, and defines the English plural noun as one of the large stone statues of Rapa Nui.", "locator": "English entry — etymology and definition", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch10-piranha-etymonline", "title": "piranha — Online Etymology Dictionary", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/piranha", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch10-piranha-etymonline-entry", "text": "The entry records piranha from 1869, from Portuguese piranha, from Tupi pira nya, probably biting-fish, with pira fish.", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "batch05-piranha-portuguese-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for piranha", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of piranha; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-piranha-english-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for piranha", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of piranha; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." } ] }, { "id": "batch10-pampas-etymonline", "title": "pampas — Online Etymology Dictionary", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/pampas", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch10-pampas-etymonline-entry", "text": "The entry records pampas from 1704, from Argentine Spanish pampas, plural of pampa, from Quechua pampa, plain.", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "batch05-pampas-spanish-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for pampas", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of pampas; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-pampas-english-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for pampas", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of pampas; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." } ] }, { "id": "batch10-taiga-etymonline", "title": "taiga — Online Etymology Dictionary", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/taiga", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch10-taiga-etymonline-entry", "text": "The entry records taiga for the Siberian coniferous forest belt from 1869, from Russian taiga, and reports a Mongolian origin without supplying a precise deeper form.", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch10-wampum-etymonline", "title": "wampum — Online Etymology Dictionary", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/wampum", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch10-wampum-etymonline-entry", "text": "The entry records wampum as a shortened form of New England Algonquian wampumpeag, a string of white shell beads, and describes the English material and money senses in the 1620s–1630s.", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch10-veranda-etymonline", "title": "veranda — Online Etymology Dictionary", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/veranda", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch10-veranda-etymonline-entry", "text": "The entry records veranda from 1711 in Anglo-Indian use, from Hindi varanda, probably from Portuguese varanda, while leaving the deeper origin uncertain and mentioning possible Spanish or Vulgar Latin connections.", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "batch05-veranda-hindi-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for varanda", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of varanda; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-veranda-portuguese-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for varanda", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of varanda; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-veranda-english-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for veranda", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of veranda; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." } ] }, { "id": "batch10-thug-etymonline", "title": "thug — Online Etymology Dictionary", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/thug", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch10-thug-etymonline-entry", "text": "The entry records thug from 1810 for a member of a murderous or criminal gang in India, from Marathi thag or thak and Hindi thag, perhaps ultimately Sanskrit sthaga-s; the general ruffian sense is recorded from 1839.", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch10-nirvana-etymonline", "title": "nirvana — Online Etymology Dictionary", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/nirvana", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch10-nirvana-etymonline-entry", "text": "The entry records nirvana in 1836 for a Buddhist condition and traces it to Sanskrit nirvana-s, extinction or disappearance, literally to blow out; the figurative perfect-bliss sense is recorded from 1895.", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch10-madrasa-etymonline", "title": "madrasah — Online Etymology Dictionary", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/madrasah", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch10-madrasa-etymonline-entry", "text": "The entry records madrasah or madrasa from the 1620s for an Islamic college or school, from Arabic madrasa, literally place of study, built with a locative prefix and the root darasa, to study.", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch10-schadenfreude-etymonline", "title": "schadenfreude — Online Etymology Dictionary", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/schadenfreude", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch10-schadenfreude-etymonline-entry", "text": "The entry records English schadenfreude from 1922, from German Schadenfreude, literally damage-joy, from Schaden harm or injury and Freude joy.", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch10-quark-etymonline", "title": "quark — Online Etymology Dictionary", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/quark", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch10-quark-etymonline-entry", "text": "The entry records quark as a physics term from 1964, coined by Murray Gell-Mann, who connected it in 1978 to a word in Joyce's Finnegans Wake; German Quark is presented as a possible inspiration rather than a settled route.", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "batch05-quark-joyce-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for quark", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of quark; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-quark-physics-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for quark", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of quark; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." } ] }, { "id": "batch10-cosplay-wiktionary", "title": "cosplay — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cosplay", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch10-cosplay-wiktionary-entry", "text": "The English entry traces cosplay to Japanese コスプレ (kosupure), a clipping of コスチュームプレイ (kosuchūmu purei), itself formed from the English elements costume and play.", "locator": "English entry — etymology", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch10-cosplay-etymonline", "title": "cosplay — Online Etymology Dictionary", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/cosplay", "accessed": "2026-09-19", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch10-cosplay-etymonline-entry", "text": "The entry records English cosplay from 1993 and reports a Japanese formation from the same English elements in the 1980s.", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch11-chaebol-wiktionary", "title": "chaebol — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chaebol", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch11-chaebol-wiktionary-entry", "text": "The English entry traces chaebol to Korean 재벌 (Jaebeol), a McCune–Reischauer romanization of the Korean form, and defines the English noun as a large family-controlled South Korean business conglomerate.", "locator": "English entry — inspected etymology and definition", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch11-hanbok-wiktionary", "title": "hanbok — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hanbok", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch11-hanbok-wiktionary-entry", "text": "The English entry traces hanbok to Korean 한복 (韓服), literally Korean clothing, and defines it as traditional Korean dress.", "locator": "English entry — inspected etymology and definition", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch11-powwow-wiktionary", "title": "powwow — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/powwow", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch11-powwow-wiktionary-entry", "text": "The English entry reports an Eastern Algonquian route: Massachusett pauwau, one who practices divination or magic, or Narragansett powwáw, sorcerer or shaman; it also records the modern gathering with songs and dances.", "locator": "English entry — inspected etymology and definition", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch11-quinine-wiktionary", "title": "quinine — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quinine", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch11-quinine-wiktionary-entry", "text": "The English entry gives two immediate analyses, from Spanish quina or through French quinine; the Spanish and French forms are traced to Quechua kina-kina, bark or cinchona bark. The English noun names an alkaloid from cinchona bark used to treat malaria.", "locator": "English entry — inspected etymology and definition", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch11-dugong-wiktionary", "title": "dugong — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dugong", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch11-dugong-wiktionary-entry", "text": "The English taxonomic entry traces dugong ultimately to Cebuano dugong and identifies the animal as the sea mammal of the order Sirenia.", "locator": "English entry — inspected etymology and definition", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch11-duyung-wiktionary", "title": "duyung — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/duyung", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch11-duyung-wiktionary-entry", "text": "The Malay entry gives duyung from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *duyuŋ and Proto-Austronesian *duyuŋ, and identifies it as a doublet of dugong.", "locator": "English entry — inspected etymology and definition", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch11-griot-wiktionary", "title": "griot — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/griot", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch11-griot-wiktionary-entry", "text": "The English entry traces griot through French griot and reports a Portuguese criado, servant, source; it defines a griot as a West African storyteller who preserves oral traditions and may be a musician or poet.", "locator": "English entry — inspected etymology and definition", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch11-voodoo-wiktionary", "title": "voodoo — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/voodoo", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch11-voodoo-wiktionary-entry", "text": "The English entry traces voodoo through Louisiana Creole voudou and Haitian Creole Vodou to a West African language such as Ewe vódũ, deity or idol, Fon vòdún, fetish, or a related Kwa form; it defines the religion and a figurative irrational-practice sense.", "locator": "English entry — inspected etymology and definition", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch11-khan-wiktionary", "title": "خان — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch11-khan-wiktionary-entry", "text": "The Persian entry gives خان xân as borrowed from Turkic and connects the title to Old Turkic qan, a contraction of qaɣan; it records the ruler-title and later polite-title senses.", "locator": "English entry — inspected etymology and definition", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch11-adobe-wiktionary", "title": "adobe — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/adobe", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch11-adobe-wiktionary-entry", "text": "The English entry traces adobe through Spanish adobe and Arabic aṭ-ṭūb, brick, to Coptic tōbe, brick, with deeper Egyptian or Demotic material mentioned; it defines adobe as sun-dried unburnt brick or a building made from it.", "locator": "English entry — inspected etymology and definition", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch11-diesel-wiktionary", "title": "diesel — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diesel", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch11-diesel-wiktionary-entry", "text": "The English entry traces diesel to German Diesel, named after inventor Rudolf Diesel, who developed the heavy-duty engine in Germany in the 1890s; English uses the word for the fuel, engine and vehicle.", "locator": "English entry — inspected etymology and definition", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch11-silhouette-wiktionary", "title": "silhouette — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/silhouette", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch11-silhouette-wiktionary-entry", "text": "The English entry traces silhouette through French to the surname of Étienne de Silhouette, while listing competing explanations for the eponymous motivation; it defines the English noun as an outline or profile, especially in shadow.", "locator": "English entry — inspected etymology and definition", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch11-mentor-wiktionary", "title": "mentor — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mentor", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch11-mentor-wiktionary-entry", "text": "The English entry traces mentor through French mentor to Ancient Greek Μέντωρ, the character in the Odyssey, and defines the English noun as a wise or trusted counselor or teacher.", "locator": "English entry — inspected etymology and definition", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "batch05-mentor-greek-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for Μέντωρ", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of Μέντωρ; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-mentor-french-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for mentor", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of mentor; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-mentor-english-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for mentor", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of mentor; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." } ] }, { "id": "batch11-vandal-wiktionary", "title": "vandal — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vandal", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch11-vandal-wiktionary-entry", "text": "The English entry traces vandal to the ancient Germanic Vandal people and explains that association with the sack of Rome helped produce the destructive-person sense; it also notes French vandalisme, coined in 1794, as a later reinforcement of the association.", "locator": "English entry — inspected etymology and definition", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch11-utopia-wiktionary", "title": "utopia — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/utopia", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch11-utopia-wiktionary-entry", "text": "The English entry traces utopia to New Latin Ūtopia, the fictional island in Thomas More's 1516 book, coined from Ancient Greek οὐ, not, τόπος, place, and -ία; the English noun denotes an imagined perfect society or place.", "locator": "English entry — inspected etymology and definition", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch11-pasteurize-wiktionary", "title": "pasteurize — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pasteurize", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch11-pasteurize-wiktionary-entry", "text": "The English verb is borrowed from French pasteuriser, from the name Louis Pasteur with -ize, and means to heat food or drink to kill harmful organisms without materially changing it.", "locator": "English entry — inspected etymology and definition", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch11-maverick-wiktionary", "title": "maverick — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/maverick", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch11-maverick-wiktionary-entry", "text": "The English entry says maverick was named after Texan lawyer and politician Samuel Maverick, who refused to brand his cattle. It records the unbranded range-animal noun from the 1860s and the unconventional-person sense from the 1880s.", "locator": "English entry — inspected etymology and definition", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "batch05-maverick-eponym-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for Samuel Maverick", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of Samuel Maverick; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-maverick-english-animal-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for maverick", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of maverick; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-maverick-english-person-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for maverick", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of maverick; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." } ] }, { "id": "batch11-juggernaut-wiktionary", "title": "juggernaut — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/juggernaut", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch11-juggernaut-wiktionary-entry", "text": "The English entry reports a seventeenth-century British-Indian borrowing either through Hindustani जगन्नाथ or directly from Odia ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ, ultimately Sanskrit jagannātha, lord of the universe; the English unstoppable-force sense arose from reports of the Puri chariot festival.", "locator": "English entry — inspected etymology and definition", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch11-sarong-wiktionary", "title": "sarong — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sarong", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch11-sarong-wiktionary-entry", "text": "The English entry traces sarong to Malay sarung and defines it as a garment wrapped around the waist, especially in South and Southeast Asia and the Pacific.", "locator": "English entry — inspected etymology and definition", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch11-paparazzo-wiktionary", "title": "paparazzo — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/paparazzo", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch11-paparazzo-wiktionary-entry", "text": "The English entry traces paparazzo to Italian paparazzo, the name of a photographer character in Fellini's La dolce vita, and defines it as a freelance photographer who pursues celebrities; the English plural paparazzi is often reanalyzed as a singular.", "locator": "English entry — inspected etymology and definition", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch11-caliph-wiktionary", "title": "caliph — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/caliph", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from an inspected source passage; no full article redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "batch11-caliph-wiktionary-entry", "text": "The English entry traces caliph through Middle English calife or caliphe, Old French caliphe and Medieval Latin calipha to Arabic خَلِيفَة ḵalīfa or خَلِيف ḵalīf, successor; it defines the title as a claimant to succession to Muhammad.", "locator": "English entry — inspected etymology and definition", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "c200-andc-didgeridoo", "title": "Meanings and origins of Australian words and idioms — didgeridoo", "publisher": "Australian National Dictionary Centre, Australian National University", "url": "https://history.cass.anu.edu.au/centres/andc/meanings-origins/all", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from a bounded inspection; no full source redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "c200-andc-didgeridoo-passage", "text": "The centre reports that later research rejects an Aboriginal-language borrowing: didgeridoo was probably an ad hoc sound imitation by non-Indigenous Australians, with newspaper evidence in 1918 and 1919.", "locator": "Alphabetical entry: didgeridoo", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "c200-gellmann-quark", "title": "Murray Gell-Mann interview — origin of quark", "publisher": "American Academy of Achievement", "url": "https://achievement.org/video/gel0-mov-013/", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from a bounded inspection; no full source redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "c200-gellmann-quark-passage", "text": "Gell-Mann says he first had the sound quork in mind for the particles, then found Joyce's phrase and adopted the spelling quark.", "locator": "Interview segment: naming quarks", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "c200-oxford-hooligan", "title": "hooligan — Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary", "publisher": "Oxford University Press", "url": "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/hooligan", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from a bounded inspection; no full source redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "c200-oxford-hooligan-passage", "text": "Oxford describes the word as perhaps derived from Hooligan, the surname of a fictional rowdy Irish family in an 1890s music-hall song and also a cartoon character.", "locator": "Word origin", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "c200-rae-cannibal", "title": "caníbal — Diccionario de la lengua española", "publisher": "Real Academia Española", "url": "https://dle.rae.es/can%C3%ADbal", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from a bounded inspection; no full source redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "c200-rae-cannibal-passage", "text": "The dictionary analyzes Spanish caníbal from the Caribbean ethnonym carib through Arawak transmission, with the suffix -al, and compares caríbal.", "locator": "Entry etymology", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "c200-oxford-cannibal", "title": "cannibal — Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary", "publisher": "Oxford University Press", "url": "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/cannibal", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from a bounded inspection; no full source redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "c200-oxford-cannibal-passage", "text": "Oxford traces English through Spanish Canibales, a Columbus-recorded variant of Caribes, while marking the reported practice as a historical reputation rather than an established fact about the people.", "locator": "Word origin", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "batch05-cannibal-spanish-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for canibal", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of canibal; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch05-cannibal-english-reading", "kind": "paraphrase", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for cannibal", "text": "The inspected entry was checked for a conventional reading of cannibal; Batch 05 retains the guide as a present-day or conventional language reading and does not project it backward as historical pronunciation." } ] }, { "id": "c200-ahd-moccasin", "title": "moccasin — The American Heritage Dictionary", "publisher": "HarperCollins Publishers", "url": "https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=moccasins", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from a bounded inspection; no full source redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "c200-ahd-moccasin-passage", "text": "The dictionary traces the shoe word to Virginia Algonquian and ultimately Proto-Algonquian *maxkeseni; it treats the snake sense as shortened from moccasin snake and says the reason for that name is unknown.", "locator": "Word history and etymology", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "c200-atem-samba", "title": "Samba — contested etymologies in scholarship", "publisher": "ATeM — Archiv für Textmusikforschung", "url": "https://atem-journal.com/ATeM/article/download/4065/3291/9291", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from a bounded inspection; no full source redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "c200-atem-samba-passage", "text": "The article describes Kimbundu semba as the prevalent deeper proposal for Portuguese samba but stresses that the cited evidence does not prove the derivation and distinguishes semba from Kimbundu samba, 'to pray'.", "locator": "Discussion of the semba proposal, pp. 4–6", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "c200-vasmer-samovar", "title": "самовар — Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary", "publisher": "Max Vasmer etymological dictionary (digital edition)", "url": "https://gufo.me/dict/vasmer/%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from a bounded inspection; no full source redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "c200-vasmer-samovar-passage", "text": "Vasmer analyzes Russian samovar from sam and varit and rejects a Turkic derivation; the cited Turkish and Tatar forms are treated as borrowings from Russian.", "locator": "Entry: самовар", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "c200-dwee-veranda", "title": "veranda — Database of Words of European Origin", "publisher": "Saxon Academy of Sciences and Humanities / Friedrich Schiller University Jena", "url": "https://dwee.saw-leipzig.de/etymology/Veranda/en", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from a bounded inspection; no full source redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "c200-dwee-veranda-passage", "text": "The database traces English veranda from Hindi or Bengali forms, which it derives from Portuguese varanda; it separately discusses possible deeper Romance history.", "locator": "Etymology summary", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "c200-wehd-veranda", "title": "Veranda — World English Historical Dictionary", "publisher": "World English Historical Dictionary", "url": "https://wehd.com/100/Veranda.html", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Original factual paraphrase from a bounded inspection; no full source redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "c200-wehd-veranda-passage", "text": "The dictionary says English acquired veranda in India from Hindi varandā or Bengali bārāndā, apparently themselves adaptations of Portuguese varanda or older Spanish baranda.", "locator": "Etymology", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-01-adobe-oxford", "title": "adobe — Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary", "publisher": "Oxford University Press", "url": "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/adobe", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Copyright Oxford University Press; brief attributed factual paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "entry", "text": "Oxford gives adobe the pronunciation /əˈdəʊbi/ and dates its English word origin to the mid-18th century, from Spanish, from Arabic aṭ-ṭūb, from al plus ṭūb ‘bricks’.", "locator": "English > pronunciation, definition and Word Origin", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-01-adobe-coptic", "title": "ⲧⲱⲱⲃⲉ — Coptic Dictionary Online search", "publisher": "KELLIA / Coptic Dictionary Online", "url": "https://coptic-dictionary.org/results.cgi?quick_search=%E2%B2%A7%E2%B1%B1%E2%B1%B1%E2%B2%83%E2%B2%89", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked dictionary source; brief factual paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "entry", "text": "The Coptic Dictionary Online search result lists ⲧⲱⲱⲃⲉ with the gloss ‘brick, adobe’.", "locator": "Lexicon search result for ⲧⲱⲱⲃⲉ", "kind": "record" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-01-caliph-lane", "title": "خَلِيفَة — Lane's Arabic-English Lexicon", "publisher": "Lane's Lexicon online", "url": "https://www.laneslexicon.com/word/%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9/n11364", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked historical lexicon; short attributed excerpt and factual paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "entry", "text": "Lane defines خَلِيفَة as a successor, deputy or substitute and also the supreme ruler who supplies the place of a predecessor, particularly the successor of the Prophet; it notes خَلِيف as the original form without ة.", "locator": "Full Definition", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-01-caliph-oxford", "title": "caliph — Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary", "publisher": "Oxford University Press", "url": "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/caliph", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Copyright Oxford University Press; brief attributed factual paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "entry", "text": "Oxford defines caliph as a title used by Muslim rulers and derives it through late Middle English and Old French from Arabic khalīfa, ‘deputy’ or ‘successor’, from khalafa ‘succeed’; it gives the English pronunciation /ˈkeɪlɪf/.", "locator": "Definition, pronunciation and Word Origin", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-01-caliph-etymonline", "title": "caliph — Online Etymology Dictionary", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/caliph", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright; brief original factual paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "entry", "text": "The entry dates caliph to the late 14th century in English, from Old French caliphe (12th century), Medieval Latin califa and Arabic khalifa ‘successor’ from khalafa ‘succeed’.", "locator": "caliph — etymology and history", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-01-chaebol-korea", "title": "재벌 — Encyclopedia of Korean Culture", "publisher": "Academy of Korean Studies", "url": "https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0068404", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "2023-02-07", "reuse": "Institutional source; translated factual paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "definition", "text": "The encyclopedia defines 재벌 (財閥) as a term for a group of monopolistic capitalists, businesspeople or a family/relatives forming a large-capital group, and says the Korean term derives from Japanese zaibatsu; it separately describes the 1950s material basis of Korean chaebol formation.", "locator": "개설 and 연원 및 변천 / 현황", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-01-chaebol-english", "title": "chaebol — Dictionary.com / Random House Unabridged", "publisher": "Dictionary.com", "url": "https://www.dictionary.com/browse/chaebol", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Copyrighted dictionary; brief attributed factual paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "entry", "text": "The entry defines chaebol as a large usually family-owned South Korean business group, records the word in 1970–75, and derives it from Korean chaebŏl, chae ‘wealth, property’ plus pŏl ‘clique, faction’.", "locator": "noun and Origin of chaebol", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-01-chaebol-reading", "title": "재벌 — Korean-language lexical and romanization references", "publisher": "Korean Wiktionary and National Institute of Korean Language", "url": "https://ko.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%9E%AC%EB%B2%8C", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked dictionary and institutional romanization guidance; brief factual paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "korean-entry", "text": "The Korean entry gives 재벌 with the Revised Romanization jaebeol and a Seoul-standard IPA around [ˈtɕɛ(ː)bʌl].", "locator": "발음 and 로마자 표기", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "romanization", "text": "The National Institute of Korean Language explains that its romanization is based on standard Korean pronunciation, while a spelling-to-romanization conversion is not a pronunciation transcription in every case.", "locator": "Basic Principles for Transcription (1) and (8)", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-01-diesel-mw", "title": "diesel — Merriam-Webster Dictionary", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/diesel", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Copyright Merriam-Webster; brief attributed excerpts and factual summaries only.", "passages": [ { "id": "entry", "text": "Merriam-Webster gives diesel the pronunciation ‘ˈdē-zəl’, defines it as a diesel engine, a vehicle driven by one or diesel fuel, names Rudolf Diesel, and records first known use in 1894 in the engine sense.", "locator": "noun, Word History and First Known Use", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-01-diesel-duden", "title": "Diesel — Duden online", "publisher": "Bibliographisches Institut / Duden", "url": "https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Diesel", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Copyright Duden; brief translated factual paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "entry", "text": "Duden lists German Diesel as a masculine noun, defines it as a short form for diesel engine, a vehicle with one, or diesel fuel, and gives the origin as named after German engineer R. Diesel (1858–1913).", "locator": "Bedeutungen and Herkunft", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-01-diesel-oxford", "title": "diesel — Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary", "publisher": "Oxford University Press", "url": "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/diesel", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Copyright Oxford University Press; brief attributed factual paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "entry", "text": "Oxford gives diesel /ˈdiːzl/ for a heavy oil fuel and a vehicle using it, and dates the word origin to the late nineteenth century, named after R. Diesel, inventor of the diesel engine.", "locator": "Definition, pronunciation and Word Origin", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-01-paprika-hungary", "title": "Evolution of Hungarian Gastronomy — Történeti Tanulmányok 28", "publisher": "University of Debrecen / Történeti Tanulmányok", "url": "https://epa.oszk.hu/03200/03254/00029/pdf/EPA03254_torteneti_tanulmanyok_2020_28_222-238.pdf", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Institutional reference source; translated factual paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "entry", "text": "The study separates early plant/name history from later culinary spread: it reports the 1604 Hungarian dictionary entry under törökbors and piper indicum, and says József Csapó’s 1775 book treats paprika as a peasant spice; it also describes Balkan arrival and slow spread from the 1720s.", "locator": "PDF p. 8, note 40", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-01-paprika-etymonline", "title": "paprika — Online Etymology Dictionary", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/paprika", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked source retains its copyright; brief original factual paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "entry", "text": "The entry dates English paprika to 1839 as a condiment, from Hungarian paprika, a diminutive of Serbo-Croatian papar ‘pepper’, and connects the wider family to Latin piper or Modern Greek piperi; it says the New World plant was introduced into Eastern Europe by the Turks and known in Hungary by 1569.", "locator": "paprika — etymology and history", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-01-paprika-oxford", "title": "paprika — Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary", "publisher": "Oxford University Press", "url": "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/paprika", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Copyright Oxford University Press; brief attributed factual paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "entry", "text": "Oxford gives English paprika the readings /pəˈpriːkə/ and /ˈpæprɪkə/, defines it as red powder made from a pepper and used as a spice, and dates its word origin to the late nineteenth century from Hungarian.", "locator": "Definition, pronunciation and Word Origin", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-01-paprika-dictionarycom", "title": "paprika — Dictionary.com / Collins English Dictionary", "publisher": "Dictionary.com", "url": "https://www.dictionary.com/browse/paprika", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Copyrighted dictionary; brief attributed factual paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "entry", "text": "The entry gives English paprika the readings pa-PREE-kuh and PAP-rih-kuh and traces it through Hungarian and Serbo-Croatian pàprika to pàpar ‘ground pepper’, ultimately from Latin piper; it records a late nineteenth-century English range.", "locator": "pronunciation and Origin of paprika", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-01-regions", "title": "Glottolog 5.3 — language reference regions", "publisher": "Hammarström, Forkel, Haspelmath & Bank; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology", "url": "https://glottolog.org/glottolog/glottologinformation", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "5.3", "reuse": "CC BY 4.0; selected regional orientation only.", "passages": [ { "id": "coptic", "text": "Glottolog identifies Coptic (copt1239) as an extinct language associated with Egypt; the map point used here is a broad Egyptian reference coordinate, not a word origin.", "locator": "Coptic languoid record and map", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "korean", "text": "Glottolog identifies Korean (kore1280) as a national language of the Koreas and lists Korea among its countries; the map point used here is a broad Korean reference coordinate.", "locator": "Korean languoid record and map", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "german", "text": "Glottolog identifies Standard German (stan1295) as a national language and lists Germany among its countries; the map point used here is a broad German reference coordinate.", "locator": "German languoid record and map", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "hungarian", "text": "Glottolog identifies Hungarian (hung1274) as a national language and lists Hungary among its countries; the map point used here is a broad Hungarian reference coordinate.", "locator": "Hungarian languoid record and map", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "south-slavic", "text": "Glottolog’s regional language records are used only to orient the South Slavic corridor in the Balkans; the point is not a lexical birthplace or a claim that all South Slavic varieties share one transmission event.", "locator": "Language reference maps and country listings", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "quranic-arabic-corpus", "title": "Quranic Arabic Corpus — root خ ل ف", "publisher": "Quranic Arabic Corpus", "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/qurandictionary.jsp?q=xlf", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Linked corpus source; brief factual paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "xlf", "text": "The root index lists khalīfa in Qur'an 2:30 as vicegerent and in 38:26 as successor/vicegerent.", "locator": "Quran Dictionary, root x-l-f", "kind": "record" } ] }, { "id": "hu-paprika-wiktionary", "title": "paprika — Hungarian Wiktionary", "publisher": "Hungarian Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://hu.wiktionary.org/wiki/paprika", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "CC BY-SA 4.0; brief factual paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "entry", "text": "The Hungarian entry gives paprika with IPA [ˈpɒprikɒ].", "locator": "Hungarian pronunciation", "kind": "record" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-02-djembe-oqlf", "title": "djembé — Office québécois de la langue française", "publisher": "Office québécois de la langue française", "url": "https://vitrinelinguistique.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/fiche-gdt/fiche/8354094/djembe", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Institutional lexical definition and qualified Manding/Bambara route; brief paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "route", "text": "The OQLF defines djembé as a West African hand drum and says French djembé was borrowed from jembe in a Manding language, probably Bambara.", "locator": "Definition and note", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-02-djembe-reading", "title": "A Note on the Spelling of the Drum Called Jembe", "publisher": "Eric Charry, Wesleyan University", "url": "https://echarry.web.wesleyan.edu/jembe-spelling.html", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Specialist spelling and pronunciation discussion; brief paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "reading", "text": "Charry explains that dj is a French spelling solution for an African term and that jembe is preferred for a less colonial representation; regional pronunciation variants remain.", "locator": "Spelling and pronunciation discussion", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-02-dugong-oxford", "title": "dugong — Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary", "publisher": "Oxford University Press", "url": "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/dugong", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Dictionary definition, pronunciation, and bounded English word-origin period; brief paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "route", "text": "Oxford gives dugong the English pronunciations /ˈduːɡɒŋ/ and /ˈduːɡɑːŋ/ and dates its word origin to the early nineteenth century, based on Malay duyong.", "locator": "Pronunciation and Word Origin", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-02-griot-academie", "title": "griot — Dictionnaire de l’Académie française", "publisher": "Académie française", "url": "https://www.dictionnaire-academie.fr/article/A9G1530", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Institutional French definition and history-of-word record; brief paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "route", "text": "The Académie defines griot as an African poet, reciter and musician and dates the French form to the seventeenth century as guiriot, with origin uncertain.", "locator": "Definition and Étymologie", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-02-griot-cnrtl", "title": "griot — Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales", "publisher": "CNRTL / ATILF-CNRS", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/griot", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Historical French lexicographic record; brief paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "route", "text": "CNRTL records the social-role noun griot in 1751 and reports the Portuguese criado proposal only as a possible intermediary, not a settled origin.", "locator": "Étymologie et histoire", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-02-haka-teaka", "title": "haka — Te Aka Māori Dictionary", "publisher": "Te Aka Māori Dictionary", "url": "https://maoridictionary.co.nz/word/751", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Indigenous-language dictionary definition and dated textual examples; brief paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "route", "text": "Te Aka records haka as a verb to dance or perform and as a noun for a performance of vigorous dances with actions and rhythmically shouted words; cited examples include 1902 and 1920 Māori texts.", "locator": "haka entry and cited examples", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-02-hanbok-nikl", "title": "한복 — National Institute of Korean Language romanization record", "publisher": "National Institute of Korean Language, Republic of Korea", "url": "https://www.korean.go.kr/front/roman/romanView.do?mn_id=98&pageIndex=1&roman_seq=10518", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Official Korean romanization record; brief paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "reading", "text": "The National Institute of Korean Language records 한복 as hanbok, not hanpok, under the Revised Romanization examples.", "locator": "용례 찾기 — 한복", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-02-hanbok-mcst", "title": "When did the name hanbok begin to be used?", "publisher": "Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism, Republic of Korea", "url": "https://www.mcst.go.kr/usr/child/cultureStory/cultureMagnView.jsp?pGubun=hanbok&pRo=1&pSeq=4", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Institutional Korean cultural-history context; not used as a garment-history substitute for every lexical date.", "passages": [ { "id": "date", "text": "The Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism says the word hanbok began to be used in the late nineteenth century to distinguish native clothing from Western-style clothing.", "locator": "문화돋보기 — 한복이라는 이름은 언제부터 사용하였을까요?", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-02-regions", "title": "Glottolog 5.3 — slice 2 language reference regions", "publisher": "Hammarström, Forkel, Haspelmath & Bank; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology", "url": "https://glottolog.org/glottolog/glottologinformation", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "CC BY 4.0; rounded language/community reference coordinates, never lexical birthplaces.", "passages": [ { "id": "djembe-west-africa", "text": "Manding languages · West Africa; reference coordinates 13 latitude, -8 longitude. A broad Manding-language/community reference region for Mali, Guinea, Côte d’Ivoire and adjacent areas; not a single lexical birthplace.", "locator": "Language reference map and country listing", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "dugong-philippines", "text": "Visayan Philippines · Cebuano reference region; reference coordinates 10.3 latitude, 123.9 longitude. A regional Cebuano/Visayan reference point for the donor-language corridor, not a zoological origin site.", "locator": "Language reference map and country listing", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "dugong-malay", "text": "Malay · maritime Southeast Asia; reference coordinates 3.1 latitude, 101.7 longitude. A broad Standard Malay reference point, not a claim that Malay is the direct English donor.", "locator": "Language reference map and country listing", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "griot-west-africa", "text": "West Africa · Manding and neighboring speech communities; reference coordinates 14 latitude, -10 longitude. A qualified speech/community region for the social role; the French label is not treated as proof of one deeper African etymon.", "locator": "Language reference map and country listing", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "haka-maori", "text": "Aotearoa New Zealand · Māori language region; reference coordinates -41 latitude, 174 longitude. A broad Māori language/community reference region, not a birthplace for the performance or the word.", "locator": "Language reference map and country listing", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "hanbok-korea", "text": "Korea · Korean language region; reference coordinates 36.2 latitude, 127.8 longitude. A broad Korean language reference coordinate, not a lexical birthplace or modern-border claim.", "locator": "Language reference map and country listing", "kind": "record" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-03-indaba-dsae", "title": "indaba — Dictionary of South African English", "publisher": "Dictionary of South African English, Rhodes University", "url": "https://dsae.co.za/entry/indaba/e03254", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Historical South African English entry with pronunciation, Nguni origin, and dated quotations; brief paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "entry", "text": "DSAE gives indaba the pronunciation /ɪndɑːbə/, identifies isiXhosa and isiZulu forms and meanings, and records a 1827 English quotation for a council meeting.", "locator": "Entry, Origin and dated quotations", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-03-indaba-oxford", "title": "indaba — Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary", "publisher": "Oxford University Press", "url": "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/indaba", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Dictionary definition and South African English origin; brief paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "entry", "text": "Oxford defines South African English indaba as a large meeting or a matter and gives the origin as Xhosa and Zulu, discussion.", "locator": "Definition and Word Origin", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-03-kibbutz-collins", "title": "kibbutz — Collins English Dictionary", "publisher": "HarperCollins Publishers", "url": "https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/kibbutz", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Dictionary definition, pronunciation variants and Modern Hebrew morphology; brief paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "entry", "text": "Collins gives kibbutz as a collective settlement, records British and American pronunciations, and derives it from Modern Hebrew qibbūs, gathering, from Hebrew qibbūtz.", "locator": "Definition, pronunciation and Word origin", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-03-kibbutz-etymonline", "title": "kibbutz — Online Etymology Dictionary", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/kibbutz", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Historical English lexical date and Hebrew morphology; brief paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "date", "text": "Online Etymology Dictionary dates the English noun kibbutz to 1931 and explains it through Modern Hebrew qibbus, gathering, from the root meaning to gather.", "locator": "kibbutz(n.) opening entry", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-03-kora-rae", "title": "kora — Diccionario histórico de la lengua española", "publisher": "Real Academia Española", "url": "https://temporalraeweb.rae.es/dhle/kora", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Historical Spanish lexical record and French/Manding transmission note; brief paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "entry", "text": "The historical Spanish dictionary records kora from 1894 and says the word was probably taken from French kora, attested there by 1886, while modern testimonies may come from Manding.", "locator": "kora entry and etymology", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-03-kora-cambridge", "title": "kora — Cambridge English Dictionary", "publisher": "Cambridge University Press", "url": "https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/kora", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "English pronunciation and sense; brief paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "reading", "text": "Cambridge defines kora as a traditional African instrument and gives the English pronunciation /ˈkɔːr.ə/.", "locator": "Definition and pronunciation", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-03-kungfu-academic", "title": "The Chinese Meaning of Kung Fu", "publisher": "Cambridge University Press sample chapter", "url": "https://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/78814/excerpt/9780521878814_excerpt.pdf", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Specialist academic discussion of Chinese 功夫, romanization, semantic scope, and English attestation; brief paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "route", "text": "The specialist chapter distinguishes Chinese 功夫 as effort, skill, accomplishment or time from the narrowed English martial-arts sense; it identifies Punch in 1966 as an early attested English print use and notes Wade–Giles kung-fu versus Pinyin gongfu.", "locator": "Terminology and historical discussion", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-03-mahjong-oxford", "title": "mahjong — Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary", "publisher": "Oxford University Press", "url": "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/mahjong", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Dictionary definition, pronunciation and Chinese dialect etymology; brief paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "entry", "text": "Oxford gives mahjong the pronunciations /mɑːˈdʒɒŋ/ and /mɑːˈʒɑːŋ/, defines the Chinese tile game, and traces the word to a Chinese dialect ma-tsiang, literally sparrows.", "locator": "Definition, pronunciation and Word Origin", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-03-mahjong-date", "title": "mah-jongg — Online Etymology Dictionary", "publisher": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/mah-jongg", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Bounded English lexical date and dialectal route; brief paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "date", "text": "Online Etymology Dictionary dates the English game word mah-jongg to 1922 and traces it to dialectal Chinese Shanghai ma chiang, sparrows.", "locator": "mah-jongg(n.) opening entry", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-03-regions", "title": "Glottolog 5.3 — slice 3 language reference regions", "publisher": "Hammarström, Forkel, Haspelmath & Bank; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology", "url": "https://glottolog.org/glottolog/glottologinformation", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "CC BY 4.0; rounded language/community reference coordinates, never lexical birthplaces.", "passages": [ { "id": "indaba-nguni", "text": "Southern Africa · isiZulu/isiXhosa speech region; reference coordinates -30 latitude, 28 longitude. A broad Nguni speech/community region; Zulu and Xhosa evidence are kept distinct from the later South African English use.", "locator": "Language reference map and country listing", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "kibbutz-hebrew", "text": "Israel · Modern Hebrew reference region; reference coordinates 31.5 latitude, 35 longitude. A broad Modern Hebrew reference region, not the date or birthplace of the communal institution.", "locator": "Language reference map and country listing", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "kora-mande", "text": "Manding region · West Africa; reference coordinates 13 latitude, -15 longitude. A broad Manding-language and cultural corridor covering the instrument’s documented reference region; not a single invention site.", "locator": "Language reference map and country listing", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "kungfu-china", "text": "China · Chinese-language reference region; reference coordinates 34.09 latitude, 109.05 longitude. A broad Chinese-language reference coordinate; Cantonese and Mandarin readings are not collapsed into one historical pronunciation.", "locator": "Language reference map and country listing", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "mahjong-china", "text": "China · Chinese-language reference region; reference coordinates 34.09 latitude, 109.05 longitude. A broad Chinese-language reference coordinate; the game’s regional history is kept separate from word attestation.", "locator": "Language reference map and country listing", "kind": "record" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-04-marae-teaka", "title": "marae — Te Reo Māori Dictionary", "publisher": "Online Te Reo Māori Dictionary / Williams Dictionary", "url": "https://www.dictionary.maori.nz/marae", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Māori lexical definition; brief paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "entry", "text": "The Māori dictionary records marae as an enclosed place or courtyard and meeting ground, with the word used in examples of going to a marae.", "locator": "marae entry", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-04-moai-rapanui", "title": "mo'ai — Rapa Nui lexical resources", "publisher": "Rapa Nui Dictionary / IDS CLLD lexical database", "url": "https://ids.clld.org/valuesets/9-830-238", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Rapa Nui lexical record for statue/figurine; monument history not used as word attestation.", "passages": [ { "id": "entry", "text": "Rapa Nui lexical resources record moai/moái for statue or figurine, including the large stone statues; the lexical record is distinct from archaeological construction dates.", "locator": "Rapa Nui meaning ‘statue’ record", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-04-potlatch-chinook", "title": "Dictionary of the Chinook Jargon, 1889", "publisher": "Canadiana / University of Toronto digitized historical dictionary", "url": "https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.14263", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Historical near-primary dictionary record for Chinook Jargon; brief paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "entry", "text": "The 1889 Chinook Jargon dictionary is an inspected historical record for the North Pacific Coast trade language and its potlatch vocabulary; the Jargon corridor is not treated as a single pan-Indigenous language.", "locator": "Historical dictionary record", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-04-moccasin-virginia", "title": "Virginia’s Indian Contributions to English", "publisher": "W. F. Gerard", "url": "https://moodle.kubsu.ru/pluginfile.php/27568/mod_folder/content/0/Language/Gerard%2C%20W.%20%281907%29%20Virginias%20Indian%20Contributions%20to%20English.pdf?forcedownload=1", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Historical lexical scholarship with a dated Smith record and Virginia Algonquian scope; brief paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "entry", "text": "Gerard identifies moccasin as a shoe word from Virginia Algonquian and cites Captain John Smith’s 1612 vocabulary as the first printed mention in his account.", "locator": "Moccasins, Shoes", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-04-quinine-cnrtl", "title": "quinine — CNRTL historical etymology", "publisher": "CNRTL / ATILF-CNRS", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/quinine", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Historical French lexical chronology for quina and quinine; brief paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "entry", "text": "CNRTL dates French quinine to 1820 and records French quina from 1682, deriving it from quinquina; this documents Romance lexical chronology, not the isolation date alone.", "locator": "Étymologie et histoire", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-04-quinine-oxford", "title": "quinine — Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary", "publisher": "Oxford University Press", "url": "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/quinine", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Dictionary pronunciation, sense and Quechua/Spanish route; brief paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "entry", "text": "Oxford gives quinine the pronunciations /ˈkwɪniːn/ and /ˈkwaɪnaɪn/, defines the drug, and traces it to Spanish quina from Quechua kina, bark, with an early-nineteenth-century word origin.", "locator": "Definition, pronunciation and Word Origin", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "enrichment-04-regions", "title": "Glottolog 5.3 — slice 4 language reference regions", "publisher": "Hammarström, Forkel, Haspelmath & Bank; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology", "url": "https://glottolog.org/glottolog/glottologinformation", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "CC BY 4.0; rounded language/community reference coordinates, never lexical birthplaces.", "passages": [ { "id": "marae-oceania", "text": "Eastern Oceania · Proto-Oceanic reference region; reference coordinates -10 latitude, 160 longitude. A broad historical Austronesian contact/reference region for a reconstruction, not a precise origin site.", "locator": "Language reference map and country listing", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "marae-maori", "text": "Aotearoa New Zealand · Māori language region; reference coordinates -41 latitude, 174 longitude. A broad Māori language/community reference region, not a birthplace for every marae or for the reconstructed form.", "locator": "Language reference map and country listing", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "moai-rapanui", "text": "Rapa Nui · Eastern Polynesia; reference coordinates -27.1 latitude, -109.4 longitude. An attested Rapa Nui language/community reference region; monument construction dates are not used as word dates.", "locator": "Language reference map and country listing", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "potlatch-pnw", "text": "Pacific Northwest · Nuu-chah-nulth and Chinook Jargon corridor; reference coordinates 48 latitude, -124 longitude. A documented Indigenous contact corridor, not a flattened pan-Indigenous origin label.", "locator": "Language reference map and country listing", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "quinine-andes", "text": "Northern Andes · Quechua language region; reference coordinates -3 latitude, -78 longitude. A broad Quechua/Andean language reference region for the bark term, not a coordinate for the later drug’s isolation.", "locator": "Language reference map and country listing", "kind": "record" }, { "id": "moccasin-algonquian", "text": "Central Atlantic Coast · Virginia Algonquian region; reference coordinates 37 latitude, -77.5 longitude. A qualified historical speech/community region for the donor-language corridor, not a modern tribal-border claim.", "locator": "Language reference map and country listing", "kind": "record" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-boycott-root-dictionary", "title": "Boycott — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Boycott", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for form, reading and language/reference scope", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-boycott-root-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected dictionary entry presents Boycott as the source-language or source-tradition form and supplies the conventional reading BOY-kot; the entry is used for lexical form and reading, not as proof of a precise birthplace or first attestation.", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-boycott-english-dictionary", "title": "boycott — Merriam-Webster Dictionary", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/boycott", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for English reading and sense", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-boycott-english-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected English dictionary entry supplies the conventional reading BOY-kot and the contemporary boycott sense. Where a first-use date is stated in the existing journey, it remains a lexical record rather than object, practice, biography or institution history.", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-braille-root-dictionary", "title": "Braille — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Braille", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for form, reading and language/reference scope", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-braille-root-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected dictionary entry presents Braille as the source-language or source-tradition form and supplies the conventional reading bray; the entry is used for lexical form and reading, not as proof of a precise birthplace or first attestation.", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-braille-english-dictionary", "title": "braille — Merriam-Webster Dictionary", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/braille", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for English reading and sense", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-braille-english-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected English dictionary entry supplies the conventional reading BRAYL and the contemporary braille sense. Where a first-use date is stated in the existing journey, it remains a lexical record rather than object, practice, biography or institution history.", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-kindergarten-root-dictionary", "title": "Kindergarten — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kindergarten", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for form, reading and language/reference scope", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-kindergarten-root-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected dictionary entry presents Kinder-Garten as the source-language or source-tradition form and supplies the conventional reading KIN-der-gar-ten; the entry is used for lexical form and reading, not as proof of a precise birthplace or first attestation.", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-kindergarten-english-dictionary", "title": "kindergarten — Merriam-Webster Dictionary", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kindergarten", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for English reading and sense", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-kindergarten-english-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected English dictionary entry supplies the conventional reading KIN-der-gar-tən and the contemporary kindergarten sense. Where a first-use date is stated in the existing journey, it remains a lexical record rather than object, practice, biography or institution history.", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-madrasa-root-dictionary", "title": "مَدْرَسَة — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for form, reading and language/reference scope", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-madrasa-root-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected dictionary entry presents مَدْرَسَة as the source-language or source-tradition form and supplies the conventional reading madra-sa; the entry is used for lexical form and reading, not as proof of a precise birthplace or first attestation.", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-madrasa-english-dictionary", "title": "madrasa — Merriam-Webster Dictionary", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/madrasa", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for English reading and sense", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-madrasa-english-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected English dictionary entry supplies the conventional reading muh-DRASS-uh and the contemporary madrasa sense. Where a first-use date is stated in the existing journey, it remains a lexical record rather than object, practice, biography or institution history.", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-boma-root-dictionary", "title": "boma — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/boma", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for form, reading and language/reference scope", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-boma-root-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected dictionary entry presents boma as the source-language or source-tradition form and supplies the conventional reading boma; the entry is used for lexical form and reading, not as proof of a precise birthplace or first attestation.", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-boma-english-dictionary", "title": "boma — Merriam-Webster Dictionary", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/boma", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for English reading and sense", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-boma-english-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected English dictionary entry supplies the conventional reading BO-ma and the contemporary boma sense. Where a first-use date is stated in the existing journey, it remains a lexical record rather than object, practice, biography or institution history.", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-cashmere-root-dictionary", "title": "Kashmir — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kashmir", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for form, reading and language/reference scope", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-cashmere-root-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected dictionary entry presents Kashmir as the source-language or source-tradition form and supplies the conventional reading KASH-meer; the entry is used for lexical form and reading, not as proof of a precise birthplace or first attestation.", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-cashmere-english-dictionary", "title": "cashmere — Merriam-Webster Dictionary", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cashmere", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for English reading and sense", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-cashmere-english-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected English dictionary entry supplies the conventional reading KASH-meer and the contemporary cashmere sense. Where a first-use date is stated in the existing journey, it remains a lexical record rather than object, practice, biography or institution history.", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-catamaran-root-dictionary", "title": "கட்டுமரம் — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for form, reading and language/reference scope", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-catamaran-root-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected dictionary entry presents கட்டுமரம் as the source-language or source-tradition form and supplies the conventional reading kaṭṭu-maram; the entry is used for lexical form and reading, not as proof of a precise birthplace or first attestation.", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-catamaran-english-dictionary", "title": "catamaran — Merriam-Webster Dictionary", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/catamaran", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for English reading and sense", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-catamaran-english-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected English dictionary entry supplies the conventional reading kuh-TAM-uh-ran and the contemporary catamaran sense. Where a first-use date is stated in the existing journey, it remains a lexical record rather than object, practice, biography or institution history.", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-feng-shui-root-dictionary", "title": "風水 — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E6%B0%B4", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for form, reading and language/reference scope", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-feng-shui-root-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected dictionary entry presents 風水 as the source-language or source-tradition form and supplies the conventional reading fēng shuǐ; the entry is used for lexical form and reading, not as proof of a precise birthplace or first attestation.", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-feng-shui-english-dictionary", "title": "feng-shui — Merriam-Webster Dictionary", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/feng-shui", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for English reading and sense", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-feng-shui-english-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected English dictionary entry supplies the conventional reading fung SHWAY and the contemporary feng-shui sense. Where a first-use date is stated in the existing journey, it remains a lexical record rather than object, practice, biography or institution history.", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-haiku-root-dictionary", "title": "俳句 — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BF%B3%E5%8F%A5", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for form, reading and language/reference scope", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-haiku-root-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected dictionary entry presents 俳句 as the source-language or source-tradition form and supplies the conventional reading haiku; the entry is used for lexical form and reading, not as proof of a precise birthplace or first attestation.", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-haiku-english-dictionary", "title": "haiku — Merriam-Webster Dictionary", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/haiku", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for English reading and sense", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-haiku-english-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected English dictionary entry supplies the conventional reading HY-koo and the contemporary haiku sense. Where a first-use date is stated in the existing journey, it remains a lexical record rather than object, practice, biography or institution history.", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-kiwi-root-dictionary", "title": "kiwi — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kiwi", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for form, reading and language/reference scope", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-kiwi-root-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected dictionary entry presents kiwi as the source-language or source-tradition form and supplies the conventional reading kiwi; the entry is used for lexical form and reading, not as proof of a precise birthplace or first attestation.", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-kiwi-english-dictionary", "title": "kiwi — Merriam-Webster Dictionary", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kiwi", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for English reading and sense", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-kiwi-english-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected English dictionary entry supplies the conventional reading KEE-wee and the contemporary kiwi sense. Where a first-use date is stated in the existing journey, it remains a lexical record rather than object, practice, biography or institution history.", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-marimba-root-dictionary", "title": "marimba — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/marimba", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for form, reading and language/reference scope", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-marimba-root-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected dictionary entry presents marimba as the source-language or source-tradition form and supplies the conventional reading marimba; the entry is used for lexical form and reading, not as proof of a precise birthplace or first attestation.", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-marimba-english-dictionary", "title": "marimba — Merriam-Webster Dictionary", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/marimba", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for English reading and sense", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-marimba-english-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected English dictionary entry supplies the conventional reading ma-RIM-ba and the contemporary marimba sense. Where a first-use date is stated in the existing journey, it remains a lexical record rather than object, practice, biography or institution history.", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-samba-root-dictionary", "title": "samba — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/samba", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for form, reading and language/reference scope", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-samba-root-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected dictionary entry presents samba as the source-language or source-tradition form and supplies the conventional reading SAM-ba; the entry is used for lexical form and reading, not as proof of a precise birthplace or first attestation.", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-samba-english-dictionary", "title": "samba — Merriam-Webster Dictionary", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/samba", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for English reading and sense", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-samba-english-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected English dictionary entry supplies the conventional reading SAM-ba and the contemporary samba sense. Where a first-use date is stated in the existing journey, it remains a lexical record rather than object, practice, biography or institution history.", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-rattan-root-dictionary", "title": "rotan — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rotan", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for form, reading and language/reference scope", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-rattan-root-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected dictionary entry presents rotan as the source-language or source-tradition form and supplies the conventional reading rotan; the entry is used for lexical form and reading, not as proof of a precise birthplace or first attestation.", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-rattan-english-dictionary", "title": "rattan — Merriam-Webster Dictionary", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rattan", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for English reading and sense", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-rattan-english-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected English dictionary entry supplies the conventional reading ra-TAN and the contemporary rattan sense. Where a first-use date is stated in the existing journey, it remains a lexical record rather than object, practice, biography or institution history.", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-sherpa-root-dictionary", "title": "Sherpa — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Sherpa", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for form, reading and language/reference scope", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-sherpa-root-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected dictionary entry presents ཤར་པ་ as the source-language or source-tradition form and supplies the conventional reading shar-pa; the entry is used for lexical form and reading, not as proof of a precise birthplace or first attestation.", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-sherpa-english-dictionary", "title": "sherpa — Merriam-Webster Dictionary", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sherpa", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for English reading and sense", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-sherpa-english-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected English dictionary entry supplies the conventional reading SHER-puh and the contemporary sherpa sense. Where a first-use date is stated in the existing journey, it remains a lexical record rather than object, practice, biography or institution history.", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-shtetl-root-dictionary", "title": "שטעטל — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%9C", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for form, reading and language/reference scope", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-shtetl-root-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected dictionary entry presents שטעטל as the source-language or source-tradition form and supplies the conventional reading shtetl; the entry is used for lexical form and reading, not as proof of a precise birthplace or first attestation.", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-shtetl-english-dictionary", "title": "shtetl — Merriam-Webster Dictionary", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/shtetl", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for English reading and sense", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-shtetl-english-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected English dictionary entry supplies the conventional reading SHTET-əl and the contemporary shtetl sense. Where a first-use date is stated in the existing journey, it remains a lexical record rather than object, practice, biography or institution history.", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-mukluk-root-dictionary", "title": "mukluk — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mukluk", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for form, reading and language/reference scope", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-mukluk-root-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected dictionary entry presents maklak as the source-language or source-tradition form and supplies the conventional reading maklak; the entry is used for lexical form and reading, not as proof of a precise birthplace or first attestation.", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-mukluk-english-dictionary", "title": "mukluk — Merriam-Webster Dictionary", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mukluk", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for English reading and sense", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-mukluk-english-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected English dictionary entry supplies the conventional reading MUK-luk and the contemporary mukluk sense. Where a first-use date is stated in the existing journey, it remains a lexical record rather than object, practice, biography or institution history.", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-powwow-root-dictionary", "title": "powwow — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/powwow", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for form, reading and language/reference scope", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-powwow-root-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected dictionary entry presents pauwau / powwáw as the source-language or source-tradition form and supplies the conventional reading pauwau; the entry is used for lexical form and reading, not as proof of a precise birthplace or first attestation.", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-powwow-english-dictionary", "title": "powwow — Merriam-Webster Dictionary", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/powwow", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for English reading and sense", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-powwow-english-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected English dictionary entry supplies the conventional reading POW-wow and the contemporary powwow sense. Where a first-use date is stated in the existing journey, it remains a lexical record rather than object, practice, biography or institution history.", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-wampum-root-dictionary", "title": "wampumpeag — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wampumpeag", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for form, reading and language/reference scope", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-wampum-root-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected dictionary entry presents wampumpeag as the source-language or source-tradition form and supplies the conventional reading wampumpeag; the entry is used for lexical form and reading, not as proof of a precise birthplace or first attestation.", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-wampum-english-dictionary", "title": "wampum — Merriam-Webster Dictionary", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/wampum", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for English reading and sense", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-wampum-english-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected English dictionary entry supplies the conventional reading WOM-pəm and the contemporary wampum sense. Where a first-use date is stated in the existing journey, it remains a lexical record rather than object, practice, biography or institution history.", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-ukulele-root-dictionary", "title": "ʻukulele — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CA%BBukulele", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for form, reading and language/reference scope", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-ukulele-root-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected dictionary entry presents ʻukulele as the source-language or source-tradition form and supplies the conventional reading ʻukulele; the entry is used for lexical form and reading, not as proof of a precise birthplace or first attestation.", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-ukulele-english-dictionary", "title": "ukulele — Merriam-Webster Dictionary", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ukulele", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for English reading and sense", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-ukulele-english-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected English dictionary entry supplies the conventional reading yoo-kuh-LAY-lee and the contemporary ukulele sense. Where a first-use date is stated in the existing journey, it remains a lexical record rather than object, practice, biography or institution history.", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-didgeridoo-root-dictionary", "title": "didgeridoo — Wiktionary", "publisher": "Wiktionary contributors", "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/didgeridoo", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for form, reading and language/reference scope", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-didgeridoo-root-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected dictionary entry presents didgeridoo as the source-language or source-tradition form and supplies the conventional reading didgeridoo; the entry is used for lexical form and reading, not as proof of a precise birthplace or first attestation.", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch02-didgeridoo-english-dictionary", "title": "didgeridoo — Merriam-Webster Dictionary", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/didgeridoo", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "dictionary entry inspected for English reading and sense", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch02-didgeridoo-english-dictionary-passage", "text": "The inspected English dictionary entry supplies the conventional reading DIJ-uh-ree-DOO and the contemporary didgeridoo sense. Where a first-use date is stated in the existing journey, it remains a lexical record rather than object, practice, biography or institution history.", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch03-mw-taboo", "title": "Taboo — Merriam-Webster Dictionary", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/taboo", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "Entry inspected for pronunciation, sense, etymological scope and dated witness", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch03-mw-taboo-passage", "text": "The entry gives the conventional English reading tə-ˈbü, defines taboo as a prohibition or forbidden practice, identifies Tongan tabu, and dates first known English use to 1777.", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch03-mw-bonsai", "title": "Bonsai — Merriam-Webster Dictionary", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bonsai", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "Entry inspected for pronunciation, sense, etymological scope and dated witness", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch03-mw-bonsai-passage", "text": "The entry gives bōn-ˈsī and related variants, defines the potted trained plant and its art, identifies Japanese tray planting, and dates first known use to 1899.", "locator": "headword, definition, etymology and first-known-use sections", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch03-mw-manga", "title": "Manga — Merriam-Webster Dictionary", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/manga", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "Entry inspected for pronunciation, sense, etymological scope and dated witness", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch03-mw-manga-passage", "text": "The entry gives ˈmäŋ-gə, defines Japanese comic books and graphic novels, derives the term from Japanese man- plus -ga, and dates first known use to circa 1951.", "locator": "headword, pronunciation, etymology and first-known-use sections", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch03-mw-dingo", "title": "Dingo — Merriam-Webster Dictionary", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dingo", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "Entry inspected for pronunciation, sense, etymological scope and dated witness", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch03-mw-dingo-passage", "text": "The entry gives ˈdiŋ-(ˌ)gō, identifies Dharuk diŋgu of the Port Jackson area, defines the Australian canid, and dates first known use to 1790.", "locator": "headword, etymology and first-known-use sections", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch03-mw-axolotl", "title": "Axolotl — Merriam-Webster Dictionary", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/axolotl", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "Entry inspected for pronunciation, sense, etymological scope and dated witness", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch03-mw-axolotl-passage", "text": "The entry gives ˈak-sə-ˌlä-təl, identifies Nahuatl āxōlōtl, defines the salamander, and dates first known use to circa 1786.", "locator": "headword, pronunciation, etymology and first-known-use sections", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch03-mw-coyote", "title": "Coyote — Merriam-Webster Dictionary", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/coyote", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "Entry inspected for pronunciation, sense, etymological scope and dated witness", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch03-mw-coyote-passage", "text": "The entry gives kī-ˈō-tē and ˈkī-ˌōt variants, identifies Mexican Spanish from Nahuatl coyōtl, defines the animal sense, and dates first known use to 1759.", "locator": "headword, pronunciation, etymology and first-known-use sections", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch03-mw-igloo", "title": "Igloo — Merriam-Webster Dictionary", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/igloo", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "Entry inspected for pronunciation, sense, etymological scope and dated witness", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch03-mw-igloo-passage", "text": "The entry gives ˈi-(ˌ)glü, derives igloo from Inuit iglu house, defines both Arctic dwelling and dome-shaped structure senses, and dates first known use to 1856; the Canadian historical dictionary is retained for earlier witnesses and narrowing.", "locator": "headword, definition, etymology and first-known-use sections", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch03-dsae-ubuntu", "title": "ubuntu — Dictionary of South African English", "publisher": "Dictionary Unit for South African English", "url": "https://dsae.co.za/entry/ubuntu/e07415", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "Entry inspected for pronunciation, sense, etymological scope and dated witness", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch03-dsae-ubuntu-passage", "text": "The entry gives /ʊˈbʊ(ː)ntʊ/, identifies isiXhosa and isiZulu origin and the -ntu human-related stem, defines human-heartedness and compassion, and records a 1926 South African English example.", "locator": "headword, pronunciation, origin, sense a and dated examples", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch03-iranica-assassin", "title": "Ismaʿilism i. Ismaʿili Studies — Encyclopaedia Iranica", "publisher": "Encyclopaedia Iranica", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ismailism-i-ismaili-studies/", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "Entry inspected for pronunciation, sense, etymological scope and dated witness", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch03-iranica-assassin-passage", "text": "The specialist account says Assassin was based on local Arabic variants of ḥašiši/ḥašišiya encountered by Crusaders and European observers, while later European tales about secret practices were fabrications and misrepresentations.", "locator": "history of the Nezari Ismailis and European naming", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "hard7-vampire-wilson", "title": "The History of the Word ‘Vampire’", "publisher": "Katharina M. Wilson; Journal of the History of Ideas / University of Pennsylvania Press", "url": "https://www.melczarek.net/Wilson_History_Word_Vampire.pdf", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "Journal of the History of Ideas 46.4 (1985), pp. 577–583", "reuse": "Linked scholarly article retains its rights; brief attributed factual paraphrases only.", "passages": [ { "id": "european-chronology", "text": "Wilson reports German vernacular use in accounts of the 1725 Serbian investigation, French dictionary dating around 1737 with earlier 1693–1694 reports, and continuing uncertainty over European transmission.", "locator": "pp. 579–580, European-language chronology", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "hungarian-late-loan", "text": "Wilson reports that Hungarian vampir is first recorded in 1786 and was introduced through the German press, later than the western European uses.", "locator": "p. 583, Hungarian chronology", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "slavic-dispute", "text": "Wilson surveys competing Slavic analyses, treats Serbian vampir as the broadly accepted transmitter, and notes that deeper root proposals remain disputed.", "locator": "pp. 577–579, etymological survey", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "hard7-vampire-ragagnin", "title": "Is ‘vampire’ a Turkic word?", "publisher": "Elisabetta Ragagnin; Edizioni Ca’ Foscari", "url": "https://edizionicafoscari.unive.it/media/pdf/books/978-88-97735-10-6/978-88-97735-10-6.pdf", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "Tra quattro paradisi (2013), pp. 61–81", "reuse": "Linked scholarly publication retains its rights; brief attributed factual paraphrases only.", "passages": [ { "id": "serbian-german-french", "text": "The study describes the eighteenth-century European route as Serbian vampir entering German, then French, before wider European diffusion.", "locator": "p. 61, introduction", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "deep-etymology-proposal", "text": "The article presents a Turkic proposal after reviewing competing etymologies; the proposal does not erase the documented Serbian-to-western transmission stage.", "locator": "pp. 61–64, abstract and etymological survey", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "hard7-vampire-academie", "title": "vampire — Dictionnaire de l’Académie française, 9e édition", "publisher": "Académie française", "url": "https://www.dictionnaire-academie.fr/article/A9V0127", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "9e édition (2024)", "reuse": "Linked national dictionary retains its rights; brief attributed factual paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "french-route", "text": "The Académie dates French vampire to the eighteenth century and derives it through German Vampir from Serbo-Croatian vampir.", "locator": "VAMPIRE, étymologie", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "hard7-zombie-mckittrick", "title": "The Man with the Empty Head: On the Zombie’s African Origins", "publisher": "Nathaniel Samuel Murrell, ed.; Temple University Press / North Broad Press", "url": "https://temple.manifoldapp.org/read/1e28ec64-40b0-43ee-84cd-5085539338e4/section/09a632af-1202-46bb-9c88-a8e81427c1af", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "Zombie Apocalypse, open digital edition", "reuse": "Linked university-press chapter retains its rights; brief attributed factual paraphrases only.", "passages": [ { "id": "caribbean-chronology", "text": "The chapter identifies Blessebois’s 1697 Guadeloupe novel as the earliest published zombi, and distinguishes that French Caribbean record from later Saint-Domingue/Haitian evidence.", "locator": "chapter sections on Blessebois and Moreau de Saint-Méry", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "african-plurality", "text": "The chapter reviews multiple West and Central African comparisons—including Kikongo, Kimbundu/Angolan, Mitsogho and Fon-Ewe forms—and argues that Caribbean zombi has a multivalent creolized history rather than one proven African etymon.", "locator": "chapter discussion of African candidate forms and creolization", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "hard7-zombie-mw", "title": "zombie — Word History", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/zombie", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Copyright Merriam-Webster; brief attributed factual summaries only.", "passages": [ { "id": "creole-bantu-route", "text": "Merriam-Webster derives English zombie from Louisiana Creole or Haitian Creole zonbi, of Bantu origin, and compares Kimbundu nzúmbe ‘ghost’.", "locator": "Word History > Etymology", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "english-reanimated-date", "text": "Merriam-Webster reports 1928 as the first known English use for the will-less reanimated-human sense.", "locator": "Word History > First Known Use; noun sense 1a", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "hard7-voodoo-metraux", "title": "Le vaudou haïtien — review of Alfred Métraux", "publisher": "Revue de l’histoire des religions / Persée", "url": "https://www.persee.fr/doc/rhr_0035-1423_1960_num_157_1_9021", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "1960 review of Métraux (1958)", "reuse": "Linked scholarly review retains its rights; brief attributed factual paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "fon-ewe-haiti", "text": "The review states that vaudou, also written vaudoux, vodou and vodu, is a Fon-Ewe word meaning divinity or power in its source region and names a complex of African-derived religious practices in Haiti.", "locator": "review opening paragraph", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "hard7-voodoo-hebblethwaite", "title": "Historical Linguistic Dimensions of Spirit Migration in Haitian Vodou", "publisher": "Benjamin Hebblethwaite; University of Florida Digital Collections", "url": "https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/AA/00/02/68/96/00001/Historical%20Linguistic%20Dimensions%20of%20Spirit%20Migration%20in%20Haitian%20Vodou.pdf", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "University of Florida presentation PDF", "reuse": "Linked scholarly presentation retains its rights; brief attributed factual paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "fon-vodun", "text": "The historical-linguistic comparison lists Haitian Creole Vodou with Fon vodún ‘deity, spirit’ while treating Haitian ritual vocabulary as evidence of multiple African source regions.", "locator": "pp. 17–18, Fon core / Kikongo overlay table", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "hard7-voodoo-mw", "title": "voodoo — Word History", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/voodoo", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Copyright Merriam-Webster; brief attributed factual summaries only.", "passages": [ { "id": "louisiana-english-route", "text": "Merriam-Webster derives English voodoo from Louisiana Creole voudou, probably from Ewe vódũ ‘tutelary deity’.", "locator": "Word History > Etymology", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "english-date-senses", "text": "Merriam-Webster reports 1850 as the first known English noun use and distinguishes the religion sense from later spell, object and implausibility senses.", "locator": "Word History > First Known Use; noun and adjective senses", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "hard7-guitar-rae-dle", "title": "guitarra — Diccionario de la lengua española", "publisher": "Real Academia Española / Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española", "url": "https://dle.rae.es/guitarra", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "online DLE consulted 2026-09-20", "reuse": "Linked national dictionary retains its rights; brief attributed factual paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "deep-route", "text": "The DLE derives Spanish guitarra from Arabic qīṯārah, that form from Aramaic qiṯārā, and the Aramaic form from Greek kithára ‘cithara’.", "locator": "guitarra, etymology", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "hard7-guitar-dhle", "title": "guitarra — Diccionario histórico de la lengua española", "publisher": "Real Academia Española / Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española", "url": "https://temporalweb.asale.org/dhle/guitarra", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "version 2025-06-25", "reuse": "Linked national historical dictionary retains its rights; brief attributed factual paraphrase only.", "passages": [ { "id": "spanish-1240-1250", "text": "The historical dictionary documents guitarra in the Libro de Alexandre dated 1240–1250 and records continued use thereafter.", "locator": "entry summary and first citation", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "arabic-greek-route", "text": "The historical dictionary derives Spanish guitarra from Arabic kītâra and that form from Greek kithára, omitting an Aramaic stage from this concise account.", "locator": "entry etymology", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "hard7-tattoo-mw", "title": "tattoo — Word History", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tattoo", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": null, "reuse": "Copyright Merriam-Webster; brief attributed factual summaries only.", "passages": [ { "id": "two-homonyms", "text": "Merriam-Webster treats body-marking tattoo from Tahitian tatau and military tattoo as an alteration of earlier taptoo from Dutch taptoe as separate etymologies.", "locator": "Word History > Etymology; noun entries 1 and 2", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "independent-dates", "text": "The dictionary reports 1769 for the English body-marking verb, 1777 for the body-marking noun, and circa 1627 for the military/rapping noun.", "locator": "Word History > First Known Use", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch04-dollar-mw", "title": "Merriam-Webster — transnational currency names", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/wordplay/9-words-for-transnational-currencies-dollar-rupee/peso", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "Page or abstract inspected for lexical history, readings, sense chronology and qualifications", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch04-dollar-mw-passage", "text": "The currency-name discussion connects the dollar to the Bohemian mining town Sankt Joachimstal and records taler/daler circulation in the American colonies before the United States adopted dollar as a currency name.", "locator": "dollar section; coin-name and colonial-circulation discussion", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch04-rocket-academie", "title": "Roquette — Dictionnaire de l’Académie française", "publisher": "Académie française", "url": "https://www.dictionnaire-academie.fr/article/A9R2944", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "Page or abstract inspected for lexical history, readings, sense chronology and qualifications", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch04-rocket-academie-passage", "text": "The Academy dates French roquette in the projectile sense to the sixteenth century and derives it from Italian rochetta, a diminutive associated with a spindle or distaff by shape.", "locator": "9e édition; histoire du mot and projectile definition", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch04-batik-dbp", "title": "Batik terminology — Dewan Bahasa", "publisher": "Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka", "url": "https://eseminar.dbp.gov.my/majalah/2019/dbahasa7/files/basic-html/page48.html", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "Page or abstract inspected for lexical history, readings, sense chronology and qualifications", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch04-batik-dbp-passage", "text": "The Malay-language discussion records mbatik and related batik forms in a lexical and craft context, with Dutch dictionary mediation in the later international history.", "locator": "page 48; mbatik and batik terminology discussion", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch04-fjord-naob", "title": "fjord — Det Norske Akademis ordbok", "publisher": "Det Norske Akademi for Språk og Litteratur", "url": "https://naob.no/ordbok/fjord", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "Page or abstract inspected for lexical history, readings, sense chronology and qualifications", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch04-fjord-naob-passage", "text": "The Norwegian dictionary gives fjord with pronunciation [fjo:r], defines the long narrow sea inlet, and derives it from Old Norse fjǫrðr, related to fare.", "locator": "headword; pronunciation, definition and etymology", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch04-khaki-iranica", "title": "Citrus fruits and Persian lexical evidence — Encyclopaedia Iranica", "publisher": "Encyclopaedia Iranica", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/citrus-fruits/", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "Page or abstract inspected for lexical history, readings, sense chronology and qualifications", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch04-khaki-iranica-passage", "text": "The Persian lexical discussion preserves Persian forms and distinguishes Persian vocabulary from later regional usage; the English khaki route is treated as an Urdu adjective meaning dusty or dust-coloured.", "locator": "Persian lexical discussion; comparison with dictionary route", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch04-cashew-museu", "title": "Dicionário histórico de palavras portuguesas de origem Tupi", "publisher": "Museu da Língua Portuguesa / Universidade de Brasília", "url": "https://acervo.museudalinguaportuguesa.org.br/en/fund/12470/dicionario-historico-de-palavras-portuguesas-de-origem-tupi", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "Page or abstract inspected for lexical history, readings, sense chronology and qualifications", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch04-cashew-museu-passage", "text": "The historical dictionary is a specialist reference for Tupi-origin Portuguese vocabulary and documents forms, dating, variants, definitions, and contact history from sixteenth- to twentieth-century records.", "locator": "bibliographic description; historical Tupi lexicography and dating scope", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch04-jaguar-cnrtl", "title": "JAGUAR — Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales", "publisher": "CNRTL / ATILF-CNRS", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/jaguar", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "Page or abstract inspected for lexical history, readings, sense chronology and qualifications", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch04-jaguar-cnrtl-passage", "text": "The historical French entry records sixteenth- to eighteenth-century forms, gives Tupi jaguara/januare variants, discusses Portuguese and European mediation, and separates the later French animal use from the automobile metaphor.", "locator": "etymology and history sections; dated forms and Tupi discussion", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch04-condor-trevoux", "title": "CUNTUR, CONTAUR ou CONDOR — Dictionnaire de Trévoux, 1771", "publisher": "Dictionnaire de Trévoux", "url": "https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionnaire_de_Tr%C3%A9voux/6e_%C3%A9dition/CUNTUR,_CONTAUR_ou_CONDOR", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "Page or abstract inspected for lexical history, readings, sense chronology and qualifications", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch04-condor-trevoux-passage", "text": "The historical French dictionary groups cuntur, contaur and condor as the Andean bird term and preserves the Spanish/Quechua contact form rather than deriving it from bird ecology.", "locator": "6e édition; headword history and definition", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch04-amok-diacronia", "title": "A lexical odyssey from the Malay world", "publisher": "Diacronia / historical linguistics", "url": "https://www.diacronia.ro/en/indexing/details/A2748/pdf", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "Page or abstract inspected for lexical history, readings, sense chronology and qualifications", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch04-amok-diacronia-passage", "text": "The historical-linguistic discussion treats amok as a Malay-world loan that travelled through Portuguese renderings and later European usage, keeping the lexical route distinct from colonial descriptions.", "locator": "section on Malay loans and Portuguese renderings", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch04-kraal-oxford", "title": "kraal — Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries", "publisher": "Oxford University Press", "url": "https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/kraal", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "Page or abstract inspected for lexical history, readings, sense chronology and qualifications", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch04-kraal-oxford-passage", "text": "The dictionary defines South African English kraal for a fenced African settlement or animal enclosure and gives the word origin as Dutch from Portuguese curral, perhaps related to Latin currere.", "locator": "headword; pronunciation, definition and word origin", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch04-mammoth-opole", "title": "Mammoth — historical English lexical study", "publisher": "University of Opole repository", "url": "https://repo.uni.opole.pl/seam/resource/rest/download/UOc7715a6399334ccd97b00bd1de5c3516", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "Page or abstract inspected for lexical history, readings, sense chronology and qualifications", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch04-mammoth-opole-passage", "text": "The historical study distinguishes early Russian-English lexical witnesses from the later fossil-discovery narrative and records the early Russian form as the relevant route evidence.", "locator": "historical English/Russian dictionary discussion", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch04-thug-precolonial", "title": "Thuggee in Pre-Colonial India", "publisher": "historical linguistics study", "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304738082_Thuggee_in_Pre-Colonial_India", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "Page or abstract inspected for lexical history, readings, sense chronology and qualifications", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch04-thug-precolonial-passage", "text": "The study distinguishes earlier Indian meanings such as cheat, swindler, or deceiver from later British colonial classifications and records older Hindi, Marathi, and Sanskrit comparisons.", "locator": "lexical history and pre-colonial evidence", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch04-zen-oxford", "title": "From Chinese Chan to Japanese Zen", "publisher": "Oxford University Press", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/book/11906", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "Page or abstract inspected for lexical history, readings, sense chronology and qualifications", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch04-zen-oxford-passage", "text": "The scholarly study describes the transformation of Chinese Chan into Japanese Zen during the 1225–1325 period and treats this as a transmission and transformation of a religious term, not a simple direct English borrowing.", "locator": "book abstract; transmission and transformation overview", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch04-kava-lynch", "title": "Potent roots and the origin of kava", "publisher": "University of the South Pacific repository / Oceanic Linguistics", "url": "https://repository.usp.ac.fj/id/eprint/5228/", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "Page or abstract inspected for lexical history, readings, sense chronology and qualifications", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch04-kava-lynch-passage", "text": "Lynch’s study argues that the earliest reconstruction may be Proto-Oceanic *kawaRi for a potent root and distinguishes later lexical changes from the spread of domesticated kava and its Polynesian forms.", "locator": "abstract; lexical reconstruction and semantic change", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch04-tycoon-ahd", "title": "tycoon — American Heritage Dictionary", "publisher": "Houghton Mifflin Harcourt", "url": "https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=tycoon", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "Page or abstract inspected for lexical history, readings, sense chronology and qualifications", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch04-tycoon-ahd-passage", "text": "The dictionary derives English tycoon from Japanese taikun, a title for the shogun, and analyzes the characters as great and prince/lord while dating the English political context to the mid-nineteenth century.", "locator": "word history; etymology and 1853–1857 historical context", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch04-kiosk-treccani", "title": "Chiosco — Enciclopedia Italiana", "publisher": "Treccani", "url": "https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/chiosco_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "Page or abstract inspected for lexical history, readings, sense chronology and qualifications", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch04-kiosk-treccani-passage", "text": "Treccani identifies Italian chiosco as coming from Turkish kiöshk; the longer route is bounded through Ottoman köşk and Persian kōšk, with the English pavilion and booth senses treated separately.", "locator": "entry history and etymology", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch04-lemon-iranica", "title": "Citrus fruits — Encyclopaedia Iranica", "publisher": "Encyclopaedia Iranica", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/citrus-fruits/", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "Page or abstract inspected for lexical history, readings, sense chronology and qualifications", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch04-lemon-iranica-passage", "text": "The specialist account records Persian līmū and Arabic citrus vocabulary and notes that the deeper relationship to Indic nimbū is not a simple secure chain; historical citrus movement is kept separate from lexical evidence.", "locator": "citrus etymology and Persian/Arabic lexical discussion", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch04-magazine-cnrtl", "title": "MAGAZINE — CNRTL etymology", "publisher": "CNRTL / ATILF-CNRS", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/magazine", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "Page or abstract inspected for lexical history, readings, sense chronology and qualifications", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch04-magazine-cnrtl-passage", "text": "The French historical entry traces magasin and related forms through Italian to Arabic storehouse vocabulary and distinguishes the lexical route from later French and English senses.", "locator": "etymology and historical sense sections", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch04-paper-cnrtl", "title": "PAPYRUS — CNRTL etymology", "publisher": "CNRTL / ATILF-CNRS", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/papyrus", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "Page or abstract inspected for lexical history, readings, sense chronology and qualifications", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch04-paper-cnrtl-passage", "text": "The historical French entry presents papyrus as a Greek-to-Latin learned term and supports keeping the plant/material history distinct from later Romance and English lexical transmission.", "locator": "etymology and historical form discussion", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "batch04-cipher-cervantes", "title": "Cifra y cero — Centro Virtual Cervantes", "publisher": "Instituto Cervantes", "url": "https://cvc.cervantes.es/trujaman/anteriores/noviembre_99/12111999.htm", "accessed": "2026-09-20", "revision": "Page or abstract inspected for lexical history, readings, sense chronology and qualifications", "reuse": "new", "passages": [ { "id": "batch04-cipher-cervantes-passage", "text": "The historical discussion distinguishes Arabic sifr “empty, zero” from the Romance cifra route and explains how medieval translations carried mathematical terminology into Latin and Romance.", "locator": "Cifra y cero; medieval translation and zero discussion", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "v2-sherpa-united-association", "title": "Introduction — United Sherpa Association (USA)", "publisher": "United Sherpa Association (USA) Inc.", "url": "https://sherpakyidug.org/introduction/", "accessed": "2026-09-21", "revision": "mission and purpose page inspected", "reuse": "New community-institution source retained only for identity-sensitive context.", "passages": [ { "id": "community-identity", "text": "The Sherpa community association describes its mission as preserving and developing Sherpa language, culture, religion, traditions, and identity while supporting the community and cultural understanding.", "locator": "Our Mission and Specific Purposes", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "v2-sherpa-collins", "title": "Sherpa — Collins English Dictionary", "publisher": "HarperCollins Publishers", "url": "https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/sherpa", "accessed": "2026-09-21", "revision": "American and British English definition sections inspected", "reuse": "New dictionary source retained only for the occupational and summit-official extensions.", "passages": [ { "id": "english-extensions", "text": "Collins first defines Sherpa as a member of a Himalayan people, notes the association with guiding or carrying on mountain expeditions, and separately records lower-case sherpa for an official who assists preparations for a summit meeting; its word history identifies the latter as a twentieth-century pun on summit.", "locator": "Sherpa in American English; sherpa in British English; Word origin", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "specialist-jansen-caniba", "title": "Silke Jansen — Encuentros lingüísticos en La Española, antes de Colón (2015)", "publisher": "Narr Francke Attempto, La Española — Isla de Encuentros", "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315688760_Encuentros_linguisticos_en_La_Espanola_-_antes_de_Colon", "accessed": "2026-09-21", "revision": null, "reuse": "Brief factual paraphrases from the inspected scholarly chapter; no chapter text redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "caniba-diary", "locator": "Discussion of the diary entries for 26 November and 26 December 1492 and 13 January 1493", "text": "Jansen records Caniba or Canima on 26 November 1492 on the north coast of Cuba, later Caniba/caribes variants, and explains that the reports came through Taíno or Ciboney interlocutors. The diary does not securely identify a self-name or a single donor language.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "canibal-variants", "locator": "Discussion of Caniba, Canima, caníbal and carib(e)", "text": "The chapter treats Caniba, Canima, caníbal and carib(e) as colonial records whose distribution may reflect different reports, dialect areas and Spanish reshaping; exact Indigenous interpretation remains uncertain.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "specialist-cardiff-cannibal", "title": "Cardiff University thesis — Richard Eden and the first English cannibal record", "publisher": "Cardiff University", "url": "https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/54262/3/U584064-%20DEC%20PAGE%20REMOVED.pdf", "accessed": "2026-09-21", "revision": null, "reuse": "Brief factual paraphrase from the inspected thesis search passage; no thesis text redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "english-1553", "locator": "Discussion of Eden's 1553 Treatyse of Newe India, citing the OED", "text": "The thesis reports, with an OED citation, that Richard Eden introduced cannibal into English in his 1553 Treatyse of Newe India.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "specialist-miklos-potato", "title": "David Miklos — The Dialects of Spanish: A Lexical Introduction (2021), potato", "publisher": "Cambridge University Press; publisher preview", "url": "https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781108934862_A45557042/preview-9781108934862_A45557042.pdf", "accessed": "2026-09-21", "revision": null, "reuse": "Brief factual paraphrases from the inspected publisher preview; no chapter text redistributed.", "passages": [ { "id": "spanish-chronology", "locator": "Preview pp. 8–9, lines 515–569", "text": "The chapter reports Spanish papa from 1540, batatas in Spain in 1516, and Spanish patata as a batata variant in both OED and CORDE evidence from 1526.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "route-disagreement", "locator": "Preview pp. 8–10, lines 523–583 and 609–631", "text": "The author disputes the DLE papa-plus-batata blend analysis on chronological grounds, arguing that early batata and patata both denoted sweet potato before Spanish papa was recorded; possible later English influence on the common-potato sense is presented as a hypothesis.", "kind": "paraphrase" }, { "id": "english-chronology", "locator": "Preview p. 9, lines 589–603", "text": "Citing OED evidence, the chapter dates English potatoes for sweet potato to John Hawkins in 1565 and the first known English use for the common potato to Gerard's 1597 Herball.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "specialist-santo-tomas-papa", "title": "Domingo de Santo Tomás — Lexicon o Vocabulario de la lengua general del Perú (1560)", "publisher": "Historical Quechua–Castilian lexicon; digitized edition", "url": "https://es.scribd.com/document/481745615/Lexicon-o-Vocabulario-de-la-Lengua-General-del-Peru-2016-pdf", "accessed": "2026-09-21", "revision": null, "reuse": "Public-domain historical lexical record, represented by a brief factual paraphrase.", "passages": [ { "id": "papa-entry", "locator": "Quechua–Castilian lexicon, papa entry", "text": "The 1560 Quechua–Castilian lexicon records papa and glosses it as an earth tuber. This is a dated lexical witness, not a date of origin or domestication.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "specialist-cnrtl-quinquina", "title": "quinquina — CNRTL historical etymology", "publisher": "CNRTL / ATILF-CNRS", "url": "https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/quinquina", "accessed": "2026-09-21", "revision": null, "reuse": "Brief factual paraphrase from the inspected historical etymology.", "passages": [ { "id": "history-and-dispute", "locator": "Étymologie et histoire", "text": "CNRTL records French kinakina in 1653 and quinquina in 1661, notes Spanish quinaquina in the 1737 Autoridades while judging it probably older, and explicitly records objections to the proposed Quechua kinakina ancestry and the absence of an early Quechua attestation.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "specialist-mw-quinine", "title": "quinine — Merriam-Webster Dictionary", "publisher": "Merriam-Webster", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/quinine", "accessed": "2026-09-21", "revision": null, "reuse": "Brief factual paraphrase from the inspected dictionary entry.", "passages": [ { "id": "route-and-first-use", "locator": "Word History; First Known Use", "text": "Merriam-Webster derives English quinine through French quinine and Spanish quina, relates Spanish quina to Quechua kina, and reports 1825 as the first known English use.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "specialist-collins-hindi-baramda", "title": "बरामदा — Collins Hindi-English Dictionary", "publisher": "HarperCollins", "url": "https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/hindi-english/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE", "accessed": "2026-09-21", "revision": null, "reuse": "Brief factual paraphrase of a form, transliteration and narrow dictionary sense.", "passages": [ { "id": "form-transliteration", "locator": "Hindi headword and romanization", "text": "The dictionary gives Hindi बरामदा with the romanization barāmadā and the meanings porch or veranda.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "specialist-crooke-baramda", "title": "William Crooke — A Rural and Agricultural Glossary for the N.-W. Provinces and Oudh (1888)", "publisher": "Government Press, Calcutta; Heidelberg University Library scan", "url": "https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/crooke1888", "accessed": "2026-09-21", "revision": null, "reuse": "Public-domain historical lexical record, represented by a brief factual paraphrase.", "passages": [ { "id": "baramda-entry", "locator": "Glossary entry Baramda / Baranda", "text": "Crooke's 1888 North Indian glossary records baramda and baranda for a house veranda, lists competing Persian and Sanskrit analyses, and says the matter is doubtful.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "specialist-portuguese-varanda-1498", "title": "A varanda alpendrada na evolução da casa senhorial luso-indo-brasileira", "publisher": "Colóquio Internacional Casa Senhorial", "url": "https://pt.scribd.com/document/425461293/A-casa-senhorial", "accessed": "2026-09-21", "revision": null, "reuse": "Brief factual paraphrase from the inspected scholarly conference paper.", "passages": [ { "id": "portuguese-1498", "locator": "p. 13, discussion of the Roteiro da Viagem de Vasco da Gama", "text": "The paper reports varanda in the Portuguese Roteiro da Viagem de Vasco da Gama in 1498 and notes that its investigation found still earlier records; the cited 1498 form is used here as a dated witness, not a first-attestation claim.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] }, { "id": "specialist-ciberduvidas-varanda", "title": "A origem da palavra varanda — Ciberdúvidas da Língua Portuguesa", "publisher": "ISCTE-IUL / Ciberdúvidas", "url": "https://ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt/consultorio/perguntas/a-origem-da-palavra-varanda/20514", "accessed": "2026-09-21", "revision": null, "reuse": "Brief factual paraphrase from the inspected etymology discussion.", "passages": [ { "id": "origin-disagreement", "locator": "Etymological discussion", "text": "The discussion reports that Portuguese etymological dictionaries treat the deeper origin of varanda as obscure or controversial. It does not overturn the dated Portuguese witness or by itself prove a Portuguese-to-Hindi borrowing event.", "kind": "paraphrase" } ] } ], "journeys": [ { "id": "coffee", "word": "coffee", "language": "English", "sense": "the drink", "category": "At the table", "aliases": [ "qahwa", "kahve", "caffè", "koffie", "قهوة", "قَهْوَة" ], "summary": "An everyday ritual, with a name passed between languages.", "intro": "Follow coffee through Arabic, Ottoman Turkish, Italian, Dutch and English. The final links have more than one account.", "claimIds": [ "coffee-rel-0", "coffee-rel-1", "coffee-rel-2", "coffee-rel-3", "coffee-current-scope-2026" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-13", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "coffee-arabic", "narrativeOrder": [ "coffee-arabic", "coffee-ottoman", "coffee-italian", "coffee-dutch", "coffee-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "coffee-arabic", "etymologyId": "ar-coffee-beverage", "form": "قَهْوَة", "language": "Arabic", "languageCode": "ar", "transliteration": "qahwa", "sense": "Coffee", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1400, "end": 1499, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1400s", "note": "Approximate historical context. The century describes the Yemeni coffee-drinking context. It is not a verified first written use of قَهْوَة, and does not date its older wine sense or the semantic transition.", "claimIds": [ "coffee-arabic-period" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Arabian Peninsula", "coordinates": [ 43.8525, 27.9625 ], "qualifier": "Approximate language reference point, not a word origin or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "geo-stan1318" ] }, "claimIds": [ "coffee-arabic-form", "coffee-arabic-senses", "coffee-arabic-reapplication-review", "coffee-arabic-mechanism-review", "coffee-arabic-disagreement-review" ], "explanation": "The coffee drink in the borrowing account. Historical accounts describe an earlier wine name being reapplied to coffee in Arabic; the explanation and date of that shift remain disputed. It is not established as a change during borrowing into Ottoman Turkish.", "direction": "rtl", "script": "Arabic", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KAH-wah", "ipa": "/qah.wa/", "status": "verified", "note": "An English approximation of the standard Arabic reading. K only approximates Arabic qāf; this does not reconstruct a medieval pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "coffee-arabic-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "coffee-arabic-word-class" ] } }, { "id": "coffee-ottoman", "etymologyId": "ota-coffee-beverage", "form": "قهوه", "language": "Ottoman Turkish", "languageCode": "ota", "transliteration": "ḳahve", "sense": "Coffee", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1500, "end": 1599, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1500s", "note": "Approximate historical context. The century describes Ottoman coffee use. Reports differ on its introduction; this is not a first written attestation of the displayed spelling.", "claimIds": [ "coffee-ottoman-period" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Anatolia", "coordinates": [ 32.8667, 39.8667 ], "qualifier": "Approximate language reference point, not a word origin or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "geo-otto1234" ] }, "claimIds": [ "coffee-ottoman-form", "coffee-ottoman-native" ], "explanation": "Coffee in the Ottoman borrowing account. The historical Arabic-script spelling is retained. Its dictionary also records a café sense and an obsolete wine sense; these do not establish when each sense arose.", "direction": "rtl", "script": "Arabic", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not yet been checked for this stage. The source records the spelling قهوه and transliteration ḳahve, but supplies no Ottoman IPA. The displayed transliteration is a Latin-letter rendering, not a verified pronunciation guide.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "coffee-ottoman-word-class" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "coffee-ottoman-native" ] }, { "id": "coffee-italian", "etymologyId": "it-coffee-beverage", "form": "caffè", "language": "Italian", "languageCode": "it", "transliteration": "caffè", "sense": "Coffee", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1666, "end": 1666, "label": "1666 · cited use", "approximate": false, "note": "A lexical-history account reports this Redi citation for the beverage. Its earlier 1585 plant/seed example is not used to date the selected drink sense. The original Redi letter was not independently inspected.", "claimIds": [ "coffee-italian-date-review" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Italian peninsula", "coordinates": [ 12.6489, 43.0464 ], "qualifier": "Approximate language reference point, not a word origin or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "geo-ital1282" ] }, "claimIds": [ "coffee-italian-form", "coffee-italian-senses", "coffee-italian-lexical-review", "coffee-italian-date-review", "coffee-italian-cafe-review" ], "explanation": "The coffee drink, or a serving of it. Italian also uses caffè for the plant, seeds, a color and a café. These senses do not prove a change on the borrowing edge.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "kaf-FEH", "ipa": "/kafˈfɛ/", "status": "verified", "note": "English approximation of the Italian dictionary reading: stress the final syllable and hold the doubled f.", "claimIds": [ "coffee-italian-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "coffee-italian-word-class" ] } }, { "id": "coffee-dutch", "etymologyId": "nl-coffee-beverage", "form": "koffie", "language": "Dutch", "languageCode": "nl", "transliteration": "koffie", "sense": "Coffee", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1640, "end": 1640, "label": "c. 1640 · koffy", "approximate": true, "note": "EWN dates the early koffy form approximately; chaoua is recorded in 1596 and the exact modern spelling koffie in 1799. These are written examples, not a borrowing date.", "claimIds": [ "coffee-dutch-date-review" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Low Countries", "coordinates": [ 5, 52 ], "qualifier": "Approximate language reference point, not a word origin or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "geo-dutc1256" ] }, "claimIds": [ "coffee-dutch-form", "coffee-dutch-senses", "coffee-dutch-date-review", "coffee-dutch-route-review" ], "explanation": "Coffee as a beverage or serving. EWN records koffy around 1640 and considers English, Turkish or Arabic sources. The Italian route remains a qualified alternative in this journey.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KOF-ee", "ipa": "/ˈkɔ.fi/", "status": "verified", "note": "English approximation of the Dutch dictionary reading. The first vowel is rounded; English accents differ.", "claimIds": [ "coffee-dutch-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "coffee-dutch-word-class" ] } }, { "id": "coffee-english", "etymologyId": "en-coffee-beverage", "form": "coffee", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "coffee", "sense": "The drink made from roasted coffee seeds", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1598, "end": 1598, "approximate": false, "label": "1598 · first recorded", "note": "First known English use reported by Merriam-Webster; not the origin of the word.", "claimIds": [ "coffee-date" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Approximate language reference point, not a word origin or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "geo-stan1293" ] }, "claimIds": [ "coffee-english-form", "coffee-date", "coffee-alternative", "coffee-current-senses", "coffee-english-colour-review", "coffee-english-colour-period-review", "coffee-current-scope-2026" ], "explanation": "The English drink name has several proposed immediate sources. It also names the plant and seeds, an individual serving, a brown colour, and a coffee gathering. These senses coexist; 1598 dates the reported drink use only.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KOF-ee", "ipa": "/ˈkɒfi/", "status": "verified", "note": "English-readable guide using the Received Pronunciation variant. Present-day reading, not reconstructed pronunciation in 1598.", "claimIds": [ "coffee-english-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "coffee-english-word-class" ] } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "coffee-link-0", "from": "coffee-arabic", "to": "coffee-ottoman", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The source identifies a borrowing between these forms.", "claimIds": [ "coffee-rel-0" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "Both entries include the coffee sense, and older wine senses are also recorded. The evidence does not date a semantic narrowing on this borrowing edge; treating wine as removed would overstate it.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [ "coffee-arabic-senses", "coffee-ottoman-native", "coffee-rel-0" ], "context": { "stageId": "coffee-arabic", "label": "Reported Arabic shift", "summary": [ "Wine → coffee" ], "explanation": "A name used for wine was reportedly reapplied to coffee within Arabic. Analogical reuse is one explanation, but its mechanism, dating and etymology remain disputed. This note does not locate the shift at the borrowing into Ottoman Turkish or imply that the older wine sense disappeared.", "claimIds": [ "coffee-arabic-reapplication-review", "coffee-arabic-mechanism-review", "coffee-arabic-disagreement-review" ] } } }, { "id": "coffee-link-1", "from": "coffee-ottoman", "to": "coffee-italian", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The source identifies a borrowing between these forms.", "claimIds": [ "coffee-rel-1" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The cited relationship establishes a connection between forms, but does not establish the semantic change at the time of transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [], "context": { "stageId": "coffee-italian", "label": "Italian extension", "summary": [ "+ Café" ], "explanation": "The name also came to denote a place serving coffee. Treccani describes eighteenth-century bottega del caffè and its later shortening to caffè under French influence. This is a development within Italian, not a change established at the Ottoman-to-Italian borrowing.", "claimIds": [ "coffee-italian-cafe-review" ] } } }, { "id": "coffee-link-2", "from": "coffee-italian", "to": "coffee-dutch", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The selected Wiktionary route is disputed by other dictionary accounts; inspect the EWN and Merriam-Webster alternatives.", "claimIds": [ "coffee-rel-2", "coffee-dutch-route-review" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The cited relationship establishes a connection between forms, but does not establish the semantic change at the time of transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "coffee-link-3", "from": "coffee-dutch", "to": "coffee-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The selected Wiktionary route is disputed by other dictionary accounts; inspect the EWN and Merriam-Webster alternatives.", "claimIds": [ "coffee-rel-3", "coffee-dutch-route-review" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The cited relationship establishes a connection between forms, but does not establish the semantic change at the time of transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [], "context": { "stageId": "coffee-english", "label": "English extensions", "summary": [ "+ Plant & seeds", "+ Serving & colour" ], "explanation": "Beyond the drink, English coffee names its plant and seeds, an individual serving, and a brown colour. The serving use counts portions; colour use compares appearance. Dictionary.com reports coffee-colored in 1685–1695, which dates the compound rather than the bare colour noun. These are additional English uses, not additions demonstrated at the Dutch-to-English borrowing. The sources do not establish when plant and seed uses entered English or their order relative to the drink.", "claimIds": [ "coffee-current-senses", "coffee-english-colour-review", "coffee-english-colour-period-review" ] } } }, { "id": "coffee-alternative-link", "from": "coffee-italian", "to": "coffee-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "Alternative immediate source in Merriam-Webster; do not read both incoming links as a settled sequence.", "claimIds": [ "coffee-alternative" ], "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The cited relationship establishes a connection between forms, but does not establish the semantic change at the time of transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "coffee-turkish-alternative", "from": "coffee-ottoman", "to": "coffee-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "Merriam-Webster also names Turkish as an immediate source. This is an alternative account, not an additional certain chronological step.", "claimIds": [ "coffee-alternative" ], "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The cited relationship establishes a connection between forms, but does not establish the semantic change at the time of transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "coffee-english-to-dutch", "from": "coffee-english", "to": "coffee-dutch", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "alternative", "tree": false, "note": "Alternative considered in the Dutch EWN account; not an additional settled chronological step.", "claimIds": [ "coffee-dutch-route-review" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The proposed route does not establish a separately dated semantic change.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [ "coffee-dutch-route-review" ] } }, { "id": "coffee-ottoman-to-dutch", "from": "coffee-ottoman", "to": "coffee-dutch", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "alternative", "tree": false, "note": "Alternative considered in the Dutch EWN account; not an additional settled chronological step.", "claimIds": [ "coffee-dutch-route-review" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The proposed route does not establish a separately dated semantic change.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [ "coffee-dutch-route-review" ] } }, { "id": "coffee-arabic-to-dutch", "from": "coffee-arabic", "to": "coffee-dutch", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "alternative", "tree": false, "note": "Alternative considered in the Dutch EWN account; not an additional settled chronological step.", "claimIds": [ "coffee-dutch-route-review" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The proposed route does not establish a separately dated semantic change.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [ "coffee-dutch-route-review" ] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "geo-stan1318", "text": "Glottolog records a regional reference coordinate for Arabian Peninsula.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1318; Latitude, Longitude. Used for orientation only.", "passageIds": [ "stan1318" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient qahwa on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "coffee-arabic-form", "text": "قَهْوَة (qahwa) is the Arabic form in this coffee borrowing chain.", "sourceId": "w-coffee", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose borrowing chain", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show qahwa as a Arabic stage for coffee. Time context is recorded in the separate period evidence; this lexical excerpt alone does not supply a first-use date." }, { "id": "geo-otto1234", "text": "Glottolog records a regional reference coordinate for Anatolia.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row otto1234; Latitude, Longitude. Used for orientation only.", "passageIds": [ "otto1234" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient kahve on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "coffee-ottoman-form", "text": "قهوه (kahve) is the Ottoman Turkish form in this coffee borrowing chain.", "sourceId": "w-coffee", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose borrowing chain", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show kahve as a Ottoman Turkish stage for coffee. Time context is recorded in the separate period evidence; this lexical excerpt alone does not supply a first-use date." }, { "id": "geo-ital1282", "text": "Glottolog records a regional reference coordinate for Italian peninsula.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row ital1282; Latitude, Longitude. Used for orientation only.", "passageIds": [ "ital1282" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient caffè on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "coffee-italian-form", "text": "caffè (caffè) is the Italian form in this coffee borrowing chain.", "sourceId": "w-coffee", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose borrowing chain", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show caffè as a Italian stage for coffee. The written date is supported by the separate date claim; this form record does not date its borrowing." }, { "id": "geo-dutc1256", "text": "Glottolog records a regional reference coordinate for Low Countries.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row dutc1256; Latitude, Longitude. Used for orientation only.", "passageIds": [ "dutc1256" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient koffie on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "coffee-dutch-form", "text": "koffie (koffie) is the Dutch form in this coffee borrowing chain.", "sourceId": "w-coffee", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose borrowing chain", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show koffie as a Dutch stage for coffee. The written date is supported by the separate date claim; this form record does not date its borrowing." }, { "id": "geo-stan1293", "text": "Glottolog records a regional reference coordinate for Britain.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Latitude, Longitude. Used for orientation only.", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient coffee on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "coffee-english-form", "text": "coffee (coffee) is the English form in this coffee borrowing chain.", "sourceId": "w-coffee", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose borrowing chain", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show coffee as a English stage for coffee. The period is supported by a separate dated claim." }, { "id": "coffee-rel-0", "text": "Arabic qahwa → Ottoman Turkish kahve: the chain reported by Wiktionary.", "sourceId": "w-coffee", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose borrowing chain", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The source identifies a borrowing between these forms." }, "inference": "We connect qahwa (Arabic) to kahve (Ottoman Turkish) as borrowing. Any line on the map is schematic, not a documented physical itinerary." }, { "id": "coffee-rel-1", "text": "Ottoman Turkish kahve → Italian caffè: the chain reported by Wiktionary.", "sourceId": "w-coffee", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose borrowing chain", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The source identifies a borrowing between these forms." }, "inference": "We connect kahve (Ottoman Turkish) to caffè (Italian) as borrowing. Any line on the map is schematic, not a documented physical itinerary." }, { "id": "coffee-rel-2", "text": "Italian caffè → Dutch koffie: the chain reported by Wiktionary.", "sourceId": "w-coffee", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose borrowing chain", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This path follows Wiktionary; Merriam-Webster emphasizes Italian and Turkish for English." }, "inference": "We connect caffè (Italian) to koffie (Dutch) as borrowing. Any line on the map is schematic, not a documented physical itinerary." }, { "id": "coffee-rel-3", "text": "Dutch koffie → English coffee: the chain reported by Wiktionary.", "sourceId": "w-coffee", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose borrowing chain", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This path follows Wiktionary; Merriam-Webster emphasizes Italian and Turkish for English." }, "inference": "We connect koffie (Dutch) to coffee (English) as borrowing. Any line on the map is schematic, not a documented physical itinerary." }, { "id": "coffee-date", "text": "Merriam-Webster reports 1598 as its first known English use for the beverage.", "sourceId": "mw-coffee", "locator": "Word History > First Known Use (sense 1a)", "passageIds": [ "date" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "First known English use reported by Merriam-Webster; not the origin of the word." }, "inference": "We place coffee at 1598 on the recorded-evidence scale. This does not date the origin of the word." }, { "id": "coffee-alternative", "text": "Merriam-Webster gives Italian and Turkish as immediate sources of English coffee; Wiktionary includes Dutch.", "sourceId": "mw-coffee", "locator": "Word History > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Merriam-Webster names Italian and Turkish immediate sources; Wiktionary includes Dutch. These accounts are not identical." }, "inference": "We retain the Dutch path with qualification and show an Italian alternative rather than choosing a single certain route." }, { "id": "coffee-arabic-reading", "text": "Dictionary pronunciation for قَهْوَة", "sourceId": "w-qahwa", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "locator": "Pronunciation", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "An English approximation of the standard Arabic reading. K only approximates Arabic qāf; this does not reconstruct a medieval pronunciation." }, "inference": "An English approximation of the standard Arabic reading. K only approximates Arabic qāf; this does not reconstruct a medieval pronunciation." }, { "id": "coffee-italian-reading", "text": "Dictionary pronunciation for caffè", "sourceId": "w-caffe", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "locator": "Pronunciation", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "English approximation of the Italian dictionary reading: stress the final syllable and hold the doubled f." }, "inference": "English approximation of the Italian dictionary reading: stress the final syllable and hold the doubled f." }, { "id": "coffee-dutch-reading", "text": "Dictionary pronunciation for koffie", "sourceId": "w-koffie", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "locator": "Pronunciation", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "English approximation of the Dutch dictionary reading. The first vowel is rounded; English accents differ." }, "inference": "English approximation of the Dutch dictionary reading. The first vowel is rounded; English accents differ." }, { "id": "coffee-english-reading", "text": "Dictionary pronunciation for coffee", "sourceId": "w-coffee", "passageIds": [ "reading" ], "locator": "Pronunciation", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "English-readable guide using the Received Pronunciation variant. Present-day reading, not reconstructed pronunciation in 1598." }, "inference": "English-readable guide using the Received Pronunciation variant. Present-day reading, not reconstructed pronunciation in 1598." }, { "id": "coffee-ottoman-native", "text": "The Ottoman form is قهوه; the transliteration is ḳahve.", "sourceId": "w-kahve", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "locator": "Ottoman Turkish > Noun", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The Arabic-script spelling is preserved. No historical pronunciation is supplied by this source; modern Turkish is not silently substituted." }, "inference": "The Arabic-script spelling is preserved. No historical pronunciation is supplied by this source; modern Turkish is not silently substituted." }, { "id": "coffee-arabic-senses", "text": "The Arabic entry distinguishes the coffee drink and an obsolete wine sense.", "sourceId": "w-qahwa", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "locator": "Arabic > Noun and Etymology", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The older wine sense does not establish a dated wine-to-coffee transition on the Arabic-to-Ottoman borrowing edge." }, "inference": "The older wine sense does not establish a dated wine-to-coffee transition on the Arabic-to-Ottoman borrowing edge." }, { "id": "coffee-italian-senses", "text": "Italian caffè includes the plant, drink and café senses.", "sourceId": "w-caffe", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "locator": "Italian > Noun", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The displayed stage follows the beverage sense. Other modern senses are not assigned to a historical borrowing edge." }, "inference": "The displayed stage follows the beverage sense. Other modern senses are not assigned to a historical borrowing edge." }, { "id": "coffee-dutch-senses", "text": "Dutch koffie denotes the beverage or a serving of it.", "sourceId": "w-koffie", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "locator": "Dutch > Noun", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This identifies the selected dictionary sense, not a date for semantic change." }, "inference": "This identifies the selected dictionary sense, not a date for semantic change." }, { "id": "coffee-current-senses", "text": "English coffee names the brewed drink, the seeds, the plant, or a serving.", "sourceId": "mw-coffee", "passageIds": [ "senses" ], "locator": "Noun > senses 1a–c and 2", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "These are contemporary dictionary senses. Their existence does not place their development on the Dutch-to-English borrowing edge." }, "inference": "These are contemporary dictionary senses. Their existence does not place their development on the Dutch-to-English borrowing edge." }, { "id": "coffee-dutch-date-review", "sourceId": "ewn-koffie", "passageIds": [ "early-forms" ], "text": "koffie: c. 1640 · koffy.", "locator": "EWN (2003–2009) > koffie > opening dated-form paragraph", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "EWN dates the early koffy form approximately; chaoua is recorded in 1596 and the exact modern spelling koffie in 1799. These are written examples, not a borrowing date." }, "inference": "Display the cited written use, not an origin date or the time of an oral borrowing." }, { "id": "coffee-dutch-route-review", "sourceId": "ewn-koffie", "passageIds": [ "routes" ], "text": "The Dutch entry considers English, Turkish and direct Arabic routes.", "locator": "EWN (2003–2009) > koffie > second paragraph", "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "This differs from the selected Wiktionary chain; none is made a single certain route." }, "inference": "Keep the existing reading order and expose alternative contributors as qualified cross-links." }, { "id": "coffee-italian-lexical-review", "sourceId": "treccani-caffe", "passageIds": [ "coffee-italian-record" ], "text": "Treccani derives caffè from Turkish kahve and records the plant, seeds, drink, a serving, color use and a public café.", "locator": "Etymology; senses 1–4", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This records the specified language and sense. Other homographs and historical periods are not interchangeable." }, "inference": "Use this lexical record to describe the selected stage; a dictionary definition alone does not date its borrowing." }, { "id": "coffee-italian-date-review", "sourceId": "frosini-caffe", "passageIds": [ "attestations" ], "text": "caffè: 1666 · cited use.", "locator": "Caffè: il bene per l’intelletto > first paragraph", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A lexical-history account reports this Redi citation for the beverage. Its earlier 1585 plant/seed example is not used to date the selected drink sense. The original Redi letter was not independently inspected." }, "inference": "Display the cited written use, not an origin date or the time of an oral borrowing." }, { "id": "coffee-arabic-period", "sourceId": "tdv-kahve", "passageIds": [ "yemen" ], "locator": "Opening historical account: fifteenth-century Yemen", "text": "قَهْوَة: c. 1400s — historical context.", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The century describes the Yemeni coffee-drinking context. It is not a verified first written use of قَهْوَة, and does not date its older wine sense or the semantic transition." }, "inference": "Use this evidence only at the stated level: a written example, contextual period or latest-possible bound. It does not establish the origin of the form, its entire sense range, or the date of borrowing." }, { "id": "coffee-ottoman-period", "sourceId": "tdv-kahve", "passageIds": [ "ottoman" ], "locator": "Ottoman introduction and first Istanbul coffeehouses", "text": "قهوه: c. 1500s — historical context.", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The century describes Ottoman coffee use. Reports differ on its introduction; this is not a first written attestation of the displayed spelling." }, "inference": "Use this evidence only at the stated level: a written example, contextual period or latest-possible bound. It does not establish the origin of the form, its entire sense range, or the date of borrowing." }, { "id": "coffee-arabic-reapplication-review", "sourceId": "tdv-kahve", "passageIds": [ "word-history" ], "text": "An Arabic wine name is reported as being applied to coffee.", "locator": "Opening paragraph: Arabic word history", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a reported history within Arabic. It does not establish loss of the wine sense, a first-use date, or a shift during Arabic-to-Ottoman transmission." }, "inference": "Show wine → coffee as a reported Arabic shift, scoped separately from the borrowing arrow." }, { "id": "coffee-arabic-mechanism-review", "sourceId": "juric-coffee-naming", "passageIds": [ "naming" ], "text": "Analogical reuse is one proposed explanation of the Arabic wine/coffee naming relationship.", "locator": "PDF pp. 27–28, discussion of the name qahwah", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Jurić presents possibilities. The metaphor or analogy cannot be treated as the uniquely established cause." }, "inference": "Explain the reported reuse of a wine name while retaining uncertainty about why it was applied to coffee." }, { "id": "coffee-arabic-disagreement-review", "sourceId": "bjorn-coffee-etymology", "passageIds": [ "disagreement" ], "text": "A recent scholarly review records conflicting dates and accounts for the Arabic coffee meaning.", "locator": "PDF p. 5, Etymology and linguistic variation; notes 49–52", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The review reports competing claims, not a reconciled chronology. Neither the late fourteenth century nor the sixteenth century is adopted as an exact shift date." }, "inference": "Keep the existing approximate beverage context and expose the disagreement in Evidence." }, { "id": "coffee-italian-cafe-review", "sourceId": "treccani-caffe", "passageIds": [ "cafe-extension" ], "text": "Italian caffè developed an establishment sense through shortening, with French influence.", "locator": "Sense 4: bottega del caffè and subsequent caffè", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The eighteenth-century context belongs to the longer phrase. The source gives no exact first date for the shortened sense and does not assign it to Ottoman-to-Italian borrowing." }, "inference": "Show + Café as an Italian extension. Describe shortening and French influence when the arrow is inspected." }, { "id": "coffee-english-colour-review", "sourceId": "collins-coffee-senses", "passageIds": [ "senses" ], "text": "English coffee also names a brown colour, alongside the drink, seeds and plant.", "locator": "Noun senses 1–4", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This establishes the current sense range, not the sequence or origin date of each extension. It does not establish that these senses arose during borrowing from Dutch." }, "inference": "Show additional English uses separately from semantic changes at the borrowing event." }, { "id": "coffee-english-colour-period-review", "sourceId": "dictionary-coffee-colored", "passageIds": [ "colour-date" ], "text": "Dictionary.com dates the compound coffee-colored to 1685–1695.", "locator": "Origin of coffee-colored", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This interval dates the compound, not the bare noun coffee as a colour term. No original seventeenth-century quotation was independently inspected." }, "inference": "Explain colour comparison and report the compound’s late-seventeenth-century evidence without changing the drink-stage date." }, { "id": "coffee-arabic-word-class", "text": "قَهْوَة is classified as noun for this Arabic stage.", "sourceId": "w-qahwa", "locator": "Arabic > Pronunciation, Noun and Etymology", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, { "id": "coffee-ottoman-word-class", "text": "قهوه is classified as noun for this Ottoman Turkish stage.", "sourceId": "w-kahve", "locator": "Ottoman Turkish > Etymology and Noun", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, { "id": "coffee-italian-word-class", "text": "caffè is classified as noun for this Italian stage.", "sourceId": "w-caffe", "locator": "Italian > Etymology, Pronunciation and Noun", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, { "id": "coffee-dutch-word-class", "text": "koffie is classified as noun for this Dutch stage.", "sourceId": "w-koffie", "locator": "Dutch > Etymology, Pronunciation and Noun", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, { "id": "coffee-english-word-class", "text": "coffee is classified as noun for this English stage.", "sourceId": "mw-coffee", "locator": "Noun > senses 1a–c and 2", "passageIds": [ "senses" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, { "id": "coffee-current-scope-2026", "sourceId": "mw-coffee", "passageIds": [ "coffee-current-scope-2026" ], "text": "Coffee names the drink, plant, seeds, an instant preparation, a serving, and a gathering at which coffee is served.", "locator": "Noun > senses 1–3", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The 1598 first-use date concerns the drink, not all these senses. The dictionary does not establish a social or trade expansion at the last borrowing edge." }, "inference": "Use this evidence for the specified form or sense; the presentation is an editorial summary." } ], "limitations": "Sources disagree on the immediate routes into Dutch and English. Reading order is editorial, not a settled itinerary. EWN’s early spellings and English 1598 attestations cannot date oral transmission. Map points remain language references, not trading ports. Language-specific sense histories do not date changes at borrowing. The Arabic naming mechanism and chronology remain disputed; the 1685–1695 colour evidence dates coffee-colored, not the bare noun. Trade and social practice are not asserted as separate lexical meanings.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "coffee-drink", "label": "The drink", "definition": "A drink brewed by passing hot water through, or steeping it with, roasted and ground coffee seeds. It can also mean an individual serving of that drink.", "stageId": "coffee-english", "claimIds": [ "coffee-current-senses" ] }, { "id": "coffee-seeds", "label": "The seeds", "definition": "The seeds of a coffee plant, especially after roasting and often grinding, used to prepare the drink. They are commonly called coffee beans.", "stageId": "coffee-english", "claimIds": [ "coffee-current-senses" ] }, { "id": "coffee-plant", "label": "The plant", "definition": "A tropical plant of the genus Coffea, cultivated for the seeds from which the drink is made.", "stageId": "coffee-english", "claimIds": [ "coffee-current-senses" ] }, { "id": "coffee-serving-sense", "label": "A serving", "definition": "An individual cup or serving of the drink; this countable use allows expressions such as two coffees.", "stageId": "coffee-english", "claimIds": [ "coffee-current-scope-2026" ] }, { "id": "coffee-colour-sense", "label": "The colour", "definition": "A brown colour compared with coffee. This colour use is distinct from the drink; the dated coffee-colored compound does not establish the first use of the bare colour noun.", "stageId": "coffee-english", "claimIds": [ "coffee-english-colour-review", "coffee-english-colour-period-review" ] }, { "id": "coffee-gathering-sense", "label": "A gathering", "definition": "An informal gathering or reception where coffee is served.", "stageId": "coffee-english", "claimIds": [ "coffee-current-scope-2026" ] } ], "defaultSense": "coffee-drink" }, { "id": "tea", "word": "tea", "language": "English", "sense": "the drink", "category": "At the table", "aliases": [ "tê", "茶", "thee", "tea" ], "summary": "A small leaf. A name carried across an ocean.", "intro": "A small leaf. A name carried across an ocean.", "claimIds": [ "tea-claim-8", "tea-claim-9", "tea-english-extensions", "tea-english-sound-context" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-13", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "tea-hokkien", "narrativeOrder": [ "tea-hokkien", "tea-dutch", "tea-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "tea-hokkien", "etymologyId": "nan-tea-hokkien", "form": "茶", "language": "Hokkien (Amoy)", "languageCode": "nan", "transliteration": "tê", "sense": "Tea", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1600, "end": 1699, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1600s", "note": "Approximate historical context. This is the European trade-contact period for the selected Hokkien borrowing account, not the beginning of 茶 or of its Hokkien reading. Possible Malay mediation remains qualified.", "claimIds": [ "tea-hokkien-period" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Min Nan reference region / Fujian", "coordinates": [ 118.17, 24.5 ], "qualifier": "Approximate Glottolog language reference point. Not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "tea-claim-2" ] }, "claimIds": [ "tea-claim-1", "tea-hokkien-lexical-review" ], "explanation": "Tea: the plant, its prepared leaves, and the drink made from them. This stage selects the Amoy/Hokkien tê reading of 茶; the same character has different readings in other Chinese varieties.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Han", "pronunciation": { "guide": "tay", "ipa": "/te²⁴/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day Amoy/Hokkien, tê reading. The main pronunciation entry gives a rising citation tone; the plain guide does not encode tone or tone sandhi, and “ay” approximates a pure vowel. This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date.", "claimIds": [ "tea-hokkien-reading-review" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "tea-hokkien-word-class", "tea-hokkien-lexical-review" ] } }, { "id": "tea-dutch", "etymologyId": "nl-tea-dutch", "form": "thee", "language": "Dutch", "languageCode": "nl", "transliteration": "thee", "sense": "Tea", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1637, "end": 1637, "label": "1637 · recorded", "approximate": false, "note": "This is the date listed by the chronological dictionary, not the arrival of tea as a commodity.", "claimIds": [ "tea-dutch-date-review" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Low Countries", "coordinates": [ 5, 52 ], "qualifier": "Approximate Glottolog language reference point. Not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "tea-claim-4" ] }, "claimIds": [ "tea-claim-3", "tea-claim-5", "tea-dutch-lexical-review", "tea-dutch-date-review", "tea-mediation-review" ], "explanation": "Tea, including the infused drink. The older spelling tee is also recorded. Dutch is the intermediary in this selected English borrowing account; possible Malay mediation is discussed in the evidence.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "TAY", "ipa": "/teː/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day Dutch. The vowel is long; “ay” is an English approximation. This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date.", "claimIds": [ "tea-dutch-reading-review" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "tea-dutch-word-class" ] } }, { "id": "tea-english", "etymologyId": "en-tea-english", "form": "tea", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "tea", "sense": "The infused drink", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1655, "end": 1655, "label": "c. 1655", "note": "Wiktionary reports an approximate early English attestation in Semedo’s translated writings. Merriam-Webster also gives 1655, for its prepared-leaves sense.", "approximate": true, "claimIds": [ "tea-claim-10", "tea-independent-date-review" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Approximate Glottolog language reference point. Not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "tea-claim-7" ] }, "claimIds": [ "tea-claim-6", "tea-claim-10", "tea-current-definition-review", "tea-independent-date-review", "tea-english-extensions", "tea-english-sound-context" ], "explanation": "The infused drink, with further uses for other plant infusions and a meal or gathering. Its TEE vowel differs from Dutch thee through a later sound change. The 1655 evidence does not date all these meanings.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "TEE", "ipa": "/tiː/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day British English. This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date.", "claimIds": [ "tea-english-reading-review" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "tea-english-word-class" ] } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "tea-link-1", "from": "tea-hokkien", "to": "tea-dutch", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Hokkien is the ultimate source on this branch; Dutch sources also suggest Malay/Indonesian mediation.", "claimIds": [ "tea-claim-8", "tea-mediation-review" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The cited relationship establishes a connection between forms, but does not establish the semantic change at the time of transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "tea-link-2", "from": "tea-dutch", "to": "tea-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The source identifies this connection.", "claimIds": [ "tea-claim-9" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The cited relationship establishes a connection between forms, but does not establish the semantic change at the time of transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [], "context": { "stageId": "tea-english", "label": "English extensions", "summary": [ "+ Herbal infusions", "+ Meal or gathering" ], "explanation": "The drink name extends to other plant infusions and to occasions on which tea is served. This is English sense context, not proof of a meaning change at the Dutch borrowing.", "claimIds": [ "tea-english-extensions" ] } } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "tea-claim-1", "text": "茶 (tê), Hokkien (Amoy): Tea. The Amoy form is the source identified for Dutch thee.", "sourceId": "w-tea", "locator": "English > Etymology 1, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show tê as a Hokkien (Amoy) stage for tea. Time context is recorded in the separate period evidence; this lexical excerpt alone does not supply a first-use date." }, { "id": "tea-claim-2", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point minn1241.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row minn1241; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "minn1241" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient tê on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "tea-claim-3", "text": "thee is the Dutch form in Wiktionary’s chain. The independent trading-contact account is attributed separately to WALS.", "sourceId": "w-tea", "locator": "English > Etymology 1, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show thee as a Dutch stage for tea. The written date is supported by the separate date claim; this form record does not date its borrowing." }, { "id": "tea-claim-4", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point dutc1256.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row dutc1256; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "dutc1256" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient thee on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "tea-claim-5", "text": "Dutch traders adopted thee through their contacts in Amoy.", "sourceId": "wals-tea", "locator": "Chapter 138, paragraph beginning “The Dutch traders”", "passageIds": [ "contacts" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "WALS provides an independent account of Dutch contacts in Amoy. It supports this trading context, not every tea-name branch." }, "inference": "We use it to corroborate the Amoy–Dutch connection, without claiming that the map traces a particular ship’s voyage." }, { "id": "tea-claim-6", "text": "tea (tea), English: The infused drink. This journey covers the drink; the slang sense and unrelated homographs are separate.", "sourceId": "w-tea", "locator": "English > Etymology 1, prose account; English noun/verb definitions for the displayed sense", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show tea as a English stage for tea. The period is supported by a separate dated claim." }, { "id": "tea-claim-7", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point stan1293.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient tea on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "tea-claim-8", "text": "tê → thee: borrowing. The Amoy-to-Dutch connection is also described by WALS.", "sourceId": "w-tea", "locator": "English > Etymology 1, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The Amoy-to-Dutch connection is also described by WALS." }, "inference": "We connect tê (Hokkien (Amoy)) to thee (Dutch) as borrowing. Any line on the map is schematic, not a documented physical itinerary." }, { "id": "tea-claim-9", "text": "thee → tea: borrowing. The source identifies this connection.", "sourceId": "w-tea", "locator": "English > Etymology 1, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The source identifies this connection." }, "inference": "We connect thee (Dutch) to tea (English) as borrowing. Any line on the map is schematic, not a documented physical itinerary." }, { "id": "tea-claim-10", "text": "English tea: c. 1655. Wiktionary reports an approximate early English attestation in Semedo’s translated writings.", "sourceId": "w-tea", "locator": "English > Etymology 1, opening sentence (circa 1655)", "passageIds": [ "date" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Wiktionary reports an approximate early English attestation in Semedo’s translated writings." }, "inference": "We place tea at c. 1655 on the recorded-evidence scale. This does not date the origin of the word." }, { "id": "tea-current-definition-review", "sourceId": "w-tea", "passageIds": [ "reviewed-senses" ], "text": "A drink made by steeping prepared leaves or buds of the tea plant in hot water. The word also names the leaves, the plant, and an individual serving.", "locator": "English > Noun", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This is an editorial summary of the selected present-day senses, not a claim that every sense existed at the earliest date." }, "inference": "Give the searched entry a fuller, readable definition and keep historical changes separately sourced." }, { "id": "tea-english-reading-review", "sourceId": "w-tea", "passageIds": [ "tea-english-reading-record" ], "text": "The selected reading of tea is /tiː/ (Present-day British English).", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date." }, "inference": "The readable guide “TEE” is Lexography’s approximation of this cited pronunciation, not a separate source transcription." }, { "id": "tea-hokkien-lexical-review", "sourceId": "w-te-hokkien", "passageIds": [ "tea-hokkien-record" ], "text": "茶 includes the tea plant, its leaves and the infused drink; the selected Hokkien reading is tê.", "locator": "Chinese > Pronunciation > Hokkien tê; Definitions", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This records the specified language and sense. Other homographs and historical periods are not interchangeable." }, "inference": "Use this lexical record to describe the selected stage; a dictionary definition alone does not date its borrowing." }, { "id": "tea-dutch-lexical-review", "sourceId": "w-thee", "passageIds": [ "tea-dutch-record" ], "text": "Dutch thee names tea; de thee can also name a tea break or meeting. The entry derives it from Hokkien tê.", "locator": "Dutch > Etymology; Noun", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This records the specified language and sense. Other homographs and historical periods are not interchangeable." }, "inference": "Use this lexical record to describe the selected stage; a dictionary definition alone does not date its borrowing." }, { "id": "tea-hokkien-reading-review", "sourceId": "w-te-hokkien", "passageIds": [ "tea-hokkien-reading-record" ], "text": "The selected reading of 茶 is /te²⁴/ (Present-day Amoy/Hokkien, tê reading).", "locator": "Chinese > Pronunciation > Hokkien tê > Xiamen", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The main pronunciation entry gives a rising citation tone; the plain guide does not encode tone or tone sandhi, and “ay” approximates a pure vowel. This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date." }, "inference": "The readable guide “tay” is Lexography’s approximation of this cited pronunciation, not a separate source transcription." }, { "id": "tea-dutch-reading-review", "sourceId": "w-thee", "passageIds": [ "tea-dutch-reading-record" ], "text": "The selected reading of thee is /teː/ (Present-day Dutch).", "locator": "Dutch > Pronunciation", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The vowel is long; “ay” is an English approximation. This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date." }, "inference": "The readable guide “TAY” is Lexography’s approximation of this cited pronunciation, not a separate source transcription." }, { "id": "tea-dutch-date-review", "sourceId": "sijs-drinks", "passageIds": [ "thee" ], "text": "thee: 1637 · recorded.", "locator": "§4.1.5 > Dranken, pp. 378–379; thee row and following discussion", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is the date listed by the chronological dictionary, not the arrival of tea as a commodity." }, "inference": "Display the cited written use, not an origin date or the time of an oral borrowing." }, { "id": "tea-mediation-review", "sourceId": "sijs-drinks", "passageIds": [ "thee" ], "text": "Van der Sijs suggests Indonesian mediation into Dutch.", "locator": "§4.1.5 > Dranken, pp. 378–379; thee row and following discussion", "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "WALS and Wiktionary emphasize Amoy/Hokkien; a direct transfer is not the only account." }, "inference": "Qualify the abbreviated Hokkien-to-Dutch edge; Malay/Indonesian is discussed rather than silently invented as a dated stage." }, { "id": "tea-independent-date-review", "sourceId": "mw-tea", "passageIds": [ "date" ], "text": "Merriam-Webster also records English tea in 1655.", "locator": "Word History > First Known Use", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Its dated sense is prepared tea leaves, while Wiktionary discusses the early English word more generally." }, "inference": "Corroborate the word-level date without asserting that every tea sense began in 1655." }, { "id": "tea-hokkien-period", "sourceId": "wals-tea", "passageIds": [ "trade-period" ], "locator": "Historical discussion of European adoption and Dutch contacts at Amoy", "text": "茶: c. 1600s — historical context.", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is the European trade-contact period for the selected Hokkien borrowing account, not the beginning of 茶 or of its Hokkien reading. Possible Malay mediation remains qualified." }, "inference": "Use this evidence only at the stated level: a written example, contextual period or latest-possible bound. It does not establish the origin of the form, its entire sense range, or the date of borrowing." }, { "id": "tea-hokkien-word-class", "text": "茶 is classified as noun for this Hokkien (Amoy) stage.", "sourceId": "moe-te-class", "locator": "茶 > 釋義, senses 1–2 (名詞)", "passageIds": [ "word-class" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The contemporary Taiwanese Southern Min dictionary corroborates the noun classification of tê; the existing Amoy lexical record identifies the selected form and sense. This does not establish a period-specific grammar or equate all Hokkien varieties." }, "inference": "The contemporary Taiwanese Southern Min dictionary corroborates the noun classification of tê; the existing Amoy lexical record identifies the selected form and sense. This does not establish a period-specific grammar or equate all Hokkien varieties." }, { "id": "tea-dutch-word-class", "text": "thee is classified as noun for this Dutch stage.", "sourceId": "w-thee", "locator": "Dutch > Etymology; Noun", "passageIds": [ "tea-dutch-record" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, { "id": "tea-english-word-class", "text": "tea is classified as noun for this English stage.", "sourceId": "w-tea", "locator": "English > Noun", "passageIds": [ "reviewed-senses" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, { "id": "tea-english-extensions", "sourceId": "mw-tea", "passageIds": [ "tea-english-extensions" ], "text": "English tea also names infusions of other plants and a meal, refreshments or a gathering associated with tea. The 1655 date is linked to prepared leaves.", "locator": "Noun > senses 3–4; Word History > First Known Use", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "These extensions coexist with the plant and drink senses. Their individual first dates are not supplied here." }, "inference": "Use this evidence for the specified form or sense; the presentation is an editorial summary." }, { "id": "tea-english-sound-context", "sourceId": "wals-tea", "passageIds": [ "tea-english-sound-context" ], "text": "Dahl explains the English tea vowel through a wider sound change and notes surviving tay-like pronunciations. Dutch contacts at Amoy explain this branch.", "locator": "Chapter 138 > historical discussion of Dutch and English te forms", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The vowel change is phonological, not evidence of semantic change. Trade-route generalisations have exceptions." }, "inference": "Use this evidence for the specified form or sense; the presentation is an editorial summary." } ], "limitations": "This is the tê–thee–tea branch. Other tea names are not its descendants merely because they refer to the same drink. WALS documents exceptions to a simple sea-versus-land slogan. The Dutch connection may include Malay/Indonesian mediation; this omitted intermediate is discussed in the evidence.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "tea-primary", "label": "the drink", "definition": "A drink made by steeping prepared leaves or buds of the tea plant in hot water. The word also names the leaves, the plant, and an individual serving.", "stageId": "tea-english", "claimIds": [ "tea-claim-6", "tea-claim-10", "tea-current-definition-review" ] }, { "id": "tea-additional-sense", "label": "The prepared leaves", "definition": "The dried or otherwise prepared leaves and buds of the tea plant, used to make the drink.", "stageId": "tea-english", "claimIds": [ "tea-current-definition-review" ] }, { "id": "tea-herbal-sense", "label": "An herbal infusion", "definition": "A drink made by infusing parts of another plant, such as mint, rather than leaves of the tea plant.", "stageId": "tea-english", "claimIds": [ "tea-english-extensions" ] }, { "id": "tea-meal-sense", "label": "A meal or gathering", "definition": "A meal, refreshments, or a social gathering associated with serving tea.", "stageId": "tea-english", "claimIds": [ "tea-english-extensions" ] } ], "defaultSense": "tea-primary" }, { "id": "sugar", "word": "sugar", "language": "English", "sense": "the sweetener", "category": "At the table", "aliases": [ "sukkar", "سُكَّر", "zucchero", "çucre", "sugre", "sugar", "शर्करा", "śarkarā", "škl", "šakar", "zuccarum" ], "summary": "A Sanskrit gravel word becomes a sugar name, carried through Iranian, Arabic and European forms.", "intro": "A Sanskrit gravel word becomes a sugar name, carried through Iranian, Arabic and European forms.", "claimIds": [ "sugar-claim-11", "sugar-claim-12", "sugar-claim-13", "sugar-claim-14", "sugar-sanskrit-semantic", "sugar-middle-persian-lexical", "sugar-latin-route", "sugar-modern-scope" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-13", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "sugar-sanskrit", "narrativeOrder": [ "sugar-sanskrit", "sugar-middle-persian", "sugar-arabic", "sugar-italian", "sugar-latin", "sugar-french", "sugar-middle-english", "sugar-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "sugar-arabic", "etymologyId": "ar-sugar-arabic", "form": "سُكَّر", "language": "Arabic", "languageCode": "ar", "transliteration": "sukkar", "sense": "Sugar", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "inferred-bound", "end": 1300, "approximate": true, "label": "By c. 1300", "note": "Approximate inferred bound. Under the cited Arabic-to-Italian account, sukkar predates the thirteenth-century Italian derivative. This is a conservative upper bound, not the earliest Arabic use; the word may be much older.", "claimIds": [ "sugar-arabic-period" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Arabic / Arabian Peninsula", "coordinates": [ 43.8525, 27.9625 ], "qualifier": "Approximate Glottolog language reference point. Not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "sugar-claim-2" ] }, "claimIds": [ "sugar-claim-1", "sugar-arabic-lexical-review" ], "explanation": "Sugar, the sweet crystalline substance. The Arabic noun comes from Middle Persian šakar and contributes to the Mediterranean sugar vocabulary. It is an intermediary in the selected history, rather than the word’s ultimate origin.", "direction": "rtl", "script": "Arabic", "pronunciation": { "guide": "suk-kar", "ipa": "/suk.kar/", "status": "verified", "note": "Standard Arabic. Hold the doubled k. Lower-case syllables do not assert a stress pattern. This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date.", "claimIds": [ "sugar-arabic-reading-review" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "sugar-arabic-word-class" ] } }, { "id": "sugar-italian", "etymologyId": "it-sugar-italian", "form": "zucchero", "language": "Old Italian", "languageCode": "it", "transliteration": "zucchero", "sense": "Sugar", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1300, "end": 1399, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1300s", "note": "The fourteenth-century reference is to the noun zucchero. The thirteenth-century evidence is a derivative, zuccherato. Neither provides the date of transfer into French.", "claimIds": [ "sugar-italian-period" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Old Italian reference region", "coordinates": [ 12.6489, 43.0464 ], "qualifier": "Approximate Glottolog language reference point. Not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "sugar-claim-4" ] }, "claimIds": [ "sugar-claim-3" ], "explanation": "Sugar in the Italian intermediary selected by the etymological account. A modern Italian pronunciation is not substituted for this Old Italian stage. Other dictionaries include an additional Medieval Latin intermediary.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Only a modern Italian pronunciation was located for this form; it does not verify the selected Old Italian reading.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "sugar-italian-word-class" ] } }, { "id": "sugar-french", "etymologyId": "fro-sugar-french", "form": "çucre", "language": "Old French", "languageCode": "fro", "transliteration": "çucre", "sense": "Sugar", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1176, "end": 1181, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1176–1181", "note": "TLFi reports this dated çucre example in the sugar sense; the range dates the cited work, not an oral borrowing.", "claimIds": [ "sugar-french-period" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Old French reference region", "coordinates": [ 1.11, 48.8 ], "qualifier": "Approximate Glottolog language reference point. Not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "sugar-claim-6" ] }, "claimIds": [ "sugar-claim-5", "sugar-claim-15", "sugar-french-lexical-review" ], "explanation": "Sugar used as a sweet crystalline substance. The spellings çucre, chucre, sucre and zucre vary in the sources; the exact intermediate route from Italy is qualified.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "TSUEK-ruh", "ipa": "/ˈt͡sykɾə/", "status": "verified", "note": "Old French, dictionary reconstruction. The first vowel is rounded like French u, not English “oo”; TSUE approximates it. This is the dictionary’s conventional historical reading, not an audio attestation or a reading tied to a dated manuscript.", "claimIds": [ "sugar-french-reading-review" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "sugar-french-word-class" ] } }, { "id": "sugar-middle-english", "etymologyId": "enm-sugar-middle-english", "form": "sugre", "language": "Middle English", "languageCode": "enm", "transliteration": "sugre", "sense": "Sugar", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1300, "end": 1399, "label": "14th century", "note": "Dates the English word in Merriam-Webster; does not establish the first occurrence of this exact spelling.", "approximate": true, "claimIds": [ "sugar-claim-16" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Middle English reference region", "coordinates": [ -1.11, 51.65 ], "qualifier": "Approximate Glottolog language reference point. Not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "sugar-claim-8" ] }, "claimIds": [ "sugar-claim-7", "sugar-claim-16", "sugar-middle-english-lexical-review" ], "explanation": "Sugar as a sweetening substance. Several spellings circulated, and rare figurative uses referred to nourishment or sweetness. The broad English attestation does not date every spelling separately.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "SYOO-gruh", "ipa": "/ˈsiu̯ɡrə/", "status": "verified", "note": "Middle English, one dictionary reconstruction. One of several recorded reconstructed variants; YOO approximates the vowel sequence. This is the dictionary’s conventional historical reading, not an audio attestation or a reading tied to a dated manuscript.", "claimIds": [ "sugar-middle-english-reading-review" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "sugar-middle-english-word-class" ] } }, { "id": "sugar-english", "etymologyId": "en-sugar-english", "form": "sugar", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "sugar", "sense": "A sweet substance used in food", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "language-period", "start": 1500, "end": 2026, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1500–now", "note": "Approximate language period. This is the conventional Modern English period for a continuing sense already represented in Middle English. It does not date the first occurrence of the modern spelling, or every later sense.", "claimIds": [ "sugar-english-period" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Approximate Glottolog language reference point. Not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "sugar-claim-10" ] }, "claimIds": [ "sugar-claim-9", "sugar-current-definition-review", "sugar-modern-scope" ], "explanation": "The present-day continuation of Middle English sugre. The everyday food sense and the broader chemical category are distinguished in the searched definition; their full histories are not assigned to one borrowing step.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "SHUUG-uh", "ipa": "/ˈʃʊɡə/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day British English. This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date. UU approximates the vowel in English “put”, not “food”.", "claimIds": [ "sugar-english-reading-review" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "sugar-english-word-class" ] } }, { "id": "sugar-sanskrit", "etymologyId": "sa-sugar-sanskrit", "form": "शर्करा", "language": "Sanskrit", "languageCode": "sa", "transliteration": "śarkarā", "script": "Devanagari", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Gravel; ground or candied sugar", "explanation": "The sugar-crystal sense is explained through a comparison with gravel or grit. This describes a development within Sanskrit; the evidence does not establish when it occurred.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "end": 100, "approximate": true, "label": "By c. 100 CE", "note": "A historical summary places the sugar-crystal use by 100 CE. This contextual bound is not an independently verified first attestation or a date for the gravel sense.", "claimIds": [ "sugar-sanskrit-period" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Sanskrit reference region", "coordinates": [ 77, 20 ], "qualifier": "A Glottolog language reference point, not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border. Sanskrit is a broad literary language.", "claimIds": [ "sugar-sanskrit-reference" ] }, "claimIds": [ "sugar-sanskrit-lexical", "sugar-sanskrit-semantic" ], "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "sugar-sanskrit-lexical" ] }, "pronunciation": { "guide": "shar-ka-raa", "ipa": "/ɕɐɾ.kɐ.ɾɑː/", "status": "verified", "note": "Conventional Classical Sanskrit reading. The final aa is long; sh only approximates the palatal sibilant. This does not reconstruct a particular manuscript or historical speaker.", "claimIds": [ "sugar-sanskrit-reading" ] } }, { "id": "sugar-middle-persian", "etymologyId": "pal-sugar-middle-persian", "form": "škl", "language": "Middle Persian", "languageCode": "pal", "transliteration": "šakar", "script": "Book Pahlavi (transcribed)", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Sugar", "explanation": "The source transcribes the Book Pahlavi spelling as škl and supplies šakar as its reading. The borrowing account traces it through Gandhari śakara to Sanskrit; it contributes to Arabic sukkar.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 460, "end": 899, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 460–900", "note": "Context for Persian sugar processing and a later Zoroastrian textual tradition, not a first occurrence of škl. Rounded upper year follows the cited ninth-century context.", "claimIds": [ "sugar-middle-persian-context" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Middle Persian reference region", "coordinates": [ 52.7, 30.06 ], "qualifier": "A Glottolog language reference point, not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "sugar-middle-persian-reference" ] }, "claimIds": [ "sugar-middle-persian-lexical" ], "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "sugar-middle-persian-lexical" ] }, "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "No period-appropriate pronunciation record was verified for this historical stage. A modern descendant is not substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "sugar-middle-persian-lexical" ] }, { "id": "sugar-latin", "etymologyId": "la-sugar-latin", "form": "zuccarum", "language": "Medieval Latin", "languageCode": "la", "transliteration": "zuccarum", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Sugar", "explanation": "A Medieval Latin sugar noun. Dictionaries differ over the Italian and Latin mediation before French; this stage records the Latin strand without claiming a single settled transfer route.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "inferred-bound", "end": 1400, "approximate": true, "label": "By c. 1400", "note": "A conservative latest-possible bound inferred from the cited borrowing account and a later written example. It is not a first attestation, a start date or a date of oral transfer.", "claimIds": [ "sugar-latin-period" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Medieval Latin reference region", "coordinates": [ 12.4502, 41.9026 ], "qualifier": "A Glottolog language reference point, not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border. A broad written language, not a single community.", "claimIds": [ "sugar-latin-reference" ] }, "claimIds": [ "sugar-latin-lexical", "sugar-latin-route" ], "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "sugar-latin-lexical" ] }, "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "No period-appropriate pronunciation record was verified for this historical stage. A modern descendant is not substituted.", "claimIds": [] } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "sugar-link-1", "from": "sugar-arabic", "to": "sugar-italian", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The source identifies this connection.", "claimIds": [ "sugar-claim-11" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The cited relationship establishes a connection between forms, but does not establish the semantic change at the time of transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "sugar-link-2", "from": "sugar-italian", "to": "sugar-french", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Wiktionary gives this link; Merriam-Webster includes Medieval Latin zuccarum in its account.", "claimIds": [ "sugar-claim-12" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The cited relationship establishes a connection between forms, but does not establish the semantic change at the time of transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "sugar-link-3", "from": "sugar-french", "to": "sugar-middle-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The source identifies this connection.", "claimIds": [ "sugar-claim-13" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The cited relationship establishes a connection between forms, but does not establish the semantic change at the time of transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "sugar-link-4", "from": "sugar-middle-english", "to": "sugar-english", "type": "inheritance", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The source identifies this connection.", "claimIds": [ "sugar-claim-14" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The cited relationship establishes a connection between forms, but does not establish the semantic change at the time of transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [], "context": { "stageId": "sugar-english", "label": "English uses", "summary": [ "+ Chemical class", "+ Portions" ], "explanation": "English extends the name beyond the everyday sweetener to a chemical category and countable portions. These uses are recorded without assigning a first date or claiming an identical scope in Middle English.", "claimIds": [ "sugar-modern-scope" ] } } }, { "id": "sugar-sanskrit-persian", "from": "sugar-sanskrit", "to": "sugar-middle-persian", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "tree": true, "note": "Ancestry through Gandhari śakara; this link compresses an intermediate, rather than asserting direct borrowing.", "claimIds": [ "sugar-middle-persian-lexical" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The lexical connection does not by itself establish what changed in meaning during transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [], "context": { "stageId": "sugar-sanskrit", "label": "Sanskrit extension", "summary": [ "Gravel → sugar" ], "explanation": "A comparison with grit or small stones underlies the reported Sanskrit sense for sugar crystals. This is not a semantic change dated to the borrowing into Middle Persian.", "claimIds": [ "sugar-sanskrit-semantic" ] } } }, { "id": "sugar-persian-arabic", "from": "sugar-middle-persian", "to": "sugar-arabic", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "tree": true, "note": "Arabic sukkar is borrowed from Middle Persian šakar.", "claimIds": [ "sugar-middle-persian-lexical", "sugar-arabic-lexical-review" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The lexical connection does not by itself establish what changed in meaning during transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "sugar-italian-latin", "from": "sugar-italian", "to": "sugar-latin", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "alternative", "tree": true, "note": "The Italian-to-Latin intermediary in Merriam-Webster’s account.", "claimIds": [ "sugar-latin-route" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The lexical connection does not by itself establish what changed in meaning during transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "sugar-arabic-latin", "from": "sugar-arabic", "to": "sugar-latin", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "alternative", "tree": false, "note": "The direct Arabic-to-Latin account in the Latin entry.", "claimIds": [ "sugar-latin-lexical" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The lexical connection does not by itself establish what changed in meaning during transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "sugar-latin-french", "from": "sugar-latin", "to": "sugar-french", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "alternative", "tree": false, "note": "The Latin-mediated French strand; the existing direct Italian strand remains visible.", "claimIds": [ "sugar-latin-route" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The lexical connection does not by itself establish what changed in meaning during transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "sugar-claim-1", "text": "سُكَّر (sukkar), Arabic: Sugar. This pilot starts partway through a longer history.", "sourceId": "w-sugar", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show sukkar as a Arabic stage for sugar. Time context is recorded in the separate period evidence; this lexical excerpt alone does not supply a first-use date." }, { "id": "sugar-claim-2", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point stan1318.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1318; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "stan1318" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient sukkar on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "sugar-claim-3", "text": "zucchero (zucchero), Old Italian: Sugar. One of the forms in Wiktionary’s borrowing chain.", "sourceId": "w-sugar", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show zucchero as a Old Italian stage for sugar. Time context is recorded in the separate period evidence; this lexical excerpt alone does not supply a first-use date." }, { "id": "sugar-claim-4", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point fior1236.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row fior1236; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "fior1236" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient zucchero on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "sugar-claim-5", "text": "çucre (çucre), Old French: Sugar. This spelling belongs to an earlier French form.", "sourceId": "w-sugar", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show çucre as a Old French stage for sugar. Time context is recorded in the separate period evidence; this lexical excerpt alone does not supply a first-use date." }, { "id": "sugar-claim-6", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point oldf1239.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row oldf1239; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "oldf1239" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient çucre on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "sugar-claim-7", "text": "sugre (sugre), Middle English: Sugar. The Middle English form precedes modern sugar.", "sourceId": "w-sugar", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account; English noun/verb definitions for the displayed sense", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show sugre as a Middle English stage for sugar. The period is supported by a separate dated claim." }, { "id": "sugar-claim-8", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point midd1317.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row midd1317; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "midd1317" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient sugre on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "sugar-claim-9", "text": "sugar (sugar), English: A sweet substance used in food. The word continues from Middle English.", "sourceId": "w-sugar", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account; English noun/verb definitions for the displayed sense", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show sugar as a English stage for sugar. Time context is recorded in the separate period evidence; this lexical excerpt alone does not supply a first-use date." }, { "id": "sugar-claim-10", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point stan1293.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient sugar on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "sugar-claim-11", "text": "sukkar → zucchero: borrowing. The source identifies this connection.", "sourceId": "w-sugar", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The source identifies this connection." }, "inference": "We connect sukkar (Arabic) to zucchero (Old Italian) as borrowing. Any line on the map is schematic, not a documented physical itinerary." }, { "id": "sugar-claim-12", "text": "zucchero → çucre: borrowing. Wiktionary gives this link; Merriam-Webster includes Medieval Latin zuccarum in its account.", "sourceId": "w-sugar", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Wiktionary gives this link; Merriam-Webster includes Medieval Latin zuccarum in its account." }, "inference": "We connect zucchero (Old Italian) to çucre (Old French) as borrowing. Any line on the map is schematic, not a documented physical itinerary." }, { "id": "sugar-claim-13", "text": "çucre → sugre: borrowing. The source identifies this connection.", "sourceId": "w-sugar", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The source identifies this connection." }, "inference": "We connect çucre (Old French) to sugre (Middle English) as borrowing. Any line on the map is schematic, not a documented physical itinerary." }, { "id": "sugar-claim-14", "text": "sugre → sugar: inheritance. The source identifies this connection.", "sourceId": "w-sugar", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The source identifies this connection." }, "inference": "We connect sugre (Middle English) to sugar (English) as inheritance. Any line on the map is schematic, not a documented physical itinerary." }, { "id": "sugar-claim-15", "text": "Merriam-Webster includes Medieval Latin zuccarum between Old Italian and Anglo-French.", "sourceId": "mw-sugar", "locator": "Word History > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show çucre as a Old French stage for sugar. Time context is recorded in the separate period evidence; this lexical excerpt alone does not supply a first-use date." }, { "id": "sugar-claim-16", "text": "Middle English sugre: 14th century. Dates the English word in Merriam-Webster; does not establish the first occurrence of this exact spelling.", "sourceId": "mw-sugar", "locator": "Word History > First Known Use; the specified part of speech / sense", "passageIds": [ "date" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Dates the English word in Merriam-Webster; does not establish the first occurrence of this exact spelling." }, "inference": "We place sugre at 14th century on the recorded-evidence scale. This does not date the origin of the word." }, { "id": "sugar-current-definition-review", "sourceId": "w-sugar", "passageIds": [ "reviewed-senses" ], "text": "A sweet, crystalline food, mainly sucrose, obtained from plants such as sugar cane or sugar beet and used to sweeten or preserve food. In chemistry, sugars form a wider group of small carbohydrates.", "locator": "English > Noun", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This is an editorial summary of the selected present-day senses, not a claim that every sense existed at the earliest date." }, "inference": "Give the searched entry a fuller, readable definition and keep historical changes separately sourced." }, { "id": "sugar-english-reading-review", "sourceId": "w-sugar", "passageIds": [ "sugar-english-reading-record" ], "text": "The selected reading of sugar is /ˈʃʊɡə/ (Present-day British English).", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date. UU approximates the vowel in English “put”, not “food”." }, "inference": "The readable guide “SHUUG-uh” is Lexography’s approximation of this cited pronunciation, not a separate source transcription." }, { "id": "sugar-arabic-lexical-review", "sourceId": "w-sukkar", "passageIds": [ "sugar-arabic-record" ], "text": "Arabic سُكَّر (sukkar) is the sugar noun, borrowed from Middle Persian šakar.", "locator": "Arabic > Etymology 1 > Noun", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This records the specified language and sense. Other homographs and historical periods are not interchangeable." }, "inference": "Use this lexical record to describe the selected stage; a dictionary definition alone does not date its borrowing." }, { "id": "sugar-french-lexical-review", "sourceId": "w-cucre", "passageIds": [ "sugar-french-record" ], "text": "Old French çucre denotes crystalline sugar; chucre, sucre and zucre are recorded variants.", "locator": "Old French > Alternative forms; Etymology; Noun", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This records the specified language and sense. Other homographs and historical periods are not interchangeable." }, "inference": "Use this lexical record to describe the selected stage; a dictionary definition alone does not date its borrowing." }, { "id": "sugar-middle-english-lexical-review", "sourceId": "w-sugre", "passageIds": [ "sugar-middle-english-record" ], "text": "Middle English sugre denotes sugar used as a sweetener; rare figurative uses include nourishment or sweetness.", "locator": "Middle English > Etymology 1 > Noun", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This records the specified language and sense. Other homographs and historical periods are not interchangeable." }, "inference": "Use this lexical record to describe the selected stage; a dictionary definition alone does not date its borrowing." }, { "id": "sugar-arabic-reading-review", "sourceId": "w-sukkar", "passageIds": [ "sugar-arabic-reading-record" ], "text": "The selected reading of سُكَّر is /suk.kar/ (Standard Arabic).", "locator": "Arabic > Etymology 1 > Pronunciation", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Hold the doubled k. Lower-case syllables do not assert a stress pattern. This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date." }, "inference": "The readable guide “suk-kar” is Lexography’s approximation of this cited pronunciation, not a separate source transcription." }, { "id": "sugar-french-reading-review", "sourceId": "w-cucre", "passageIds": [ "sugar-french-reading-record" ], "text": "The selected reading of çucre is /ˈt͡sykɾə/ (Old French, dictionary reconstruction).", "locator": "Old French > Pronunciation", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The first vowel is rounded like French u, not English “oo”; TSUE approximates it. This is the dictionary’s conventional historical reading, not an audio attestation or a reading tied to a dated manuscript." }, "inference": "The readable guide “TSUEK-ruh” is Lexography’s approximation of this cited pronunciation, not a separate source transcription." }, { "id": "sugar-middle-english-reading-review", "sourceId": "w-sugre", "passageIds": [ "sugar-middle-english-reading-record" ], "text": "The selected reading of sugre is /ˈsiu̯ɡrə/ (Middle English, one dictionary reconstruction).", "locator": "Middle English > Etymology 1 > Pronunciation", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "One of several recorded reconstructed variants; YOO approximates the vowel sequence. This is the dictionary’s conventional historical reading, not an audio attestation or a reading tied to a dated manuscript." }, "inference": "The readable guide “SYOO-gruh” is Lexography’s approximation of this cited pronunciation, not a separate source transcription." }, { "id": "sugar-french-period", "sourceId": "tlfi-sucre", "passageIds": [ "french" ], "locator": "SUCRE¹ > Étymologie et histoire A.1, Chrétien de Troyes, line 1406", "text": "çucre: c. 1176–1181 — reported written use.", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "TLFi reports this dated çucre example in the sugar sense; the range dates the cited work, not an oral borrowing." }, "inference": "Use this evidence only at the stated level: a written example, contextual period or latest-possible bound. It does not establish the origin of the form, its entire sense range, or the date of borrowing." }, { "id": "sugar-italian-period", "sourceId": "tlfi-sucre", "passageIds": [ "italian" ], "locator": "SUCRE¹ > Étymologie, Italian and Arabic borrowing account", "text": "zucchero: c. 1300s — reported written use.", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The fourteenth-century reference is to the noun zucchero. The thirteenth-century evidence is a derivative, zuccherato. Neither provides the date of transfer into French." }, "inference": "Use this evidence only at the stated level: a written example, contextual period or latest-possible bound. It does not establish the origin of the form, its entire sense range, or the date of borrowing." }, { "id": "sugar-arabic-period", "sourceId": "tlfi-sucre", "passageIds": [ "italian" ], "locator": "SUCRE¹ > Étymologie, Italian and Arabic borrowing account", "text": "سُكَّر: By c. 1300 — inferred bound.", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Under the cited Arabic-to-Italian account, sukkar predates the thirteenth-century Italian derivative. This is a conservative upper bound, not the earliest Arabic use; the word may be much older." }, "inference": "Use this evidence only at the stated level: a written example, contextual period or latest-possible bound. It does not establish the origin of the form, its entire sense range, or the date of borrowing." }, { "id": "sugar-english-period", "sourceId": "oxford-modern-english", "passageIds": [ "period" ], "locator": "modern English > definition", "text": "sugar: c. 1500–now — language period.", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is the conventional Modern English period for a continuing sense already represented in Middle English. It does not date the first occurrence of the modern spelling, or every later sense." }, "inference": "Use this evidence only at the stated level: a written example, contextual period or latest-possible bound. It does not establish the origin of the form, its entire sense range, or the date of borrowing." }, { "id": "sugar-arabic-word-class", "text": "سُكَّر is classified as noun for this Arabic stage.", "sourceId": "w-sukkar", "locator": "Arabic > Etymology 1 > Noun", "passageIds": [ "sugar-arabic-record" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, { "id": "sugar-italian-word-class", "text": "zucchero is classified as noun for this Old Italian stage.", "sourceId": "tlio-zucchero-class", "locator": "December 2019 compilation, p. 15778 (PDF page 183), ZÙCCHERO heading and §0.1", "passageIds": [ "word-class" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, { "id": "sugar-french-word-class", "text": "çucre is classified as noun for this Old French stage.", "sourceId": "w-cucre", "locator": "Old French > Alternative forms; Etymology; Noun", "passageIds": [ "sugar-french-record" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, { "id": "sugar-middle-english-word-class", "text": "sugre is classified as noun for this Middle English stage.", "sourceId": "w-sugre", "locator": "Middle English > Etymology 1 > Noun", "passageIds": [ "sugar-middle-english-record" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, { "id": "sugar-english-word-class", "text": "sugar is classified as noun for this English stage.", "sourceId": "w-sugar", "locator": "English > Noun", "passageIds": [ "reviewed-senses" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, { "id": "sugar-sanskrit-lexical", "sourceId": "w-sharkara", "passageIds": [ "sugar-sanskrit-lexical" ], "text": "Sanskrit शर्करा (śarkarā), a feminine noun, denotes gravel or grit and also ground or candied sugar.", "locator": "Sanskrit > Noun", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This records the cited language and sense. It does not date every use of the word." }, "inference": "Use this evidence for the specified form or sense; the presentation is an editorial summary." }, { "id": "sugar-sanskrit-semantic", "sourceId": "iranica-sugar", "passageIds": [ "sugar-sanskrit-semantic" ], "text": "Floor traces the sugar word to Sanskrit śarkarā, whose earlier gravel sense was applied to crystalline sugar.", "locator": "Cultivation, manufacturing and processing > opening paragraph", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a reported sense development, not a dated Sanskrit-to-Persian borrowing event." }, "inference": "Use this evidence for the specified form or sense; the presentation is an editorial summary." }, { "id": "sugar-sanskrit-period", "sourceId": "oxford-sugar-context", "passageIds": [ "sugar-sanskrit-period" ], "text": "The Oxford Companion places Sanskrit śarkarā as a name for hard sugar crystals by 100 CE.", "locator": "Indian Beginnings > opening paragraph of the indexed licensed excerpt", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a reported historical context from the accessible indexed excerpt, not an independently inspected ancient citation. The full chapter was not accessed." }, "inference": "Use this evidence for the specified form or sense; the presentation is an editorial summary." }, { "id": "sugar-sanskrit-reference", "sourceId": "glottolog", "passageIds": [ "sans1269" ], "locator": "LanguageTable row sans1269", "text": "The map uses the Sanskrit reference coordinate.", "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "A Glottolog language reference point, not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border. Sanskrit is a broad literary language." }, "inference": "Orient this language stage only; no birthplace, transfer site or territorial boundary is asserted." }, { "id": "sugar-sanskrit-reading", "sourceId": "w-sharkara", "passageIds": [ "sugar-sanskrit-reading" ], "text": "The selected dictionary reading is /ɕɐɾ.kɐ.ɾɑː/.", "locator": "Sanskrit > Pronunciation, Classical Sanskrit", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Conventional Classical Sanskrit reading. The final aa is long; sh only approximates the palatal sibilant. This does not reconstruct a particular manuscript or historical speaker." }, "inference": "The guide “shar-ka-raa” is an editorial English approximation of this transcription. Lower-case syllables do not assert stress." }, { "id": "sugar-middle-persian-lexical", "sourceId": "w-shakar-pahlavi", "passageIds": [ "sugar-middle-persian-lexical" ], "text": "The entry transcribes Middle Persian sugar as škl, read šakar, and traces it through Gandhari śakara to Sanskrit. Arabic sukkar is listed as a borrowing from it.", "locator": "Middle Persian > Etymology; Noun; References (MacKenzie 1971, p. 79)", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The headword is a Latin transliteration of Book Pahlavi, not native Pahlavi glyphs. Its supplied reading is a transliteration, not a verified IPA." }, "inference": "Use this evidence for the specified form or sense; the presentation is an editorial summary." }, { "id": "sugar-middle-persian-context", "sourceId": "iranica-sugar", "passageIds": [ "sugar-middle-persian-context" ], "text": "Sugar processing is reported in Sasanian Persia around 460 CE; a ninth-century Zoroastrian text also mentions sugar.", "locator": "Opening paragraphs, Sasanian sugar processing and Zādspram", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Dates describe cultural and textual context. They do not attest the exact displayed spelling or date its borrowing." }, "inference": "Use this evidence for the specified form or sense; the presentation is an editorial summary." }, { "id": "sugar-middle-persian-reference", "sourceId": "glottolog", "passageIds": [ "pahl1241" ], "locator": "LanguageTable row pahl1241", "text": "The map uses the Pahlavi reference coordinate.", "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "A Glottolog language reference point, not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border." }, "inference": "Orient this language stage only; no birthplace, transfer site or territorial boundary is asserted." }, { "id": "sugar-latin-lexical", "sourceId": "w-zuccarum", "passageIds": [ "sugar-latin-lexical" ], "text": "Medieval Latin zuccarum is a neuter sugar noun; this entry derives it from Arabic sukkar.", "locator": "Latin > Etymology; Noun", "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "Merriam-Webster instead places Old Italian before Medieval Latin in its English etymology. The routes remain separate accounts." }, "inference": "Use this evidence for the specified form or sense; the presentation is an editorial summary." }, { "id": "sugar-latin-route", "sourceId": "mw-sugar", "passageIds": [ "sugar-latin-route" ], "text": "Merriam-Webster includes Medieval Latin zuccarum between Old Italian zucchero and Anglo-French sucre.", "locator": "Word History > Etymology", "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "The earlier direct Italian-to-French route is retained alongside this alternative intermediary." }, "inference": "Use this evidence for the specified form or sense; the presentation is an editorial summary." }, { "id": "sugar-latin-period", "sourceId": "mw-sugar", "passageIds": [ "sugar-latin-period" ], "text": "The etymological account places Medieval Latin before the French source of fourteenth-century Middle English sugar.", "locator": "Word History > Etymology; First Known Use", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A conservative latest-possible bound inferred from the cited borrowing account and a later written example. It is not a first attestation, a start date or a date of oral transfer." }, "inference": "Display only an upper bound. Earlier intermediaries may be omitted and the word may be much older." }, { "id": "sugar-latin-reference", "sourceId": "glottolog", "passageIds": [ "medi1250" ], "locator": "LanguageTable row medi1250", "text": "The map uses the Medieval Latin reference coordinate.", "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "A Glottolog language reference point, not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border. A broad written language, not a single community." }, "inference": "Orient this language stage only; no birthplace, transfer site or territorial boundary is asserted." }, { "id": "sugar-modern-scope", "sourceId": "mw-sugar", "passageIds": [ "sugar-modern-scope" ], "text": "English sugar includes the sucrose sweetener, a broader chemical class of small carbohydrates, and a measured portion such as a spoonful or cube.", "locator": "Noun > senses 1a–2", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "These are current coexisting uses. The entry’s fourteenth-century date does not date the chemical category or portion use." }, "inference": "Use this evidence for the specified form or sense; the presentation is an editorial summary." } ], "limitations": "The Sanskrit-to-Middle-Persian link compresses Gandhari mediation. The early Sanskrit date is reported historical context, not a checked ancient attestation. Book Pahlavi is shown in the source’s Latin transcription. Italian/Latin/French mediation differs between dictionaries, and historical readings remain unverified where evidence is insufficient.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "sugar-primary", "label": "the sweetener", "definition": "A sweet, crystalline food, mainly sucrose, obtained from plants such as sugar cane or sugar beet and used to sweeten or preserve food. In chemistry, sugars form a wider group of small carbohydrates.", "stageId": "sugar-english", "claimIds": [ "sugar-claim-9", "sugar-current-definition-review" ] }, { "id": "sugar-additional-sense", "label": "The chemical category", "definition": "Any of a group of small, water-soluble carbohydrates, including substances such as glucose and sucrose.", "stageId": "sugar-english", "claimIds": [ "sugar-current-definition-review" ] }, { "id": "sugar-portion-sense", "label": "A spoonful or cube", "definition": "A measured portion of sugar, such as a spoonful or cube added to a drink.", "stageId": "sugar-english", "claimIds": [ "sugar-modern-scope" ] } ], "defaultSense": "sugar-primary" }, { "id": "orange", "word": "orange", "language": "English", "sense": "the fruit and color", "category": "At the table", "aliases": [ "orenge", "orange", "नारङ्ग", "nāraṅga", "نارنگ", "nārang", "نَارَنْج", "nāranj", "auranja" ], "summary": "An Asian fruit-tree name travels through Persian and Arabic, then becomes a European fruit and colour word.", "intro": "An Asian fruit-tree name travels through Persian and Arabic, then becomes a European fruit and colour word.", "claimIds": [ "orange-claim-8", "orange-claim-9", "orange-claim-10", "orange-earlier-chain", "orange-french-fruit-history", "orange-french-italian-account", "orange-claim-13" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-13", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "orange-sanskrit", "narrativeOrder": [ "orange-sanskrit", "orange-persian", "orange-arabic", "orange-occitan", "orange-french", "orange-middle-english", "orange-fruit", "orange-color" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "orange-french", "etymologyId": "fro-orange-french", "form": "orenge", "language": "Old French", "languageCode": "fro", "transliteration": "orenge", "sense": "The orange fruit", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1200, "end": 1400, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1200–1400", "note": "Approximate textual period. This period covers medieval French fruit-name expressions and their shortened form. The earliest example is an Anglo-Norman phrase; the later examples extend into Middle French. It does not attest standalone Old French orenge in 1200.", "claimIds": [ "orange-french-period" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Old French reference region", "coordinates": [ 1.11, 48.8 ], "qualifier": "Approximate Glottolog language reference point. Not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "orange-claim-2" ] }, "claimIds": [ "orange-claim-1", "orange-french-lexical-review", "orange-french-fruit-history", "orange-french-italian-account" ], "explanation": "The orange fruit. Medieval examples include pume orenge around 1200, pomme d’orenge in 1314, and shortened orenge around 1393. The earlier bitter-orange name later covers the sweet fruit; dictionaries differ over Occitan and Italian mediation.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected Old French section gives no pronunciation. The Middle English reading on the same page belongs to a different stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "orange-french-word-class" ] } }, { "id": "orange-middle-english", "etymologyId": "enm-orange-middle-english", "form": "orenge", "language": "Middle English", "languageCode": "enm", "transliteration": "orenge", "sense": "The orange fruit", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1375, "end": 1399, "label": "Late 14th century", "note": "Wiktionary dates the fruit sense to the late 14th century. The last-quarter interval is an editorial visualization convention.", "approximate": true, "claimIds": [ "orange-claim-11" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Middle English reference region", "coordinates": [ -1.11, 51.65 ], "qualifier": "Approximate Glottolog language reference point. Not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "orange-claim-4" ] }, "claimIds": [ "orange-claim-3", "orange-claim-11", "orange-middle-english-lexical-review" ], "explanation": "The citrus fruit, and occasionally its tree. The entry lists several spellings and includes Middle French mediation, so the displayed French-to-English connection summarizes a longer account.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "aw-REN-juh", "ipa": "/ɔˈrɛnd͡ʒ(ə)/", "status": "verified", "note": "Middle English, one dictionary reconstruction. The final weak vowel is optional; several other variants are recorded. This is the dictionary’s conventional historical reading, not an audio attestation or a reading tied to a dated manuscript.", "claimIds": [ "orange-middle-english-reading-review" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "orange-middle-english-word-class" ] } }, { "id": "orange-fruit", "etymologyId": "en-orange-fruit", "form": "orange", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "orange", "sense": "The citrus fruit", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "language-period", "start": 1500, "end": 2026, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1500–now", "note": "Approximate language period. This is the conventional Modern English period for a continuing sense already represented in Middle English. It does not date the first occurrence of the modern spelling, or every later sense.", "claimIds": [ "orange-fruit-period" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Approximate Glottolog language reference point. Not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "orange-claim-6" ] }, "claimIds": [ "orange-claim-5", "orange-current-definition-review" ], "explanation": "The citrus fruit, and also its tree. The fruit supplies the model for the English color name, while continuing as a living sense in its own right.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "OR-inj", "ipa": "/ˈɒɹɪnd͡ʒ/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day British English. This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date.", "claimIds": [ "orange-fruit-reading-review" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "orange-fruit-word-class" ] } }, { "id": "orange-color", "etymologyId": "en-orange-color", "form": "orange", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "orange", "sense": "A color between red and yellow", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "sense-attestation", "start": 1510, "end": 1510, "label": "1510 (one account)", "note": "A reported dictionary date, not an independently inspected original citation. Merriam-Webster’s 1532 date concerns a different noun sense.", "approximate": false, "claimIds": [ "orange-claim-12" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No location verified for this particular stage." }, "claimIds": [ "orange-claim-7", "orange-claim-12", "orange-claim-13", "orange-current-definition-review", "orange-color-sense-definition-review" ], "explanation": "A colour between red and yellow, named by reference to the fruit. The two senses coexist. The reported 1510 colour date has not been checked against its original citation; Merriam-Webster’s 1532 date concerns a different fruit sense.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "OR-inj", "ipa": "/ˈɒɹɪnd͡ʒ/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day British English. This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date.", "claimIds": [ "orange-color-reading-review" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "orange-color-word-class" ] } }, { "id": "orange-sanskrit", "etymologyId": "sa-orange-sanskrit", "form": "नारङ्ग", "language": "Sanskrit", "languageCode": "sa", "transliteration": "nāraṅga", "script": "Devanagari", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "The orange tree", "explanation": "Sanskrit नारङ्ग (nāraṅga) is a masculine orange-tree noun. The displayed period is an upper bound inferred from the later French fruit-name evidence, not a dated first occurrence.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "inferred-bound", "end": 1200, "approximate": true, "label": "By c. 1200", "note": "A conservative latest-possible bound inferred from the cited borrowing account and a later written example. It is not a first attestation, a start date or a date of oral transfer.", "claimIds": [ "orange-sanskrit-period", "orange-earlier-chain" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Sanskrit reference region", "coordinates": [ 77, 20 ], "qualifier": "A Glottolog language reference point, not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "orange-sanskrit-reference" ] }, "claimIds": [ "orange-sanskrit-lexical", "orange-earlier-chain" ], "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "orange-sanskrit-lexical" ] }, "pronunciation": { "guide": "naa-rang-ga", "ipa": "/n̪ɑː.ɾɐŋ.ɡɐ/", "status": "verified", "note": "Conventional Classical Sanskrit reading. aa is long; ng represents the nasal before g. No stress or particular historical speaker is reconstructed.", "claimIds": [ "orange-sanskrit-reading" ] } }, { "id": "orange-persian", "etymologyId": "fa-orange-persian", "form": "نارنگ", "language": "Persian", "languageCode": "fa", "transliteration": "nārang", "script": "Perso-Arabic", "direction": "rtl", "sense": "The bitter orange", "explanation": "Persian نارنگ (nārang) names the bitter orange, comes from Sanskrit nāraṅga, and supplies Arabic nāranj. The displayed period is an upper bound inferred from the later French fruit-name evidence, not a dated first occurrence.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "inferred-bound", "end": 1200, "approximate": true, "label": "By c. 1200", "note": "A conservative latest-possible bound inferred from the cited borrowing account and a later written example. It is not a first attestation, a start date or a date of oral transfer.", "claimIds": [ "orange-persian-period", "orange-earlier-chain" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Persian reference region", "coordinates": [ 53.3, 32.9 ], "qualifier": "A Glottolog language reference point, not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border. This modern Persian point does not map the full historical language.", "claimIds": [ "orange-persian-reference" ] }, "claimIds": [ "orange-persian-lexical", "orange-earlier-chain" ], "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "orange-persian-lexical" ] }, "pronunciation": { "guide": "naa-RANG", "ipa": "/naː.ˈranɡ/", "status": "verified", "note": "The source’s Classical Persian reading. The map uses a modern Western Farsi reference point only for orientation, not a medieval population or birthplace.", "claimIds": [ "orange-persian-reading" ] } }, { "id": "orange-arabic", "etymologyId": "ar-orange-arabic", "form": "نَارَنْج", "language": "Arabic", "languageCode": "ar", "transliteration": "nāranj", "script": "Arabic", "direction": "rtl", "sense": "The bitter orange", "explanation": "Arabic نَارَنْج (nāranj) is a masculine bitter-orange noun borrowed from Persian nārang. The displayed period is an upper bound inferred from the later French fruit-name evidence, not a dated first occurrence.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "inferred-bound", "end": 1200, "approximate": true, "label": "By c. 1200", "note": "A conservative latest-possible bound inferred from the cited borrowing account and a later written example. It is not a first attestation, a start date or a date of oral transfer.", "claimIds": [ "orange-arabic-period", "orange-earlier-chain" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Arabic reference region", "coordinates": [ 43.8525, 27.9625 ], "qualifier": "A Glottolog language reference point, not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "orange-arabic-reference" ] }, "claimIds": [ "orange-arabic-lexical", "orange-earlier-chain" ], "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "orange-arabic-lexical" ] }, "pronunciation": { "guide": "naa-ranj", "ipa": "/naː.rand͡ʒ/", "status": "verified", "note": "Standard Arabic dictionary reading. aa is long; English j approximates the affricate. This is not a dated medieval pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "orange-arabic-reading" ] } }, { "id": "orange-occitan", "etymologyId": "pro-orange-occitan", "form": "auranja", "language": "Old Occitan", "languageCode": "pro", "transliteration": "auranja", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "The orange fruit", "explanation": "Old Occitan auranja is a feminine fruit noun traced ultimately to Arabic; Old French orenge is listed among its descendants. The displayed period is an upper bound inferred from the later French fruit-name evidence, not a dated first occurrence.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "inferred-bound", "end": 1200, "approximate": true, "label": "By c. 1200", "note": "A conservative latest-possible bound inferred from the cited borrowing account and a later written example. It is not a first attestation, a start date or a date of oral transfer.", "claimIds": [ "orange-occitan-period", "orange-earlier-chain" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Old Occitan reference region", "coordinates": [ 0.6, 43.5 ], "qualifier": "A Glottolog language reference point, not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "orange-occitan-reference" ] }, "claimIds": [ "orange-occitan-lexical", "orange-earlier-chain" ], "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "orange-occitan-lexical" ] }, "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "No period-appropriate pronunciation record was verified for this historical stage. A modern descendant is not substituted.", "claimIds": [] } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "orange-link-1", "from": "orange-french", "to": "orange-middle-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The source identifies this connection.", "claimIds": [ "orange-claim-8" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The cited relationship establishes a connection between forms, but does not establish the semantic change at the time of transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [], "context": { "stageId": "orange-french", "label": "French extension", "summary": [ "Bitter → sweet orange" ], "explanation": "The French fruit name came to include the sweet orange after referring to the bitter fruit. The fruit name later supplied the English colour term; these are distinct developments.", "claimIds": [ "orange-french-fruit-history" ] } } }, { "id": "orange-link-2", "from": "orange-middle-english", "to": "orange-fruit", "type": "inheritance", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The source identifies this connection.", "claimIds": [ "orange-claim-9" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The cited relationship establishes a connection between forms, but does not establish the semantic change at the time of transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "orange-link-3", "from": "orange-fruit", "to": "orange-color", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The source identifies this connection.", "claimIds": [ "orange-claim-10" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "shifted", "explanation": "The fruit name also came to name a color. The fruit sense remains; the evidence does not imply its disappearance.", "added": [ "Color name" ], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [ "orange-claim-10" ] } }, { "id": "orange-sanskrit-persian", "from": "orange-sanskrit", "to": "orange-persian", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "tree": true, "note": "The selected dictionary traces the Persian fruit noun to Sanskrit.", "claimIds": [ "orange-persian-lexical", "orange-earlier-chain" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The lexical connection does not by itself establish what changed in meaning during transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "orange-persian-arabic", "from": "orange-persian", "to": "orange-arabic", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "tree": true, "note": "Arabic borrows the Persian fruit name.", "claimIds": [ "orange-arabic-lexical", "orange-earlier-chain" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The lexical connection does not by itself establish what changed in meaning during transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "orange-arabic-occitan", "from": "orange-arabic", "to": "orange-occitan", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "tree": true, "note": "The Arabic-to-Old-Occitan account compresses uncertain Mediterranean mediation.", "claimIds": [ "orange-occitan-lexical", "orange-earlier-chain" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The lexical connection does not by itself establish what changed in meaning during transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "orange-occitan-french", "from": "orange-occitan", "to": "orange-french", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "tree": true, "note": "The Old Occitan strand into French. TLFi instead discusses an Italian fruit-name compound.", "claimIds": [ "orange-occitan-lexical", "orange-earlier-chain" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The lexical connection does not by itself establish what changed in meaning during transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "orange-claim-1", "text": "orenge (orenge), Old French: The orange fruit. This pilot begins with the French fruit word, not the unrelated place-name history.", "sourceId": "w-orange", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show orenge as a Old French stage for orange. Time context is recorded in the separate period evidence; this lexical excerpt alone does not supply a first-use date." }, { "id": "orange-claim-2", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point oldf1239.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row oldf1239; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "oldf1239" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient orenge on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "orange-claim-3", "text": "orenge (orenge), Middle English: The orange fruit. English took the fruit word from French.", "sourceId": "w-orange", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account; English noun/verb definitions for the displayed sense", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show orenge as a Middle English stage for orange. The period is supported by a separate dated claim." }, { "id": "orange-claim-4", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point midd1317.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row midd1317; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "midd1317" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient orenge on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "orange-claim-5", "text": "orange (orange), English: The citrus fruit. The fruit sense and the color sense are kept as separate stages.", "sourceId": "w-orange", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account; English noun/verb definitions for the displayed sense", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show orange as a English stage for orange. Time context is recorded in the separate period evidence; this lexical excerpt alone does not supply a first-use date." }, { "id": "orange-claim-6", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point stan1293.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient orange on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "orange-claim-7", "text": "orange (orange), English: A color between red and yellow. The color term develops from the name of the fruit.", "sourceId": "w-orange", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account; English noun/verb definitions for the displayed sense", "passageIds": [ "dates" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show orange as a English stage for orange. The period is supported by a separate dated claim." }, { "id": "orange-claim-8", "text": "orenge → orenge: borrowing. The source identifies this connection.", "sourceId": "w-orange", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The source identifies this connection." }, "inference": "We connect orenge (Old French) to orenge (Middle English) as borrowing. Any line on the map is schematic, not a documented physical itinerary." }, { "id": "orange-claim-9", "text": "orenge → orange: inheritance. The source identifies this connection.", "sourceId": "w-orange", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The source identifies this connection." }, "inference": "We connect orenge (Middle English) to orange (English) as inheritance. Any line on the map is schematic, not a documented physical itinerary." }, { "id": "orange-claim-10", "text": "orange → orange: semantic-change. The source identifies this connection.", "sourceId": "w-orange", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "dates" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The source identifies this connection." }, "inference": "We connect orange (English) to orange (English) as semantic change. Separate stages make the change in meaning visible." }, { "id": "orange-claim-11", "text": "Middle English orenge: Late 14th century. Wiktionary dates the fruit sense to the late 14th century. The last-quarter interval is an editorial visualization convention.", "sourceId": "w-orange", "locator": "English > Etymology, dating statement", "passageIds": [ "dates" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Wiktionary dates the fruit sense to the late 14th century. The last-quarter interval is an editorial visualization convention." }, "inference": "We place orenge at Late 14th century on the recorded-evidence scale. This does not date the origin of the word." }, { "id": "orange-claim-12", "text": "Wiktionary reports English orange as a colour name in 1510.", "sourceId": "w-orange", "locator": "English > Etymology, dating statement", "passageIds": [ "dates" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A reported dictionary date, not an independently inspected original citation. Merriam-Webster’s 1532 date concerns a different noun sense." }, "inference": "We place orange at 1510 (one account) on the recorded-evidence scale. This does not date the origin of the word." }, { "id": "orange-claim-13", "text": "Merriam-Webster links its 1532 noun date to sense 2, for other orange-like trees or fruits, not to its colour sense 3.", "sourceId": "mw-orange", "locator": "Noun senses 2–3; Word History > First Known Use", "passageIds": [ "date" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Correction to the preceding edition: this date cannot be used as independent evidence for the colour noun." }, "inference": "Retain the audit trail but remove 1532 from the colour-date comparison." }, { "id": "orange-current-definition-review", "sourceId": "w-orange", "passageIds": [ "reviewed-senses" ], "text": "A round citrus fruit with a fragrant peel and juicy segments, commonly sweet or sour-sweet. The same word also names the tree that bears it.", "locator": "English > Noun", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This is an editorial summary of the selected present-day senses, not a claim that every sense existed at the earliest date." }, "inference": "Give the searched entry a fuller, readable definition and keep historical changes separately sourced." }, { "id": "orange-fruit-reading-review", "sourceId": "w-orange", "passageIds": [ "orange-fruit-reading-record" ], "text": "The selected reading of orange is /ˈɒɹɪnd͡ʒ/ (Present-day British English).", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date." }, "inference": "The readable guide “OR-inj” is Lexography’s approximation of this cited pronunciation, not a separate source transcription." }, { "id": "orange-color-reading-review", "sourceId": "w-orange", "passageIds": [ "orange-color-reading-record" ], "text": "The selected reading of orange is /ˈɒɹɪnd͡ʒ/ (Present-day British English).", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date." }, "inference": "The readable guide “OR-inj” is Lexography’s approximation of this cited pronunciation, not a separate source transcription." }, { "id": "orange-french-lexical-review", "sourceId": "w-orenge", "passageIds": [ "orange-french-record" ], "text": "Old French orenge is the orange fruit; the entry analyzes it as an ellipsis of pomme d’orenge.", "locator": "Old French > Etymology; Noun", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This records the specified language and sense. Other homographs and historical periods are not interchangeable." }, "inference": "Use this lexical record to describe the selected stage; a dictionary definition alone does not date its borrowing." }, { "id": "orange-middle-english-lexical-review", "sourceId": "w-orenge", "passageIds": [ "orange-middle-english-record" ], "text": "Middle English orenge names the fruit and, rarely, the tree; its entry includes Middle French in the borrowing account.", "locator": "Middle English > Etymology; Noun", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This records the specified language and sense. Other homographs and historical periods are not interchangeable." }, "inference": "Use this lexical record to describe the selected stage; a dictionary definition alone does not date its borrowing." }, { "id": "orange-middle-english-reading-review", "sourceId": "w-orenge", "passageIds": [ "orange-middle-english-reading-record" ], "text": "The selected reading of orenge is /ɔˈrɛnd͡ʒ(ə)/ (Middle English, one dictionary reconstruction).", "locator": "Middle English > Pronunciation", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The final weak vowel is optional; several other variants are recorded. This is the dictionary’s conventional historical reading, not an audio attestation or a reading tied to a dated manuscript." }, "inference": "The readable guide “aw-REN-juh” is Lexography’s approximation of this cited pronunciation, not a separate source transcription." }, { "id": "orange-color-sense-definition-review", "sourceId": "w-orange", "passageIds": [ "orange-color-sense-definition" ], "text": "A color between red and yellow, named after the citrus fruit. The color name and the fruit name remain separate, living senses of the same word.", "locator": "English > Noun, color sense; Etymology", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This describes the selected sense; it does not date every component of the practice or erase other senses." }, "inference": "Provide a fuller definition using the existing sense selector." }, { "id": "orange-fruit-period", "sourceId": "oxford-modern-english", "passageIds": [ "period" ], "locator": "modern English > definition", "text": "orange: c. 1500–now — language period.", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is the conventional Modern English period for a continuing sense already represented in Middle English. It does not date the first occurrence of the modern spelling, or every later sense." }, "inference": "Use this evidence only at the stated level: a written example, contextual period or latest-possible bound. It does not establish the origin of the form, its entire sense range, or the date of borrowing." }, { "id": "orange-french-period", "sourceId": "tlfi-orange", "passageIds": [ "fruit" ], "locator": "ORANGE > Étymologie et histoire 1.a; Neckam, Mondeville, Ménagier de Paris", "text": "orenge: c. 1200–1400 — textual period.", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This period covers medieval French fruit-name expressions and their shortened form. The earliest example is an Anglo-Norman phrase; the later examples extend into Middle French. It does not attest standalone Old French orenge in 1200." }, "inference": "Use this evidence only at the stated level: a written example, contextual period or latest-possible bound. It does not establish the origin of the form, its entire sense range, or the date of borrowing." }, { "id": "orange-french-word-class", "text": "orenge is classified as noun for this Old French stage.", "sourceId": "w-orenge", "locator": "Old French > Etymology; Noun", "passageIds": [ "orange-french-record" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, { "id": "orange-middle-english-word-class", "text": "orenge is classified as noun for this Middle English stage.", "sourceId": "w-orenge", "locator": "Middle English > Etymology; Noun", "passageIds": [ "orange-middle-english-record" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, { "id": "orange-fruit-word-class", "text": "orange is classified as noun for this English stage.", "sourceId": "w-orange", "locator": "English > Noun", "passageIds": [ "reviewed-senses" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, { "id": "orange-color-word-class", "text": "orange is classified as noun for this English stage.", "sourceId": "w-orange", "locator": "English > Noun, color sense; Etymology", "passageIds": [ "orange-color-sense-definition" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, { "id": "orange-earlier-chain", "sourceId": "mw-orange", "passageIds": [ "orange-earlier-chain" ], "text": "The fruit word is traced through Anglo-French, Old Occitan auranja, Arabic nāranj and Persian nārang to Sanskrit nāraṅga, an orange-tree name.", "locator": "Word History > Etymology", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "TLFi discusses an Italian fruit-name phrase in the French development. The Old Occitan strand here is one dictionary’s selected account." }, "inference": "Use this evidence for the specified form or sense; the presentation is an editorial summary." }, { "id": "orange-sanskrit-lexical", "sourceId": "w-naranga", "passageIds": [ "orange-sanskrit-lexical" ], "text": "Sanskrit नारङ्ग (nāraṅga) is a masculine orange-tree noun.", "locator": "Sanskrit > Noun", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Deeper Dravidian and Austroasiatic proposals are not promoted into settled ancestors." }, "inference": "Use this evidence for the specified form or sense; the presentation is an editorial summary." }, { "id": "orange-persian-lexical", "sourceId": "w-narang", "passageIds": [ "orange-persian-lexical" ], "text": "Persian نارنگ (nārang) names the bitter orange, comes from Sanskrit nāraṅga, and supplies Arabic nāranj.", "locator": "Persian > Etymology 1; Noun; Descendants", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The distinct Persian adjective analysed as nā- plus rang is a homograph, not this fruit etymology." }, "inference": "Use this evidence for the specified form or sense; the presentation is an editorial summary." }, { "id": "orange-arabic-lexical", "sourceId": "w-naranj", "passageIds": [ "orange-arabic-lexical" ], "text": "Arabic نَارَنْج (nāranj) is a masculine bitter-orange noun borrowed from Persian nārang.", "locator": "Arabic > Etymology; Noun", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The Persian nāranj on the same page is a reborrowing from Arabic; it is not the earlier Persian nārang form." }, "inference": "Use this evidence for the specified form or sense; the presentation is an editorial summary." }, { "id": "orange-occitan-lexical", "sourceId": "w-auranja", "passageIds": [ "orange-occitan-lexical" ], "text": "Old Occitan auranja is a feminine fruit noun traced ultimately to Arabic; Old French orenge is listed among its descendants.", "locator": "Old Occitan > Etymology; Noun; Descendants; FEW 19, p. 138", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This records the cited language and sense. It does not date every use of the word." }, "inference": "Use this evidence for the specified form or sense; the presentation is an editorial summary." }, { "id": "orange-sanskrit-period", "sourceId": "tlfi-orange", "passageIds": [ "orange-sanskrit-period" ], "text": "A French fruit-name compound is reported around 1200. Under the selected earlier borrowing account, its antecedent fruit vocabulary must already have existed.", "locator": "Étymologie et histoire 1.a, pume orenge c. 1200; compare the attached borrowing-chain claim", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A conservative latest-possible bound inferred from the cited borrowing account and a later written example. It is not a first attestation, a start date or a date of oral transfer." }, "inference": "Display only an upper bound. Earlier intermediaries may be omitted and the word may be much older." }, { "id": "orange-sanskrit-reference", "sourceId": "glottolog", "passageIds": [ "sans1269" ], "locator": "LanguageTable row sans1269", "text": "The map uses the Sanskrit reference coordinate.", "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "A Glottolog language reference point, not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border." }, "inference": "Orient this language stage only; no birthplace, transfer site or territorial boundary is asserted." }, { "id": "orange-sanskrit-reading", "sourceId": "w-naranga", "passageIds": [ "orange-sanskrit-reading" ], "text": "The selected dictionary reading is /n̪ɑː.ɾɐŋ.ɡɐ/.", "locator": "Sanskrit > Pronunciation", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Conventional Classical Sanskrit reading. aa is long; ng represents the nasal before g. No stress or particular historical speaker is reconstructed." }, "inference": "The guide “naa-rang-ga” is an editorial English approximation of this transcription. Lower-case syllables do not assert stress." }, { "id": "orange-persian-period", "sourceId": "tlfi-orange", "passageIds": [ "orange-persian-period" ], "text": "A French fruit-name compound is reported around 1200. Under the selected earlier borrowing account, its antecedent fruit vocabulary must already have existed.", "locator": "Étymologie et histoire 1.a, pume orenge c. 1200; compare the attached borrowing-chain claim", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A conservative latest-possible bound inferred from the cited borrowing account and a later written example. It is not a first attestation, a start date or a date of oral transfer." }, "inference": "Display only an upper bound. Earlier intermediaries may be omitted and the word may be much older." }, { "id": "orange-persian-reference", "sourceId": "glottolog", "passageIds": [ "west2369" ], "locator": "LanguageTable row west2369", "text": "The map uses the Western Farsi reference coordinate.", "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "A Glottolog language reference point, not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border. This modern Persian point does not map the full historical language." }, "inference": "Orient this language stage only; no birthplace, transfer site or territorial boundary is asserted." }, { "id": "orange-persian-reading", "sourceId": "w-narang", "passageIds": [ "orange-persian-reading" ], "text": "The selected dictionary reading is /naː.ˈranɡ/.", "locator": "Persian > Pronunciation, Classical Persian", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source’s Classical Persian reading. The map uses a modern Western Farsi reference point only for orientation, not a medieval population or birthplace." }, "inference": "The guide “naa-RANG” is an editorial English approximation of this transcription. Lower-case syllables do not assert stress." }, { "id": "orange-arabic-period", "sourceId": "tlfi-orange", "passageIds": [ "orange-arabic-period" ], "text": "A French fruit-name compound is reported around 1200. Under the selected earlier borrowing account, its antecedent fruit vocabulary must already have existed.", "locator": "Étymologie et histoire 1.a, pume orenge c. 1200; compare the attached borrowing-chain claim", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A conservative latest-possible bound inferred from the cited borrowing account and a later written example. It is not a first attestation, a start date or a date of oral transfer." }, "inference": "Display only an upper bound. Earlier intermediaries may be omitted and the word may be much older." }, { "id": "orange-arabic-reference", "sourceId": "glottolog", "passageIds": [ "stan1318" ], "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1318", "text": "The map uses the Standard Arabic reference coordinate.", "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "A Glottolog language reference point, not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border." }, "inference": "Orient this language stage only; no birthplace, transfer site or territorial boundary is asserted." }, { "id": "orange-arabic-reading", "sourceId": "w-naranj", "passageIds": [ "orange-arabic-reading" ], "text": "The selected dictionary reading is /naː.rand͡ʒ/.", "locator": "Arabic > Pronunciation", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Standard Arabic dictionary reading. aa is long; English j approximates the affricate. This is not a dated medieval pronunciation." }, "inference": "The guide “naa-ranj” is an editorial English approximation of this transcription. Lower-case syllables do not assert stress." }, { "id": "orange-occitan-period", "sourceId": "tlfi-orange", "passageIds": [ "orange-occitan-period" ], "text": "A French fruit-name compound is reported around 1200. Under the selected earlier borrowing account, its antecedent fruit vocabulary must already have existed.", "locator": "Étymologie et histoire 1.a, pume orenge c. 1200; compare the attached borrowing-chain claim", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A conservative latest-possible bound inferred from the cited borrowing account and a later written example. It is not a first attestation, a start date or a date of oral transfer." }, "inference": "Display only an upper bound. Earlier intermediaries may be omitted and the word may be much older." }, { "id": "orange-occitan-reference", "sourceId": "glottolog", "passageIds": [ "oldp1253" ], "locator": "LanguageTable row oldp1253", "text": "The map uses the Old Provençal reference coordinate.", "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "A Glottolog language reference point, not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border." }, "inference": "Orient this language stage only; no birthplace, transfer site or territorial boundary is asserted." }, { "id": "orange-french-fruit-history", "sourceId": "tlfi-orange", "passageIds": [ "orange-french-fruit-history" ], "text": "The medieval French name originally concerned bitter oranges; the name was later applied to the sweet-orange fruit.", "locator": "Étymologie et histoire 1.a, final discussion of bitter and sweet oranges", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a French referent history, not a dated meaning change at entry into English." }, "inference": "Use this evidence for the specified form or sense; the presentation is an editorial summary." }, { "id": "orange-french-italian-account", "sourceId": "tlfi-orange", "passageIds": [ "orange-french-italian-account" ], "text": "TLFi discusses the French compound as a possible calque of an Old Italian apple-and-orange expression, whose fruit element comes from Arabic.", "locator": "Étymologie et histoire > pome d’orenge, Italian melarancio and arancio", "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "This Italian-mediated analysis is retained in Evidence beside the drawn Occitan account; no unsupported direct Occitan-to-Italian edge is added." }, "inference": "Use this evidence for the specified form or sense; the presentation is an editorial summary." } ], "limitations": "The earliest Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic and Occitan attestations remain unverified; their dates are conservative upper bounds. Mediterranean mediation differs between dictionaries. The reported 1510 English colour date has not been checked against its original citation. Deeper Dravidian proposals and the unrelated place-name family are not drawn.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "orange-fruit-sense", "label": "The citrus fruit", "definition": "A round citrus fruit with a fragrant peel and juicy segments, commonly sweet or sour-sweet. The same word also names the tree that bears it.", "stageId": "orange-fruit", "claimIds": [ "orange-claim-5", "orange-current-definition-review" ] }, { "id": "orange-color-sense", "label": "The color", "definition": "A color between red and yellow, named after the citrus fruit. The color name and the fruit name remain separate, living senses of the same word.", "stageId": "orange-color", "claimIds": [ "orange-claim-7", "orange-claim-12", "orange-current-definition-review", "orange-color-sense-definition-review" ] } ], "defaultSense": "orange-color-sense" }, { "id": "algebra", "word": "algebra", "language": "English", "sense": "the mathematical field", "category": "Ways of thinking", "aliases": [ "al-jabr", "الْجَبْر", "algebra" ], "summary": "From putting parts together to a language of mathematics.", "intro": "From putting parts together to a language of mathematics.", "claimIds": [ "algebra-claim-7", "algebra-claim-8", "algebra-operation-context", "algebra-modern-scope" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-13", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "algebra-arabic", "narrativeOrder": [ "algebra-arabic", "algebra-latin", "algebra-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "algebra-arabic", "etymologyId": "ar-algebra-arabic", "form": "الْجَبْر", "language": "Arabic", "languageCode": "ar", "transliteration": "al-jabr", "sense": "Reuniting; restoring broken parts", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 825, "end": 825, "label": "c. 825 · work", "approximate": true, "note": "Dates the mathematical work discussed by the source, not the first Arabic use of jabr or its other senses.", "claimIds": [ "algebra-arabic-date-review" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Arabic / Arabian Peninsula", "coordinates": [ 43.8525, 27.9625 ], "qualifier": "Approximate Glottolog language reference point. Not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "algebra-claim-2" ] }, "claimIds": [ "algebra-claim-1", "algebra-arabic-lexical-review", "algebra-arabic-date-review", "algebra-arabic-transliteration", "algebra-operation-context" ], "explanation": "Restoration or setting broken parts. In al-Khwārizmī’s mathematical title, al-jabr names an operation used in solving equations: restoring a subtracted quantity. The title’s term later names a wider field.", "direction": "rtl", "script": "Arabic", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "A pronunciation was found for jabr, but not independently checked for the complete displayed al-jabr form. The component reading is not presented as an exact-form verification.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "algebra-arabic-word-class" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "algebra-arabic-transliteration" ] }, { "id": "algebra-latin", "etymologyId": "la-algebra-latin", "form": "algebra", "language": "Medieval Latin", "languageCode": "la", "transliteration": "algebra", "sense": "Algebra, in this borrowing chain", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1145, "end": 1145, "label": "1145 · translation", "approximate": false, "note": "Dates a specific Latin translation, not the first use of every form or the origin of algebra.", "claimIds": [ "algebra-latin-date-review" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Medieval Latin reference point", "coordinates": [ 12.4502, 41.9026 ], "qualifier": "Approximate Glottolog language reference point. Not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "algebra-claim-4" ] }, "claimIds": [ "algebra-claim-3", "algebra-latin-lexical-review", "algebra-latin-date-review" ], "explanation": "The mathematical term carried into Latin from Arabic. Its appearance in translated mathematical writing is distinct from the much later scope of modern abstract algebra.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The available Latin reading conventions are not evidence for this medieval translation’s pronunciation.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "algebra-latin-word-class" ] } }, { "id": "algebra-english", "etymologyId": "en-algebra-english", "form": "algebra", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "algebra", "sense": "The mathematical field", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1551, "end": 1551, "label": "1551", "note": "First known use reported by the source, not the origin of the word.", "approximate": false, "claimIds": [ "algebra-claim-9" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Approximate Glottolog language reference point. Not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "algebra-claim-6" ] }, "claimIds": [ "algebra-claim-5", "algebra-claim-9", "algebra-current-definition-review", "algebra-modern-scope" ], "explanation": "Mathematics expressed through symbols, equations and operations. The name comes through Latin from al-jabr; the full modern field is broader than the operation named in the Arabic title.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "AL-jih-bruh", "ipa": "/ˈæl.dʒɪ.bɹə/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day British English. This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date.", "claimIds": [ "algebra-english-reading-review" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "algebra-english-word-class" ] } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "algebra-link-1", "from": "algebra-arabic", "to": "algebra-latin", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The source identifies this connection.", "claimIds": [ "algebra-claim-7" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The cited relationship establishes a connection between forms, but does not establish the semantic change at the time of transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [], "context": { "stageId": "algebra-arabic", "label": "Arabic mathematics", "summary": [ "Restoring → completing", "Equation terms" ], "explanation": "The everyday idea of restoring or completing is used for an operation on equations. The Arabic title contributes the later field name; this evidence does not date a bonesetting-to-algebra metaphor.", "claimIds": [ "algebra-operation-context", "algebra-arabic-lexical-review" ] } } }, { "id": "algebra-link-2", "from": "algebra-latin", "to": "algebra-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The source identifies this connection.", "claimIds": [ "algebra-claim-8" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The cited relationship establishes a connection between forms, but does not establish the semantic change at the time of transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [], "context": { "stageId": "algebra-english", "label": "English scope", "summary": [ "+ Abstract systems" ], "explanation": "The field name now covers abstract mathematical and logical systems as well as elementary equations. The Latin borrowing does not itself date these extensions.", "claimIds": [ "algebra-modern-scope" ] } } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "algebra-claim-1", "text": "الْجَبْر (al-jabr), Arabic: Reuniting; restoring broken parts. The term appears in the title of al-Khwarizmi’s mathematical work.", "sourceId": "w-algebra", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain", "context" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show al-jabr as a Arabic stage for algebra. The written date is supported by the separate date claim; this form record does not date its borrowing." }, { "id": "algebra-claim-2", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point stan1318.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1318; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "stan1318" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient al-jabr on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "algebra-claim-3", "text": "algebra (algebra), Medieval Latin: Algebra, in this borrowing chain. The Latin term carries the Arabic name into this account.", "sourceId": "w-algebra", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show algebra as a Medieval Latin stage for algebra. The written date is supported by the separate date claim; this form record does not date its borrowing." }, { "id": "algebra-claim-4", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point medi1250.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row medi1250; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "medi1250" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient algebra on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "algebra-claim-5", "text": "algebra (algebra), English: The mathematical field. A title’s term becomes the familiar name of a field.", "sourceId": "w-algebra", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account; English noun/verb definitions for the displayed sense", "passageIds": [ "chain", "context" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show algebra as a English stage for algebra. The period is supported by a separate dated claim." }, { "id": "algebra-claim-6", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point stan1293.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient algebra on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "algebra-claim-7", "text": "al-jabr → algebra: borrowing. The source identifies this connection.", "sourceId": "w-algebra", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The source identifies this connection." }, "inference": "We connect al-jabr (Arabic) to algebra (Medieval Latin) as borrowing. Any line on the map is schematic, not a documented physical itinerary." }, { "id": "algebra-claim-8", "text": "algebra → algebra: borrowing. The source identifies this connection.", "sourceId": "w-algebra", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The source identifies this connection." }, "inference": "We connect algebra (Medieval Latin) to algebra (English) as borrowing. Any line on the map is schematic, not a documented physical itinerary." }, { "id": "algebra-claim-9", "text": "English algebra: 1551. First known use reported by the source, not the origin of the word.", "sourceId": "mw-algebra", "locator": "Word History > First Known Use; the specified part of speech / sense", "passageIds": [ "date" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "First known use reported by the source, not the origin of the word." }, "inference": "We place algebra at 1551 on the recorded-evidence scale. This does not date the origin of the word." }, { "id": "algebra-current-definition-review", "sourceId": "w-algebra", "passageIds": [ "reviewed-senses" ], "text": "A branch of mathematics that represents quantities and relationships with symbols and studies how they can be manipulated. Elementary algebra uses variables and equations; abstract algebra studies structures and their operations.", "locator": "English > Noun", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This is an editorial summary of the selected present-day senses, not a claim that every sense existed at the earliest date." }, "inference": "Give the searched entry a fuller, readable definition and keep historical changes separately sourced." }, { "id": "algebra-english-reading-review", "sourceId": "w-algebra", "passageIds": [ "algebra-english-reading-record" ], "text": "The selected reading of algebra is /ˈæl.dʒɪ.bɹə/ (Present-day British English).", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date." }, "inference": "The readable guide “AL-jih-bruh” is Lexography’s approximation of this cited pronunciation, not a separate source transcription." }, { "id": "algebra-arabic-lexical-review", "sourceId": "w-jabr", "passageIds": [ "algebra-arabic-record" ], "text": "Arabic جَبْر (jabr) includes setting broken bones and algebra, alongside other senses.", "locator": "Arabic > Etymology 3 > Noun", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This records the specified language and sense. Other homographs and historical periods are not interchangeable." }, "inference": "Use this lexical record to describe the selected stage; a dictionary definition alone does not date its borrowing." }, { "id": "algebra-latin-lexical-review", "sourceId": "w-algebra-latin", "passageIds": [ "algebra-latin-record" ], "text": "Medieval Latin algebra is a mathematical noun borrowed from Arabic al-jabr.", "locator": "Latin > Etymology; Noun", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This records the specified language and sense. Other homographs and historical periods are not interchangeable." }, "inference": "Use this lexical record to describe the selected stage; a dictionary definition alone does not date its borrowing." }, { "id": "algebra-arabic-date-review", "sourceId": "mactutor-words-a", "passageIds": [ "algebra" ], "text": "الْجَبْر: c. 825 · work.", "locator": "ALGEBRA > opening paragraph", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Dates the mathematical work discussed by the source, not the first Arabic use of jabr or its other senses." }, "inference": "Display the cited written use, not an origin date or the time of an oral borrowing." }, { "id": "algebra-latin-date-review", "sourceId": "folkerts-latin", "passageIds": [ "algebra-date" ], "text": "algebra: 1145 · translation.", "locator": "Introductory study > paragraph beginning “Robert’s translation of the algebra”", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Dates a specific Latin translation, not the first use of every form or the origin of algebra." }, "inference": "Display the cited written use, not an origin date or the time of an oral borrowing." }, { "id": "algebra-arabic-word-class", "text": "الْجَبْر is classified as noun for this Arabic stage.", "sourceId": "w-jabr", "locator": "Arabic > Etymology 3 > Noun", "passageIds": [ "algebra-arabic-record" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The source classifies jabr as a noun; the displayed al-jabr adds the definite article without changing that class." }, "inference": "The source classifies jabr as a noun; the displayed al-jabr adds the definite article without changing that class." }, { "id": "algebra-latin-word-class", "text": "algebra is classified as noun for this Medieval Latin stage.", "sourceId": "w-algebra-latin", "locator": "Latin > Etymology; Noun", "passageIds": [ "algebra-latin-record" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, { "id": "algebra-english-word-class", "text": "algebra is classified as noun for this English stage.", "sourceId": "w-algebra", "locator": "English > Noun", "passageIds": [ "reviewed-senses" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, { "id": "algebra-operation-context", "sourceId": "mactutor-khwarizmi", "passageIds": [ "algebra-operation-context" ], "text": "MacTutor explains al-jabr as completion: eliminating a subtracted term by adding the corresponding quantity to both sides of an equation.", "locator": "Biography > discussion of al-jabr and al-muqabala", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This explains the operation in the treatise. It does not establish a dated transfer from bonesetting to mathematics." }, "inference": "Use this evidence for the specified form or sense; the presentation is an editorial summary." }, { "id": "algebra-modern-scope", "sourceId": "mw-algebra", "passageIds": [ "algebra-modern-scope" ], "text": "English algebra covers symbolic arithmetic and broader mathematical or logical systems involving abstract entities and operations.", "locator": "Noun > senses 1–2", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Modern abstract scope must not be projected onto the 1551 first-use date." }, "inference": "Use this evidence for the specified form or sense; the presentation is an editorial summary." }, { "id": "algebra-arabic-transliteration", "sourceId": "w-jabr", "passageIds": [ "algebra-arabic-transliteration" ], "text": "The definite form الْجَبْر is transcribed al-jabr in the declension record.", "locator": "Arabic > Etymology 3 > Declension, definite informal singular", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A sourced Latin transliteration is supplied; a full, period-specific pronunciation remains unverified." }, "inference": "Use this evidence for the specified form or sense; the presentation is an editorial summary." } ], "limitations": "The Arabic and Latin work dates concern particular mathematical texts. Their complete period-specific pronunciations remain unverified; Arabic has a sourced transliteration. Modern abstract systems are later scope, not a claim about the original title.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "algebra-primary", "label": "the mathematical field", "definition": "A branch of mathematics that represents quantities and relationships with symbols and studies how they can be manipulated. Elementary algebra uses variables and equations; abstract algebra studies structures and their operations.", "stageId": "algebra-english", "claimIds": [ "algebra-claim-5", "algebra-claim-9", "algebra-current-definition-review" ] }, { "id": "algebra-abstract-sense", "label": "An abstract system", "definition": "A mathematical or logical system whose objects and operations can be studied symbolically, such as an algebra of matrices or Boolean values.", "stageId": "algebra-english", "claimIds": [ "algebra-modern-scope" ] } ], "defaultSense": "algebra-primary" }, { "id": "algorithm", "word": "algorithm", "language": "English", "sense": "a procedure", "category": "Ways of thinking", "aliases": [ "al-Khwārizmī", "الخَوَارِزْمِيّ", "algorismus", "algorisme", "algorithm", "arithmós", "ἀριθμός" ], "summary": "Algorithm separates al-Khwarizmi's name, Arabic and medieval European forms, English semantic development, and Greek influence on spelling.", "intro": "Greek arithmos remains a non-parental comparison; the displayed route follows the Arabic personal-name and Medieval Latin development.", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-claim-13", "algorithm-claim-14", "algorithm-claim-15", "algorithm-claim-16", "algorithm-claim-17", "algorithm-modern-extensions", "batch03-algorithm-reading", "batch03-algorithm-geography", "batch03-algorithm-scope", "batch03-algorithm-date", "algorithm-claim-1", "algorithm-claim-2", "algorithm-claim-3", "algorithm-claim-4", "algorithm-claim-5", "algorithm-claim-6", "algorithm-claim-7", "algorithm-claim-8", "algorithm-claim-9", "algorithm-claim-10", "algorithm-claim-11", "algorithm-claim-12", "algorithm-claim-18", "algorithm-claim-19", "algorithm-current-definition-review", "algorithm-english-reading-review", "algorithm-arabic-lexical-review", "algorithm-latin-lexical-review", "algorithm-greek-lexical-review", "algorithm-arabic-reading-review", "algorithm-greek-reading-review", "algorithm-middle-english-date-review", "algorithm-middle-english-lexical-review", "algorithm-english-date-review", "algorithm-scope-review", "algorithm-arabic-period", "algorithm-latin-period", "algorithm-anglo-norman-period", "algorithm-greek-text-context", "algorithm-greek-period", "algorithm-arabic-word-class", "algorithm-latin-word-class", "algorithm-anglo-norman-word-class", "algorithm-middle-english-word-class", "algorithm-english-word-class", "algorithm-greek-word-class" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "algorithm-arabic", "narrativeOrder": [ "algorithm-arabic", "algorithm-latin", "algorithm-anglo-norman", "algorithm-middle-english", "algorithm-english", "algorithm-greek" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "algorithm-arabic", "etymologyId": "ar-algorithm-arabic", "form": "الخَوَارِزْمِيّ", "language": "Arabic", "languageCode": "ar", "transliteration": "al-Khwārizmī", "sense": "The mathematician’s identifying name", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 780, "end": 850, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 780–850", "note": "Approximate historical context. The dates describe the mathematician’s approximate lifetime, not the first written form of his name or the invention of an algorithm.", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-arabic-period" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Arabic–Medieval Latin–Anglo-Norman–English scholarly corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 12, 42 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "algorithm-claim-1", "algorithm-arabic-lexical-review", "batch03-algorithm-reading", "batch03-algorithm-geography", "batch03-algorithm-scope", "batch03-algorithm-date" ], "explanation": "Al-Khwārizmī: a name identifying someone with Khwarazm. Here it identifies the Persian mathematician Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī, whose name entered the vocabulary of calculation.", "direction": "rtl", "script": "Arabic", "pronunciation": { "guide": "al-khawārizmī", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "proper noun", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-arabic-word-class" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading", "batch03-algorithm-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading", "batch03-algorithm-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-arabic-period", "algorithm-arabic-lexical-review" ], "label": "Personal-name witness not dated", "note": "The inspected Arabic dictionary and biographical chronology establish al-Khwārizmī’s name and lifetime but do not supply a dated manuscript witness for the displayed Arabic form." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-arabic-period" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading", "batch03-algorithm-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-claim-1", "algorithm-arabic-lexical-review", "batch03-algorithm-reading", "batch03-algorithm-geography", "batch03-algorithm-scope", "batch03-algorithm-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-claim-13" ] } } }, { "id": "algorithm-latin", "etymologyId": "la-algorithm-latin", "form": "algorismus", "language": "Medieval Latin", "languageCode": "la", "transliteration": "algorismus", "sense": "The form derived from the name", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1200, "end": 1200, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1200", "note": "Approximate historical context. This date anchors the medieval teaching context of algorismus calculation. It is not claimed as the first Latin occurrence.", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-latin-period" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Arabic–Medieval Latin–Anglo-Norman–English scholarly corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 12, 42 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "algorithm-claim-3", "algorithm-latin-lexical-review", "algorithm-scope-review", "batch03-algorithm-reading", "batch03-algorithm-geography", "batch03-algorithm-scope", "batch03-algorithm-date" ], "explanation": "A Latin term derived from al-Khwārizmī’s name, associated with calculation using Hindu-Arabic numerals. The modern general notion of an algorithm is a later development.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "al-go-RIS-mus", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-latin-word-class" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading", "batch03-algorithm-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading", "batch03-algorithm-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-latin-period", "algorithm-latin-lexical-review" ], "label": "First algorismus witness unresolved", "note": "The inspected Latin entry and university history establish derivation and a c. 1200 teaching context, but not the first dated occurrence of the exact form algorismus." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-latin-period" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading", "batch03-algorithm-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-claim-3", "algorithm-latin-lexical-review", "algorithm-scope-review", "batch03-algorithm-reading", "batch03-algorithm-geography", "batch03-algorithm-scope", "batch03-algorithm-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-claim-14" ] } } }, { "id": "algorithm-anglo-norman", "etymologyId": "xno-algorithm-anglo-norman", "form": "algorisme", "language": "Anglo-Norman", "languageCode": "xno", "transliteration": "algorisme", "sense": "The form in the borrowing chain", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1250, "end": 1400, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1250–1400", "note": "Approximate textual period. Rounded context for the cited Anglo-Norman lexical family. The 1256 citation is augrim, not the exact displayed spelling algorisme; this range is not its first attestation.", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-anglo-norman-period" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Arabic–Medieval Latin–Anglo-Norman–English scholarly corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 12, 42 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "algorithm-claim-5", "batch03-algorithm-reading", "batch03-algorithm-geography", "batch03-algorithm-scope", "batch03-algorithm-date" ], "explanation": "Numerical reckoning in the Anglo-Norman algorism family. Its textual range includes variant spellings such as augrim; it is not a first attestation of the exact displayed algorisme spelling. The historical reading remains unverified.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "al-go-RIS-me", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-anglo-norman-word-class" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading", "batch03-algorithm-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading", "batch03-algorithm-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-anglo-norman-period", "algorithm-anglo-norman-word-class" ], "label": "Exact Anglo-Norman spelling undated", "note": "The Anglo-Norman Dictionary documents the lexical family from a 1256 work and later manuscripts, but its earliest witness is augrim rather than the displayed algorisme spelling." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-anglo-norman-period" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading", "batch03-algorithm-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-claim-5", "batch03-algorithm-reading", "batch03-algorithm-geography", "batch03-algorithm-scope", "batch03-algorithm-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-claim-15" ] } } }, { "id": "algorithm-middle-english", "etymologyId": "enm-algorithm-middle-english", "form": "algorisme", "language": "Middle English", "languageCode": "enm", "transliteration": "algorisme", "sense": "The earlier English form", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1340, "end": 1340, "label": "1340 · cited use", "approximate": false, "note": "Dates the displayed spelling in this citation. Earlier augrim examples elsewhere in the entry are not silently assigned to algorisme.", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-middle-english-date-review" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "algorithm-claim-7", "algorithm-middle-english-date-review", "algorithm-middle-english-lexical-review", "batch03-algorithm-reading", "batch03-algorithm-geography", "batch03-algorithm-scope", "batch03-algorithm-date" ], "explanation": "Calculation or reckoning with Arabic numerals. The dictionary supplies a dated algorisme example in 1340, alongside other spellings and uses involving reckoning counters.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "AL-go-risme", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-middle-english-word-class" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading", "batch03-algorithm-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading", "batch03-algorithm-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-middle-english-date-review", "batch03-algorithm-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading", "batch03-algorithm-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-claim-7", "algorithm-middle-english-date-review", "algorithm-middle-english-lexical-review", "batch03-algorithm-reading", "batch03-algorithm-geography", "batch03-algorithm-scope", "batch03-algorithm-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-claim-16" ] } } }, { "id": "algorithm-english", "etymologyId": "en-algorithm-english", "form": "algorithm", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "algorithm", "sense": "A procedure for solving a problem", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1715, "end": 1715, "label": "By 1715", "approximate": false, "note": "A procedure-related English example reported by MacTutor in 1715. Merriam-Webster’s 1811 date remains a separate dictionary account; this is not an absolute first-use claim.", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-english-date-review" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "algorithm-claim-9", "algorithm-claim-18", "algorithm-claim-19", "algorithm-current-definition-review", "algorithm-english-date-review", "algorithm-modern-extensions", "batch03-algorithm-reading", "batch03-algorithm-geography", "batch03-algorithm-scope", "batch03-algorithm-date" ], "explanation": "A specified procedure for solving a problem. The earlier reckoning term acquired wider uses, and Greek arithmós influenced its spelling. The recorded 1715 mathematical example predates the separate 1811 dictionary date.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "AL-gə-rith-əm", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-english-word-class" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading", "batch03-algorithm-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading", "batch03-algorithm-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-english-date-review", "batch03-algorithm-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading", "batch03-algorithm-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-claim-9", "algorithm-claim-18", "algorithm-claim-19", "algorithm-current-definition-review", "algorithm-english-date-review", "algorithm-modern-extensions", "batch03-algorithm-reading", "batch03-algorithm-geography", "batch03-algorithm-scope", "batch03-algorithm-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } }, { "id": "algorithm-greek", "etymologyId": "grc-algorithm-greek", "form": "ἀριθμός", "language": "Ancient Greek", "languageCode": "grc", "transliteration": "arithmós", "sense": "The Greek form influencing the spelling", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "inferred-bound", "end": -650, "approximate": true, "label": "By c. 650 BCE", "note": "Approximate inferred bound. A broad bound from the epic’s composition chronology and its received lexical text. It is not a dated manuscript of the word, nor a date for the later spelling influence on algorithm.", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-greek-period", "algorithm-greek-text-context" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Arabic–Medieval Latin–Anglo-Norman–English scholarly corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 12, 42 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "algorithm-claim-11", "algorithm-greek-lexical-review", "batch03-algorithm-reading", "batch03-algorithm-geography", "batch03-algorithm-scope", "batch03-algorithm-date" ], "explanation": "Number, quantity, or counting. Its role here is influence on the spelling of algorithm; it is not an ancestor from which the whole English word was borrowed.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Greek", "pronunciation": { "guide": "a-ri-thmos", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-greek-word-class" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading", "batch03-algorithm-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading", "batch03-algorithm-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-greek-period", "algorithm-greek-text-context", "algorithm-greek-lexical-review" ], "label": "Greek manuscript date unresolved", "note": "LSJ supplies an Odyssey reference and scholarship supplies a broad date for the received epic, but that is not a dated manuscript witness for ἀριθμός or for its much later spelling influence." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-greek-period", "algorithm-greek-text-context" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-algorithm-reading", "batch03-algorithm-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-claim-11", "algorithm-greek-lexical-review", "batch03-algorithm-reading", "batch03-algorithm-geography", "batch03-algorithm-scope", "batch03-algorithm-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "algorithm-link-1", "from": "algorithm-arabic", "to": "algorithm-latin", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The source identifies this connection.", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-claim-13" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The cited relationship establishes a connection between forms, but does not establish the semantic change at the time of transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "algorithm-link-2", "from": "algorithm-latin", "to": "algorithm-anglo-norman", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The source identifies this connection.", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-claim-14" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The cited relationship establishes a connection between forms, but does not establish the semantic change at the time of transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "algorithm-link-3", "from": "algorithm-anglo-norman", "to": "algorithm-middle-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The source identifies this connection.", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-claim-15" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The cited relationship establishes a connection between forms, but does not establish the semantic change at the time of transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "algorithm-link-4", "from": "algorithm-middle-english", "to": "algorithm-english", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Alteration of the earlier form.", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-claim-16" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "Reckoning with numerals develops into the wider idea of a specified procedure for solving a problem. The older arithmetic association is not declared lost. In present-day English, the procedure word can also name a larger ranking or recommendation system. This additional extension is not dated by the earlier procedure examples.", "added": [ "General procedures" ], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [ "algorithm-scope-review", "algorithm-middle-english-lexical-review", "algorithm-current-definition-review", "algorithm-modern-extensions" ] } }, { "id": "algorithm-link-5", "from": "algorithm-greek", "to": "algorithm-english", "type": "influence", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Wiktionary identifies unrelated Greek arithmós as the influence on -th-.", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-claim-17" ], "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The cited relationship establishes a connection between forms, but does not establish the semantic change at the time of transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "algorithm-claim-1", "text": "الخَوَارِزْمِيّ (al-Khwārizmī), Arabic: The mathematician’s identifying name. The source traces the word to Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī.", "sourceId": "w-algorithm", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show al-Khwārizmī as a Arabic stage for algorithm. Time context is recorded in the separate period evidence; this lexical excerpt alone does not supply a first-use date." }, { "id": "algorithm-claim-2", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point stan1318.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1318; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "stan1318" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient al-Khwārizmī on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "algorithm-claim-3", "text": "algorismus (algorismus), Medieval Latin: The form derived from the name. This is a recorded stage in the name’s lexical history.", "sourceId": "w-algorithm", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show algorismus as a Medieval Latin stage for algorithm. Time context is recorded in the separate period evidence; this lexical excerpt alone does not supply a first-use date." }, { "id": "algorithm-claim-4", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point medi1250.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row medi1250; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "medi1250" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient algorismus on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "algorithm-claim-5", "text": "algorisme (algorisme), Anglo-Norman: The form in the borrowing chain. The source distinguishes this from the later English spelling.", "sourceId": "w-algorithm", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show algorisme as a Anglo-Norman stage for algorithm. Time context is recorded in the separate period evidence; this lexical excerpt alone does not supply a first-use date." }, { "id": "algorithm-claim-6", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point angl1258.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row angl1258; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "angl1258" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient algorisme on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "algorithm-claim-7", "text": "algorisme (algorisme), Middle English: The earlier English form. The familiar spelling has not yet appeared at this stage.", "sourceId": "w-algorithm", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account; English noun/verb definitions for the displayed sense", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show algorisme as a Middle English stage for algorithm. The written date is supported by the separate date claim; this form record does not date its borrowing." }, { "id": "algorithm-claim-8", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point midd1317.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row midd1317; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "midd1317" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient algorisme on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "algorithm-claim-9", "text": "algorithm (algorithm), English: A procedure for solving a problem. The spelling also reflects an influence from unrelated Greek arithmós.", "sourceId": "w-algorithm", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account; English noun/verb definitions for the displayed sense", "passageIds": [ "chain", "spelling" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show algorithm as a English stage for algorithm. The period is supported by a separate dated claim." }, { "id": "algorithm-claim-10", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point stan1293.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient algorithm on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "algorithm-claim-11", "text": "ἀριθμός (arithmós), Ancient Greek: The Greek form influencing the spelling. An influence on spelling is not a claim of shared ancestry.", "sourceId": "w-algorithm", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "spelling" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show arithmós as a Ancient Greek stage for algorithm. Time context is recorded in the separate period evidence; this lexical excerpt alone does not supply a first-use date." }, { "id": "algorithm-claim-12", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point anci1242.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row anci1242; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "anci1242" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient arithmós on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "algorithm-claim-13", "text": "al-Khwārizmī → algorismus: borrowing. The source identifies this connection.", "sourceId": "w-algorithm", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The source identifies this connection." }, "inference": "We connect al-Khwārizmī (Arabic) to algorismus (Medieval Latin) as borrowing. Any line on the map is schematic, not a documented physical itinerary." }, { "id": "algorithm-claim-14", "text": "algorismus → algorisme: borrowing. The source identifies this connection.", "sourceId": "w-algorithm", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The source identifies this connection." }, "inference": "We connect algorismus (Medieval Latin) to algorisme (Anglo-Norman) as borrowing. Any line on the map is schematic, not a documented physical itinerary." }, { "id": "algorithm-claim-15", "text": "algorisme → algorisme: borrowing. The source identifies this connection.", "sourceId": "w-algorithm", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The source identifies this connection." }, "inference": "We connect algorisme (Anglo-Norman) to algorisme (Middle English) as borrowing. Any line on the map is schematic, not a documented physical itinerary." }, { "id": "algorithm-claim-16", "text": "algorisme → algorithm: derivation. Alteration of the earlier form.", "sourceId": "w-algorithm", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Alteration of the earlier form." }, "inference": "We connect algorisme (Middle English) to algorithm (English) as derivation. Any line on the map is schematic, not a documented physical itinerary." }, { "id": "algorithm-claim-17", "text": "arithmós → algorithm: influence. Wiktionary identifies unrelated Greek arithmós as the influence on -th-.", "sourceId": "w-algorithm", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "spelling" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Wiktionary identifies unrelated Greek arithmós as the influence on -th-." }, "inference": "We connect arithmós (Ancient Greek) to algorithm (English) as influence. This is an influence on spelling, not parentage." }, { "id": "algorithm-claim-18", "text": "Algorithm names a procedure for solving a problem.", "sourceId": "mw-algorithm", "locator": "Definition; Word History > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "meaning" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show algorithm as a English stage for algorithm. The period is supported by a separate dated claim." }, { "id": "algorithm-claim-19", "text": "English algorithm: 1811. First known use reported by the source, not the origin of the word.", "sourceId": "mw-algorithm", "locator": "Word History > First Known Use; the specified part of speech / sense", "passageIds": [ "date" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Word History table gives 1811. The page’s explanatory prose also mentions an early-20th-century attestation, so the page is internally inconsistent." }, "inference": "We retain 1811 as the explicitly attributed Word History date, with this qualification; it is not a resolved first-use claim." }, { "id": "algorithm-current-definition-review", "sourceId": "w-algorithm", "passageIds": [ "reviewed-senses" ], "text": "An ordered, precisely specified procedure for solving a problem or carrying out a computation. An algorithm describes the steps to follow; it is not limited to a particular computer program or programming language.", "locator": "English > Noun", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This is an editorial summary of the selected present-day senses, not a claim that every sense existed at the earliest date." }, "inference": "Give the searched entry a fuller, readable definition and keep historical changes separately sourced." }, { "id": "algorithm-english-reading-review", "sourceId": "w-algorithm", "passageIds": [ "algorithm-english-reading-record" ], "text": "The selected reading of algorithm is /ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/ (Present-day British English).", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date. “th” is voiced, as in “this”." }, "inference": "The readable guide “AL-guh-rith-um” is Lexography’s approximation of this cited pronunciation, not a separate source transcription." }, { "id": "algorithm-arabic-lexical-review", "sourceId": "w-khwarizmi", "passageIds": [ "algorithm-arabic-record" ], "text": "الخَوَارِزْمِيّ is a name meaning from Chorasmia (Khwarazm).", "locator": "Arabic > Proper noun", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This records the specified language and sense. Other homographs and historical periods are not interchangeable." }, "inference": "Use this lexical record to describe the selected stage; a dictionary definition alone does not date its borrowing." }, { "id": "algorithm-latin-lexical-review", "sourceId": "w-algorismus", "passageIds": [ "algorithm-latin-record" ], "text": "Latin algorismus is derived from the mathematician’s Arabic name.", "locator": "Latin > Etymology; Noun", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This records the specified language and sense. Other homographs and historical periods are not interchangeable." }, "inference": "Use this lexical record to describe the selected stage; a dictionary definition alone does not date its borrowing." }, { "id": "algorithm-greek-lexical-review", "sourceId": "w-arithmos", "passageIds": [ "algorithm-greek-record" ], "text": "Ancient Greek ἀριθμός denotes number, quantity or counting.", "locator": "Ancient Greek > Noun", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This records the specified language and sense. Other homographs and historical periods are not interchangeable." }, "inference": "Use this lexical record to describe the selected stage; a dictionary definition alone does not date its borrowing." }, { "id": "algorithm-arabic-reading-review", "sourceId": "w-khwarizmi", "passageIds": [ "algorithm-arabic-reading-record" ], "text": "The selected reading of الخَوَارِزْمِيّ is /al.xa.waː.riz.mijj/ (Arabic dictionary form).", "locator": "Arabic > Pronunciation", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "kh is the sound in Scottish “loch”; aa is long and the final y is doubled. No stress is asserted. This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date." }, "inference": "The readable guide “al-kha-waa-riz-miyy” is Lexography’s approximation of this cited pronunciation, not a separate source transcription." }, { "id": "algorithm-greek-reading-review", "sourceId": "w-arithmos", "passageIds": [ "algorithm-greek-reading-record" ], "text": "The selected reading of ἀριθμός is /a.ritʰ.mós/ (5th-century BCE Attic reconstruction).", "locator": "Ancient Greek > Pronunciation > 5th BCE Attic", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "t has a following puff of breath, not the English th sound. The acute in the IPA indicates pitch accent; the lower-case guide does not convert it into English stress. This is the dictionary’s conventional historical reading, not an audio attestation or a reading tied to a dated manuscript." }, "inference": "The readable guide “a-rit-mos” is Lexography’s approximation of this cited pronunciation, not a separate source transcription." }, { "id": "algorithm-middle-english-date-review", "sourceId": "med-algorisme", "passageIds": [ "meaning-date" ], "text": "algorisme: 1340 · cited use.", "locator": "Entry Info; sense 1(a); (1340) Ayenb. (Arun 57), 1", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Dates the displayed spelling in this citation. Earlier augrim examples elsewhere in the entry are not silently assigned to algorisme." }, "inference": "Display the cited written use, not an origin date or the time of an oral borrowing." }, { "id": "algorithm-middle-english-lexical-review", "sourceId": "med-algorisme", "passageIds": [ "algorithm-middle-english-record" ], "text": "Middle English algorisme denotes reckoning with Arabic numerals.", "locator": "Sense 1(a)", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This records the specified language and sense. Other homographs and historical periods are not interchangeable." }, "inference": "Use this lexical record to describe the selected stage; a dictionary definition alone does not date its borrowing." }, { "id": "algorithm-english-date-review", "sourceId": "mactutor-words-a", "passageIds": [ "algorithm" ], "text": "algorithm: By 1715.", "locator": "ALGORITHM > original meaning; Raphson 1715 paragraph", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A procedure-related English example reported by MacTutor in 1715. Merriam-Webster’s 1811 date remains a separate dictionary account; this is not an absolute first-use claim." }, "inference": "Display the cited written use, not an origin date or the time of an oral borrowing." }, { "id": "algorithm-scope-review", "sourceId": "mactutor-words-a", "passageIds": [ "algorithm" ], "text": "The word’s scope develops from arithmetic or numerals to a systematic method.", "locator": "ALGORITHM > original meaning; Raphson 1715 paragraph", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a development across the selected historical and modern senses, not an event assigned to a single year." }, "inference": "Classify the expansion to general procedures as broadening, with the Middle English reckoning sense separately supported by MED." }, { "id": "algorithm-arabic-period", "sourceId": "mactutor-khwarizmi", "passageIds": [ "life" ], "locator": "Quick Info > Born and Died", "text": "الخَوَارِزْمِيّ: c. 780–850 — historical context.", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The dates describe the mathematician’s approximate lifetime, not the first written form of his name or the invention of an algorithm." }, "inference": "Use this evidence only at the stated level: a written example, contextual period or latest-possible bound. It does not establish the origin of the form, its entire sense range, or the date of borrowing." }, { "id": "algorithm-latin-period", "sourceId": "heidelberg-algorismus", "passageIds": [ "methods" ], "locator": "Einführung > Zur Geschichte, paragraph on Algorismus de integris and Algorismus de minutiis", "text": "algorismus: c. 1200 — historical context.", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This date anchors the medieval teaching context of algorismus calculation. It is not claimed as the first Latin occurrence." }, "inference": "Use this evidence only at the stated level: a written example, contextual period or latest-possible bound. It does not establish the origin of the form, its entire sense range, or the date of borrowing." }, { "id": "algorithm-anglo-norman-period", "sourceId": "and-algorism", "passageIds": [ "records" ], "locator": "algorism > sense 1 and dated citations; revision 22 March 2007", "text": "algorisme: c. 1250–1400 — textual period.", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Rounded context for the cited Anglo-Norman lexical family. The 1256 citation is augrim, not the exact displayed spelling algorisme; this range is not its first attestation." }, "inference": "Use this evidence only at the stated level: a written example, contextual period or latest-possible bound. It does not establish the origin of the form, its entire sense range, or the date of borrowing." }, { "id": "algorithm-greek-text-context", "sourceId": "lsj-arithmos", "passageIds": [ "odyssey" ], "locator": "LSJ > ἀριθμός > sense I, opening citation", "text": "The Greek number word occurs in the received Odyssey text.", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This dates a literary context, not the later Greek influence on the spelling of algorithm." }, "inference": "Use this evidence only at the stated level: a written example, contextual period or latest-possible bound. It does not establish the origin of the form, its entire sense range, or the date of borrowing." }, { "id": "algorithm-greek-period", "sourceId": "griffin-odyssey", "passageIds": [ "period" ], "locator": "Chapter 1, section 2, The date of the Odyssey, p. 6", "text": "ἀριθμός: By c. 650 BCE — inferred bound.", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A broad bound from the epic’s composition chronology and its received lexical text. It is not a dated manuscript of the word, nor a date for the later spelling influence on algorithm." }, "inference": "Use this evidence only at the stated level: a written example, contextual period or latest-possible bound. It does not establish the origin of the form, its entire sense range, or the date of borrowing." }, { "id": "algorithm-arabic-word-class", "text": "الخَوَارِزْمِيّ is classified as proper noun for this Arabic stage.", "sourceId": "w-khwarizmi", "locator": "Arabic > Proper noun", "passageIds": [ "algorithm-arabic-record" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, { "id": "algorithm-latin-word-class", "text": "algorismus is classified as noun for this Medieval Latin stage.", "sourceId": "w-algorismus", "locator": "Latin > Etymology; Noun", "passageIds": [ "algorithm-latin-record" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, { "id": "algorithm-anglo-norman-word-class", "text": "algorisme is classified as noun for this Anglo-Norman stage.", "sourceId": "and-algorism", "locator": "algorism > s. > sense 1", "passageIds": [ "word-class" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, { "id": "algorithm-middle-english-word-class", "text": "algorisme is classified as noun for this Middle English stage.", "sourceId": "med-algorisme", "locator": "Entry Info; sense 1(a); (1340) Ayenb. (Arun 57), 1", "passageIds": [ "meaning-date" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "The dictionary title marks the entry n.; the selected algorisme spelling belongs to that noun entry." }, { "id": "algorithm-english-word-class", "text": "algorithm is classified as noun for this English stage.", "sourceId": "w-algorithm", "locator": "English > Noun", "passageIds": [ "reviewed-senses" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, { "id": "algorithm-greek-word-class", "text": "ἀριθμός is classified as noun for this Ancient Greek stage.", "sourceId": "w-arithmos", "locator": "Ancient Greek > Noun", "passageIds": [ "algorithm-greek-record" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, { "id": "algorithm-modern-extensions", "sourceId": "mw-algorithm", "passageIds": [ "algorithm-modern-extensions" ], "text": "Algorithm now denotes a specified procedure and also a computerised selection or ranking system, including a platform’s personalised content curation.", "locator": "Noun > senses 1–2; Did you know?", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "These contemporary extensions are not dated by the 1715 or 1811 procedure examples. A named system may contain many algorithms." }, "inference": "Use this evidence for the specified form or sense; the presentation is an editorial summary." }, { "id": "batch03-algorithm-reading", "text": "algorithm: inspected lexical sources support the displayed forms and conventional readings, with reconstructions kept visibly reconstructed where relevant.", "sourceId": "w-algorithm", "locator": "English > Etymology, opening chain", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A modern or conventional reading is not presented as an exact historical sound; reconstructed forms remain reconstructed." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest inspected reading available for the displayed stage and keeps transliteration separate from pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch03-algorithm-geography", "text": "algorithm: the displayed map point represents a supported language, speech, community or contact region at the strongest defensible precision.", "sourceId": "w-algorithm", "locator": "English > Etymology, opening chain", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The region is not a fabricated birthplace; language-reference and contact-corridor coordinates are used only for orientation." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a defensible lexical or speech region while preserving uncertainty about exact donor location." }, { "id": "batch03-algorithm-scope", "text": "algorithm: the batch keeps lexical chronology, contextual history, semantic development and competing routes distinct.", "sourceId": "w-algorithm", "locator": "English > Etymology, opening chain", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Earlier reviewed ambiguity and source limits remain visible; no cultural, object, institutional or biographical date is promoted to word history." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the published journey without silently replacing a reviewed route or manufacturing a cleaner topology." }, { "id": "batch03-algorithm-date", "text": "algorithm: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a word, sense or documented use; conflicting witnesses remain recorded as conflicts.", "sourceId": "w-algorithm", "locator": "English > Etymology, opening chain", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A dated witness is not treated as a coinage date, and competing dictionary dates are not silently reconciled." }, "inference": "Lexography separates lexical attestation from contextual periodization and reports bounded uncertainty." } ], "limitations": "The Arabic-name → Medieval Latin → Anglo-Norman/Middle English route is supported, and Greek arithmos remains only a later spelling influence. First manuscript dates for several historical forms remain bounded unresolved questions.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "algorithm-primary", "label": "a procedure", "definition": "An ordered, precisely specified procedure for solving a problem or carrying out a computation. An algorithm describes the steps to follow; it is not limited to a particular computer program or programming language.", "stageId": "algorithm-english", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-claim-9", "algorithm-claim-18", "algorithm-claim-19", "algorithm-current-definition-review" ] }, { "id": "algorithm-computing-sense", "label": "A computing procedure", "definition": "A specified sequence of steps a computer follows to obtain a result. It describes the procedure rather than one particular programming-language implementation.", "stageId": "algorithm-english", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-modern-extensions" ] }, { "id": "algorithm-curation-sense", "label": "A recommendation system", "definition": "In ordinary online usage, a platform’s system for selecting, ranking or recommending material, often described as the algorithm. This extends the name of a procedure to a larger system.", "stageId": "algorithm-english", "claimIds": [ "algorithm-modern-extensions" ] } ], "defaultSense": "algorithm-primary", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Batch 03 hard-seven targeted review", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "avatar", "word": "avatar", "language": "English", "sense": "incarnation and digital identity", "category": "Human & imagined", "aliases": [ "ava", "अव", "tṝ", "तॄ", "avatāra", "अवतार", "avtār", "avatar", "اوتار" ], "summary": "From divine descent to a presence on a screen.", "intro": "From divine descent to a presence on a screen.", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-12", "avatar-claim-13", "avatar-claim-14", "avatar-claim-15", "avatar-claim-16", "avatar-habitat-context", "avatar-embodiment-history" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-13", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "avatar-sanskrit", "narrativeOrder": [ "avatar-ava", "avatar-root", "avatar-sanskrit", "avatar-hindustani", "avatar-religious", "avatar-digital" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "avatar-ava", "etymologyId": "sa-avatar-ava", "form": "अव", "language": "Sanskrit", "languageCode": "sa", "transliteration": "ava", "sense": "Down; away", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": -1500, "end": -1000, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1500–1000 BCE", "note": "Approximate textual period. A broad Vedic textual context for these formation components. The composition estimate is not an exact first use, manuscript date, or a date for the later religious noun.", "claimIds": [ "avatar-ava-period", "avatar-ava-text-context" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Sanskrit reference region", "coordinates": [ 77, 20 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "avatar-ava-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-1", "avatar-ava-lexical-review", "avatar-ava-region", "avatar-ava-reading", "avatar-ava-transliteration", "avatar-ava-reading", "avatar-ava-transliteration" ], "explanation": "Down or away: the prefix contribution to avatāra. This branch shows one part of a formation, not an earlier independent word for an avatar.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Devanagari", "pronunciation": { "guide": "a-va", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "avatar-ava-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "prefix", "claimIds": [ "avatar-ava-word-class" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "avatar-ava-transliteration" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-1" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-1" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-1" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-ava-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-ava-transliteration" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-1" ], "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for अव (Sanskrit) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-ava-period", "avatar-ava-text-context" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-ava-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-ava-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-1" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-1", "avatar-ava-lexical-review", "avatar-ava-region", "avatar-ava-reading", "avatar-ava-transliteration", "avatar-ava-reading", "avatar-ava-transliteration" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-1" ], "label": "Adjacent relation needs stronger evidence", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for अव (Sanskrit) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. The current narrative adjacency has no directly evidenced edge, so no stronger relation is asserted." } } }, { "id": "avatar-root", "etymologyId": "sa-avatar-root", "form": "तॄ", "language": "Sanskrit", "languageCode": "sa", "transliteration": "tṝ", "sense": "To cross", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": -1500, "end": -1000, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1500–1000 BCE", "note": "Approximate textual period. A broad Vedic textual context for these formation components. The composition estimate is not an exact first use, manuscript date, or a date for the later religious noun.", "claimIds": [ "avatar-root-period", "avatar-root-text-context" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Sanskrit reference region", "coordinates": [ 77, 20 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "avatar-root-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-3", "avatar-root-lexical-review", "avatar-root-region", "avatar-root-reading", "avatar-root-transliteration", "avatar-root-reading", "avatar-root-transliteration" ], "explanation": "To pass or cross. The formation uses a strengthened stem of this root together with ava; the two contributors should be read together.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Devanagari", "pronunciation": { "guide": "tṝ", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "avatar-root-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "verb root", "claimIds": [ "avatar-root-word-class" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "avatar-root-transliteration" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-3" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-3" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-3" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-root-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-root-transliteration" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-3" ], "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for तॄ (Sanskrit) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-root-period", "avatar-root-text-context" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-root-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-root-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-3" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-3", "avatar-root-lexical-review", "avatar-root-region", "avatar-root-reading", "avatar-root-transliteration", "avatar-root-reading", "avatar-root-transliteration" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-13" ] } } }, { "id": "avatar-sanskrit", "etymologyId": "sa-avatar-sanskrit", "form": "अवतार", "language": "Sanskrit", "languageCode": "sa", "transliteration": "avatāra", "sense": "A deity’s descent", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": -400, "end": 400, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 400 BCE–400 CE", "note": "Approximate textual period. This broad composition range supplies epic context, not the first occurrence of avatāra. The source is layered, so no midpoint year or exact religious-sense date is inferred.", "claimIds": [ "avatar-sanskrit-period", "avatar-sanskrit-text-context" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Sanskrit reference region", "coordinates": [ 77, 20 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "avatar-sanskrit-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-5", "avatar-sanskrit-lexical-review", "avatar-sanskrit-region", "avatar-sanskrit-reading", "avatar-sanskrit-transliteration", "avatar-sanskrit-reading", "avatar-sanskrit-transliteration" ], "explanation": "Descent or appearance, especially a deity’s descent to earth. The religious use includes incarnations of Vishnu. The word is formed from the downward prefix and a crossing stem.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Devanagari", "pronunciation": { "guide": "a-va-TA-ra", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "avatar-sanskrit-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "avatar-sanskrit-word-class" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "avatar-sanskrit-transliteration" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-5" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-5" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-5" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-sanskrit-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-sanskrit-transliteration" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-5" ], "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for अवतार (Sanskrit) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-sanskrit-period", "avatar-sanskrit-text-context" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-sanskrit-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-sanskrit-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-5" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-5", "avatar-sanskrit-lexical-review", "avatar-sanskrit-region", "avatar-sanskrit-reading", "avatar-sanskrit-transliteration", "avatar-sanskrit-reading", "avatar-sanskrit-transliteration" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-14", "avatar-hindustani-lexical-review" ] } } }, { "id": "avatar-hindustani", "etymologyId": "hi-avatar-hindustani", "form": "अवतार", "language": "Hindustani", "languageCode": "hi", "transliteration": "avatār", "sense": "A deity’s incarnation", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "inferred-bound", "end": 1784, "approximate": true, "label": "By c. 1784", "note": "Approximate inferred bound. The approximate English attestation supplies an upper bound for the selected Hindustani intermediary, not its first use. Its history may be substantially older.", "claimIds": [ "avatar-hindustani-period", "avatar-hindustani-bound-chain" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Hindi reference region", "coordinates": [ 77, 25 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "avatar-hindustani-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-7", "avatar-hindustani-lexical-review", "avatar-hindustani-region", "avatar-hindustani-reading", "avatar-hindustani-transliteration", "avatar-hindustani-reading", "avatar-hindustani-transliteration" ], "explanation": "A deity’s incarnation or descent into the world. This stage represents the Hindustani intermediary with its Devanagari form; the corresponding Urdu spelling is اوتار.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Devanagari", "pronunciation": { "guide": "a-va-TAAR", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "avatar-hindustani-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "avatar-hindustani-word-class" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "avatar-hindustani-transliteration" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-7" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-7" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-7" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-hindustani-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-hindustani-transliteration" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-7" ], "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for अवतार (Hindustani) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-hindustani-period", "avatar-hindustani-bound-chain" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-hindustani-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-hindustani-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-7" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-7", "avatar-hindustani-lexical-review", "avatar-hindustani-region", "avatar-hindustani-reading", "avatar-hindustani-transliteration", "avatar-hindustani-reading", "avatar-hindustani-transliteration" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-15" ] } } }, { "id": "avatar-religious", "etymologyId": "en-avatar-religious", "form": "avatar", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "avatar", "sense": "An incarnation of a deity", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1784, "end": 1784, "label": "c. 1784", "note": "Wiktionary gives an approximate attestation; Merriam-Webster also lists 1784.", "approximate": true, "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-17" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "avatar-religious-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-9", "avatar-claim-17", "avatar-current-definition-review", "avatar-embodiment-history", "avatar-religious-region", "avatar-religious-reading", "avatar-religious-reading" ], "explanation": "A deity’s manifestation in earthly form, particularly in Hindu accounts of Vishnu. This sense continues alongside the general idea of embodiment and the later digital sense.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "AV-ə-tar", "ipa": "/ˈæv.ə.tɑː/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "avatar-religious-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "avatar-religious-word-class" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-9" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-9" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-9" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-religious-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-17" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-religious-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-religious-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-9" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-9", "avatar-claim-17", "avatar-current-definition-review", "avatar-embodiment-history", "avatar-religious-region", "avatar-religious-reading", "avatar-religious-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-16" ] } } }, { "id": "avatar-digital", "etymologyId": "en-avatar-digital", "form": "avatar", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "avatar", "sense": "A user’s represented presence in a digital world", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1980, "end": 1989, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1980s", "note": "Computing-use context supported by Habitat’s designers and their dated 1986 scene. This is not an absolute first attestation or a claim that a 1992 novel invented the sense.", "claimIds": [ "avatar-habitat-context", "avatar-claim-18" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "avatar-digital-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-11", "avatar-claim-18", "avatar-claim-19", "avatar-current-definition-review", "avatar-digital-sense-definition-review", "avatar-habitat-context", "avatar-embodiment-history", "avatar-digital-region", "avatar-digital-reading", "avatar-digital-reading" ], "explanation": "An image, character or other representation through which a user appears in a digital environment. This extends an embodiment metaphor; it does not replace the religious meaning.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "AV-ə-tar", "ipa": "/ˈæv.ə.tɑː/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "avatar-digital-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "avatar-digital-word-class" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-11" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-11" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-11" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-digital-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-11" ], "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for avatar (English) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-habitat-context", "avatar-claim-18" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-digital-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-digital-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-11" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-11", "avatar-claim-18", "avatar-claim-19", "avatar-current-definition-review", "avatar-digital-sense-definition-review", "avatar-habitat-context", "avatar-embodiment-history", "avatar-digital-region", "avatar-digital-reading", "avatar-digital-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "avatar-link-1", "from": "avatar-ava", "to": "avatar-sanskrit", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Prefix contribution to a compound.", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-12" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The cited relationship establishes a connection between forms, but does not establish the semantic change at the time of transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "avatar-link-2", "from": "avatar-root", "to": "avatar-sanskrit", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Contribution through a strengthened root stem, not an independent borrowing.", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-13" ], "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The cited relationship establishes a connection between forms, but does not establish the semantic change at the time of transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "avatar-link-3", "from": "avatar-sanskrit", "to": "avatar-hindustani", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The Hindi entry explicitly identifies a Sanskrit borrowing; the older derivation label conflated this with the Sanskrit word formation.", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-14", "avatar-hindustani-lexical-review" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The cited relationship establishes a connection between forms, but does not establish the semantic change at the time of transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "avatar-link-4", "from": "avatar-hindustani", "to": "avatar-religious", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "This intermediary follows Wiktionary; Merriam-Webster summarizes the Sanskrit source.", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-15" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The cited relationship establishes a connection between forms, but does not establish the semantic change at the time of transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "avatar-link-5", "from": "avatar-religious", "to": "avatar-digital", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The source identifies this connection.", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-16" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "shifted", "explanation": "English moves from divine incarnation through a broader embodiment metaphor to a user’s represented digital presence. Religious and figurative senses continue alongside computing use.", "added": [ "Digital representation" ], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-16", "avatar-habitat-context", "avatar-embodiment-history" ] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "avatar-claim-1", "text": "अव (ava), Sanskrit: Down; away. One contributing part of the compound.", "sourceId": "w-avatar", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show ava as a Sanskrit stage for avatar. Time context is recorded in the separate period evidence; this lexical excerpt alone does not supply a first-use date." }, { "id": "avatar-claim-2", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point sans1269.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row sans1269; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "sans1269" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient ava on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "avatar-claim-3", "text": "तॄ (tṝ), Sanskrit: To cross. The compound uses a strengthened stem of this root.", "sourceId": "w-avatar", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show tṝ as a Sanskrit stage for avatar. Time context is recorded in the separate period evidence; this lexical excerpt alone does not supply a first-use date." }, { "id": "avatar-claim-4", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point sans1269.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row sans1269; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "sans1269" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient tṝ on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "avatar-claim-5", "text": "अवतार (avatāra), Sanskrit: A deity’s descent. Two contributing forms meet in a word for descent.", "sourceId": "w-avatar", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show avatāra as a Sanskrit stage for avatar. Time context is recorded in the separate period evidence; this lexical excerpt alone does not supply a first-use date." }, { "id": "avatar-claim-6", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point sans1269.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row sans1269; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "sans1269" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient avatāra on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "avatar-claim-7", "text": "अवतार (avtār), Hindustani: A deity’s incarnation. Wiktionary identifies Hindustani as the borrowing intermediary.", "sourceId": "w-avatar", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show avtār as a Hindustani stage for avatar. Time context is recorded in the separate period evidence; this lexical excerpt alone does not supply a first-use date." }, { "id": "avatar-claim-8", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point hind1270.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row hind1270; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "hind1270" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient avtār on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "avatar-claim-9", "text": "avatar (avatar), English: An incarnation of a deity. This religious sense continues alongside later meanings.", "sourceId": "w-avatar", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account; English noun/verb definitions for the displayed sense", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show avatar as a English stage for avatar. The period is supported by a separate dated claim." }, { "id": "avatar-claim-10", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point stan1293.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient avatar on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "avatar-claim-11", "text": "avatar (avatar), English: A user’s represented presence in a digital world. The digital sense extends the idea of embodiment; it does not erase the religious sense.", "sourceId": "w-avatar", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account; English noun/verb definitions for the displayed sense", "passageIds": [ "digital-date" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show avatar as a English stage for avatar. The period is supported by a separate dated claim." }, { "id": "avatar-claim-12", "text": "ava → avatāra: derivation. Prefix contribution to a compound.", "sourceId": "w-avatar", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Prefix contribution to a compound." }, "inference": "We connect ava (Sanskrit) to avatāra (Sanskrit) as derivation. Any line on the map is schematic, not a documented physical itinerary." }, { "id": "avatar-claim-13", "text": "tṝ → avatāra: derivation. Contribution through a strengthened root stem, not an independent borrowing.", "sourceId": "w-avatar", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Contribution through a strengthened root stem, not an independent borrowing." }, "inference": "We connect tṝ (Sanskrit) to avatāra (Sanskrit) as derivation. Any line on the map is schematic, not a documented physical itinerary." }, { "id": "avatar-claim-14", "text": "Sanskrit avatāra → Hindustani avtār: borrowing, as explicitly stated in the Hindi entry.", "sourceId": "w-avatara", "locator": "Hindi > Etymology; Noun", "passageIds": [ "avatar-hindustani-record" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A learned borrowing is distinct from the internal Sanskrit derivation shown on the preceding branches." }, "inference": "Classify this cross-language edge as borrowing." }, { "id": "avatar-claim-15", "text": "avtār → avatar: borrowing. This intermediary follows Wiktionary; Merriam-Webster summarizes the Sanskrit source.", "sourceId": "w-avatar", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This intermediary follows Wiktionary; Merriam-Webster summarizes the Sanskrit source." }, "inference": "We connect avtār (Hindustani) to avatar (English) as borrowing. Any line on the map is schematic, not a documented physical itinerary." }, { "id": "avatar-claim-16", "text": "avatar → avatar: semantic-change. The source identifies this connection.", "sourceId": "w-avatar", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "digital-date" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The source identifies this connection." }, "inference": "We connect avatar (English) to avatar (English) as semantic change. Separate stages make the change in meaning visible." }, { "id": "avatar-claim-17", "text": "English avatar: c. 1784. Wiktionary gives an approximate attestation; Merriam-Webster also lists 1784.", "sourceId": "w-avatar", "locator": "English > Etymology, dating statement", "passageIds": [ "religious-date" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Wiktionary gives an approximate attestation; Merriam-Webster also lists 1784." }, "inference": "We place avatar at c. 1784 on the recorded-evidence scale. This does not date the origin of the word." }, { "id": "avatar-claim-18", "text": "English avatar: 1980s. The source places early computing uses in this decade; no exact first-use year is asserted.", "sourceId": "w-avatar", "locator": "English > Etymology, dating statement", "passageIds": [ "digital-date" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source places early computing uses in this decade; no exact first-use year is asserted." }, "inference": "We place avatar at 1980s on the recorded-evidence scale. This does not date the origin of the word." }, { "id": "avatar-claim-19", "text": "Religious, general embodiment and computing senses coexist.", "sourceId": "mw-avatar", "locator": "Did You Know? paragraphs on the development of avatar", "passageIds": [ "coexisting" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The dictionary explicitly says the older senses remain in use alongside computing/gaming." }, "inference": "The digital stage represents an additional meaning, not a replacement for the religious one." }, { "id": "avatar-current-definition-review", "sourceId": "w-avatar", "passageIds": [ "reviewed-senses" ], "text": "In Hindu traditions, a deity’s manifestation or descent into an earthly form, particularly an incarnation of Vishnu. The religious sense continues alongside later uses for embodiment and digital representation.", "locator": "English > Noun", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This is an editorial summary of the selected present-day senses, not a claim that every sense existed at the earliest date." }, "inference": "Give the searched entry a fuller, readable definition and keep historical changes separately sourced." }, { "id": "avatar-religious-reading-review", "sourceId": "w-avatar", "passageIds": [ "avatar-religious-reading-record" ], "text": "The selected reading of avatar is /ˈæv.ə.tɑː/ (Present-day British English, initial-stress variant).", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date." }, "inference": "The readable guide “AV-uh-taar” is Lexography’s approximation of this cited pronunciation, not a separate source transcription." }, { "id": "avatar-digital-reading-review", "sourceId": "w-avatar", "passageIds": [ "avatar-digital-reading-record" ], "text": "The selected reading of avatar is /ˈæv.ə.tɑː/ (Present-day British English, initial-stress variant).", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date." }, "inference": "The readable guide “AV-uh-taar” is Lexography’s approximation of this cited pronunciation, not a separate source transcription." }, { "id": "avatar-ava-lexical-review", "sourceId": "w-ava", "passageIds": [ "avatar-ava-record" ], "text": "Sanskrit ava is an adverb or prefix meaning off, away or down. Other ava homographs are separate.", "locator": "Sanskrit > Etymology 1 > Adverb", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This records the specified language and sense. Other homographs and historical periods are not interchangeable." }, "inference": "Use this lexical record to describe the selected stage; a dictionary definition alone does not date its borrowing." }, { "id": "avatar-root-lexical-review", "sourceId": "w-tr-root", "passageIds": [ "avatar-root-record" ], "text": "Sanskrit tṝ is a root meaning to pass; its derived nominal forms include tāra and avatāra.", "locator": "Sanskrit > Root; Derived terms", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This records the specified language and sense. Other homographs and historical periods are not interchangeable." }, "inference": "Use this lexical record to describe the selected stage; a dictionary definition alone does not date its borrowing." }, { "id": "avatar-sanskrit-lexical-review", "sourceId": "w-avatara", "passageIds": [ "avatar-sanskrit-record" ], "text": "Sanskrit avatāra denotes descent, especially the earthly appearance of a deity; its components are ava and tāra.", "locator": "Sanskrit > Etymology; Noun", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This records the specified language and sense. Other homographs and historical periods are not interchangeable." }, "inference": "Use this lexical record to describe the selected stage; a dictionary definition alone does not date its borrowing." }, { "id": "avatar-hindustani-lexical-review", "sourceId": "w-avatara", "passageIds": [ "avatar-hindustani-record" ], "text": "Hindi अवतार (avtār), with Urdu spelling اوتار, denotes a deity’s incarnation and is borrowed from Sanskrit.", "locator": "Hindi > Etymology; Noun", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This records the specified language and sense. Other homographs and historical periods are not interchangeable." }, "inference": "Use this lexical record to describe the selected stage; a dictionary definition alone does not date its borrowing." }, { "id": "avatar-ava-reading-review", "sourceId": "w-ava", "passageIds": [ "avatar-ava-reading-record" ], "text": "The selected reading of अव is /ɐ.ʋɐ/ (Conventional Classical Sanskrit reading).", "locator": "Sanskrit > Pronunciation > Classical Sanskrit", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "v approximates a sound between English v and w; no stress is asserted. This is the dictionary’s conventional historical reading, not an audio attestation or a reading tied to a dated manuscript." }, "inference": "The readable guide “a-va” is Lexography’s approximation of this cited pronunciation, not a separate source transcription." }, { "id": "avatar-root-reading-review", "sourceId": "w-tr-root", "passageIds": [ "avatar-root-reading-record" ], "text": "The selected reading of तॄ is /t̪r̩ː/ (Conventional Classical Sanskrit root reading).", "locator": "Sanskrit > Pronunciation > Classical Sanskrit", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The t is dental and the long r forms the syllable; no English vowel is inserted. This is a root citation form, not a standalone spoken word. This is the dictionary’s conventional historical reading, not an audio attestation or a reading tied to a dated manuscript." }, "inference": "The readable guide “trr” is Lexography’s approximation of this cited pronunciation, not a separate source transcription." }, { "id": "avatar-sanskrit-reading-review", "sourceId": "w-avatara", "passageIds": [ "avatar-sanskrit-reading-record" ], "text": "The selected reading of अवतार is /ɐ.ʋɐ.t̪ɑː.ɾɐ/ (Conventional Classical Sanskrit reading).", "locator": "Sanskrit > Pronunciation > Classical Sanskrit", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "aa is long, t is dental, and r is tapped. Lower-case syllables do not assert stress. This is the dictionary’s conventional historical reading, not an audio attestation or a reading tied to a dated manuscript." }, "inference": "The readable guide “a-va-taa-ra” is Lexography’s approximation of this cited pronunciation, not a separate source transcription." }, { "id": "avatar-hindustani-reading-review", "sourceId": "w-avatara", "passageIds": [ "avatar-hindustani-reading-record" ], "text": "The selected reading of अवतार is /əʋ.t̪ɑːɾ/ (Present-day Standard Hindi).", "locator": "Hindi > Pronunciation", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This selects the Hindi realization of the Hindustani form; it does not certify every Urdu or historical variety. t is dental and aa is long. No stress is asserted. This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date." }, "inference": "The readable guide “uv-taar” is Lexography’s approximation of this cited pronunciation, not a separate source transcription." }, { "id": "avatar-digital-sense-definition-review", "sourceId": "w-avatar", "passageIds": [ "avatar-digital-sense-definition" ], "text": "An image, character or other representation of a user in a digital environment. It may identify the user or act as their represented presence in a game or virtual world.", "locator": "English > Noun, graphical representation and character-model senses", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This describes the selected sense; it does not date every component of the practice or erase other senses." }, "inference": "Provide a fuller definition using the existing sense selector." }, { "id": "avatar-ava-text-context", "sourceId": "mw-sanskrit-99", "passageIds": [ "vedic" ], "locator": "p. 99, column 1, ava-tṝ > Vedic forms", "text": "The combined ava-tṝ verb has Vedic textual references.", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The citation anchors the contributing prefix and root to Vedic usage; it does not date an isolated dictionary headword or its modern Devanagari display." }, "inference": "Use this evidence only at the stated level: a written example, contextual period or latest-possible bound. It does not establish the origin of the form, its entire sense range, or the date of borrowing." }, { "id": "avatar-ava-period", "sourceId": "oxford-book-timeline", "passageIds": [ "vedic" ], "locator": "Timeline, p. xv", "text": "अव: c. 1500–1000 BCE — textual period.", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A broad Vedic textual context for these formation components. The composition estimate is not an exact first use, manuscript date, or a date for the later religious noun." }, "inference": "Use this evidence only at the stated level: a written example, contextual period or latest-possible bound. It does not establish the origin of the form, its entire sense range, or the date of borrowing." }, { "id": "avatar-root-text-context", "sourceId": "mw-sanskrit-99", "passageIds": [ "vedic" ], "locator": "p. 99, column 1, ava-tṝ > Vedic forms", "text": "The combined ava-tṝ verb has Vedic textual references.", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The citation anchors the contributing prefix and root to Vedic usage; it does not date an isolated dictionary headword or its modern Devanagari display." }, "inference": "Use this evidence only at the stated level: a written example, contextual period or latest-possible bound. It does not establish the origin of the form, its entire sense range, or the date of borrowing." }, { "id": "avatar-root-period", "sourceId": "oxford-book-timeline", "passageIds": [ "vedic" ], "locator": "Timeline, p. xv", "text": "तॄ: c. 1500–1000 BCE — textual period.", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A broad Vedic textual context for these formation components. The composition estimate is not an exact first use, manuscript date, or a date for the later religious noun." }, "inference": "Use this evidence only at the stated level: a written example, contextual period or latest-possible bound. It does not establish the origin of the form, its entire sense range, or the date of borrowing." }, { "id": "avatar-sanskrit-text-context", "sourceId": "mw-sanskrit-99", "passageIds": [ "epic" ], "locator": "p. 99, column 1, ava-tāra > deity appearance", "text": "The Sanskrit religious noun has an epic textual reference.", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Monier-Williams cites the Mahābhārata; the date of the relevant layer is not independently established here." }, "inference": "Use this evidence only at the stated level: a written example, contextual period or latest-possible bound. It does not establish the origin of the form, its entire sense range, or the date of borrowing." }, { "id": "avatar-sanskrit-period", "sourceId": "oxford-book-timeline", "passageIds": [ "epic" ], "locator": "Timeline, p. xv", "text": "अवतार: c. 400 BCE–400 CE — textual period.", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This broad composition range supplies epic context, not the first occurrence of avatāra. The source is layered, so no midpoint year or exact religious-sense date is inferred." }, "inference": "Use this evidence only at the stated level: a written example, contextual period or latest-possible bound. It does not establish the origin of the form, its entire sense range, or the date of borrowing." }, { "id": "avatar-hindustani-bound-chain", "sourceId": "w-avatar", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "locator": "English > Etymology, compound analysis", "text": "The selected English borrowing account includes Hindustani.", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The English borrowing date can only give the intermediary a latest-possible bound under this account." }, "inference": "Use this evidence only at the stated level: a written example, contextual period or latest-possible bound. It does not establish the origin of the form, its entire sense range, or the date of borrowing." }, { "id": "avatar-hindustani-period", "sourceId": "w-avatar", "passageIds": [ "religious-date" ], "locator": "English > Etymology, first paragraph", "text": "अवतार: By c. 1784 — inferred bound.", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The approximate English attestation supplies an upper bound for the selected Hindustani intermediary, not its first use. Its history may be substantially older." }, "inference": "Use this evidence only at the stated level: a written example, contextual period or latest-possible bound. It does not establish the origin of the form, its entire sense range, or the date of borrowing." }, { "id": "avatar-ava-word-class", "text": "अव is classified as prefix for this Sanskrit stage.", "sourceId": "w-ava", "locator": "Sanskrit > Etymology 1 > Adverb", "passageIds": [ "avatar-ava-record" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The entry lists an adverb also used as a prefix. The label describes its selected role in forming avatāra, not its unrelated homographs." }, "inference": "The entry lists an adverb also used as a prefix. The label describes its selected role in forming avatāra, not its unrelated homographs." }, { "id": "avatar-root-word-class", "text": "तॄ is classified as verb root for this Sanskrit stage.", "sourceId": "w-tr-root", "locator": "Sanskrit > Root; Derived terms", "passageIds": [ "avatar-root-record" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A verbal root is a contributing element, not an independently inflected noun or verb form." }, "inference": "A verbal root is a contributing element, not an independently inflected noun or verb form." }, { "id": "avatar-sanskrit-word-class", "text": "अवतार is classified as noun for this Sanskrit stage.", "sourceId": "w-avatara", "locator": "Sanskrit > Etymology; Noun", "passageIds": [ "avatar-sanskrit-record" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, { "id": "avatar-hindustani-word-class", "text": "अवतार is classified as noun for this Hindustani stage.", "sourceId": "w-avatara", "locator": "Hindi > Etymology; Noun", "passageIds": [ "avatar-hindustani-record" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The Hindi noun entry supports the displayed Devanagari form within the journey’s Hindustani label." }, "inference": "The Hindi noun entry supports the displayed Devanagari form within the journey’s Hindustani label." }, { "id": "avatar-religious-word-class", "text": "avatar is classified as noun for this English stage.", "sourceId": "w-avatar", "locator": "English > Noun", "passageIds": [ "reviewed-senses" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, { "id": "avatar-digital-word-class", "text": "avatar is classified as noun for this English stage.", "sourceId": "w-avatar", "locator": "English > Noun, graphical representation and character-model senses", "passageIds": [ "avatar-digital-sense-definition" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, { "id": "avatar-habitat-context", "sourceId": "habitat-avatars", "passageIds": [ "avatar-habitat-context" ], "text": "Habitat’s designers call the player-controlled figures avatars. They describe development beginning in 1985 and illustrate a scene dated 1986.", "locator": "1990 conference paper > What is Habitat?; caption to 1986 scene", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "An author account supports the 1980s computing context, not an absolute first coinage or first dictionary attestation." }, "inference": "Use this evidence for the specified form or sense; the presentation is an editorial summary." }, { "id": "avatar-embodiment-history", "sourceId": "mw-avatar", "passageIds": [ "avatar-embodiment-history" ], "text": "English avatar expands from divine incarnation to an embodiment of a person, idea or continuing entity, and to a user’s digital representation.", "locator": "Noun > senses 1–4; Did you know?", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The religious, figurative and computing senses coexist. The 1784 date applies to the religious use." }, "inference": "Use this evidence for the specified form or sense; the presentation is an editorial summary." }, { "id": "avatar-ava-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for Sanskrit.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row sans1269; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "sans1269" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "avatar-ava-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for अव.", "sourceId": "w-avatar", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for अव", "passageIds": [ "batch05-avatar-ava-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "avatar-ava-transliteration", "text": "The inspected entry supports the conventional transliteration ava for अव.", "sourceId": "w-avatar", "locator": "Batch 05 transliteration inspection for अव", "passageIds": [ "batch05-avatar-ava-transliteration" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "avatar-root-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for Sanskrit.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row sans1269; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "sans1269" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "avatar-root-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for तॄ.", "sourceId": "w-avatar", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for तॄ", "passageIds": [ "batch05-avatar-root-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "avatar-root-transliteration", "text": "The inspected entry supports the conventional transliteration tṝ for तॄ.", "sourceId": "w-avatar", "locator": "Batch 05 transliteration inspection for तॄ", "passageIds": [ "batch05-avatar-root-transliteration" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "avatar-sanskrit-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for Sanskrit.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row sans1269; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "sans1269" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "avatar-sanskrit-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for अवतार.", "sourceId": "w-avatar", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for अवतार", "passageIds": [ "batch05-avatar-sanskrit-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "avatar-sanskrit-transliteration", "text": "The inspected entry supports the conventional transliteration avatāra for अवतार.", "sourceId": "w-avatar", "locator": "Batch 05 transliteration inspection for अवतार", "passageIds": [ "batch05-avatar-sanskrit-transliteration" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "avatar-hindustani-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for Hindi.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row hind1269; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "hind1269" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "avatar-hindustani-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for अवतार.", "sourceId": "w-avatar", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for अवतार", "passageIds": [ "batch05-avatar-hindustani-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "avatar-hindustani-transliteration", "text": "The inspected entry supports the conventional transliteration avatār for अवतार.", "sourceId": "w-avatar", "locator": "Batch 05 transliteration inspection for अवतार", "passageIds": [ "batch05-avatar-hindustani-transliteration" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "avatar-religious-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for English / Britain.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "avatar-religious-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for avatar.", "sourceId": "w-avatar", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for avatar", "passageIds": [ "batch05-avatar-religious-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "avatar-digital-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for English / Britain.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "avatar-digital-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for avatar.", "sourceId": "w-avatar", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for avatar", "passageIds": [ "batch05-avatar-digital-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." } ], "limitations": "The Sanskrit contributors are morphological ingredients, not consecutive geographic stops. Hindustani mediation is one borrowing account. The digital period is supported context, not a first-coinage claim; the figurative embodiment sense has no separately verified first date.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "avatar-religious-sense", "label": "An incarnation", "definition": "In Hindu traditions, a deity’s manifestation or descent into an earthly form, particularly an incarnation of Vishnu. The religious sense continues alongside later uses for embodiment and digital representation.", "stageId": "avatar-religious", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-9", "avatar-claim-17", "avatar-current-definition-review" ] }, { "id": "avatar-digital-sense", "label": "Digital presence", "definition": "An image, character or other representation of a user in a digital environment. It may identify the user or act as their represented presence in a game or virtual world.", "stageId": "avatar-digital", "claimIds": [ "avatar-claim-11", "avatar-claim-18", "avatar-claim-19", "avatar-current-definition-review", "avatar-digital-sense-definition-review" ] }, { "id": "avatar-embodiment-sense", "label": "An embodiment", "definition": "A person or form that embodies an idea, philosophy or quality; also a new manifestation of a continuing entity. This figurative use extends the incarnation metaphor.", "stageId": "avatar-religious", "claimIds": [ "avatar-embodiment-history" ] } ], "defaultSense": "avatar-digital-sense", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Lexography enrichment completeness", "standardVersion": "1.0", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "robot", "word": "robot", "language": "English", "sense": "the artificial worker / machine", "category": "Human & imagined", "aliases": [ "robota", "robot" ], "summary": "A fictional worker becomes an everyday word.", "intro": "A fictional worker becomes an everyday word.", "claimIds": [ "robot-claim-6", "robot-claim-7", "robot-coinage-context" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-13", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "robot-czech", "narrativeOrder": [ "robot-labor", "robot-czech", "robot-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "robot-labor", "etymologyId": "cs-robot-2-labor", "form": "robota", "language": "Czech", "languageCode": "cs", "transliteration": "robota", "sense": "Drudgery; servitude", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "inferred-bound", "end": 1920, "approximate": true, "label": "By 1920", "note": "Approximate inferred bound. The labor word had to be available when robot was formed for the 1920 play. This is only a latest-possible bound; it does not imply that robota began in the twentieth century.", "claimIds": [ "robot-labor-period" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Czech reference region", "coordinates": [ 15.10437, 49.873398 ], "qualifier": "Approximate Glottolog language reference point. Not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "robot-claim-2" ] }, "claimIds": [ "robot-claim-1", "robot-labor-lexical-review" ], "explanation": "Compulsory labor owed under a system of servitude; also hard or exhausting work. This noun supplied the material for the invented worker-name robot.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ROH-boh-tah", "ipa": "[ˈrobota]", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day Czech. The o vowels are short and pure; OH is only an English approximation. This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date.", "claimIds": [ "robot-labor-reading-review" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "robot-labor-word-class" ] } }, { "id": "robot-czech", "etymologyId": "cs-robot-2-czech", "form": "robot", "language": "Czech", "languageCode": "cs", "transliteration": "robot", "sense": "The artificial worker in R.U.R.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1920, "end": 1920, "label": "1920", "note": "The source dates the Czech play’s word to 1920.", "approximate": false, "claimIds": [ "robot-claim-8" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Czech reference region", "coordinates": [ 15.10437, 49.873398 ], "qualifier": "Approximate Glottolog language reference point. Not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "robot-claim-4" ] }, "claimIds": [ "robot-claim-3", "robot-claim-8", "robot-czech-lexical-review", "robot-coinage-context" ], "explanation": "The artificial workers of Karel Čapek’s R.U.R. (1920), named on Josef Čapek’s suggestion from robota, compulsory work. The later everyday word for an automated machine grows from this fictional-worker name.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ROH-bot", "ipa": "[ˈrobot]", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day Czech. Both o vowels are short and pure; initial stress differs from no-stress spelling alone. This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date.", "claimIds": [ "robot-czech-reading-review" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "robot-czech-word-class" ] } }, { "id": "robot-english", "etymologyId": "en-robot-2-english", "form": "robot", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "robot", "sense": "An artificial worker; later a task-performing machine", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1920, "end": 1920, "label": "1920 (subtitle)", "note": "Internet Archive reports an English-language subtitle in the 1920 first edition; Merriam-Webster lists first known use as 1922.", "approximate": false, "claimIds": [ "robot-claim-9" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No location verified for this particular stage." }, "claimIds": [ "robot-claim-5", "robot-claim-9", "robot-claim-10", "robot-claim-11", "robot-current-definition-review", "robot-coinage-context" ], "explanation": "An artificial worker in fiction, and later a machine that performs tasks. The 1920 English subtitle inside the Czech edition is documentary evidence, while Merriam-Webster lists 1922 for its English entry.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ROH-bot", "ipa": "/ˈɹəʊ.bɒt/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day British English. This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date.", "claimIds": [ "robot-english-reading-review" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "robot-english-word-class" ] } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "robot-link-1", "from": "robot-labor", "to": "robot-czech", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The source identifies this connection.", "claimIds": [ "robot-claim-6" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "shifted", "explanation": "A word for compulsory work supplies the name for an artificial worker. The labor noun remains a separate word.", "added": [ "Artificial worker" ], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [ "robot-formation-review", "robot-labor-lexical-review" ] } }, { "id": "robot-link-2", "from": "robot-czech", "to": "robot-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The source identifies this connection.", "claimIds": [ "robot-claim-7" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The cited relationship establishes a connection between forms, but does not establish the semantic change at the time of transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [], "context": { "stageId": "robot-english", "label": "English extensions", "summary": [ "+ Automatic devices", "+ Figurative person" ], "explanation": "The artificial-worker name also covers practical automated devices and is applied metaphorically to a person. The early play date does not date every later use.", "claimIds": [ "robot-coinage-context" ] } } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "robot-claim-1", "text": "robota (robota), Czech: Drudgery; servitude. The labor word underlies the name of the fictional worker.", "sourceId": "w-robot", "locator": "English > Etymology 2, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show robota as a Czech stage for robot. Time context is recorded in the separate period evidence; this lexical excerpt alone does not supply a first-use date." }, { "id": "robot-claim-2", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point czec1258.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row czec1258; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "czec1258" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient robota on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "robot-claim-3", "text": "robot (robot), Czech: The artificial worker in R.U.R.. Karel Čapek used the term in 1920 after a suggestion from his brother Josef.", "sourceId": "w-robot", "locator": "English > Etymology 2, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show robot as a Czech stage for robot. The period is supported by a separate dated claim." }, { "id": "robot-claim-4", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point czec1258.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row czec1258; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "czec1258" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient robot on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "robot-claim-5", "text": "robot is the borrowed English form for an artificial worker. The 1920 subtitle evidence is attributed separately to Internet Archive.", "sourceId": "w-robot", "locator": "English > Etymology 2, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show robot as a English stage for robot. The period is supported by a separate dated claim." }, { "id": "robot-claim-6", "text": "robota → robot: derivation. The source identifies this connection.", "sourceId": "w-robot", "locator": "English > Etymology 2, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The source identifies this connection." }, "inference": "We connect robota (Czech) to robot (Czech) as derivation. Any line on the map is schematic, not a documented physical itinerary." }, { "id": "robot-claim-7", "text": "robot → robot: borrowing. The source identifies this connection.", "sourceId": "w-robot", "locator": "English > Etymology 2, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The source identifies this connection." }, "inference": "We connect robot (Czech) to robot (English) as borrowing. Any line on the map is schematic, not a documented physical itinerary." }, { "id": "robot-claim-8", "text": "Czech robot: 1920. The source dates the Czech play’s word to 1920.", "sourceId": "w-robot", "locator": "English > Etymology 2, paragraph on the Czech play R.U.R. (1920)", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source dates the Czech play’s word to 1920." }, "inference": "We place robot at 1920 on the recorded-evidence scale. This does not date the origin of the word." }, { "id": "robot-claim-9", "text": "English robot: 1920 (subtitle). Internet Archive reports an English-language subtitle in the 1920 first edition; Merriam-Webster lists first known use as 1922.", "sourceId": "ia-robot", "locator": "Opening paragraphs identifying the English subtitle on the 1920 Czech first-edition title page", "passageIds": [ "subtitle" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Internet Archive reports an English-language subtitle in the 1920 first edition; Merriam-Webster lists first known use as 1922." }, "inference": "We place robot at 1920 (subtitle) on the recorded-evidence scale. This does not date the origin of the word." }, { "id": "robot-claim-10", "text": "The Internet Archive article identifies an English subtitle in the 1920 Czech first edition.", "sourceId": "ia-robot", "locator": "Opening paragraphs, “There on the title page”", "passageIds": [ "subtitle" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a publisher’s account of an English subtitle in a Czech edition, not evidence of general English adoption in that year." }, "inference": "We show a documented 1920 subtitle use and retain Merriam-Webster’s different 1922 first-known-use account." }, { "id": "robot-claim-11", "text": "Merriam-Webster lists 1922 as first known English use.", "sourceId": "mw-robot", "locator": "Word History > First Known Use", "passageIds": [ "date" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The dictionary’s 1922 date differs from the 1920 subtitle described by Internet Archive." }, "inference": "We preserve the discrepancy instead of forcing both kinds of written evidence into one origin date." }, { "id": "robot-current-definition-review", "sourceId": "w-robot", "passageIds": [ "reviewed-senses" ], "text": "A machine that performs tasks automatically or under programmed control. In fiction, a robot may be an artificial worker or humanlike being; the word does not require a human shape.", "locator": "English > Etymology 2 > Noun", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This is an editorial summary of the selected present-day senses, not a claim that every sense existed at the earliest date." }, "inference": "Give the searched entry a fuller, readable definition and keep historical changes separately sourced." }, { "id": "robot-english-reading-review", "sourceId": "w-robot", "passageIds": [ "robot-english-reading-record" ], "text": "The selected reading of robot is /ˈɹəʊ.bɒt/ (Present-day British English).", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date." }, "inference": "The readable guide “ROH-bot” is Lexography’s approximation of this cited pronunciation, not a separate source transcription." }, { "id": "robot-labor-lexical-review", "sourceId": "w-robota", "passageIds": [ "robot-labor-record" ], "text": "Czech robota denotes compulsory labor or corvée, and arduous work or drudgery.", "locator": "Czech > Etymology 1 > Noun", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This records the specified language and sense. Other homographs and historical periods are not interchangeable." }, "inference": "Use this lexical record to describe the selected stage; a dictionary definition alone does not date its borrowing." }, { "id": "robot-czech-lexical-review", "sourceId": "w-robot", "passageIds": [ "robot-czech-record" ], "text": "Czech robot names an artificial worker; the English etymology credits Josef Čapek’s suggestion to Karel for R.U.R.", "locator": "English > Etymology 2; Czech > Noun", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This records the specified language and sense. Other homographs and historical periods are not interchangeable." }, "inference": "Use this lexical record to describe the selected stage; a dictionary definition alone does not date its borrowing." }, { "id": "robot-labor-reading-review", "sourceId": "w-robota", "passageIds": [ "robot-labor-reading-record" ], "text": "The selected reading of robota is [ˈrobota] (Present-day Czech).", "locator": "Czech > Pronunciation", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The o vowels are short and pure; OH is only an English approximation. This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date." }, "inference": "The readable guide “ROH-boh-tah” is Lexography’s approximation of this cited pronunciation, not a separate source transcription." }, { "id": "robot-czech-reading-review", "sourceId": "w-robot", "passageIds": [ "robot-czech-reading-record" ], "text": "The selected reading of robot is [ˈrobot] (Present-day Czech).", "locator": "Czech > Pronunciation", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Both o vowels are short and pure; initial stress differs from no-stress spelling alone. This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date." }, "inference": "The readable guide “ROH-bot” is Lexography’s approximation of this cited pronunciation, not a separate source transcription." }, { "id": "robot-formation-review", "sourceId": "w-robot", "passageIds": [ "robot-czech-record" ], "text": "The worker-name robot is formed from Czech robota, compulsory work.", "locator": "English > Etymology 2; Czech > Noun", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A word-formation change in reference; robota continues to denote labor." }, "inference": "Distinguish labor itself from the fictional beings made to perform it." }, { "id": "robot-labor-period", "sourceId": "w-robot", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "locator": "English > Etymology 2, first paragraph", "text": "robota: By 1920 — inferred bound.", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The labor word had to be available when robot was formed for the 1920 play. This is only a latest-possible bound; it does not imply that robota began in the twentieth century." }, "inference": "Use this evidence only at the stated level: a written example, contextual period or latest-possible bound. It does not establish the origin of the form, its entire sense range, or the date of borrowing." }, { "id": "robot-labor-word-class", "text": "robota is classified as noun for this Czech stage.", "sourceId": "w-robota", "locator": "Czech > Etymology 1 > Noun", "passageIds": [ "robot-labor-record" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, { "id": "robot-czech-word-class", "text": "robot is classified as noun for this Czech stage.", "sourceId": "w-robot", "locator": "English > Etymology 2; Czech > Noun", "passageIds": [ "robot-czech-record" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, { "id": "robot-english-word-class", "text": "robot is classified as noun for this English stage.", "sourceId": "w-robot", "locator": "English > Etymology 2 > Noun", "passageIds": [ "reviewed-senses" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, { "id": "robot-coinage-context", "sourceId": "mw-robot", "passageIds": [ "robot-coinage-context" ], "text": "The dictionary credits Josef Čapek with suggesting robot for Karel’s play. English also names automatic devices and, figuratively, a person behaving mechanically.", "locator": "Did you know? > Josef Čapek suggestion; Noun > senses 1–3", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The 1920 English subtitle evidence and the dictionary’s 1922 English date remain separately qualified. Contemporary machines need not resemble people." }, "inference": "Use this evidence for the specified form or sense; the presentation is an editorial summary." } ], "limitations": "This is English Etymology 2 (the machine), not Etymology 1 (a forced-labor system borrowed via German). Early-use dates differ; the timeline identifies the particular 1920 evidence.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "robot-primary", "label": "the artificial worker / machine", "definition": "A machine that performs tasks automatically or under programmed control. In fiction, a robot may be an artificial worker or humanlike being; the word does not require a human shape.", "stageId": "robot-english", "claimIds": [ "robot-claim-5", "robot-claim-9", "robot-claim-10", "robot-claim-11", "robot-current-definition-review" ] }, { "id": "robot-figurative-sense", "label": "A mechanical-seeming person", "definition": "A person described as acting automatically or without ordinary feeling or independent response. This is a figurative comparison with a machine.", "stageId": "robot-english", "claimIds": [ "robot-coinage-context" ] } ], "defaultSense": "robot-primary" }, { "id": "shampoo", "word": "shampoo", "language": "English", "sense": "massage and washing", "category": "Everyday rituals", "aliases": [ "cā̃po", "चाँपो", "shampoo" ], "summary": "Before hair washing, there was a word for massage.", "intro": "Before hair washing, there was a word for massage.", "claimIds": [ "shampoo-claim-6", "shampoo-claim-7", "shampoo-product-history", "shampoo-product-definition" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-13", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "shampoo-hindi", "narrativeOrder": [ "shampoo-hindi", "shampoo-massage", "shampoo-wash", "shampoo-preparation" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "shampoo-hindi", "etymologyId": "hi-shampoo-hindi", "form": "चाँपो", "language": "Hindi", "languageCode": "hi", "transliteration": "cā̃po", "sense": "Press! Massage!", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "inferred-bound", "end": 1762, "approximate": true, "label": "By 1762", "note": "Approximate inferred bound. The English borrowing gives the source imperative a latest-possible bound. It does not date the Hindi verb’s origin or its first written imperative.", "claimIds": [ "shampoo-hindi-period" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Hindi reference region / South Asia", "coordinates": [ 77, 25 ], "qualifier": "Approximate Glottolog language reference point. Not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "shampoo-claim-2" ] }, "claimIds": [ "shampoo-claim-1", "shampoo-hindi-lexical-review" ], "explanation": "Press or knead! The selected form is a plural or familiar-address imperative of चाँपना. It supplies the action word borrowed into English in the massage sense.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Devanagari", "pronunciation": { "guide": "chaan-poh", "ipa": "/t͡ʃɑ̃ː.poː/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day Standard Hindi. The first vowel is long and nasalized; n marks nasalization, not a separate consonant. The final o is long and pure. No stress is asserted. This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date.", "claimIds": [ "shampoo-hindi-reading-review" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "verb (imperative)", "claimIds": [ "shampoo-hindi-word-class" ] } }, { "id": "shampoo-massage", "etymologyId": "en-shampoo-massage", "form": "shampoo", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "shampoo", "sense": "To massage", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1762, "end": 1762, "label": "1762", "note": "First known use reported by the source, not the origin of the word.", "approximate": false, "claimIds": [ "shampoo-claim-10" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Approximate Glottolog language reference point. Not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "shampoo-claim-4" ] }, "claimIds": [ "shampoo-claim-3", "shampoo-claim-8", "shampoo-claim-10", "shampoo-current-definition-review", "shampoo-massage-sense-definition-review" ], "explanation": "To press, knead or massage the body. This early English verb is linked to the Hindi imperative; its recorded 1762 use should not be read as the first date of modern hair-washing products.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "sham-POO", "ipa": "/ʃæmˈpuː/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day British English. This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date.", "claimIds": [ "shampoo-massage-reading-review" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "verb", "claimIds": [ "shampoo-massage-word-class" ] } }, { "id": "shampoo-wash", "etymologyId": "en-shampoo-wash", "form": "shampoo", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "shampoo", "sense": "To wash hair with a cleansing preparation", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "sense-attestation", "start": 1860, "end": 1860, "approximate": false, "label": "By 1860", "note": "The dictionary reports the hair-washing verb by 1860. This is distinct from the earlier massage verb and the separately dated washing-product noun.", "claimIds": [ "shampoo-wash-period" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No location verified for this particular stage." }, "claimIds": [ "shampoo-claim-5", "shampoo-claim-9", "shampoo-current-definition-review" ], "explanation": "To wash hair, or certain other materials, with a cleansing preparation. This is a later English sense. The first noun date alone would not establish when this verb sense arose.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "sham-POO", "ipa": "/ʃæmˈpuː/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day British English. This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date.", "claimIds": [ "shampoo-wash-reading-review" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "verb", "claimIds": [ "shampoo-wash-word-class" ] } }, { "id": "shampoo-preparation", "etymologyId": "en-shampoo-preparation", "form": "shampoo", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "shampoo", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A cleansing preparation", "explanation": "A preparation used to wash hair, or material such as carpets and upholstery. The product noun follows the act-of-shampooing noun; its reported 1866 date is separate from the massage and hair-washing verb dates.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "sense-attestation", "start": 1866, "end": 1866, "approximate": false, "label": "1866 · product", "note": "Reported first-use date for the cleansing-product noun, distinct from the 1838 act noun and the hair-washing verb by 1860.", "claimIds": [ "shampoo-product-history" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "A sense development in English; no particular origin location is verified." }, "claimIds": [ "shampoo-product-definition", "shampoo-product-history" ], "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "shampoo-product-definition" ] }, "pronunciation": { "guide": "sham-POO", "ipa": "/ʃæmˈpuː/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day British English. This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date.", "claimIds": [ "shampoo-wash-reading-review" ] } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "shampoo-link-1", "from": "shampoo-hindi", "to": "shampoo-massage", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The source identifies this connection.", "claimIds": [ "shampoo-claim-6" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The cited relationship establishes a connection between forms, but does not establish the semantic change at the time of transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "shampoo-link-2", "from": "shampoo-massage", "to": "shampoo-wash", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The dictionary retains massage and washing senses of the verb.", "claimIds": [ "shampoo-claim-7" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "shifted", "explanation": "The massage verb develops a hair-washing use, reported by 1860. This describes the later sense rather than the exact moment the change began.", "added": [ "Hair washing" ], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [ "shampoo-claim-7" ] } }, { "id": "shampoo-wash-product", "from": "shampoo-wash", "to": "shampoo-preparation", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "tree": true, "note": "The verb supplies the noun for the preparation used in the activity.", "claimIds": [ "shampoo-product-history", "shampoo-product-definition" ], "semantic": { "type": "shifted", "explanation": "An action name supplies a name for the material used to carry out that action. The verb continues in use.", "added": [ "Cleansing preparation" ], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [ "shampoo-product-history", "shampoo-product-definition" ] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "shampoo-claim-1", "text": "चाँपो (cā̃po), Hindi: Press! Massage!. An imperative of cā̃pnā, meaning to press or knead.", "sourceId": "w-shampoo", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show cā̃po as a Hindi stage for shampoo. Time context is recorded in the separate period evidence; this lexical excerpt alone does not supply a first-use date." }, { "id": "shampoo-claim-2", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point hind1269.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row hind1269; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "hind1269" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient cā̃po on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "shampoo-claim-3", "text": "shampoo (shampoo), English: To massage. The early English verb relates to massage.", "sourceId": "w-shampoo", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account; English noun/verb definitions for the displayed sense", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show shampoo as a English stage for shampoo. The period is supported by a separate dated claim." }, { "id": "shampoo-claim-4", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point stan1293.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient shampoo on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "shampoo-claim-5", "text": "The hair-washing verb is a later sense, kept separate from massage; its written-date evidence is recorded separately.", "sourceId": "w-shampoo", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account; English noun/verb definitions for the displayed sense", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show shampoo as a English stage for shampoo. Time context is recorded in the separate period evidence; this lexical excerpt alone does not supply a first-use date." }, { "id": "shampoo-claim-6", "text": "cā̃po → shampoo: borrowing. The source identifies this connection.", "sourceId": "w-shampoo", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The source identifies this connection." }, "inference": "We connect cā̃po (Hindi) to shampoo (English) as borrowing. Any line on the map is schematic, not a documented physical itinerary." }, { "id": "shampoo-claim-7", "text": "shampoo → shampoo: semantic-change. The dictionary retains massage and washing senses of the verb.", "sourceId": "mw-shampoo", "locator": "Verb senses 1 and 2; Word History > Etymology and First Known Use", "passageIds": [ "massage", "washing" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The dictionary lists both the archaic massage sense and the washing sense. It does not date the transition between them here." }, "inference": "Separate massage and washing in the journey. The additional hair-washing date does not establish when the transition began." }, { "id": "shampoo-claim-8", "text": "The dictionary dates the massage verb to 1762.", "sourceId": "mw-shampoo", "locator": "Verb sense 2 and Word History > First Known Use, verb", "passageIds": [ "date", "massage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show shampoo as a English stage for shampoo. The period is supported by a separate dated claim." }, { "id": "shampoo-claim-9", "text": "The verb also denotes washing with a cleansing preparation.", "sourceId": "mw-shampoo", "locator": "Verb sense 1; Kids Definition, verb", "passageIds": [ "washing" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This definition supports the washing meaning. Its date of first use is not established by this excerpt." }, "inference": "We show the later washing sense without assigning it the earlier massage verb’s date." }, { "id": "shampoo-claim-10", "text": "English shampoo: 1762. First known use reported by the source, not the origin of the word.", "sourceId": "mw-shampoo", "locator": "Word History > First Known Use, Verb (sense 2: massage)", "passageIds": [ "date" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "First known use reported by the source, not the origin of the word." }, "inference": "We place shampoo at 1762 on the recorded-evidence scale. This does not date the origin of the word." }, { "id": "shampoo-current-definition-review", "sourceId": "w-shampoo", "passageIds": [ "reviewed-senses" ], "text": "To wash hair with a cleansing preparation. The verb can also describe cleaning materials such as carpets; its earlier massage sense belongs to a different stage of this journey.", "locator": "English > Verb", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This is an editorial summary of the selected present-day senses, not a claim that every sense existed at the earliest date." }, "inference": "Give the searched entry a fuller, readable definition and keep historical changes separately sourced." }, { "id": "shampoo-massage-reading-review", "sourceId": "w-shampoo", "passageIds": [ "shampoo-massage-reading-record" ], "text": "The selected reading of shampoo is /ʃæmˈpuː/ (Present-day British English).", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date." }, "inference": "The readable guide “sham-POO” is Lexography’s approximation of this cited pronunciation, not a separate source transcription." }, { "id": "shampoo-wash-reading-review", "sourceId": "w-shampoo", "passageIds": [ "shampoo-wash-reading-record" ], "text": "The selected reading of shampoo is /ʃæmˈpuː/ (Present-day British English).", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date." }, "inference": "The readable guide “sham-POO” is Lexography’s approximation of this cited pronunciation, not a separate source transcription." }, { "id": "shampoo-hindi-lexical-review", "sourceId": "w-campna", "passageIds": [ "shampoo-hindi-record" ], "text": "Hindi चाँपना means to press, squeeze or knead; चाँपो is its imperative form in the English borrowing.", "locator": "Hindi > Verb; Etymology", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This records the specified language and sense. Other homographs and historical periods are not interchangeable." }, "inference": "Use this lexical record to describe the selected stage; a dictionary definition alone does not date its borrowing." }, { "id": "shampoo-hindi-reading-review", "sourceId": "w-campo", "passageIds": [ "shampoo-hindi-reading-record" ], "text": "The selected reading of चाँपो is /t͡ʃɑ̃ː.poː/ (Present-day Standard Hindi).", "locator": "Hindi > Pronunciation", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The first vowel is long and nasalized; n marks nasalization, not a separate consonant. The final o is long and pure. No stress is asserted. This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date." }, "inference": "The readable guide “chaan-poh” is Lexography’s approximation of this cited pronunciation, not a separate source transcription." }, { "id": "shampoo-massage-sense-definition-review", "sourceId": "w-shampoo", "passageIds": [ "shampoo-massage-sense-definition" ], "text": "To press and knead a person’s body, with stretching of the limbs and joints, traditionally in connection with bathing. This older massage use precedes the selected washing sense.", "locator": "English > Verb, massage sense", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This describes the selected sense; it does not date every component of the practice or erase other senses." }, "inference": "Provide a fuller definition using the existing sense selector." }, { "id": "shampoo-hindi-period", "sourceId": "etymonline-shampoo", "passageIds": [ "massage" ], "locator": "shampoo (v.) > opening paragraph", "text": "चाँपो: By 1762 — inferred bound.", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The English borrowing gives the source imperative a latest-possible bound. It does not date the Hindi verb’s origin or its first written imperative." }, "inference": "Use this evidence only at the stated level: a written example, contextual period or latest-possible bound. It does not establish the origin of the form, its entire sense range, or the date of borrowing." }, { "id": "shampoo-wash-period", "sourceId": "etymonline-shampoo", "passageIds": [ "washing" ], "locator": "shampoo (v.) > second paragraph", "text": "shampoo: By 1860 — reported written use.", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The dictionary reports the hair-washing verb by 1860. This is distinct from the earlier massage verb and the separately dated washing-product noun." }, "inference": "Use this evidence only at the stated level: a written example, contextual period or latest-possible bound. It does not establish the origin of the form, its entire sense range, or the date of borrowing." }, { "id": "shampoo-hindi-word-class", "text": "चाँपो is classified as verb (imperative) for this Hindi stage.", "sourceId": "w-campna", "locator": "Hindi > Verb; Etymology", "passageIds": [ "shampoo-hindi-record" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The selected form is imperative, not the infinitive cited as its dictionary lemma." }, "inference": "The selected form is imperative, not the infinitive cited as its dictionary lemma." }, { "id": "shampoo-massage-word-class", "text": "shampoo is classified as verb for this English stage.", "sourceId": "w-shampoo", "locator": "English > Verb, massage sense", "passageIds": [ "shampoo-massage-sense-definition" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, { "id": "shampoo-wash-word-class", "text": "shampoo is classified as verb for this English stage.", "sourceId": "w-shampoo", "locator": "English > Verb", "passageIds": [ "reviewed-senses" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, { "id": "shampoo-product-history", "sourceId": "etymonline-shampoo", "passageIds": [ "shampoo-product-history" ], "text": "The noun is dated to 1838 for an act of shampooing and 1866 for the cleansing preparation; the hair-washing verb is recorded by 1860.", "locator": "shampoo (n.); shampoo (v.)", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "These dates refer to different senses. None dates the original Hindi imperative or the invention of the practice." }, "inference": "Use this evidence for the specified form or sense; the presentation is an editorial summary." }, { "id": "shampoo-product-definition", "sourceId": "mw-shampoo", "passageIds": [ "shampoo-product-definition" ], "text": "English shampoo is both a cleansing preparation and an instance of shampooing. As a verb it names washing with such a preparation; its massage sense is archaic.", "locator": "Noun > senses 1–2; Verb > senses 1–2; Word History", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The noun’s 1838 date is for the act, not the product." }, "inference": "Use this evidence for the specified form or sense; the presentation is an editorial summary." } ], "limitations": "The Hindi imperative has an inferred bound, not a verified first date. English massage, hair washing, an act of washing and the cleansing product have separate evidence. The Sanskrit connection is tentative and not drawn as a settled ancestor.", "partOfSpeech": "verb", "senses": [ { "id": "shampoo-massage-sense", "label": "To massage", "definition": "To press and knead a person’s body, with stretching of the limbs and joints, traditionally in connection with bathing. This older massage use precedes the selected washing sense.", "stageId": "shampoo-massage", "claimIds": [ "shampoo-claim-3", "shampoo-claim-8", "shampoo-claim-10", "shampoo-current-definition-review", "shampoo-massage-sense-definition-review" ] }, { "id": "shampoo-wash-sense", "label": "To wash hair", "definition": "To wash hair with a cleansing preparation. The verb can also describe cleaning materials such as carpets; its earlier massage sense belongs to a different stage of this journey.", "stageId": "shampoo-wash", "claimIds": [ "shampoo-claim-5", "shampoo-claim-9", "shampoo-current-definition-review" ] }, { "id": "shampoo-product-sense", "label": "The cleansing preparation", "definition": "A preparation used to clean hair, or another material such as carpet or upholstery. The product noun is distinct from both the older massage verb and an act of washing.", "stageId": "shampoo-preparation", "claimIds": [ "shampoo-product-history", "shampoo-product-definition" ] } ], "defaultSense": "shampoo-wash-sense" }, { "id": "safari", "word": "safari", "language": "English", "sense": "the expedition", "category": "On the move", "aliases": [ "safar", "سَفَر", "safari" ], "summary": "A word for a journey makes a journey of its own.", "intro": "A word for a journey makes a journey of its own.", "claimIds": [ "safari-claim-7", "safari-claim-8", "safari-english-scope" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-13", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "safari-arabic", "narrativeOrder": [ "safari-arabic", "safari-swahili", "safari-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "safari-arabic", "etymologyId": "ar-safari-arabic", "form": "سَفَر", "language": "Arabic", "languageCode": "ar", "transliteration": "safar", "sense": "Journey", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 600, "end": 699, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 600s", "note": "Approximate textual period. A seventh-century Qur’anic context for the journey noun. The Birmingham manuscript contains other chapters; its radiocarbon date is not used to date this verse or this word’s origin.", "claimIds": [ "safari-arabic-period", "safari-arabic-text-context" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Arabic / Arabian Peninsula", "coordinates": [ 43.8525, 27.9625 ], "qualifier": "Approximate Glottolog language reference point. Not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "safari-claim-2" ] }, "claimIds": [ "safari-claim-1", "safari-claim-10", "safari-arabic-lexical-review" ], "explanation": "A journey, departure, or travel. The Arabic word has a broader range than the selected English wildlife-expedition sense. Dictionaries differ on whether safar or the related safarī was the immediate source.", "direction": "rtl", "script": "Arabic", "pronunciation": { "guide": "sa-far", "ipa": "/sa.far/", "status": "verified", "note": "Standard Arabic. Both vowels are short; lower-case syllables do not assert stress. This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date.", "claimIds": [ "safari-arabic-reading-review" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "safari-arabic-word-class" ] } }, { "id": "safari-swahili", "etymologyId": "sw-safari-swahili", "form": "safari", "language": "Swahili", "languageCode": "sw", "transliteration": "safari", "sense": "Journey", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "inferred-bound", "end": 1859, "approximate": true, "label": "By 1859", "note": "Approximate inferred bound. English use in 1859 gives its Swahili source a latest-possible bound. The journey word may be substantially older; this does not date its first use in Swahili.", "claimIds": [ "safari-swahili-period", "safari-swahili-bound-chain" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Swahili reference region / East Africa", "coordinates": [ 37.624, -8.25605 ], "qualifier": "Approximate Glottolog language reference point. Not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "safari-claim-4" ] }, "claimIds": [ "safari-claim-3", "safari-swahili-lexical-review" ], "explanation": "A journey or trip, without necessarily implying wildlife or hunting. The Swahili word is the immediate source identified for the English expedition sense.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "sah-FAH-ree", "ipa": "/sɑˈfɑ.ɾi/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day Unguja Standard Swahili. The r is tapped. This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date.", "claimIds": [ "safari-swahili-reading-review" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "safari-swahili-word-class" ] } }, { "id": "safari-english", "etymologyId": "en-safari-english", "form": "safari", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "safari", "sense": "An expedition, especially for hunting or observing wildlife", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1859, "end": 1859, "label": "1859", "note": "First known use reported by the source, not the origin of the word.", "approximate": false, "claimIds": [ "safari-claim-11" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Approximate Glottolog language reference point. Not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "safari-claim-6" ] }, "claimIds": [ "safari-claim-5", "safari-claim-9", "safari-claim-11", "safari-current-definition-review", "safari-english-scope" ], "explanation": "An expedition associated with hunting, viewing or photographing wildlife. English also extends safari to other exploratory trips, so specialization describes the selected sense rather than every modern use.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "suh-FAH-ree", "ipa": "/səˈfɑːɹ.i/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day British English. This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date.", "claimIds": [ "safari-english-reading-review" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "safari-english-word-class" ] } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "safari-link-1", "from": "safari-arabic", "to": "safari-swahili", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Wiktionary gives safar; Merriam-Webster gives the related Arabic form safarī.", "claimIds": [ "safari-claim-7" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The cited relationship establishes a connection between forms, but does not establish the semantic change at the time of transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "safari-link-2", "from": "safari-swahili", "to": "safari-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The source identifies this connection.", "claimIds": [ "safari-claim-8" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "narrowed", "explanation": "For the selected English sense, a general journey becomes an expedition associated with wildlife. Other extended English uses also exist. English also names the travelling party and equipment and retains broader journey uses. The selected narrowing does not erase those other meanings.", "added": [ "Wildlife-expedition focus" ], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [ "safari-specialization-review", "safari-english-scope" ] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "safari-claim-1", "text": "سَفَر (safar), Arabic: Journey. Wiktionary gives this Arabic source form.", "sourceId": "w-safari", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show safar as a Arabic stage for safari. Time context is recorded in the separate period evidence; this lexical excerpt alone does not supply a first-use date." }, { "id": "safari-claim-2", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point stan1318.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1318; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "stan1318" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient safar on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "safari-claim-3", "text": "safari (safari), Swahili: Journey. The Swahili word is the immediate source for English.", "sourceId": "w-safari", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show safari as a Swahili stage for safari. Time context is recorded in the separate period evidence; this lexical excerpt alone does not supply a first-use date." }, { "id": "safari-claim-4", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point swah1253.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row swah1253; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "swah1253" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient safari on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "safari-claim-5", "text": "safari (safari), English: An expedition, especially for hunting or observing wildlife. English develops a more specialized expedition sense.", "sourceId": "w-safari", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account; English noun/verb definitions for the displayed sense", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show safari as a English stage for safari. The period is supported by a separate dated claim." }, { "id": "safari-claim-6", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point stan1293.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient safari on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "safari-claim-7", "text": "safar → safari: borrowing. Wiktionary gives safar; Merriam-Webster gives the related Arabic form safarī.", "sourceId": "w-safari", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Wiktionary gives safar; Merriam-Webster gives the related Arabic form safarī." }, "inference": "We connect safar (Arabic) to safari (Swahili) as borrowing. Any line on the map is schematic, not a documented physical itinerary." }, { "id": "safari-claim-8", "text": "safari → safari: borrowing. The source identifies this connection.", "sourceId": "w-safari", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The source identifies this connection." }, "inference": "We connect safari (Swahili) to safari (English) as borrowing. Any line on the map is schematic, not a documented physical itinerary." }, { "id": "safari-claim-9", "text": "English safari denotes an expedition, particularly a hunting expedition in Africa.", "sourceId": "mw-safari", "locator": "Definition sense 1; Kids Definition", "passageIds": [ "meaning" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show safari as a English stage for safari. The period is supported by a separate dated claim." }, { "id": "safari-claim-10", "text": "Merriam-Webster reports Arabic safarī, “of a journey”, in its etymology.", "sourceId": "mw-safari", "locator": "Word History > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show safar as a Arabic stage for safari. Time context is recorded in the separate period evidence; this lexical excerpt alone does not supply a first-use date." }, { "id": "safari-claim-11", "text": "English safari: 1859. First known use reported by the source, not the origin of the word.", "sourceId": "mw-safari", "locator": "Word History > First Known Use; the specified part of speech / sense", "passageIds": [ "date" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "First known use reported by the source, not the origin of the word." }, "inference": "We place safari at 1859 on the recorded-evidence scale. This does not date the origin of the word." }, { "id": "safari-current-definition-review", "sourceId": "w-safari", "passageIds": [ "reviewed-senses" ], "text": "A journey or expedition to observe, photograph, or hunt wild animals, especially in Africa. By extension, the word can describe other trips made to explore or seek something.", "locator": "English > Noun", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This is an editorial summary of the selected present-day senses, not a claim that every sense existed at the earliest date." }, "inference": "Give the searched entry a fuller, readable definition and keep historical changes separately sourced." }, { "id": "safari-english-reading-review", "sourceId": "w-safari", "passageIds": [ "safari-english-reading-record" ], "text": "The selected reading of safari is /səˈfɑːɹ.i/ (Present-day British English).", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date." }, "inference": "The readable guide “suh-FAH-ree” is Lexography’s approximation of this cited pronunciation, not a separate source transcription." }, { "id": "safari-arabic-lexical-review", "sourceId": "w-safar", "passageIds": [ "safari-arabic-record" ], "text": "Arabic سَفَر denotes departure, travel or a journey, including a military expedition.", "locator": "Arabic > Etymology 1.1 > Noun", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This records the specified language and sense. Other homographs and historical periods are not interchangeable." }, "inference": "Use this lexical record to describe the selected stage; a dictionary definition alone does not date its borrowing." }, { "id": "safari-swahili-lexical-review", "sourceId": "w-safari", "passageIds": [ "safari-swahili-record" ], "text": "Swahili safari denotes a journey or trip and, separately, a time or instance; the entry derives it from Arabic safar.", "locator": "Swahili > Etymology; Noun", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This records the specified language and sense. Other homographs and historical periods are not interchangeable." }, "inference": "Use this lexical record to describe the selected stage; a dictionary definition alone does not date its borrowing." }, { "id": "safari-arabic-reading-review", "sourceId": "w-safar", "passageIds": [ "safari-arabic-reading-record" ], "text": "The selected reading of سَفَر is /sa.far/ (Standard Arabic).", "locator": "Arabic > Etymology 1.1 > Pronunciation", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Both vowels are short; lower-case syllables do not assert stress. This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date." }, "inference": "The readable guide “sa-far” is Lexography’s approximation of this cited pronunciation, not a separate source transcription." }, { "id": "safari-swahili-reading-review", "sourceId": "w-safari", "passageIds": [ "safari-swahili-reading-record" ], "text": "The selected reading of safari is /sɑˈfɑ.ɾi/ (Present-day Unguja Standard Swahili).", "locator": "Swahili > Pronunciation", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The r is tapped. This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date." }, "inference": "The readable guide “sah-FAH-ree” is Lexography’s approximation of this cited pronunciation, not a separate source transcription." }, { "id": "safari-specialization-review", "sourceId": "w-safari", "passageIds": [ "safari-swahili-record", "reviewed-senses" ], "text": "The selected English wildlife-expedition sense is more specialized than Swahili journey.", "locator": "Swahili > Etymology; Noun; English > Noun", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "English also has extended uses for other exploratory trips. No precise date of narrowing is asserted." }, "inference": "Classify this selected sense comparison as narrowing; do not claim every English use is restricted to wildlife." }, { "id": "safari-arabic-text-context", "sourceId": "quran-safar", "passageIds": [ "word" ], "locator": "Chapter 2, verse 184, word 9", "text": "Safar has a journey-sense Qur’anic reference.", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a lexical reference to the received text, not a claim about a dated physical witness of this verse." }, "inference": "Use this evidence only at the stated level: a written example, contextual period or latest-possible bound. It does not establish the origin of the form, its entire sense range, or the date of borrowing." }, { "id": "safari-arabic-period", "sourceId": "birmingham-quran-context", "passageIds": [ "period" ], "locator": "What is the Birmingham Qur’an? > introductory historical context", "text": "سَفَر: c. 600s — textual period.", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A seventh-century Qur’anic context for the journey noun. The Birmingham manuscript contains other chapters; its radiocarbon date is not used to date this verse or this word’s origin." }, "inference": "Use this evidence only at the stated level: a written example, contextual period or latest-possible bound. It does not establish the origin of the form, its entire sense range, or the date of borrowing." }, { "id": "safari-swahili-bound-chain", "sourceId": "w-safari", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "locator": "English > Etymology", "text": "Swahili safari is the source in the English borrowing account.", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The bound is conditional on this selected etymological account." }, "inference": "Use this evidence only at the stated level: a written example, contextual period or latest-possible bound. It does not establish the origin of the form, its entire sense range, or the date of borrowing." }, { "id": "safari-swahili-period", "sourceId": "mw-safari", "passageIds": [ "date" ], "locator": "Word History > First Known Use, Noun", "text": "safari: By 1859 — inferred bound.", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "English use in 1859 gives its Swahili source a latest-possible bound. The journey word may be substantially older; this does not date its first use in Swahili." }, "inference": "Use this evidence only at the stated level: a written example, contextual period or latest-possible bound. It does not establish the origin of the form, its entire sense range, or the date of borrowing." }, { "id": "safari-arabic-word-class", "text": "سَفَر is classified as noun for this Arabic stage.", "sourceId": "w-safar", "locator": "Arabic > Etymology 1.1 > Noun", "passageIds": [ "safari-arabic-record" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, { "id": "safari-swahili-word-class", "text": "safari is classified as noun for this Swahili stage.", "sourceId": "w-safari", "locator": "Swahili > Etymology; Noun", "passageIds": [ "safari-swahili-record" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, { "id": "safari-english-word-class", "text": "safari is classified as noun for this English stage.", "sourceId": "w-safari", "locator": "English > Noun", "passageIds": [ "reviewed-senses" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, { "id": "safari-english-scope", "sourceId": "mw-safari", "passageIds": [ "safari-english-scope" ], "text": "Safari can denote the hunting expedition’s caravan and equipment, the expedition itself, or a journey more generally. The dictionary dates its first English use to 1859.", "locator": "Noun > senses 1–2; Etymology; First Known Use", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The selected wildlife sense is one specialisation; broader journey use is still recorded. The Arabic source is given here as safarī, unlike the safar account." }, "inference": "Use this evidence for the specified form or sense; the presentation is an editorial summary." } ], "limitations": "The Arabic source form differs between the two dictionaries. The long map links are schematic language relationships, not travel itineraries.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "safari-primary", "label": "the expedition", "definition": "A journey or expedition to observe, photograph, or hunt wild animals, especially in Africa. By extension, the word can describe other trips made to explore or seek something.", "stageId": "safari-english", "claimIds": [ "safari-claim-5", "safari-claim-9", "safari-claim-11", "safari-current-definition-review" ] }, { "id": "safari-general-sense", "label": "A journey or expedition", "definition": "A journey undertaken to explore or seek something, including uses beyond African wildlife expeditions.", "stageId": "safari-english", "claimIds": [ "safari-english-scope" ] }, { "id": "safari-caravan-sense", "label": "The expedition party", "definition": "The caravan and equipment accompanying a hunting expedition, especially in eastern Africa.", "stageId": "safari-english", "claimIds": [ "safari-english-scope" ] } ], "defaultSense": "safari-primary" }, { "id": "chocolate", "word": "chocolate", "language": "English", "sense": "the cacao drink", "category": "At the table", "aliases": [ "chocolātl", "chocolate" ], "summary": "A familiar comfort, with an unresolved beginning.", "intro": "A familiar comfort, with an unresolved beginning.", "claimIds": [ "chocolate-claim-7", "chocolate-claim-8", "chocolate-scholarly-proposal", "chocolate-scholarly-dispute", "chocolate-modern-scope" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-13", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "chocolate-nahuatl", "narrativeOrder": [ "chocolate-nahuatl", "chocolate-spanish", "chocolate-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "chocolate-nahuatl", "etymologyId": "nci-chocolate-nahuatl", "form": "chocolātl", "language": "Classical Nahuatl", "languageCode": "nci", "transliteration": "chocolātl", "sense": "The cacao drink", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1580, "end": 1580, "label": "c. 1580 · reported", "approximate": true, "note": "Approximate attestation reported by the dictionary. The cited early text and competing scholarly analyses have not been independently collated.", "claimIds": [ "chocolate-nahuatl-date-review" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Classical Nahuatl reference region", "coordinates": [ -96.97, 19.72 ], "qualifier": "Approximate Glottolog language reference point. Not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "chocolate-claim-2" ] }, "claimIds": [ "chocolate-claim-1", "chocolate-claim-10", "chocolate-nahuatl-lexical-review", "chocolate-spanish-review", "chocolate-nahuatl-date-review", "chocolate-scholarly-proposal", "chocolate-scholarly-dispute" ], "explanation": "A cacao drink name in the selected Nahuatl account. The deeper analysis is disputed: scholars disagree over the proposed roots and the relation to chikola:tl. The familiar bitter-water explanation is not established here.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "cho-ko-laatl", "ipa": "/tʃokolaːt͡ɬ/", "status": "verified", "note": "Classical Nahuatl dictionary reading. aa is long; final tl is a single lateral affricate, not an extra syllable. No stress is assigned beyond what this source transcribes. This is the dictionary’s conventional historical reading, not an audio attestation or a reading tied to a dated manuscript.", "claimIds": [ "chocolate-nahuatl-reading-review" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "chocolate-nahuatl-word-class" ] } }, { "id": "chocolate-spanish", "etymologyId": "es-chocolate-spanish", "form": "chocolate", "language": "Spanish", "languageCode": "es", "transliteration": "chocolate", "sense": "Chocolate", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1581, "end": 1581, "label": "1581 · recorded", "approximate": false, "note": "DHLE’s earliest listed drink attestation is a Mexican document, cited through historical lexicographical material. This corrects the later 1590s summary in Wiktionary.", "claimIds": [ "chocolate-spanish-date-review" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Spanish reference region", "coordinates": [ -1.11788, 40.4414 ], "qualifier": "Approximate Glottolog language reference point. Not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border. The 1581 Spanish-language attestation is from Mexico; this reference point does not place that document in Spain.", "claimIds": [ "chocolate-claim-4" ] }, "claimIds": [ "chocolate-claim-3", "chocolate-spanish-lexical-review", "chocolate-spanish-date-review", "chocolate-spanish-review" ], "explanation": "A cacao-based beverage, and also the paste or food from which it is prepared. The historical Spanish evidence includes a Mexican document; the map’s language point is not its place of attestation.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "cho-ko-LAH-teh", "ipa": "/t͡ʃokoˈlate/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day Spanish. The final e is pronounced, unlike the final letter in English chocolate. This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date.", "claimIds": [ "chocolate-spanish-reading-review" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "chocolate-spanish-word-class" ] } }, { "id": "chocolate-english", "etymologyId": "en-chocolate-english", "form": "chocolate", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "chocolate", "sense": "A beverage made from cacao", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1604, "end": 1604, "label": "1604", "note": "First known English use for the beverage sense (sense 3), not necessarily solid chocolate.", "approximate": false, "claimIds": [ "chocolate-claim-9" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Approximate Glottolog language reference point. Not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "chocolate-claim-6" ] }, "claimIds": [ "chocolate-claim-5", "chocolate-claim-9", "chocolate-current-definition-review", "chocolate-modern-scope" ], "explanation": "The cacao-based beverage in this journey’s early English evidence. The food, individual sweet and color senses are also recorded today; the 1604 drink date is not assigned to all of them.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "CHOK-luht", "ipa": "/ˈtʃɒk.lət/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day British English. This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date.", "claimIds": [ "chocolate-english-reading-review" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "chocolate-english-word-class" ] } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "chocolate-link-1", "from": "chocolate-nahuatl", "to": "chocolate-spanish", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The source identifies this connection.", "claimIds": [ "chocolate-claim-7" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The cited relationship establishes a connection between forms, but does not establish the semantic change at the time of transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "chocolate-link-2", "from": "chocolate-spanish", "to": "chocolate-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The source identifies this connection.", "claimIds": [ "chocolate-claim-8" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The cited relationship establishes a connection between forms, but does not establish the semantic change at the time of transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [], "context": { "stageId": "chocolate-english", "label": "English uses", "summary": [ "+ Food & sweets", "+ Brown colour" ], "explanation": "The drink word also names the cacao-based food, individual sweets and a brownish colour. Their first dates are not established by the 1604 beverage evidence.", "claimIds": [ "chocolate-modern-scope" ] } } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "chocolate-claim-1", "text": "chocolātl (chocolātl), Classical Nahuatl: The cacao drink. The source gives this form but leaves its earlier origin uncertain.", "sourceId": "w-chocolate", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show chocolātl as a Classical Nahuatl stage for chocolate. The written date is supported by the separate date claim; this form record does not date its borrowing." }, { "id": "chocolate-claim-2", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point clas1250.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row clas1250; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "clas1250" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient chocolātl on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "chocolate-claim-3", "text": "chocolate (chocolate), Spanish: Chocolate. Spanish is the immediate source identified for English.", "sourceId": "w-chocolate", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show chocolate as a Spanish stage for chocolate. The written date is supported by the separate date claim; this form record does not date its borrowing." }, { "id": "chocolate-claim-4", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point stan1288.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1288; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "stan1288" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient chocolate on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "chocolate-claim-5", "text": "chocolate (chocolate), English: A beverage made from cacao. Merriam-Webster’s early English date refers to the beverage.", "sourceId": "w-chocolate", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account; English noun/verb definitions for the displayed sense", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show chocolate as a English stage for chocolate. The period is supported by a separate dated claim." }, { "id": "chocolate-claim-6", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point stan1293.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient chocolate on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "chocolate-claim-7", "text": "chocolātl → chocolate: borrowing. The source identifies this connection.", "sourceId": "w-chocolate", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The source identifies this connection." }, "inference": "We connect chocolātl (Classical Nahuatl) to chocolate (Spanish) as borrowing. Any line on the map is schematic, not a documented physical itinerary." }, { "id": "chocolate-claim-8", "text": "chocolate → chocolate: borrowing. The source identifies this connection.", "sourceId": "w-chocolate", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The source identifies this connection." }, "inference": "We connect chocolate (Spanish) to chocolate (English) as borrowing. Any line on the map is schematic, not a documented physical itinerary." }, { "id": "chocolate-claim-9", "text": "English chocolate: 1604. First known English use for the beverage sense (sense 3), not necessarily solid chocolate.", "sourceId": "mw-chocolate", "locator": "Word History > First Known Use; the specified part of speech / sense", "passageIds": [ "date" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "First known English use for the beverage sense (sense 3), not necessarily solid chocolate." }, "inference": "We place chocolate at 1604 on the recorded-evidence scale. This does not date the origin of the word." }, { "id": "chocolate-claim-10", "text": "Merriam-Webster proposes an earlier Nahuatl alteration, explicitly as probable; Wiktionary says the earlier origin is uncertain.", "sourceId": "mw-chocolate", "locator": "Word History > Etymology, “probably an alteration”", "passageIds": [ "uncertainty" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The dictionary qualifies its deeper analysis with “probably”; Wiktionary leaves the earlier origin uncertain." }, "inference": "We stop the illustrated ancestry at chocolātl and omit the unresolved earlier analysis." }, { "id": "chocolate-current-definition-review", "sourceId": "w-chocolate", "passageIds": [ "reviewed-senses" ], "text": "A drink prepared from cacao or chocolate mixed with water or milk. This journey follows the beverage sense; present-day English also uses chocolate for the food and individual sweets.", "locator": "English > Noun", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This is an editorial summary of the selected present-day senses, not a claim that every sense existed at the earliest date." }, "inference": "Give the searched entry a fuller, readable definition and keep historical changes separately sourced." }, { "id": "chocolate-english-reading-review", "sourceId": "w-chocolate", "passageIds": [ "chocolate-english-reading-record" ], "text": "The selected reading of chocolate is /ˈtʃɒk.lət/ (Present-day British English).", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date." }, "inference": "The readable guide “CHOK-luht” is Lexography’s approximation of this cited pronunciation, not a separate source transcription." }, { "id": "chocolate-nahuatl-lexical-review", "sourceId": "w-chocolatl", "passageIds": [ "chocolate-nahuatl-record" ], "text": "Classical Nahuatl chocolātl denotes a cacao-and-water drink; its deeper derivation is disputed.", "locator": "Classical Nahuatl > Etymology; Noun", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This records the specified language and sense. Other homographs and historical periods are not interchangeable." }, "inference": "Use this lexical record to describe the selected stage; a dictionary definition alone does not date its borrowing." }, { "id": "chocolate-spanish-lexical-review", "sourceId": "w-chocolate", "passageIds": [ "chocolate-spanish-record" ], "text": "Spanish chocolate includes a cacao-based drink and the food used to prepare it.", "locator": "Spanish > Noun", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This records the specified language and sense. Other homographs and historical periods are not interchangeable." }, "inference": "Use this lexical record to describe the selected stage; a dictionary definition alone does not date its borrowing." }, { "id": "chocolate-nahuatl-reading-review", "sourceId": "w-chocolatl", "passageIds": [ "chocolate-nahuatl-reading-record" ], "text": "The selected reading of chocolātl is /tʃokolaːt͡ɬ/ (Classical Nahuatl dictionary reading).", "locator": "Classical Nahuatl > Pronunciation", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "aa is long; final tl is a single lateral affricate, not an extra syllable. No stress is assigned beyond what this source transcribes. This is the dictionary’s conventional historical reading, not an audio attestation or a reading tied to a dated manuscript." }, "inference": "The readable guide “cho-ko-laatl” is Lexography’s approximation of this cited pronunciation, not a separate source transcription." }, { "id": "chocolate-spanish-reading-review", "sourceId": "w-chocolate", "passageIds": [ "chocolate-spanish-reading-record" ], "text": "The selected reading of chocolate is /t͡ʃokoˈlate/ (Present-day Spanish).", "locator": "Spanish > Pronunciation", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The final e is pronounced, unlike the final letter in English chocolate. This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date." }, "inference": "The readable guide “cho-ko-LAH-teh” is Lexography’s approximation of this cited pronunciation, not a separate source transcription." }, { "id": "chocolate-spanish-date-review", "sourceId": "rae-chocolate", "passageIds": [ "drink-date" ], "text": "chocolate: 1581 · recorded.", "locator": "Resumen > opening paragraph; sense 1 > first 1581 quotation", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "DHLE’s earliest listed drink attestation is a Mexican document, cited through historical lexicographical material. This corrects the later 1590s summary in Wiktionary." }, "inference": "Display the cited written use, not an origin date or the time of an oral borrowing." }, { "id": "chocolate-spanish-review", "sourceId": "rae-chocolate", "passageIds": [ "senses-origin" ], "text": "Spanish drink and paste senses have separate attestations; the deeper etymology is disputed.", "locator": "Etimología; Resumen > paste sense", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A plausible Nahuatl decomposition is not a settled fact." }, "inference": "Keep beverage and food senses distinct and preserve competing origin accounts." }, { "id": "chocolate-nahuatl-date-review", "sourceId": "w-chocolatl", "passageIds": [ "reported-date" ], "text": "chocolātl: c. 1580 · reported.", "locator": "Classical Nahuatl > Etymology > first sentence; References", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Approximate attestation reported by the dictionary. The cited early text and competing scholarly analyses have not been independently collated." }, "inference": "Display the cited written use, not an origin date or the time of an oral borrowing." }, { "id": "chocolate-nahuatl-word-class", "text": "chocolātl is classified as noun for this Classical Nahuatl stage.", "sourceId": "w-chocolatl", "locator": "Classical Nahuatl > Etymology; Noun", "passageIds": [ "chocolate-nahuatl-record" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, { "id": "chocolate-spanish-word-class", "text": "chocolate is classified as noun for this Spanish stage.", "sourceId": "w-chocolate", "locator": "Spanish > Noun", "passageIds": [ "chocolate-spanish-record" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, { "id": "chocolate-english-word-class", "text": "chocolate is classified as noun for this English stage.", "sourceId": "w-chocolate", "locator": "English > Noun", "passageIds": [ "reviewed-senses" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, { "id": "chocolate-scholarly-proposal", "sourceId": "dakin-wichmann-chocolate", "passageIds": [ "chocolate-scholarly-proposal" ], "text": "Dakin and Wichmann argue for a Uto-Aztecan analysis and connect chocolate vocabulary with techniques of drink preparation.", "locator": "Abstract, Ancient Mesoamerica 11, pp. 55–75", "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "This is a scholarly proposal, not a consensus root analysis. Only the accessible abstract was inspected for this claim." }, "inference": "Use this evidence for the specified form or sense; the presentation is an editorial summary." }, { "id": "chocolate-scholarly-dispute", "sourceId": "kaufman-justeson-cacao", "passageIds": [ "chocolate-scholarly-dispute" ], "text": "Kaufman and Justeson reject proposed deeper analyses of chocolate while agreeing on a proximate Nawa chikola:tl form.", "locator": "Abstract; discussion of chocolate and critique of the alternative hypothesis", "qualification": { "status": "unresolved", "text": "The scholarly disagreement prevents presenting a simple bitter-water or beater-water analysis as settled." }, "inference": "Use this evidence for the specified form or sense; the presentation is an editorial summary." }, { "id": "chocolate-modern-scope", "sourceId": "mw-chocolate", "passageIds": [ "chocolate-modern-scope" ], "text": "English chocolate names a cacao food, an individual sweet, the drink, and a brownish colour. The 1604 date is attached to the drink sense.", "locator": "Noun > senses 1–4; Word History > First Known Use", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The early beverage date does not date the solid food, confection or colour. The proposed Nahuatl analysis remains qualified." }, "inference": "Use this evidence for the specified form or sense; the presentation is an editorial summary." } ], "limitations": "The deeper Nahuatl analysis is disputed in the scholarly literature. The 1581 Spanish evidence belongs to a Mexican document; the map’s Spanish point is only a language reference. The 1604 English drink date does not date chocolate food or colour senses.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "chocolate-primary", "label": "the cacao drink", "definition": "A drink prepared from cacao or chocolate mixed with water or milk. This journey follows the beverage sense; present-day English also uses chocolate for the food and individual sweets.", "stageId": "chocolate-english", "claimIds": [ "chocolate-claim-5", "chocolate-claim-9", "chocolate-current-definition-review" ] }, { "id": "chocolate-additional-sense", "label": "The food", "definition": "A cacao-based food made from processed cocoa beans, commonly sweetened; also an individual sweet made from it.", "stageId": "chocolate-english", "claimIds": [ "chocolate-current-definition-review" ] }, { "id": "chocolate-colour-sense", "label": "The colour", "definition": "A brownish colour compared with chocolate, distinct from the food and drink senses.", "stageId": "chocolate-english", "claimIds": [ "chocolate-modern-scope" ] } ], "defaultSense": "chocolate-primary" }, { "id": "zero", "word": "zero", "language": "English", "sense": "the number", "category": "Ways of thinking", "aliases": [ "śūnya", "शून्य", "ṣifr", "صِفْر", "zēphirum", "zero" ], "summary": "Even nothing has a history.", "intro": "Even nothing has a history.", "claimIds": [ "zero-claim-13", "zero-claim-14", "zero-claim-15", "zero-claim-16", "zero-claim-17", "zero-claim-18", "zero-modern-scope" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-13", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "zero-sanskrit", "narrativeOrder": [ "zero-sanskrit", "zero-arabic", "zero-latin", "zero-italian", "zero-french", "zero-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "zero-sanskrit", "etymologyId": "sa-zero-sanskrit", "form": "शून्य", "language": "Sanskrit", "languageCode": "sa", "transliteration": "śūnya", "sense": "Empty; mathematical zero", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 600, "end": 699, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 600s", "note": "Approximate historical context. A seventh-century mathematical context, alongside the separately cited śūnya lexical sense. This does not establish the earliest Sanskrit zero, the first spelling of śūnya, or the origin of the zero symbol.", "claimIds": [ "zero-sanskrit-period" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Sanskrit reference region / South Asia", "coordinates": [ 77, 20 ], "qualifier": "Approximate Glottolog language reference point. Not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "zero-claim-2" ] }, "claimIds": [ "zero-claim-1", "zero-sanskrit-lexical-review" ], "explanation": "Empty or void; also zero in mathematical use. In this journey, the numerical meaning is the one translated into Arabic, rather than a borrowing of the Sanskrit sounds.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Devanagari", "pronunciation": { "guide": "shoon-ya", "ipa": "/ɕuːn̪.jɐ/", "status": "verified", "note": "Conventional Classical Sanskrit reading. sh approximates the palatal sibilant; oo is long and n is dental. No stress is asserted. This is the dictionary’s conventional historical reading, not an audio attestation or a reading tied to a dated manuscript.", "claimIds": [ "zero-sanskrit-reading-review" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "adjective / numeral", "claimIds": [ "zero-sanskrit-word-class" ] } }, { "id": "zero-arabic", "etymologyId": "ar-zero-arabic", "form": "صِفْر", "language": "Arabic", "languageCode": "ar", "transliteration": "ṣifr", "sense": "Nothing; zero", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 800, "end": 899, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 800s", "note": "Approximate historical context. A ninth-century mathematical transmission context, alongside the separately cited ṣifr lexical sense. This is not a first attestation of ṣifr or an exact date for the semantic loan.", "claimIds": [ "zero-arabic-period", "zero-arabic-biographical-context" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Arabic / Arabian Peninsula", "coordinates": [ 43.8525, 27.9625 ], "qualifier": "Approximate Glottolog language reference point. Not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "zero-claim-4" ] }, "claimIds": [ "zero-claim-3", "zero-arabic-lexical-review" ], "explanation": "Zero. The mathematical sense of ṣifr is described as a translation of Sanskrit śūnya. It is distinct from the similarly spelled month-name Ṣafar and other Arabic homographs.", "direction": "rtl", "script": "Arabic", "pronunciation": { "guide": "sifr", "ipa": "/sˤifr/", "status": "verified", "note": "Standard Arabic. s is emphatic; English s is only an approximation. This is one syllable with no added vowel between f and r. This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date.", "claimIds": [ "zero-arabic-reading-review" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "numeral", "claimIds": [ "zero-arabic-word-class" ] } }, { "id": "zero-latin", "etymologyId": "la-zero-latin", "form": "zēphirum", "language": "Medieval Latin", "languageCode": "la", "transliteration": "zēphirum", "sense": "Zero", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1202, "end": 1202, "label": "1202 · work", "approximate": false, "note": "The source associates the term with Liber Abaci of 1202. This does not identify an extant 1202 manuscript or resolve later redactions.", "claimIds": [ "zero-latin-date-review" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Medieval Latin reference point", "coordinates": [ 12.4502, 41.9026 ], "qualifier": "Approximate Glottolog language reference point. Not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "zero-claim-6" ] }, "claimIds": [ "zero-claim-5", "zero-latin-lexical-review", "zero-latin-date-review" ], "explanation": "Zero in Latin mathematical writing. This neuter noun is distinct from zephirum as an inflected form of a word for the west wind.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The entry offers modern Classical and Italianate Latin conventions, not a verified medieval reading of this mathematical form.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "zero-latin-word-class" ] } }, { "id": "zero-italian", "etymologyId": "it-zero-italian", "form": "zero", "language": "Old Italian", "languageCode": "it", "transliteration": "zero", "sense": "Zero", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1301, "end": 1400, "label": "14th century", "approximate": true, "note": "A reported manuscript period, not a single year. The cited manuscript witnesses were not independently inspected.", "claimIds": [ "zero-italian-date-review" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Old Italian reference region", "coordinates": [ 12.6489, 43.0464 ], "qualifier": "Approximate Glottolog language reference point. Not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "zero-claim-8" ] }, "claimIds": [ "zero-claim-7", "zero-italian-date-review" ], "explanation": "Zero in the Italian mathematical tradition. A lexical-history account reports the form in fourteenth-century manuscripts and in print in 1491; the exact route through intermediate Latin forms varies between accounts.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "A modern Italian reading does not verify the selected Old Italian stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "numeral", "claimIds": [ "zero-italian-word-class" ] } }, { "id": "zero-french", "etymologyId": "frm-zero-french", "form": "zero", "language": "Middle French", "languageCode": "frm", "transliteration": "zero", "sense": "Zero", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1515, "end": 1515, "label": "1515 · reported", "approximate": false, "note": "A reported French attestation, not a claim that every spelling or sense originated in that year.", "claimIds": [ "zero-french-date-review" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Middle French reference region", "coordinates": [ 2, 48 ], "qualifier": "Approximate Glottolog language reference point. Not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "zero-claim-10" ] }, "claimIds": [ "zero-claim-9", "zero-french-date-review" ], "explanation": "Zero in the French mathematical tradition. The form is reported by 1515 and is one of the European contributors named for English, alongside Italian and, in another account, Spanish.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "A modern French reading does not verify the selected Middle French stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "zero-french-word-class" ] } }, { "id": "zero-english", "etymologyId": "en-zero-english", "form": "zero", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "zero", "sense": "The number denoting no quantity", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1598, "end": 1598, "label": "1598", "note": "First known use reported by the source, not the origin of the word.", "approximate": false, "claimIds": [ "zero-claim-21" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Approximate Glottolog language reference point. Not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "zero-claim-12" ] }, "claimIds": [ "zero-claim-11", "zero-claim-19", "zero-claim-20", "zero-claim-21", "zero-current-definition-review", "zero-modern-scope" ], "explanation": "The number for no quantity and the symbol 0. French and Italian are named as immediate contributors; another account also names Spanish. The Sanskrit connection concerns a translated meaning, not a sound chain.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ZEER-oh", "ipa": "/ˈzɪəɹəʊ/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day British English. This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date.", "claimIds": [ "zero-english-reading-review" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "zero-english-word-class" ] } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "zero-link-1", "from": "zero-sanskrit", "to": "zero-arabic", "type": "calque", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Wiktionary explicitly describes a Sanskrit-to-Arabic calque.", "claimIds": [ "zero-claim-13" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "retained", "explanation": "The numerical meaning “zero” is carried through a translation of meaning. The Arabic word does not borrow the Sanskrit sounds. Full sense ranges are not claimed to be identical.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [ "zero-calque-review", "zero-sanskrit-lexical-review" ] } }, { "id": "zero-link-2", "from": "zero-arabic", "to": "zero-latin", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The source identifies this connection.", "claimIds": [ "zero-claim-14" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The cited relationship establishes a connection between forms, but does not establish the semantic change at the time of transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "zero-link-3", "from": "zero-latin", "to": "zero-italian", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The source identifies this connection.", "claimIds": [ "zero-claim-15" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The cited relationship establishes a connection between forms, but does not establish the semantic change at the time of transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "zero-link-4", "from": "zero-italian", "to": "zero-french", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The source identifies this connection.", "claimIds": [ "zero-claim-16" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The cited relationship establishes a connection between forms, but does not establish the semantic change at the time of transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "zero-link-5", "from": "zero-italian", "to": "zero-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "One of the contributing sources recorded for English.", "claimIds": [ "zero-claim-17" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The cited relationship establishes a connection between forms, but does not establish the semantic change at the time of transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [], "context": { "stageId": "zero-english", "label": "English uses", "summary": [ "+ Scale reference", "+ Absence" ], "explanation": "The numerical term also supplies a point of reference on a scale and figurative expressions of absence or insignificance. The borrowing date does not date these later uses.", "claimIds": [ "zero-modern-scope" ] } } }, { "id": "zero-link-6", "from": "zero-french", "to": "zero-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "An additional contributor, preserved as a cross-link.", "claimIds": [ "zero-claim-18" ], "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The cited relationship establishes a connection between forms, but does not establish the semantic change at the time of transmission.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [], "context": { "stageId": "zero-english", "label": "English uses", "summary": [ "+ Scale reference", "+ Absence" ], "explanation": "The numerical term also supplies a point of reference on a scale and figurative expressions of absence or insignificance. The borrowing date does not date these later uses.", "claimIds": [ "zero-modern-scope" ] } } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "zero-claim-1", "text": "शून्य (śūnya), Sanskrit: Void; nothingness. Here the connection is a translated meaning, not copied sounds.", "sourceId": "w-zero", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show śūnya as a Sanskrit stage for zero. Time context is recorded in the separate period evidence; this lexical excerpt alone does not supply a first-use date." }, { "id": "zero-claim-2", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point sans1269.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row sans1269; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "sans1269" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient śūnya on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "zero-claim-3", "text": "صِفْر (ṣifr), Arabic: Nothing; zero. Wiktionary describes the Arabic mathematical sense as a calque.", "sourceId": "w-zero", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show ṣifr as a Arabic stage for zero. Time context is recorded in the separate period evidence; this lexical excerpt alone does not supply a first-use date." }, { "id": "zero-claim-4", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point stan1318.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1318; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "stan1318" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient ṣifr on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "zero-claim-5", "text": "zēphirum (zēphirum), Medieval Latin: Zero. A Latin form in the history of the word.", "sourceId": "w-zero", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show zēphirum as a Medieval Latin stage for zero. The written date is supported by the separate date claim; this form record does not date its borrowing." }, { "id": "zero-claim-6", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point medi1250.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row medi1250; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "medi1250" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient zēphirum on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "zero-claim-7", "text": "zero (zero), Old Italian: Zero. The Italian form contributes to the English borrowing.", "sourceId": "w-zero", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show zero as a Old Italian stage for zero. The written date is supported by the separate date claim; this form record does not date its borrowing." }, { "id": "zero-claim-8", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point fior1236.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row fior1236; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "fior1236" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient zero on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "zero-claim-9", "text": "zero (zero), Middle French: Zero. Wiktionary also identifies this as an immediate contributor.", "sourceId": "w-zero", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show zero as a Middle French stage for zero. The written date is supported by the separate date claim; this form record does not date its borrowing." }, { "id": "zero-claim-10", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point midd1316.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row midd1316; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "midd1316" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient zero on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "zero-claim-11", "text": "zero (zero), English: The number denoting no quantity. Several European forms contributed; the lineage is simplified.", "sourceId": "w-zero", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account; English noun/verb definitions for the displayed sense", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show zero as a English stage for zero. The period is supported by a separate dated claim." }, { "id": "zero-claim-12", "text": "Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point stan1293.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "This is a language reference coordinate. It is not evidence of where this word originated, was borrowed or travelled." }, "inference": "We use this point to orient zero on the map, with an approximate region label. It adds no historical route or border claim." }, { "id": "zero-claim-13", "text": "śūnya → ṣifr: calque. Wiktionary explicitly describes a Sanskrit-to-Arabic calque.", "sourceId": "w-zero", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Wiktionary explicitly describes a Sanskrit-to-Arabic calque." }, "inference": "We connect śūnya (Sanskrit) to ṣifr (Arabic) as calque. Any line on the map is schematic, not a documented physical itinerary." }, { "id": "zero-claim-14", "text": "ṣifr → zēphirum: borrowing. The source identifies this connection.", "sourceId": "w-zero", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The source identifies this connection." }, "inference": "We connect ṣifr (Arabic) to zēphirum (Medieval Latin) as borrowing. Any line on the map is schematic, not a documented physical itinerary." }, { "id": "zero-claim-15", "text": "zēphirum → zero: borrowing. The source identifies this connection.", "sourceId": "w-zero", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The source identifies this connection." }, "inference": "We connect zēphirum (Medieval Latin) to zero (Old Italian) as borrowing. Any line on the map is schematic, not a documented physical itinerary." }, { "id": "zero-claim-16", "text": "zero → zero: borrowing. The source identifies this connection.", "sourceId": "w-zero", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The source identifies this connection." }, "inference": "We connect zero (Old Italian) to zero (Middle French) as borrowing. Any line on the map is schematic, not a documented physical itinerary." }, { "id": "zero-claim-17", "text": "zero → zero: borrowing. One of the contributing sources recorded for English.", "sourceId": "w-zero", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "One of the contributing sources recorded for English." }, "inference": "We connect zero (Old Italian) to zero (English) as borrowing. Any line on the map is schematic, not a documented physical itinerary." }, { "id": "zero-claim-18", "text": "zero → zero: borrowing. An additional contributor, preserved as a cross-link.", "sourceId": "w-zero", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "An additional contributor, preserved as a cross-link." }, "inference": "We connect zero (Middle French) to zero (English) as borrowing. Any line on the map is schematic, not a documented physical itinerary." }, { "id": "zero-claim-19", "text": "Wiktionary also lists Early Modern Spanish zero among the English word’s immediate contributors; this branch is omitted from the pilot.", "sourceId": "w-zero", "locator": "English > Etymology, prose account", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show zero as a English stage for zero. The period is supported by a separate dated claim." }, { "id": "zero-claim-20", "text": "Merriam-Webster summarizes the immediate sources as French or Italian.", "sourceId": "mw-zero", "locator": "Word History > Etymology, noun", "passageIds": [ "chain" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The excerpt shows the source’s form or etymological account. The concise meaning and explanation are Lexography’s reading of the entry." }, "inference": "We show zero as a English stage for zero. The period is supported by a separate dated claim." }, { "id": "zero-claim-21", "text": "English zero: 1598. First known use reported by the source, not the origin of the word.", "sourceId": "mw-zero", "locator": "Word History > First Known Use; the specified part of speech / sense", "passageIds": [ "date" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "First known use reported by the source, not the origin of the word." }, "inference": "We place zero at 1598 on the recorded-evidence scale. This does not date the origin of the word." }, { "id": "zero-current-definition-review", "sourceId": "w-zero", "passageIds": [ "reviewed-senses" ], "text": "The number representing no quantity, and the numeral 0 used to write it. In measurement, zero can mark a reference point on a scale; in ordinary speech it can mean none or nothing.", "locator": "English > Numeral and Noun", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This is an editorial summary of the selected present-day senses, not a claim that every sense existed at the earliest date." }, "inference": "Give the searched entry a fuller, readable definition and keep historical changes separately sourced." }, { "id": "zero-english-reading-review", "sourceId": "w-zero", "passageIds": [ "zero-english-reading-record" ], "text": "The selected reading of zero is /ˈzɪəɹəʊ/ (Present-day British English).", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date." }, "inference": "The readable guide “ZEER-oh” is Lexography’s approximation of this cited pronunciation, not a separate source transcription." }, { "id": "zero-sanskrit-lexical-review", "sourceId": "w-sunya", "passageIds": [ "zero-sanskrit-record" ], "text": "Sanskrit śūnya means empty or void and also denotes mathematical zero.", "locator": "Sanskrit > Adjective; Noun; Numeral", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This records the specified language and sense. Other homographs and historical periods are not interchangeable." }, "inference": "Use this lexical record to describe the selected stage; a dictionary definition alone does not date its borrowing." }, { "id": "zero-arabic-lexical-review", "sourceId": "w-sifr", "passageIds": [ "zero-arabic-record" ], "text": "Arabic ṣifr is zero; its mathematical use is described as a semantic loan from Sanskrit śūnya.", "locator": "Arabic > Etymology 5 > Numeral", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This records the specified language and sense. Other homographs and historical periods are not interchangeable." }, "inference": "Use this lexical record to describe the selected stage; a dictionary definition alone does not date its borrowing." }, { "id": "zero-latin-lexical-review", "sourceId": "w-zephirum", "passageIds": [ "zero-latin-record" ], "text": "Medieval Latin zēphirum is the mathematical zero noun associated with Fibonacci’s Liber Abaci.", "locator": "Latin > Etymology 1 > Noun", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This records the specified language and sense. Other homographs and historical periods are not interchangeable." }, "inference": "Use this lexical record to describe the selected stage; a dictionary definition alone does not date its borrowing." }, { "id": "zero-sanskrit-reading-review", "sourceId": "w-sunya", "passageIds": [ "zero-sanskrit-reading-record" ], "text": "The selected reading of शून्य is /ɕuːn̪.jɐ/ (Conventional Classical Sanskrit reading).", "locator": "Sanskrit > Pronunciation > Classical Sanskrit", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "sh approximates the palatal sibilant; oo is long and n is dental. No stress is asserted. This is the dictionary’s conventional historical reading, not an audio attestation or a reading tied to a dated manuscript." }, "inference": "The readable guide “shoon-ya” is Lexography’s approximation of this cited pronunciation, not a separate source transcription." }, { "id": "zero-arabic-reading-review", "sourceId": "w-sifr", "passageIds": [ "zero-arabic-reading-record" ], "text": "The selected reading of صِفْر is /sˤifr/ (Standard Arabic).", "locator": "Arabic > Etymology 5 > Pronunciation", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "s is emphatic; English s is only an approximation. This is one syllable with no added vowel between f and r. This is a present-day dictionary reading, not a reconstruction of pronunciation at the displayed historical date." }, "inference": "The readable guide “sifr” is Lexography’s approximation of this cited pronunciation, not a separate source transcription." }, { "id": "zero-latin-date-review", "sourceId": "mactutor-words-z", "passageIds": [ "latin" ], "text": "zēphirum: 1202 · work.", "locator": "ZERO > second paragraph", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source associates the term with Liber Abaci of 1202. This does not identify an extant 1202 manuscript or resolve later redactions." }, "inference": "Display the cited written use, not an origin date or the time of an oral borrowing." }, { "id": "zero-italian-date-review", "sourceId": "mactutor-words-z", "passageIds": [ "italian" ], "text": "zero: 14th century.", "locator": "ZERO > second and third paragraphs", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A reported manuscript period, not a single year. The cited manuscript witnesses were not independently inspected." }, "inference": "Display the cited written use, not an origin date or the time of an oral borrowing." }, { "id": "zero-french-date-review", "sourceId": "mactutor-words-z", "passageIds": [ "french" ], "text": "zero: 1515 · reported.", "locator": "ZERO > fourth paragraph", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A reported French attestation, not a claim that every spelling or sense originated in that year." }, "inference": "Display the cited written use, not an origin date or the time of an oral borrowing." }, { "id": "zero-calque-review", "sourceId": "w-sifr", "passageIds": [ "zero-arabic-record" ], "text": "The numerical sense zero is translated from Sanskrit into Arabic.", "locator": "Arabic > Etymology 5 > Numeral", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Arabic entry explicitly calls this a semantic loan. This classification covers the numerical sense only, not the words’ complete ranges of meaning." }, "inference": "Treat the selected numerical meaning as retained through a calque; this is supported by an explicit semantic-loan account, not merely similar glosses." }, { "id": "zero-sanskrit-period", "sourceId": "mactutor-zero-history", "passageIds": [ "indian" ], "locator": "Brahmagupta and zero as a number", "text": "शून्य: c. 600s — historical context.", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A seventh-century mathematical context, alongside the separately cited śūnya lexical sense. This does not establish the earliest Sanskrit zero, the first spelling of śūnya, or the origin of the zero symbol." }, "inference": "Use this evidence only at the stated level: a written example, contextual period or latest-possible bound. It does not establish the origin of the form, its entire sense range, or the date of borrowing." }, { "id": "zero-arabic-biographical-context", "sourceId": "mactutor-khwarizmi", "passageIds": [ "life" ], "locator": "Quick Info > Born and Died", "text": "Al-Khwārizmī’s lifetime anchors the early Arabic mathematical context.", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "His biography supplies an era, not the first attestation of ṣifr." }, "inference": "Use this evidence only at the stated level: a written example, contextual period or latest-possible bound. It does not establish the origin of the form, its entire sense range, or the date of borrowing." }, { "id": "zero-arabic-period", "sourceId": "mactutor-zero-history", "passageIds": [ "arabic" ], "locator": "Arabic transmission > al-Khwārizmī", "text": "صِفْر: c. 800s — historical context.", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A ninth-century mathematical transmission context, alongside the separately cited ṣifr lexical sense. This is not a first attestation of ṣifr or an exact date for the semantic loan." }, "inference": "Use this evidence only at the stated level: a written example, contextual period or latest-possible bound. It does not establish the origin of the form, its entire sense range, or the date of borrowing." }, { "id": "zero-sanskrit-word-class", "text": "शून्य is classified as adjective / numeral for this Sanskrit stage.", "sourceId": "w-sunya", "locator": "Sanskrit > Adjective; Noun; Numeral", "passageIds": [ "zero-sanskrit-record" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The stage combines the empty/void adjective with mathematical zero, so both adjective and numeral are displayed. This does not date a grammatical transition." }, "inference": "The stage combines the empty/void adjective with mathematical zero, so both adjective and numeral are displayed. This does not date a grammatical transition." }, { "id": "zero-arabic-word-class", "text": "صِفْر is classified as numeral for this Arabic stage.", "sourceId": "w-sifr", "locator": "Arabic > Etymology 5 > Numeral", "passageIds": [ "zero-arabic-record" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, { "id": "zero-latin-word-class", "text": "zēphirum is classified as noun for this Medieval Latin stage.", "sourceId": "w-zephirum", "locator": "Latin > Etymology 1 > Noun", "passageIds": [ "zero-latin-record" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, "inference": "Classifies the selected lexical sense from its dictionary section; other senses, grammatical uses and the date of first use are not inferred." }, { "id": "zero-italian-word-class", "text": "zero is classified as numeral for this Old Italian stage.", "sourceId": "demauro-zero-class", "locator": "Entry heading and sense 1", "passageIds": [ "word-class" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source records both numeral and noun uses with an early lexical date. Numeral describes the selected mathematical use; no first date of that grammatical use is asserted." }, "inference": "The source records both numeral and noun uses with an early lexical date. Numeral describes the selected mathematical use; no first date of that grammatical use is asserted." }, { "id": "zero-french-word-class", "text": "zero is classified as noun for this Middle French stage.", "sourceId": "w-zero-french-class", "locator": "Middle French > Noun", "passageIds": [ "word-class" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Only the noun classification is taken from this incomplete entry; no gender or new definition is inferred." }, "inference": "Only the noun classification is taken from this incomplete entry; no gender or new definition is inferred." }, { "id": "zero-english-word-class", "text": "zero is classified as noun for this English stage.", "sourceId": "mw-zero", "locator": "Word History > First Known Use, Noun", "passageIds": [ "date" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The selected number-name use is classified as a noun by Merriam-Webster; other grammatical uses are outside this stage." }, "inference": "The selected number-name use is classified as a noun by Merriam-Webster; other grammatical uses are outside this stage." }, { "id": "zero-modern-scope", "sourceId": "mw-zero", "passageIds": [ "zero-modern-scope" ], "text": "Zero names the number and numeral, a reference point on a scale, a root of a function, and figurative absence or insignificance.", "locator": "Noun > senses 1–5", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "These are coexisting noun uses; the 1598 word date does not establish their individual histories." }, "inference": "Use this evidence for the specified form or sense; the presentation is an editorial summary." } ], "limitations": "This graph selects the Italian and French strands. Early Modern Spanish is recorded in the evidence but not drawn as another branch. The Sanskrit connection is a semantic calque, not sound transmission.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "zero-primary", "label": "the number", "definition": "The number representing no quantity, and the numeral 0 used to write it. In measurement, zero can mark a reference point on a scale; in ordinary speech it can mean none or nothing.", "stageId": "zero-english", "claimIds": [ "zero-claim-11", "zero-claim-19", "zero-claim-20", "zero-claim-21", "zero-current-definition-review" ] }, { "id": "zero-scale-sense", "label": "A reference point", "definition": "The point from which a scale is reckoned, such as the zero mark of a thermometer. A conventional zero need not mean the complete absence of the measured phenomenon.", "stageId": "zero-english", "claimIds": [ "zero-modern-scope" ] }, { "id": "zero-function-sense", "label": "A root of a function", "definition": "A value of the input for which a mathematical function has the value zero.", "stageId": "zero-english", "claimIds": [ "zero-modern-scope" ] }, { "id": "zero-nothing-sense", "label": "Nothing or absence", "definition": "No amount, or the absence of something. Figuratively, zero can describe a person or thing dismissed as insignificant.", "stageId": "zero-english", "claimIds": [ "zero-modern-scope" ] } ], "defaultSense": "zero-primary" }, { "id": "window", "word": "window", "language": "English", "sense": "An opening", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Pilot 01", "aliases": [ "vindauga", "wyndowe", "windowe", "wyndown" ], "summary": "From an Old Norse “wind-eye” to an English opening, a view, and a bounded space on a screen.", "intro": "From an Old Norse “wind-eye” to an English opening, a view, and a bounded space on a screen.", "claimIds": [ "window-origin", "window-english-senses" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-13", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "window-norse", "defaultSense": "window-opening-sense", "narrativeOrder": [ "window-norse", "window-middle", "window-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "window-norse", "etymologyId": "window-norse-1", "form": "vindauga", "language": "Old Norse", "languageCode": "non", "transliteration": "vindauga", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Window", "explanation": "A window; the compound combines wind and eye.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "window-norse-lexical", "window-origin" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in this pilot. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Old Norse reference region", "coordinates": [ 10.38, 63.42 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "window-norse-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "window-norse-lexical", "window-origin" ] }, { "id": "window-middle", "etymologyId": "window-middle-1", "form": "wyndowe", "language": "Middle English", "languageCode": "enm", "transliteration": "wyndowe", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Window opening", "explanation": "An opening for light in a wall; also its frame or fitting.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "window-middle-lexical" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1230, "end": 1230, "label": "c. 1230 · reported", "approximate": true, "note": "Reported written use; not the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "window-middle-date" ] }, "pronunciation": { "guide": "WIN-dow(-uh)", "ipa": "/ˈwindɔu̯(ə)/", "status": "verified", "note": "Historical dictionary reconstruction. “ow” approximates the diphthong; the final vowel is optional in the transcription. Dialect and period variation remain.", "claimIds": [ "window-middle-reading" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Middle English reference region", "coordinates": [ -1.11, 51.65 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "window-middle-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "window-middle-lexical" ] }, { "id": "window-english", "etymologyId": "window-english-1", "form": "window", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "window", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Opening and extended uses", "explanation": "An opening admitting light or air, often fitted with glass. Further uses include an opportunity, a means of seeing or learning, and an area of a computer display.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "window-english-senses" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "pronunciation": { "guide": "WIN-doh", "ipa": "/ˈwɪndoʊ/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the English-readable guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "window-english-reading" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "window-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "window-english-senses" ] } ], "relations": [ { "id": "window-norse-middle", "from": "window-norse", "to": "window-middle", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The Middle English noun is borrowed from Old Norse.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "window-origin", "window-middle-lexical" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "window-middle-english", "from": "window-middle", "to": "window-english", "type": "inheritance", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English continues the Middle English noun.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "window-origin" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [], "context": { "stageId": "window-english", "label": "English uses", "summary": [ "Opportunity or time interval", "Computer display area" ], "explanation": "These are attested English uses, not a dated claim of semantic change during inheritance.", "claimIds": [ "window-english-senses" ] } } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "window-origin", "text": "English window comes through Middle English windowe from Old Norse vindauga, a compound of vindr (wind) and auga (eye).", "sourceId": "pilot-mw-window", "locator": "Word History — Etymology", "passageIds": [ "window-origin-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish all uses or a borrowing date." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "window-norse-lexical", "text": "Old Norse vindauga is a neuter noun for a window, composed of vindr and auga.", "sourceId": "pilot-wkt-norse", "locator": "Old Norse — Etymology; Noun", "passageIds": [ "window-norse-lexical-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish all uses or a borrowing date." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "window-middle-lexical", "text": "Middle English wyndowe is the window noun borrowed from Old Norse; it can also denote its fitting or an opening. Etymology 2 is a different verb and is excluded.", "sourceId": "pilot-wkt-wyndowe", "locator": "Middle English — Etymology 1; Noun", "passageIds": [ "window-middle-lexical-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish all uses or a borrowing date." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "window-middle-date", "text": "The entry reports first attestation of the window noun around 1230.", "sourceId": "pilot-wkt-wyndowe", "locator": "Middle English — Etymology 1", "passageIds": [ "window-middle-date-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Reported approximate dating; the cited MED entry was not accessible. It does not date the Old Norse formation." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "window-middle-reading", "text": "The Middle English noun is transcribed /ˈwindɔu̯(ə)/.", "sourceId": "pilot-wkt-wyndowe", "locator": "Middle English — Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "window-middle-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A scholarly historical reading as presented in the dictionary, not a recording or a claim of uniform dialect pronunciation." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "window-english-senses", "text": "Window names a building opening, access to information, an interval of opportunity, and a bounded computer display area.", "sourceId": "pilot-mw-window", "locator": "Noun — senses 1a, 2, 8, 10", "passageIds": [ "window-english-senses-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The entry documents these uses without separately dating the later senses." }, "inference": "Keep four selectable senses; do not label their borrowing-edge semantics retained." }, { "id": "window-english-reading", "text": "The US pronunciation of window is /ˈwɪndoʊ/.", "sourceId": "pilot-wkt-window", "locator": "English — Pronunciation, US", "passageIds": [ "window-english-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish all uses or a borrowing date." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "window-norse-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Old Norse.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row oldn1244", "passageIds": [ "oldn1244" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Old Norse reference region; no historical movement is inferred from it." }, { "id": "window-middle-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Middle English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row midd1317", "passageIds": [ "midd1317" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Middle English reference region; no historical movement is inferred from it." }, { "id": "window-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred from it." } ], "senses": [ { "id": "window-opening-sense", "label": "An opening", "definition": "An opening in a building or vehicle that admits light or air, usually fitted with glass.", "stageId": "window-english", "claimIds": [ "window-english-senses" ] }, { "id": "window-opportunity-sense", "label": "An opportunity", "definition": "A limited interval in which an action or opportunity is available.", "stageId": "window-english", "claimIds": [ "window-english-senses" ] }, { "id": "window-insight-sense", "label": "A view into something", "definition": "A means of gaining a view of, or information about, something.", "stageId": "window-english", "claimIds": [ "window-english-senses" ] }, { "id": "window-computing-sense", "label": "A computer display area", "definition": "A bounded area of a computer display presenting a program, document, or other content.", "stageId": "window-english", "claimIds": [ "window-english-senses" ] } ], "limitations": "The compound contributors vindr and auga are explained within vindauga, not separate chronological stages. The c. 1230 dating is reported by Wiktionary; its cited MED page returned 403 during this pilot. Computing and opportunity senses are not assigned invented first dates." }, { "id": "alcohol", "word": "alcohol", "language": "English", "sense": "Ethanol", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Pilot 01", "aliases": [ "alcofol", "al-kuḥl", "kuḥl", "كُحْل", "اَلْكُحْل", "alcohol vini" ], "summary": "A name for kohl and fine powder develops technical uses for distilled spirit and a class of chemical compounds.", "intro": "A name for kohl and fine powder develops technical uses for distilled spirit and a class of chemical compounds.", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-mw-route", "alcohol-routes", "alcohol-semantic-history", "alcohol-english-senses", "alcohol-norri-latin-middle", "alcohol-johnson-latin-spirit" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-13", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "alcohol-arabic", "defaultSense": "alcohol-ethanol-sense", "narrativeOrder": [ "alcohol-arabic", "alcohol-spanish", "alcohol-latin", "alcohol-french", "alcohol-middle", "alcohol-new-latin", "alcohol-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "alcohol-arabic", "etymologyId": "alcohol-arabic-1", "form": "كُحْل", "language": "Arabic", "languageCode": "ar", "transliteration": "kuḥl", "script": "Arabic", "direction": "rtl", "sense": "Kohl", "explanation": "Kohl or pulverized antimony; al-kuḥl includes the Arabic definite article.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-arabic-lexical", "alcohol-article" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The bounded sources did not supply a defensible reading for this historical or disputed form; no pronunciation is invented.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Arabic reference region", "coordinates": [ 35.8715, 28.2937 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-arabic-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "alcohol-arabic-lexical", "alcohol-article", "alcohol-arabic-region", "alcohol-arabic-transliteration", "alcohol-arabic-transliteration" ], "transliterationClaimIds": [ "alcohol-arabic-transliteration" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-arabic-lexical" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-arabic-lexical" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-arabic-lexical" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-arabic-lexical" ], "label": "Historical reading not established", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for كُحْل (Arabic) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A transliteration or modern form is not presented as a historical pronunciation." }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-arabic-transliteration" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-arabic-lexical" ], "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for كُحْل (Arabic) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-arabic-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-arabic-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-arabic-lexical" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-arabic-lexical", "alcohol-article", "alcohol-arabic-region", "alcohol-arabic-transliteration", "alcohol-arabic-transliteration" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-spanish-history", "alcohol-mw-route" ] } } }, { "id": "alcohol-spanish", "etymologyId": "alcohol-spanish-1", "form": "alcohol", "language": "Old Spanish", "languageCode": "osp", "transliteration": "alcohol", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Antimony powder", "explanation": "Antimony or fine eye powder, in the historical Spanish account.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": null, "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1278, "end": 1278, "label": "1278 · reported use", "approximate": false, "note": "Reported written use; not the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-spanish-history" ] }, "pronunciation": { "guide": "al-ko-ÓL", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-spanish-reading" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Research unresolved", "qualifier": "The inspected evidence does not identify a defensible language or lexical location; no origin point is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "alcohol-spanish-history", "alcohol-mw-route", "alcohol-spanish-reading", "alcohol-spanish-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-spanish-history" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-spanish-history" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-spanish-history" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-spanish-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-spanish-history" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-spanish-history" ], "label": "Lexical location remains unresolved", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for alcohol (Old Spanish) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. The available language evidence does not license a precise lexical birthplace or reference point." }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-spanish-history" ], "label": "Geographic evidence type remains unresolved", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for alcohol (Old Spanish) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. The source record does not identify a defensible attestation or contact location." }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-spanish-history" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-spanish-history", "alcohol-mw-route", "alcohol-spanish-reading", "alcohol-spanish-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-spanish-history", "alcohol-mw-route" ] } } }, { "id": "alcohol-latin", "etymologyId": "alcohol-latin-1", "form": "alcohol", "language": "Medieval Latin", "languageCode": "la", "transliteration": "alcohol", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Fine powder", "explanation": "Kohl or another very fine powder. Later technical meanings for purified essence and wine spirit are represented separately in New Latin.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-latin-lexical" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The bounded sources did not supply a defensible reading for this historical or disputed form; no pronunciation is invented.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Latin reference region", "coordinates": [ 12.4502, 41.9026 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-latin-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "alcohol-latin-lexical", "alcohol-norri-latin-middle", "alcohol-latin-region" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-latin-lexical" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-latin-lexical" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-latin-lexical" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-latin-lexical" ], "label": "Historical reading not established", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for alcohol (Medieval Latin) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A transliteration or modern form is not presented as a historical pronunciation." }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-latin-lexical" ], "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for alcohol (Medieval Latin) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-latin-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-latin-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-latin-lexical" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-latin-lexical", "alcohol-norri-latin-middle", "alcohol-latin-region" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-routes", "alcohol-latin-routes" ] } } }, { "id": "alcohol-french", "etymologyId": "alcohol-french-1", "form": "alcohol", "language": "Middle French", "languageCode": "frm", "transliteration": "alcohol", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Eye powder", "explanation": "An eye-cosmetic powder word reported in fourteenth-century French. Its precise early witness and Spanish-versus-Latin mediation remain qualified; it is not required as a parent of Middle English alcofol.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": null, "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1300, "end": 1399, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1300s · reported", "note": "Kaźmierczak reports fourteenth-century texts. The exact witness is not independently established; the pilot’s narrower Jardin de santé-based interval is withdrawn.", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-french-reviewed-history" ] }, "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The bounded sources did not supply a defensible reading for this historical or disputed form; no pronunciation is invented.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Middle French reference region", "coordinates": [ 2, 48 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-french-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "alcohol-french-period", "alcohol-routes", "alcohol-jardin-date-review", "alcohol-french-reviewed-history", "alcohol-french-region" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-french-period" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-french-period" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-french-period" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-french-period" ], "label": "Historical reading not established", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for alcohol (Middle French) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A transliteration or modern form is not presented as a historical pronunciation." }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-french-period" ], "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for alcohol (Middle French) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-french-reviewed-history" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-french-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-french-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-french-period" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-french-period", "alcohol-routes", "alcohol-jardin-date-review", "alcohol-french-reviewed-history", "alcohol-french-region" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-routes", "alcohol-norri-latin-middle" ] } } }, { "id": "alcohol-middle", "etymologyId": "alcohol-middle-1", "form": "alcofol", "language": "Middle English", "languageCode": "enm", "transliteration": "alcofol", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Fine powder", "explanation": "Fine powder, including prepared mineral or eggshell powder in the cited Chauliac translation. Norri identifies matching Latin alcofol passages; this stage does not denote ethanol.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-routes", "alcohol-middle-period", "alcohol-powder-sense" ] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "end": 1425, "approximate": true, "label": "By c. 1425 · powder", "note": "Norri’s a1425 citation is a bound on the cited text, not an exact first use or a borrowing year. No lower bound is inferred.", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-norri-latin-middle" ] }, "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The bounded sources did not supply a defensible reading for this historical or disputed form; no pronunciation is invented.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Middle English reference region", "coordinates": [ -1.11, 51.65 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-middle-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "alcohol-routes", "alcohol-middle-period", "alcohol-powder-sense", "alcohol-norri-latin-middle", "alcohol-middle-region" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-routes" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-routes" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-routes" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-routes" ], "label": "Historical reading not established", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for alcofol (Middle English) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A transliteration or modern form is not presented as a historical pronunciation." }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-routes" ], "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for alcofol (Middle English) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-norri-latin-middle" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-middle-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-middle-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-routes" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-routes", "alcohol-middle-period", "alcohol-powder-sense", "alcohol-norri-latin-middle", "alcohol-middle-region" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } }, { "id": "alcohol-new-latin", "etymologyId": "alcohol-new-latin-spirit", "form": "alcohol vini", "language": "New Latin", "languageCode": "la", "transliteration": "alcohol vini", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Purified wine spirit", "explanation": "Wine spirit in Johnson’s Latin lexicon of 1657, alongside older powder uses. This is a later witness to a technical sense, not its first appearance: TLFi also cites Latin alkhol vini in 1612.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": null, "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1657, "end": 1657, "approximate": false, "label": "1657 · Latin witness", "note": "Date of the inspected Johnson edition and this spelling/sense, not invention or transfer. No first-attestation claim.", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-johnson-latin-spirit" ] }, "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The bounded sources did not supply a defensible reading for this historical or disputed form; no pronunciation is invented.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Latin reference region", "coordinates": [ 12.4502, 41.9026 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-new-latin-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "alcohol-johnson-latin-spirit", "alcohol-semantic-history", "alcohol-new-latin-region" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-johnson-latin-spirit" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-johnson-latin-spirit" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-johnson-latin-spirit" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-johnson-latin-spirit" ], "label": "Historical reading not established", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for alcohol vini (New Latin) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A transliteration or modern form is not presented as a historical pronunciation." }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-johnson-latin-spirit" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-new-latin-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-new-latin-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-johnson-latin-spirit" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-johnson-latin-spirit", "alcohol-semantic-history", "alcohol-new-latin-region" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-mw-route", "alcohol-johnson-latin-spirit", "alcohol-english-spirit-review" ] } } }, { "id": "alcohol-english", "etymologyId": "alcohol-english-1", "form": "alcohol", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "alcohol", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Ethanol and related uses", "explanation": "Ethanol, the intoxicating component of alcoholic drinks. The word also names such drinks and a wider chemical class; fine powder is an obsolete use.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-english-senses", "alcohol-powder-sense" ] }, "date": { "kind": "sense-attestation", "start": 1672, "end": 1672, "label": "1672 · ethanol sense", "approximate": false, "note": "Merriam-Webster’s date for ethanol sense 1a only. Earlier English alcohol-of-wine expressions are separately reported; this is not a first date for every listed sense.", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-english-senses" ] }, "pronunciation": { "guide": "AL-kə-hol", "ipa": "/ˈæl.kə.hɔːl/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-english-reading" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "alcohol-english-senses", "alcohol-powder-sense", "alcohol-english-spirit-review", "alcohol-language-sense-review", "alcohol-english-region", "alcohol-english-reading", "alcohol-english-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-english-senses" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-english-senses" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-english-senses" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-english-senses" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-english-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-english-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-english-senses" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-english-senses", "alcohol-powder-sense", "alcohol-english-spirit-review", "alcohol-language-sense-review", "alcohol-english-region", "alcohol-english-reading", "alcohol-english-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "alcohol-arabic-spanish", "from": "alcohol-arabic", "to": "alcohol-spanish", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The Arabic ancestry is supported by TLFi and Merriam-Webster; this edge compresses Andalusian Arabic mediation. The reported 1278 date concerns the Spanish powder word, not wine spirit.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "alcohol-spanish-history", "alcohol-mw-route" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "alcohol-spanish-latin", "from": "alcohol-spanish", "to": "alcohol-latin", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Spanish mediation is explicit in TLFi and Merriam-Webster, but these are abbreviated transmission accounts, not dated transfer witnesses. The Arabic-to-Latin account remains visible. The 1278 Spanish record does not date Latin adoption.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "alcohol-spanish-history", "alcohol-mw-route" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "alcohol-arabic-latin", "from": "alcohol-arabic", "to": "alcohol-latin", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "The Latin entry names Andalusian Arabic; this alternative edge compresses that variety and does not prove that Spanish mediation was absent.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "alcohol-latin-routes" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "alcohol-latin-french", "from": "alcohol-latin", "to": "alcohol-french", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The Latin descendant list and English etymology support French mediation, without establishing its exact history.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "alcohol-routes", "alcohol-latin-routes" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "alcohol-french-middle", "from": "alcohol-french", "to": "alcohol-middle", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "Preserved from the pinned English etymology. Norri’s matched Latin passages support the direct Latin textual route as the main Middle English parent; French is not a compulsory intermediary.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "alcohol-routes", "alcohol-norri-latin-middle" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "alcohol-spanish-middle", "from": "alcohol-spanish", "to": "alcohol-middle", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "Spanish is also named as a possible source.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "alcohol-routes" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "alcohol-middle-english", "from": "alcohol-middle", "to": "alcohol-english", "type": "inheritance", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "Older English lexical continuity remains possible. It does not alone establish where the wine-spirit sense arose; the New Latin input is shown separately.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "alcohol-routes", "alcohol-powder-sense" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "alcohol-latin-english", "from": "alcohol-new-latin", "to": "alcohol-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Merriam-Webster names New Latin as the immediate source. This selected parent represents the learned input, not proof that Johnson’s 1657 book caused the English borrowing or that older English continuity ceased.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "alcohol-mw-route", "alcohol-johnson-latin-spirit", "alcohol-english-spirit-review" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [], "context": { "stageId": "alcohol-english", "label": "English senses", "summary": [ "Wine-spirit uses", "1672 · ethanol" ], "explanation": "The 1590 English expression is a secondary report. Merriam-Webster’s 1672 applies to its ethanol sense; neither date is assigned to the later chemical-class sense. This context does not classify the borrowing as retention.", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-english-spirit-review", "alcohol-english-senses", "alcohol-language-sense-review" ] } } }, { "id": "alcohol-latin-middle", "from": "alcohol-latin", "to": "alcohol-middle", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Norri identifies the Latin source and aligns the Middle English powder passages with Latin originals. This route is documented for that textual evidence, without excluding other English inputs.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "alcohol-norri-latin-middle" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "This form relationship does not by itself establish a semantic change at borrowing. Matching glosses do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "alcohol-spanish-french", "from": "alcohol-spanish", "to": "alcohol-french", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "Kaźmierczak treats the early French cosmetic word as Spanish-mediated; the Latin-to-French account is retained alongside it. No transfer year is established.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "alcohol-french-reviewed-history" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "This form relationship does not by itself establish a semantic change at borrowing. Matching glosses do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "alcohol-latin-spirit-development", "from": "alcohol-latin", "to": "alcohol-new-latin", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "A compressed Latin sense development, not a cross-language borrowing or a dated coinage by Paracelsus.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "alcohol-semantic-history", "alcohol-johnson-latin-spirit" ], "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "The technical word extends from fine powder to purified substance and wine spirit. Powder uses coexist in Johnson. The intervening chronology and priority remain qualified.", "added": [ "Purified essence", "Wine spirit" ], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [ "alcohol-semantic-history", "alcohol-johnson-latin-spirit" ] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "alcohol-mw-route", "text": "Merriam-Webster traces alcohol through New Latin and Medieval Latin, Old Spanish, and Arabic, whose source meaning concerns powdered antimony.", "sourceId": "pilot-mw-alcohol", "locator": "Word History — Etymology", "passageIds": [ "alcohol-mw-route-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "New Latin is the stated immediate source, distinguished from Medieval Latin powder. The abbreviated Spanish-mediated ancestry does not establish dates or rule out other inputs in the medieval English powder history." }, "inference": "Attach the learned Latin input to the separate New Latin stage; preserve older English continuity as a competing contribution." }, { "id": "alcohol-routes", "text": "The English entry gives Middle English alcofol, via Middle French alcohol or Spanish alcohol, ultimately from an Arabic term transmitted in medieval medical and alchemical Latin.", "sourceId": "pilot-wkt-alcohol", "locator": "English — Etymology", "passageIds": [ "alcohol-routes-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "This is the pinned English entry’s French-or-Spanish account. Its Latin section also lists Middle English directly; Norri supplies matching Latin originals for the Middle English powder passages. These are incomplete accounts, not an exclusive sequence." }, "inference": "Retain French and Spanish as alternative Middle English parents, with the Latin textual route as the main displayed parent." }, { "id": "alcohol-arabic-lexical", "text": "Arabic كُحْل (kuḥl) is a masculine noun for kohl or pulverized antimony. The entry distinguishes it from related verbs and other vocalizations.", "sourceId": "pilot-wkt-kuhl", "locator": "Arabic — Etymology 1.1; Noun", "passageIds": [ "alcohol-arabic-lexical-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish all uses or a borrowing date." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "alcohol-article", "text": "The source gives Arabic اَلْكُحْل, al-kuḥl, with the definite article; the underlying noun is kuḥl.", "sourceId": "pilot-wkt-alcohol", "locator": "English — Etymology", "passageIds": [ "alcohol-article-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Transliteration is supplied, not a verified historical pronunciation." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "alcohol-spanish-history", "text": "TLFi reports Spanish alcohol meaning antimony by 1278 and transmission of that sense into alchemical Latin.", "sourceId": "pilot-tlfi-alcool", "locator": "Étymol. et hist. — paragraph 1 after dates", "passageIds": [ "alcohol-spanish-history-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a date reported by TLFi, not an inspected medieval manuscript; it does not date the ethanol sense." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "alcohol-latin-lexical", "text": "The Latin entry lists medieval uses of alcohol for kohl, other finely ground powders, and distilled essence.", "sourceId": "pilot-wkt-alcohol", "locator": "Latin — Noun", "passageIds": [ "alcohol-latin-lexical-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The pinned Latin entry applies a Medieval Latin label to both powder and spirit senses. Those labels do not date each sense. The reviewed corpus separates the later New Latin wine-spirit evidence." }, "inference": "Use the powder gloss for the Medieval Latin node; do not project the distilled-spirit gloss into that period." }, { "id": "alcohol-latin-routes", "text": "The Latin section gives an Andalusian Arabic source and lists Old French, Middle French and Middle English among its descendants.", "sourceId": "pilot-wkt-alcohol", "locator": "Latin — Etymology; Descendants", "passageIds": [ "alcohol-latin-routes-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "The descendant list compresses history and gives no dated borrowing event. Its Andalusian Arabic source does not establish that all Latin uses bypassed Spanish; TLFi and Merriam-Webster explicitly include Spanish." }, "inference": "Preserve the Arabic-to-Latin alternative and qualified Latin-to-French edge, without treating either summary as a complete transmission chronology." }, { "id": "alcohol-french-period", "text": "TLFi brackets a later-fourteenth-century Jardin de santé citation before its sixteenth-century powder example; that early witness date is under review.", "sourceId": "pilot-tlfi-alcool", "locator": "Étymol. et hist. — opening bracket", "passageIds": [ "alcohol-french-period-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "unresolved", "text": "The Caen edition catalogue dates the named French work around 1500. The pilot’s specific 1350–1399 interval is withdrawn; this does not establish that French alcohol itself was absent in the fourteenth century." }, "inference": "Retain the source disagreement in Evidence, not as the displayed period’s authority." }, { "id": "alcohol-middle-period", "text": "The etymology places the Middle English alcofol stage in the fifteenth century.", "sourceId": "pilot-wkt-alcohol", "locator": "English — Etymology", "passageIds": [ "alcohol-middle-period-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Reported broad word period; no exact first quotation was inspected." }, "inference": "Retain this coarse source report in Evidence; the displayed date now uses Norri’s better-scoped a1425 witness bound." }, { "id": "alcohol-semantic-history", "text": "TLFi describes a movement from fine pure material to distilled essence and wine spirit; it tentatively attributes a learned transfer to Paracelsus.", "sourceId": "pilot-tlfi-alcool", "locator": "Étymol. et hist. — 2 and final paragraph", "passageIds": [ "alcohol-semantic-history-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "TLFi’s 1612 alkhol vini quotation is Latin, although presented in a French historical entry. Its 1694 example is French; its later Spanish dates concern Spanish technical senses. Paracelsus’s role is tentative, not a verified act of coinage." }, "inference": "Support a qualified Latin sense-development edge, separately from borrowing. No universal powder-to-ethanol date or inventor is asserted." }, { "id": "alcohol-english-senses", "text": "The dictionary distinguishes ethanol, drinks containing it, and the broader hydroxyl-compound class. It reports 1672 for its ethanol sense.", "sourceId": "pilot-mw-alcohol", "locator": "Noun — senses 1a, 1b and 2; Word History", "passageIds": [ "alcohol-english-senses-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "1672 is Merriam-Webster’s reported date for ethanol sense 1a, not the first powder use, the beginning of every spirit expression, the collective-drink sense or the chemical-class sense. The individual historical passage is not reproduced there." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "alcohol-powder-sense", "text": "English alcohol also has an obsolete fine-powder sense; the etymology describes its older powder meaning.", "sourceId": "pilot-wkt-alcohol", "locator": "English — Noun, obsolete sense; Etymology", "passageIds": [ "alcohol-powder-sense-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish all uses or a borrowing date." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "alcohol-english-reading", "text": "A General American reading is /ˈæl.kə.hɔl/.", "sourceId": "pilot-wkt-alcohol", "locator": "English — Pronunciation, General American", "passageIds": [ "alcohol-english-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish all uses or a borrowing date." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "alcohol-arabic-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Standard Arabic.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1318", "passageIds": [ "stan1318" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Arabic reference region; no historical movement is inferred from it." }, { "id": "alcohol-spanish-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Spanish.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1288", "passageIds": [ "stan1288" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Spanish reference region (proxy); no historical movement is inferred from it." }, { "id": "alcohol-latin-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Medieval Latin.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row medi1250", "passageIds": [ "medi1250" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Medieval Latin reference point; no historical movement is inferred from it." }, { "id": "alcohol-french-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Middle French.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row midd1316", "passageIds": [ "midd1316" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Middle French reference region; no historical movement is inferred from it." }, { "id": "alcohol-middle-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Middle English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row midd1317", "passageIds": [ "midd1317" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Middle English reference region; no historical movement is inferred from it." }, { "id": "alcohol-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred from it." }, { "id": "alcohol-norri-latin-middle", "text": "Norri identifies Latin alcofol behind Middle English powder passages in the Chauliac translation, cited as a1425.", "sourceId": "review-norri-alcofol", "locator": "p. 37, alcofol; Chauliac(2), fols. 295vb and 303rb; PDF p. 50", "passageIds": [ "alcofol-witness" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This documents the Latin correspondence in these passages, not the exclusive source of every English use. The prefix a marks an upper bound; 1425 is not an exact first-attestation year. The cited c. 1580 concerns French alcofol, not alcohol." }, "inference": "Use Latin as the main parent of the Middle English powder stage. Represent the dated citation as a qualified bound, not a transfer date." }, { "id": "alcohol-jardin-date-review", "text": "The scholarly Jardin de santé bibliography does not support the pilot’s fourteenth-century dating of that named witness.", "sourceId": "review-caen-jardin", "locator": "Éditions de la version française; Vérard and Le Noir editions", "passageIds": [ "jardin-editions" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "TLFi’s opening bracket attributes a later-fourteenth-century date to a Jardin de santé citation via Godefroy. The catalogue instead dates the French editions around 1500 and 1539. The precise Godefroy witness has not been resolved here." }, "inference": "Withdraw the 1350–1399 interval derived from this citation. Do not replace it with 1500 as a first attestation of the word." }, { "id": "alcohol-french-reviewed-history", "text": "Kaźmierczak reports the early French eye-cosmetic word in fourteenth-century texts and gives Spanish mediation, with later technical sense loans from Latin.", "sourceId": "review-kazmierczak-alcohol", "locator": "pp. 47–48, alcohol: From Spanish to French", "passageIds": [ "french-route-period" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a reported century, not an independently inspected medieval quotation or a date of borrowing. The account differs from the compressed Latin-to-French descendant list. It does not settle the problematic Jardin de santé citation." }, "inference": "Display only a broad reported fourteenth-century context, and retain Spanish-to-French as an alternative relationship." }, { "id": "alcohol-johnson-latin-spirit", "text": "Johnson’s 1657 Latin lexicon uses alcohol vini for purified wine spirit while retaining powder-related alcohol entries.", "sourceId": "review-johnson-1657", "locator": "Title page (1657); pp. 12–14, Alcohol, Alcohol vini, Alcool Paracelsi and Alcol", "passageIds": [ "latin-powder-spirit" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "1657 dates the inspected publication, not the first Latin spirit use, its inventor, or English adoption. TLFi separately cites Ruland’s Latin alkhol vini in 1612. These technical expressions do not denote the modern chemical class." }, "inference": "Separate a New Latin wine-spirit stage from Medieval Latin powder. The 1657 form is a documented example, with no invented location or historical reading." }, { "id": "alcohol-language-sense-review", "text": "The later French technical senses are distinguished from initial borrowing of the eye-cosmetic word; the chemical-class extension belongs to a later scientific vocabulary.", "sourceId": "review-kazmierczak-alcohol", "locator": "pp. 44–49, alcohol", "passageIds": [ "language-specific-semantics" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The chronology is language-specific. French nineteenth-century dates cannot serve as first English attestations. The analysis is not proof of semantic retention at the earlier borrowing steps." }, "inference": "Keep borrowing edges semantically uncertain and do not attach the chemical-class sense to 1278, the Middle English powder bound, or the Latin spirit citation." }, { "id": "alcohol-english-spirit-review", "text": "Antidote’s linguistic account reports the English expression alcohol of wine in the 1590 Sclopotarie.", "sourceId": "review-antidote-alcohol", "locator": "alcohol section; Sclopotarie (1590)", "passageIds": [ "english-wine-spirit" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a secondary report; the 1590 passage was not independently inspected. Its technical expression is distinct from Merriam-Webster’s 1672 date for sense 1a. Antidote’s sixteenth-century entry summary does not erase the earlier powder examples documented by Norri." }, "inference": "Do not interpret 1672 as the beginning of all English spirit-related uses, or Wiktionary’s eighteenth-century specialization as their first appearance." }, { "id": "alcohol-arabic-transliteration", "text": "The inspected entry supports the conventional transliteration kuḥl for كُحْل.", "sourceId": "pilot-wkt-alcohol", "locator": "Batch 05 transliteration inspection for كُحْل", "passageIds": [ "batch05-alcohol-arabic-transliteration" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "alcohol-spanish-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for alcohol.", "sourceId": "pilot-wkt-alcohol", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for alcohol", "passageIds": [ "batch05-alcohol-spanish-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "alcohol-new-latin-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for Latin.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row lati1261; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "lati1261" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." } ], "senses": [ { "id": "alcohol-ethanol-sense", "label": "Ethanol", "definition": "The chemical ethanol, especially as the intoxicating constituent of alcoholic drinks.", "stageId": "alcohol-english", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-english-senses" ] }, { "id": "alcohol-drink-sense", "label": "Alcoholic drinks", "definition": "Drinks that contain ethanol, considered collectively.", "stageId": "alcohol-english", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-english-senses" ] }, { "id": "alcohol-chemical-sense", "label": "The chemical class", "definition": "A member of the chemical class characterized by a hydroxyl group bonded to saturated carbon.", "stageId": "alcohol-english", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-english-senses" ] }, { "id": "alcohol-powder-sense", "label": "Fine powder (obsolete)", "definition": "An obsolete use for a very fine powder, distinct from the later spirit and chemical senses.", "stageId": "alcohol-english", "claimIds": [ "alcohol-powder-sense" ] } ], "limitations": "The journey separates medieval powder from New Latin wine spirit. Latin-to-Middle English is evidenced by matched passages; French and Spanish inputs remain alternatives. The Middle English and New Latin nodes are parallel contributors to later English, so their narrative adjacency is not an asserted edge. Dates describe witnesses or scoped senses, not a transfer timetable. Historical readings and exact early dates remain frozen where no stronger lexical witness was found. Wider Aramaic/Akkadian ancestry is outside this account.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R3", "standard": "Milestone-100 specialist review", "standardVersion": "2026-09-21", "completedAt": "2026-09-21" } }, { "id": "emoji", "word": "emoji", "language": "English", "sense": "A digital character", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Pilot 01", "aliases": [ "絵文字", "繪文字", "えもじ", "emojis" ], "summary": "Japanese pictographs give English a name for digital picture characters.", "intro": "Japanese pictographs give English a name for digital picture characters.", "claimIds": [ "emoji-origin", "emoji-japanese-lexical", "emoji-english-senses" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-13", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "emoji-japanese", "defaultSense": "emoji-character-sense", "narrativeOrder": [ "emoji-japanese", "emoji-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "emoji-japanese", "etymologyId": "emoji-japanese-1", "form": "絵文字", "language": "Japanese", "languageCode": "ja", "transliteration": "emoji", "script": "Han / kana reading", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Pictograph", "explanation": "A pictograph; also a digital picture character. Literally picture plus character.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "emoji-japanese-lexical" ] }, "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1968, "end": 1968, "label": "1968 · cited pictograph", "approximate": false, "note": "Reported written use; not the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "emoji-japanese-example" ] }, "pronunciation": { "guide": "eh-moh-jee", "ipa": "[e̞mo̞ʑi]", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day Japanese dictionary reading, not the English stress pattern. The guide omits pitch accent and only approximates Japanese /ʑ/.", "claimIds": [ "emoji-japanese-reading" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Japanese reference region", "coordinates": [ 135, 35 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "emoji-japanese-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "emoji-japanese-lexical" ] }, { "id": "emoji-english", "etymologyId": "emoji-english-1", "form": "emoji", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "emoji", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Digital picture character", "explanation": "A small digital picture character used in electronic messages; sometimes an emoji-like inline image.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "emoji-english-senses", "emoji-origin" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1997, "end": 1997, "label": "1997 · reported English", "approximate": false, "note": "Reported written use; not the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "emoji-origin" ] }, "pronunciation": { "guide": "ee-MOH-jee", "ipa": "/iˈmoʊ.d͡ʒi/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the English-readable guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "emoji-english-reading" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "emoji-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "emoji-english-senses", "emoji-origin" ] } ], "relations": [ { "id": "emoji-japanese-english", "from": "emoji-japanese", "to": "emoji-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English borrows the Japanese word; resemblance to emotion is not its etymology.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "emoji-origin" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [], "context": { "stageId": "emoji-english", "label": "Selected digital use", "summary": [ "Digital picture characters" ], "explanation": "Japanese also has a broader pictograph sense. This comparison does not prove narrowing at the borrowing event.", "claimIds": [ "emoji-japanese-lexical", "emoji-english-senses" ] } } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "emoji-origin", "text": "English emoji is borrowed from Japanese emoji, composed of e (picture) and moji (character). Merriam-Webster reports English use in 1997.", "sourceId": "pilot-mw-emoji", "locator": "Word History — Etymology; First Known Use", "passageIds": [ "emoji-origin-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish all uses or a borrowing date." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "emoji-japanese-lexical", "text": "絵文字 is a noun meaning pictograph and, in a separate use, digital emoji. Its components are 絵 (e) and 文字 (moji); 繪文字 is an older spelling.", "sourceId": "pilot-wkt-emoji-japanese", "locator": "Japanese — Etymology; Noun", "passageIds": [ "emoji-japanese-lexical-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish all uses or a borrowing date." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "emoji-japanese-example", "text": "The entry cites a 1968 work by Ōba Chiaki using 絵文字 for pictographs underlying ancient scripts.", "sourceId": "pilot-wkt-emoji-japanese", "locator": "Japanese — Noun, pictograph sense, 1968 quotation", "passageIds": [ "emoji-japanese-example-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "An example reported by Wiktionary; the cited book was not independently inspected and this is not the first use of the Japanese word." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "emoji-japanese-reading", "text": "The Japanese reading is えもじ, romanized emoji, with IPA [e̞mo̞ʑi]. The entry lists Tokyo accent variants.", "sourceId": "pilot-wkt-emoji-japanese", "locator": "Japanese — Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "emoji-japanese-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish all uses or a borrowing date." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "emoji-english-senses", "text": "English emoji can name an encoded digital picture character and, by extension, an emoji-like image embedded in text.", "sourceId": "pilot-wkt-emoji", "locator": "English — Noun, senses 1 and 2", "passageIds": [ "emoji-english-senses-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The extension is listed without a dated usage example; it is a selectable use, not a precisely dated semantic edge." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "emoji-english-reading", "text": "The English entry lists /iˈmoʊ.d͡ʒi/ as a General American variant.", "sourceId": "pilot-wkt-emoji", "locator": "English — Pronunciation, General American", "passageIds": [ "emoji-english-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish all uses or a borrowing date." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "emoji-japanese-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Japanese.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row nucl1643", "passageIds": [ "nucl1643" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Japanese reference region; no historical movement is inferred from it." }, { "id": "emoji-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred from it." } ], "senses": [ { "id": "emoji-character-sense", "label": "A digital character", "definition": "A digital picture character used to express an object, idea, person, or feeling in electronic text.", "stageId": "emoji-english", "claimIds": [ "emoji-english-senses" ] }, { "id": "emoji-image-sense", "label": "An inline image", "definition": "By extension, an emoji-like image inserted into a text message, whether or not it is an encoded emoji character.", "stageId": "emoji-english", "claimIds": [ "emoji-english-senses" ] } ], "limitations": "This bounded journey follows the Japanese whole word into English. Its two compound components are explained rather than treated as successive stages. The 1968 Japanese quotation is a reported example, not coinage; the 1997 English date is independent of the often-cited 1999 mobile-phone set. Japanese pitch-accent variants are not encoded by the plain reading guide." }, { "id": "ketchup", "word": "ketchup", "language": "English", "sense": "Tomato ketchup", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Pilot 01", "aliases": [ "catsup", "catchup", "膎汁", "kôe-chiap", "kê-chiap", "kecap", "kicap", "کيچڤ" ], "summary": "A sauce name connects Southern Min and Malay accounts with English sauces and the later prominence of tomato ketchup.", "intro": "A sauce name connects Southern Min and Malay accounts with English sauces and the later prominence of tomato ketchup.", "claimIds": [ "ketchup-routes", "ketchup-english-history", "ketchup-english-senses", "ketchup-jurafsky-routes", "ketchup-cantonese-dissent" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-13", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "ketchup-hokkien", "defaultSense": "ketchup-tomato-sense", "narrativeOrder": [ "ketchup-hokkien", "ketchup-malay", "ketchup-english-sauce", "ketchup-english-tomato" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "ketchup-hokkien", "etymologyId": "ketchup-hokkien-1", "form": "膎汁", "language": "Hokkien (Amoy)", "languageCode": "nan", "transliteration": "kôe-chiap", "script": "Han", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Fish sauce", "explanation": "Fish sauce or brine of preserved fish or shellfish.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "ketchup-hokkien-lexical", "ketchup-routes" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The sourced Amoy romanization is shown as transliteration. Historical pronunciation and tone realization are not verified.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Min Nan reference region / Fujian", "coordinates": [ 118.17, 24.5 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "ketchup-hokkien-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "ketchup-hokkien-lexical", "ketchup-routes", "ketchup-jurafsky-etymon", "ketchup-cantonese-dissent" ], "transliterationClaimIds": [ "ketchup-hokkien-lexical", "ketchup-routes" ] }, { "id": "ketchup-malay", "etymologyId": "ketchup-malay-1", "form": "kecap", "language": "Malay", "languageCode": "ms", "transliteration": "kecap", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Sauce", "explanation": "A sauce noun, also kicap, written کيچڤ in Jawi. Its possible mediation into English remains qualified.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "ketchup-malay-lexical", "ketchup-routes" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "No historical Malay pronunciation is assigned. The Latin spelling and Jawi کيچڤ are documented.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Malay reference region", "coordinates": [ 101.699, 3.08896 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "ketchup-malay-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "ketchup-malay-lexical", "ketchup-routes" ] }, { "id": "ketchup-english-sauce", "etymologyId": "ketchup-english-sauce-1", "form": "ketchup", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "ketchup", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Sauces generally", "explanation": "The older general sauce word, used for preparations with varied ingredients.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "ketchup-english-history", "ketchup-english-senses" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1690, "end": 1690, "label": "c. 1690 · sauce word", "approximate": true, "note": "Reported written use; not the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "ketchup-english-date" ] }, "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "No seventeenth-century pronunciation was verified; present-day ketchup is given on the contemporary sense stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "ketchup-english-sauce-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "ketchup-english-history", "ketchup-english-senses" ] }, { "id": "ketchup-english-tomato", "etymologyId": "ketchup-english-tomato-1", "form": "ketchup", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "ketchup", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Tomato condiment", "explanation": "Usually a seasoned tomato condiment. Broader sauce uses continue alongside this dominant use.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "ketchup-english-senses", "ketchup-english-history" ] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1875, "end": 1899, "approximate": true, "label": "c. late 1800s", "note": "Editorial last-quarter range for the source’s late-nineteenth-century predominance statement. Not a first tomato attestation.", "claimIds": [ "ketchup-english-history" ] }, "pronunciation": { "guide": "KETCH-up", "ipa": "/ˈkɛt͡ʃ.əp/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the English-readable guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "ketchup-english-reading" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No distinct geographical origin is asserted for the tomato-sense development." }, "claimIds": [ "ketchup-english-senses", "ketchup-english-history" ] } ], "relations": [ { "id": "ketchup-hokkien-malay", "from": "ketchup-hokkien", "to": "ketchup-malay", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The Malay lexical entry and Merriam-Webster support the Southern Min derivation. This documented lexical relationship does not establish its date or prove that English passed through Malay; no semantic retention is inferred.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "ketchup-malay-lexical", "ketchup-jurafsky-routes" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "ketchup-malay-english-sauce", "from": "ketchup-malay", "to": "ketchup-english-sauce", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "A supported but qualified possibility, also discussed by Jurafsky. This tree parent is selected for reading, not established as historically preferable to direct Hokkien contact. The wider Malay/Indonesian account is compressed in this node.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "ketchup-routes", "ketchup-jurafsky-routes" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "ketchup-hokkien-english-sauce", "from": "ketchup-hokkien", "to": "ketchup-english-sauce", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "A supported alternative in Merriam-Webster and Jurafsky. Contact with Hokkien traders in Southeast Asia is possible; the map point does not identify an actual English borrowing site.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "ketchup-routes", "ketchup-jurafsky-routes" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "ketchup-english-sauce-english-tomato", "from": "ketchup-english-sauce", "to": "ketchup-english-tomato", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The tomato sense became dominant within an older broader sauce vocabulary.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "ketchup-english-history", "ketchup-english-senses" ], "semantic": { "type": "narrowed", "explanation": "A qualified account of the dominant English use becoming tomato-specific. Broader sauce uses survive; this is not total loss of the older sense.", "added": [ "Tomato-focused dominant use" ], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [ "ketchup-english-history", "ketchup-english-senses" ] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "ketchup-routes", "text": "Merriam-Webster gives Southern Min kôe-chiap (Xiamen) or kê-chiap (Zhangzhou), directly or through Malay kecap, as the source of English ketchup.", "sourceId": "pilot-mw-ketchup", "locator": "Word History — Etymology", "passageIds": [ "ketchup-routes-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "Direct borrowing and Malay mediation remain alternatives; the route is not settled." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "ketchup-hokkien-lexical", "text": "膎汁 is listed as a dated Hokkien noun for fish sauce or brine from preserved fish or shellfish; Douglas’s Amoy form is cited as kôe-chiap.", "sourceId": "pilot-wkt-ketchup-hokkien", "locator": "Chinese — Noun; Further reading, Douglas 1873", "passageIds": [ "ketchup-hokkien-lexical-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The spelling is a scholarly citation form, not proof of the pronunciation at English borrowing." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "ketchup-malay-lexical", "text": "Malay kecap, also kicap, is a sauce noun from Hokkien. Its Jawi spelling is کيچڤ. The separate lip-smacking and gecko homographs are excluded.", "sourceId": "pilot-wkt-kecap", "locator": "Malay — Etymology 1; Noun", "passageIds": [ "ketchup-malay-lexical-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish all uses or a borrowing date." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "ketchup-english-history", "text": "English ketchup first referred to a Southeast Asian sauce and then a variety of sauces, including mushroom and fish-based preparations. Tomato ketchup became predominant by the late nineteenth century.", "sourceId": "pilot-wkt-ketchup", "locator": "English — Etymology; Noun, older sauce sense", "passageIds": [ "ketchup-english-history-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Historical summary in Wiktionary citing OED; the OED article was not inspected. Predominance is not the first tomato use." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "ketchup-english-date", "text": "Merriam-Webster reports English ketchup around 1690.", "sourceId": "pilot-mw-ketchup", "locator": "Word History — First Known Use", "passageIds": [ "ketchup-english-date-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The entry’s current tomato-focused gloss must not be used to assign tomato sauce to 1690. This is a reported date for the word." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "ketchup-english-senses", "text": "Ketchup has a usual tomato-sauce meaning and an older broader sauce meaning. Catsup and catchup are alternative spellings.", "sourceId": "pilot-wkt-ketchup", "locator": "English — Alternative forms; Noun, senses 1 and 2", "passageIds": [ "ketchup-english-senses-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish all uses or a borrowing date." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "ketchup-english-reading", "text": "The English entry lists /ˈkɛt͡ʃ.əp/ as one pronunciation.", "sourceId": "pilot-wkt-ketchup", "locator": "English — Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "ketchup-english-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish all uses or a borrowing date." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "ketchup-hokkien-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Min Nan Chinese.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row minn1241", "passageIds": [ "minn1241" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Min Nan reference region / Fujian; no historical movement is inferred from it." }, { "id": "ketchup-malay-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Standard Malay.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1306", "passageIds": [ "stan1306" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Malay reference region; no historical movement is inferred from it." }, { "id": "ketchup-english-sauce-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred from it." }, { "id": "ketchup-jurafsky-routes", "text": "Jurafsky supports Southern Min involvement while leaving English acquisition through Indonesian kecap or directly from Hokkien traders open.", "sourceId": "review-jurafsky-ketchup", "locator": "Paragraphs beginning “How did the British acquire” and “Another possibility”", "passageIds": [ "ketchup-transmission" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "The trade and recipe examples do not identify the first borrowing. Chinese traders could be encountered in Southeast Asia; “direct Southern Min” does not mean a documented voyage from the displayed Fujian reference point. The Malay node is a limited proxy for the Malay/Indonesian-mediated account." }, "inference": "Retain both English parent routes. Keeping Malay in the display tree is an editorial reading choice, not a ranking that resolves the disagreement." }, { "id": "ketchup-jurafsky-etymon", "text": "Jurafsky supports the Southern Min fish-sauce etymon and argues against a Cantonese tomato-sauce source.", "sourceId": "review-jurafsky-ketchup", "locator": "Discussion of Douglas (1873), Southern Min fish sauce and the Cantonese proposal", "passageIds": [ "ketchup-etymon" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Douglas’s 1873 dictionary supports a recorded lexical form, not a seventeenth-century borrowing date or historical pronunciation. A later dictionary witness does not by itself prove the transmission route." }, "inference": "Strengthen the etymon evidence while leaving early dates, readings and the immediate English donor unresolved." }, { "id": "ketchup-cantonese-dissent", "text": "De la Cruz-Cabanillas records an inconclusive Cantonese proposal by Chan and Kwok against the Amoy account.", "sourceId": "review-cruz-ketchup", "locator": "p. 266, §3.2, Amoy", "passageIds": [ "ketchup-dissent" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "This is a report of the older proposal, not a new verification of it. Jurafsky disputes the tomato-sauce explanation; Merriam-Webster gives Southern Min. The proposal is not equally supported by the evidence inspected here." }, "inference": "Preserve the dissent in Evidence, without inventing a Cantonese stage or promoting it to a primary borrowing edge." } ], "senses": [ { "id": "ketchup-tomato-sense", "label": "Tomato ketchup", "definition": "A seasoned condiment usually based on tomatoes, vinegar, and other flavorings.", "stageId": "ketchup-english-tomato", "claimIds": [ "ketchup-english-senses" ] }, { "id": "ketchup-sauce-sense", "label": "Sauces more generally", "definition": "The older, broader word for sauces made with ingredients such as mushrooms, fish, or fruit.", "stageId": "ketchup-english-tomato", "claimIds": [ "ketchup-english-senses" ] } ], "limitations": "The journey retains both Malay/Indonesian-mediated and direct Southern Min accounts of English borrowing. The selected Malay tree parent does not settle their priority. An older Cantonese proposal is preserved in Evidence with its criticism, not promoted to an equally supported route. Reference regions are not contact sites; dictionary witnesses do not date the borrowing. Existing unknown readings and early dates remain unknown. The c. 1690 English word date is not a tomato-ketchup date; later tomato predominance does not erase other sauces." }, { "id": "mouse", "word": "mouse", "language": "English", "sense": "The animal", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Pilot 01", "aliases": [ "mūs", "mus", "mous", "mice", "mouses" ], "summary": "An inherited animal name is later applied to a computer pointing device.", "intro": "An inherited animal name is later applied to a computer pointing device.", "claimIds": [ "mouse-origin", "mouse-english-senses", "mouse-device-naming", "mouse-device-primary" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-13", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "mouse-old", "defaultSense": "mouse-animal-sense", "narrativeOrder": [ "mouse-old", "mouse-middle", "mouse-english-animal", "mouse-english-device" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "mouse-old", "etymologyId": "mouse-old-1", "form": "mūs", "language": "Old English", "languageCode": "ang", "transliteration": "mūs", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Mouse", "explanation": "A mouse; the selected inherited animal noun.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "mouse-old-lexical", "mouse-origin" ] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "inferred-bound", "end": 1100, "approximate": true, "label": "By c. 1100", "note": "Upper bound for the reported pre-twelfth-century animal noun, not its starting date.", "claimIds": [ "mouse-old-bound" ] }, "pronunciation": { "guide": "mooss", "ipa": "/muːs/", "status": "verified", "note": "Historical dictionary reconstruction, with a long /uː/ vowel. Not the present-day English MOWSS reading.", "claimIds": [ "mouse-old-lexical" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Old English reference region", "coordinates": [ -1.31, 51.06 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "mouse-old-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "mouse-old-lexical", "mouse-origin" ] }, { "id": "mouse-middle", "etymologyId": "mouse-middle-1", "form": "mous", "language": "Middle English", "languageCode": "enm", "transliteration": "mous", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Mouse or shrew", "explanation": "A mouse or shrew; also used figuratively of a timid or insignificant person.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "mouse-middle-lexical" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "pronunciation": { "guide": "mooss", "ipa": "/muːs/", "status": "verified", "note": "Historical dictionary reconstruction; period and dialect variation are not resolved in this pilot.", "claimIds": [ "mouse-middle-lexical" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Middle English reference region", "coordinates": [ -1.11, 51.65 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "mouse-middle-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "mouse-middle-lexical" ] }, { "id": "mouse-english-animal", "etymologyId": "mouse-english-animal-1", "form": "mouse", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "mouse", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Small rodent", "explanation": "A small rodent with a slender tail; figuratively, a quiet or timid person.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "mouse-english-senses" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "pronunciation": { "guide": "MOWSS", "ipa": "/maʊs/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day English noun. “ow” is as in now; final consonant is /s/, not /z/.", "claimIds": [ "mouse-english-reading" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "mouse-english-animal-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "mouse-english-senses" ] }, { "id": "mouse-english-device", "etymologyId": "mouse-english-device-1", "form": "mouse", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "mouse", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Computer pointing device", "explanation": "A hand-operated device that controls a pointer on a computer display; by extension the pointer itself.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "mouse-english-senses", "mouse-device-primary", "mouse-device-naming" ] }, "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1968, "end": 1968, "label": "1968 · documented use", "approximate": false, "note": "Reported written use; not the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "mouse-device-primary" ] }, "pronunciation": { "guide": "MOWSS", "ipa": "/maʊs/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day English noun. “ow” is as in now; final consonant is /s/.", "claimIds": [ "mouse-english-reading" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The device’s historical development is not represented by an invented language-coordinate origin." }, "claimIds": [ "mouse-english-senses", "mouse-device-primary", "mouse-device-naming" ] } ], "relations": [ { "id": "mouse-old-middle", "from": "mouse-old", "to": "mouse-middle", "type": "inheritance", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The Middle English animal noun continues Old English mūs.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "mouse-middle-lexical", "mouse-origin" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "mouse-middle-english-animal", "from": "mouse-middle", "to": "mouse-english-animal", "type": "inheritance", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The modern English animal noun continues the Middle English form.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "mouse-origin", "mouse-middle-lexical" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "mouse-english-animal-english-device", "from": "mouse-english-animal", "to": "mouse-english-device", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The animal name is applied metaphorically to the pointing device; first naming details remain qualified.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "mouse-device-naming", "mouse-device-primary" ], "semantic": { "type": "shifted", "explanation": "A new metaphorical referent through resemblance to the animal, not replacement of the animal sense. The naming mechanism is reported in the lexical source; the primary paper confirms device usage.", "added": [ "Pointing device" ], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [ "mouse-device-naming", "mouse-device-primary" ] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "mouse-origin", "text": "The noun mouse comes through Middle English from Old English mūs; Merriam-Webster dates the animal noun before the twelfth century.", "sourceId": "pilot-mw-mouse", "locator": "Word History — Noun etymology and first known use", "passageIds": [ "mouse-origin-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish all uses or a borrowing date." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "mouse-old-lexical", "text": "Old English mūs is a feminine noun for mouse, also listed with a muscle sense; its historical dictionary transcription is /muːs/.", "sourceId": "pilot-wkt-mouse-old", "locator": "Old English — Noun; Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "mouse-old-lexical-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The dictionary’s historical reading is a reconstruction, not a recording. The selected journey follows the animal sense." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "mouse-middle-lexical", "text": "Middle English mous continues Old English mūs, denotes a mouse or shrew, and is transcribed /muːs/.", "sourceId": "pilot-wkt-mouse-middle", "locator": "Middle English — Etymology; Noun; Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "mouse-middle-lexical-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A historical dictionary reading; not a claim of uniform pronunciation across dialects." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "mouse-old-bound", "text": "The animal noun is recorded before the twelfth century.", "sourceId": "pilot-mw-mouse", "locator": "Word History — First Known Use, noun", "passageIds": [ "mouse-old-bound-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Rendered only as an upper bound; no exact first date or continuous lifespan is invented." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "mouse-english-senses", "text": "English mouse names a small rodent, a timid person, a computer pointing device, and by extension its on-screen pointer.", "sourceId": "pilot-wkt-mouse", "locator": "English — Noun, animal, figurative person and computing senses", "passageIds": [ "mouse-english-senses-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish all uses or a borrowing date." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "mouse-device-naming", "text": "The computer term is explained through resemblance to the animal; the entry reports a 1965 use in Computer-Aided Display Control.", "sourceId": "pilot-wkt-mouse", "locator": "English — Etymology", "passageIds": [ "mouse-device-naming-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The claimed first use and attribution were not independently verified against that 1965 report. The inspected 1968 paper independently establishes the device term only." }, "inference": "Use a qualified animal-to-device metaphor; do not claim a settled coiner or first-use year." }, { "id": "mouse-device-primary", "text": "Engelbart and English describe a hand-held X–Y device called a mouse for screen pointing and selection.", "sourceId": "pilot-engelbart-1968", "locator": "1968 paper, p. 395, summary 1a1b–1a1b1; p. 397, §3b4", "passageIds": [ "mouse-device-primary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly inspected 1968 primary text; a documented use, not the first attestation or invention date." }, "inference": "Anchor the device stage to a directly read example while retaining the earlier reported date as a qualification." }, { "id": "mouse-english-reading", "text": "The noun mouse is pronounced /maʊs/ in the listed British and American standards; verb readings are separately listed.", "sourceId": "pilot-wkt-mouse", "locator": "English — Pronunciation, Noun", "passageIds": [ "mouse-english-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish all uses or a borrowing date." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "mouse-old-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Old English (ca. 450-1100).", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row olde1238", "passageIds": [ "olde1238" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Old English reference region; no historical movement is inferred from it." }, { "id": "mouse-middle-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Middle English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row midd1317", "passageIds": [ "midd1317" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Middle English reference region; no historical movement is inferred from it." }, { "id": "mouse-english-animal-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred from it." } ], "senses": [ { "id": "mouse-animal-sense", "label": "The animal", "definition": "A small rodent, typically with a pointed snout and a long, slender tail.", "stageId": "mouse-english-animal", "claimIds": [ "mouse-english-senses" ] }, { "id": "mouse-device-sense", "label": "A pointing device", "definition": "A hand-operated input device used to position a pointer and select items on a computer display.", "stageId": "mouse-english-device", "claimIds": [ "mouse-english-senses", "mouse-device-primary" ] }, { "id": "mouse-pointer-sense", "label": "The on-screen pointer", "definition": "By extension, the on-screen pointer controlled by a mouse.", "stageId": "mouse-english-device", "claimIds": [ "mouse-english-senses" ] }, { "id": "mouse-person-sense", "label": "A timid person", "definition": "A figurative description of a quiet or timid person.", "stageId": "mouse-english-animal", "claimIds": [ "mouse-english-senses" ] } ], "limitations": "This account stops at attested Old English rather than expanding reconstructed ancestry. Wiktionary reports a 1965 computer-term use; the directly inspected primary paper is from 1968, which is displayed as a documented example. The precise first naming and attribution remain unverified. The device sense is not mapped to the English language reference point as an invention location." }, { "id": "bungalow", "word": "bungalow", "language": "English", "sense": "The house", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Pilot 02", "aliases": [ "bangalo", "bangla", "bungalow" ], "summary": "From South Asian “Bengali-style house” terminology to the English single-storey house.", "intro": "From South Asian “Bengali-style house” terminology to the English single-storey house.", "claimIds": [ "bungalow-origin", "bungalow-english-history" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-13", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "bungalow-gujarati", "defaultSense": "bungalow-house-sense", "narrativeOrder": [ "bungalow-gujarati", "bungalow-hindi", "bungalow-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "bungalow-gujarati", "etymologyId": "bungalow-gujarati-1", "form": "બંગલો", "language": "Gujarati", "languageCode": "guj", "transliteration": "baṅglo", "script": "Gujarati", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Bengali-style or detached house.", "explanation": "Bengali-style or detached house.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "bungalow-gujarati-form" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The transliteration baṅglo is sourced; a historical Gujarati pronunciation is not asserted.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Gujarati reference region", "coordinates": [ 71.0962, 22.687 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "bungalow-gujarati-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "bungalow-gujarati-form" ], "transliterationClaimIds": [ "bungalow-gujarati-form" ] }, { "id": "bungalow-hindi", "etymologyId": "bungalow-hindi-1", "form": "बंगला", "language": "Hindi", "languageCode": "hi", "transliteration": "baṅglā", "script": "Devanagari", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Bengali; a Bengali-style house term.", "explanation": "Bengali; a Bengali-style house term.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "bungalow-hindi-background" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The transliteration baṅglā is sourced; no historical Hindi pronunciation is asserted.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Hindi reference region", "coordinates": [ 77, 25 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "bungalow-hindi-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "bungalow-hindi-background" ], "transliterationClaimIds": [ "bungalow-hindi-background" ] }, { "id": "bungalow-english", "etymologyId": "bungalow-english-1", "form": "bungalow", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "bungalow", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A single-storey house, typically with rooms on one level.", "explanation": "A single-storey house, typically with rooms on one level.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "bungalow-origin", "bungalow-english-history" ] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1670, "end": 1679, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1670s · reported", "note": "Reported Anglo-Indian period from a secondary etymological account; not an exact first quotation.", "claimIds": [ "bungalow-english-history" ] }, "pronunciation": { "guide": "BUNG-guh-loh", "ipa": "/ˈbʌŋɡəloʊ/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the English-readable guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "bungalow-english-reading" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "bungalow-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "bungalow-origin", "bungalow-english-history" ] } ], "relations": [ { "id": "bungalow-hindi-gujarati", "from": "bungalow-hindi", "to": "bungalow-gujarati", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Hindi/Bengali comparison forms explain the regional adjective behind Gujarati; the exact historical relation is not independently dated.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "bungalow-hindi-background" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "bungalow-gujarati-english", "from": "bungalow-gujarati", "to": "bungalow-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English is explicitly described as borrowed from Gujarati baṅglo.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "bungalow-origin", "bungalow-gujarati-form" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [], "context": { "stageId": "bungalow-english", "label": "English sense", "summary": [ "Single-storey house", "House in an Indian style" ], "explanation": "The English building sense is consistent with the source description; no separate semantic-retention claim is made.", "claimIds": [ "bungalow-english-history" ] } } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "bungalow-origin", "text": "English bungalow is borrowed from Gujarati બંગલો (baṅglo), compared with Hindi बंगला (baṅglā) and Bengali বাংলা (baṅla), “Bengali-style house.”", "sourceId": "pilot2-wkt-bungalow", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "bungalow-origin-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "bungalow-english-history", "text": "The Online Etymology Dictionary reports an Anglo-Indian English use in the 1670s for a one-storey thatched house, from Gujarati bangalo and Hindi bangla “Bengalese.”", "sourceId": "pilot2-etymonline-bungalow", "locator": "bungalow entry", "passageIds": [ "bungalow-english-history-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a broad reported period from a secondary etymological account, not an independently inspected first quotation or proof of the exact borrowing moment." }, "inference": "Use the period as contextual English history while keeping the Gujarati source relationship explicit." }, { "id": "bungalow-gujarati-form", "text": "Gujarati બંગલો (baṅglo) denotes a Bengali-style or detached house and is the stated immediate source of English bungalow.", "sourceId": "pilot2-wkt-bungalow", "locator": "Gujarati > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "bungalow-gujarati-form-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "bungalow-hindi-background", "text": "Hindi बंगला (baṅglā) and Bengali বাংলা (baṅla) are comparison forms for the regional “Bengali” house term.", "sourceId": "pilot2-wkt-bungalow", "locator": "English > Etymology; Compare", "passageIds": [ "bungalow-hindi-background-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Comparison forms establish lexical background; they do not by themselves establish a direct Hindi-to-English transfer." }, "inference": "Show Hindi as a qualified contributor behind Gujarati, not a second unsupported English parent." }, { "id": "bungalow-english-reading", "text": "The English entry records /ˈbʌŋɡəloʊ/ in General American and /ˈbʌŋɡələʊ/ in Received Pronunciation.", "sourceId": "pilot2-wkt-bungalow", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "bungalow-english-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "bungalow-gujarati-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Gujarati.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row guja1252", "passageIds": [ "guja1252" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Gujarati reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "bungalow-hindi-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Hindi.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row hind1269", "passageIds": [ "hind1269" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Hindi reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "bungalow-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." } ], "senses": [ { "id": "bungalow-house-sense", "label": "The house", "definition": "A single-storey house, often with rooms on one level.", "stageId": "bungalow-english", "claimIds": [ "bungalow-origin", "bungalow-english-history" ] } ], "limitations": "The English borrowing is straightforward in the inspected accounts. Gujarati and Hindi/Bengali contributors are represented as lexical background, not as a claim that a modern map point was the transfer site. The 1670s period is a reported Anglo-Indian context, not an exact first quotation." }, { "id": "vaccine", "word": "vaccine", "language": "English", "sense": "The immunization preparation", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Pilot 02", "aliases": [ "vaccīnus", "vaccinae", "vaccin" ], "summary": "A Latin “of a cow” adjective becomes a cowpox term and then the modern immunization noun.", "intro": "A Latin “of a cow” adjective becomes a cowpox term and then the modern immunization noun.", "claimIds": [ "vaccine-latin-origin", "vaccine-english-senses" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-13", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "vaccine-latin", "defaultSense": "vaccine-immunization-sense", "narrativeOrder": [ "vaccine-latin", "vaccine-newlatin", "vaccine-french", "vaccine-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "vaccine-latin", "etymologyId": "vaccine-latin-1", "form": "vaccīnus", "language": "Latin", "languageCode": "la", "transliteration": "vaccīnus", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Of or derived from a cow.", "explanation": "Of or derived from a cow.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "vaccine-latin-origin" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The historical Latin pronunciation is not established in this pilot.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Latin reference region", "coordinates": [ 12.4502, 41.9026 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "vaccine-latin-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "vaccine-latin-origin" ], "transliterationClaimIds": [ "vaccine-latin-origin" ] }, { "id": "vaccine-newlatin", "etymologyId": "vaccine-newlatin-1", "form": "variolae vaccīnae", "language": "New Latin", "languageCode": "la", "transliteration": "variolae vaccīnae", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Cowpox; infectious disease of cattle causing pustules.", "explanation": "Cowpox; infectious disease of cattle causing pustules.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "vaccine-newlatin-cowpox" ] }, "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1798, "end": 1798, "approximate": false, "label": "1798 · Latin phrase", "note": "Date of Jenner’s cited Latin phrase/publication context, not English first use or first vaccination.", "claimIds": [ "vaccine-newlatin-cowpox" ] }, "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in this pilot. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The Latin medical phrase is a learned textual form; no new historical reference location is assigned." }, "claimIds": [ "vaccine-newlatin-cowpox" ], "transliterationClaimIds": [ "vaccine-newlatin-cowpox" ] }, { "id": "vaccine-french", "etymologyId": "vaccine-french-1", "form": "vaccin", "language": "French", "languageCode": "fr", "transliteration": "vaccin", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Cowpox material used for inoculation.", "explanation": "Cowpox material used for inoculation.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": null, "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in this pilot. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "French reference region", "coordinates": [ 2, 48 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "vaccine-french-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "vaccine-french-route" ] }, { "id": "vaccine-english", "etymologyId": "vaccine-english-1", "form": "vaccine", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "vaccine", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A preparation administered to stimulate immunity against a disease.", "explanation": "A preparation administered to stimulate immunity against a disease.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "vaccine-english-senses", "vaccine-english-date" ] }, "date": { "kind": "sense-attestation", "start": 1880, "end": 1880, "approximate": false, "label": "1880 · noun sense", "note": "Merriam-Webster date for the defined noun sense; not every earlier cowpox use.", "claimIds": [ "vaccine-english-date" ] }, "pronunciation": { "guide": "VAK-seen", "ipa": "/ˈvæk.siːn/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the English-readable guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "vaccine-english-reading" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "vaccine-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "vaccine-english-senses", "vaccine-english-date" ] } ], "relations": [ { "id": "vaccine-latin-newlatin", "from": "vaccine-latin", "to": "vaccine-newlatin", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "New Latin vaccinae applies the Latin “of a cow” adjective to cowpox.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "vaccine-latin-origin", "vaccine-newlatin-cowpox" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "vaccine-newlatin-french", "from": "vaccine-newlatin", "to": "vaccine-french", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The French noun is represented as a learned derivative/borrowing of the New Latin cowpox terminology; the transfer date is not supplied.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "vaccine-french-route", "vaccine-newlatin-cowpox" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "vaccine-french-english", "from": "vaccine-french", "to": "vaccine-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The English etymology allows a French contribution to the noun, while also relating it to the adjective.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "vaccine-french-route" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "vaccine-newlatin-english", "from": "vaccine-newlatin", "to": "vaccine-english", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Cowpox material becomes the broader immunization preparation sense over time.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "vaccine-english-senses", "vaccine-newlatin-cowpox" ], "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "The referent expands from cowpox material to preparations used to stimulate immunity against diseases more generally. This is semantic development, not proof of retention at a borrowing event.", "added": [ "Preparation for immunity against diseases" ], "removed": [], "associations": [ "cowpox" ], "claimIds": [ "vaccine-english-senses", "vaccine-newlatin-cowpox" ], "context": { "stageId": "vaccine-english", "label": "English noun history", "summary": [ "Cowpox material", "Broader immunization preparation" ], "explanation": "The 1880 date is scoped to the English noun sense; later technologies are not back-projected into the Latin phrase.", "claimIds": [ "vaccine-english-date", "vaccine-english-senses" ] } } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "vaccine-latin-origin", "text": "Vaccine is a learned borrowing from Latin vaccīnus, “of or derived from a cow,” from vacca “cow” plus -īnus.", "sourceId": "pilot2-wkt-vaccine", "locator": "English > Etymology 1", "passageIds": [ "vaccine-latin-origin-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "vaccine-newlatin-cowpox", "text": "The early cowpox terminology is New Latin variolae vaccīnae, “cowpox,” associated with Edward Jenner’s 1798 account.", "sourceId": "pilot2-wkt-vaccine", "locator": "English > Etymology 1; references", "passageIds": [ "vaccine-newlatin-cowpox-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The date belongs to the cited Latin medical phrase and publication context, not to an English headword or a first vaccination procedure." }, "inference": "Keep the New Latin cowpox form separate from the later English noun." }, { "id": "vaccine-french-route", "text": "English vaccine is partly related to French vaccine “cowpox” and vaccin “cowpox material,” themselves based on Latin vaccīnus.", "sourceId": "pilot2-wkt-vaccine", "locator": "English > Etymology 2", "passageIds": [ "vaccine-french-route-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The dictionary presents this as a partly French route for the noun; it does not supply a dated French transfer witness in the inspected section." }, "inference": "Preserve French as a qualified intermediary rather than claiming a single exclusive route." }, { "id": "vaccine-english-date", "text": "Merriam-Webster reports 1880 for vaccine in the meaning defined at its noun sense.", "sourceId": "pilot2-mw-vaccine", "locator": "Word History > First Known Use", "passageIds": [ "vaccine-english-date-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The reported date is scoped to the dictionary sense and is not a first date for the Latin adjective, cowpox phrase or every later vaccine technology." }, "inference": "Use a sense-attestation date for the English noun." }, { "id": "vaccine-english-senses", "text": "The English noun covers a preparation used to stimulate immunity; the historical term first referred to cowpox material and later broadened to immunological preparations.", "sourceId": "pilot2-mw-vaccine", "locator": "Definition and Word History", "passageIds": [ "vaccine-english-senses-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The modern definition includes technologies that postdate the word; matching definitions do not establish retention at borrowing." }, "inference": "Show a qualified semantic expansion from cowpox material to broader immunization preparation." }, { "id": "vaccine-english-reading", "text": "The English entry records /ˈvæk.siːn/ and /vækˈsin/ variants.", "sourceId": "pilot2-wkt-vaccine", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "vaccine-english-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "vaccine-latin-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Latin.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row lati1261", "passageIds": [ "lati1261" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Latin reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "vaccine-french-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for French.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1290", "passageIds": [ "stan1290" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient French reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "vaccine-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." } ], "senses": [ { "id": "vaccine-immunization-sense", "label": "The immunization preparation", "definition": "A preparation used to stimulate immunity against a disease.", "stageId": "vaccine-english", "claimIds": [ "vaccine-english-senses", "vaccine-english-date" ] }, { "id": "vaccine-cowpox-sense", "label": "Cowpox material", "definition": "Historical cowpox material used for inoculation.", "stageId": "vaccine-english", "claimIds": [ "vaccine-newlatin-cowpox", "vaccine-english-senses" ] } ], "limitations": "The cowpox and immunization senses are historically connected but not one undifferentiated stage. English vaccine as a noun is dated here to the reported 1880 sense; Jenner’s 1798 Latin phrase is a documented source context, not an English first use. The later broadened immunology sense is preserved with a qualified semantic edge." }, { "id": "tattoo", "word": "tattoo", "language": "English", "sense": "The body marking", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Pilot 02", "aliases": [ "tattow", "tattaow", "tatau", "taptoe" ], "summary": "Tattoo consists of two disconnected English homonyms: Polynesian body-marking vocabulary and Dutch-derived military signal vocabulary.", "intro": "The body-marking branch and the military branch have independent donors, dates and evidence; the interface’s ‘Separate contributor’ break is intentional.", "claimIds": [ "tattoo-polynesian", "tattoo-dutch-route", "batch03-tattoo-reading", "batch03-tattoo-geography", "batch03-tattoo-scope", "batch03-tattoo-date", "hard7-tattoo-homonyms", "hard7-tattoo-dates", "tattoo-polynesian-history", "tattoo-dutch-history", "tattoo-english-reading", "tattoo-samoan-region", "tattoo-body-region", "tattoo-taptoe-region", "tattoo-military-region" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "tattoo-samoan", "defaultSense": "tattoo-body-marking-sense", "narrativeOrder": [ "tattoo-samoan", "tattoo-body", "tattoo-taptoe", "tattoo-military" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "tattoo-samoan", "etymologyId": "tattoo-samoan-1", "form": "tatau", "language": "Polynesian (Tahitian; Samoan comparison)", "languageCode": "ty", "transliteration": "tatau", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A Polynesian tatau body-marking term; Tahitian is the direct dictionary donor and Samoan remains a related comparison.", "explanation": "The stronger dictionary names Tahitian tatau; the retained source’s broader Polynesian/Samoan comparison is not promoted to an exclusive donor claim.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "tattoo-polynesian", "hard7-tattoo-homonyms" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "pronunciation": { "guide": "ta-TAU", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-tattoo-reading" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Eastern Polynesian language region", "qualifier": "Tahitian reference region for the directly named donor; not a birthplace for tattooing or a claim that all Polynesian forms are identical.", "coordinates": [ -149.5, -17.7 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-tattoo-geography", "hard7-tattoo-homonyms" ] }, "claimIds": [ "tattoo-polynesian", "batch03-tattoo-reading", "batch03-tattoo-geography", "batch03-tattoo-scope", "batch03-tattoo-date", "hard7-tattoo-homonyms" ], "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-tattoo-reading", "hard7-tattoo-homonyms" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hard7-tattoo-homonyms" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hard7-tattoo-homonyms" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hard7-tattoo-homonyms" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-tattoo-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hard7-tattoo-homonyms" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "tattoo-polynesian", "hard7-tattoo-homonyms" ], "label": "Polynesian tatau witness undated", "note": "The inspected dictionaries identify Tahitian tatau and a wider Polynesian/Samoan comparison, but they do not supply a dated source-language lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hard7-tattoo-homonyms" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hard7-tattoo-homonyms" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hard7-tattoo-homonyms" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hard7-tattoo-homonyms" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "tattoo-polynesian", "hard7-tattoo-homonyms" ] } } }, { "id": "tattoo-body", "etymologyId": "tattoo-body-1", "form": "tattoo", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "tattoo", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "An image made under the skin, or the method of marking skin.", "explanation": "An image made under the skin, or the method of marking skin.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "tattoo-polynesian", "tattoo-polynesian-history" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1777, "end": 1777, "approximate": false, "label": "1777 · English body-marking noun", "note": "Merriam-Webster’s first-known-use date for the noun; the related verb is reported from 1769.", "claimIds": [ "hard7-tattoo-dates" ] }, "pronunciation": { "guide": "tə-TOO", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-tattoo-reading" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-tattoo-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "tattoo-polynesian", "tattoo-polynesian-history", "batch03-tattoo-reading", "batch03-tattoo-geography", "batch03-tattoo-scope", "batch03-tattoo-date", "hard7-tattoo-homonyms", "hard7-tattoo-dates" ], "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-tattoo-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-tattoo-reading", "batch03-tattoo-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-tattoo-reading", "batch03-tattoo-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-tattoo-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-tattoo-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-tattoo-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hard7-tattoo-dates" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-tattoo-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-tattoo-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-tattoo-reading", "batch03-tattoo-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "tattoo-polynesian", "tattoo-polynesian-history", "batch03-tattoo-reading", "batch03-tattoo-geography", "batch03-tattoo-scope", "batch03-tattoo-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } }, { "id": "tattoo-taptoe", "etymologyId": "tattoo-taptoe-1", "form": "taptoe", "language": "Dutch", "languageCode": "nl", "transliteration": "taptoe", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Signal to close the taps; military tattoo signal.", "explanation": "Signal to close the taps; military tattoo signal.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "tattoo-dutch-route" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "pronunciation": { "guide": "TAP-too", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-tattoo-reading" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Samoa / Dutch-English contact", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ -171.8, -13.9 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-tattoo-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "tattoo-dutch-route", "batch03-tattoo-reading", "batch03-tattoo-geography", "batch03-tattoo-scope", "batch03-tattoo-date", "hard7-tattoo-homonyms" ], "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-tattoo-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-tattoo-reading", "batch03-tattoo-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-tattoo-reading", "batch03-tattoo-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-tattoo-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-tattoo-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-tattoo-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "tattoo-dutch-route", "hard7-tattoo-homonyms" ], "label": "Dutch taptoe witness undated", "note": "The inspected dictionaries securely identify Dutch taptoe and its phrase-level explanation but do not provide a dated Dutch lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-tattoo-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-tattoo-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-tattoo-reading", "batch03-tattoo-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "tattoo-dutch-route", "batch03-tattoo-reading", "batch03-tattoo-geography", "batch03-tattoo-scope", "batch03-tattoo-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "tattoo-dutch-route", "tattoo-dutch-history" ] } } }, { "id": "tattoo-military", "etymologyId": "tattoo-military-1", "form": "tattoo", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "tattoo", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A military display, signal or rhythmic drumbeat.", "explanation": "A military display, signal or rhythmic drumbeat.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "tattoo-dutch-route", "tattoo-dutch-history" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1627, "end": 1627, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1627 · English military/rapping noun", "note": "Merriam-Webster’s first-known-use date for the separate military/rapping noun, not the body-marking homonym.", "claimIds": [ "hard7-tattoo-dates" ] }, "pronunciation": { "guide": "tə-TOO", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-tattoo-reading" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-tattoo-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "tattoo-dutch-route", "tattoo-dutch-history", "batch03-tattoo-reading", "batch03-tattoo-geography", "batch03-tattoo-scope", "batch03-tattoo-date", "hard7-tattoo-homonyms", "hard7-tattoo-dates" ], "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-tattoo-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-tattoo-reading", "batch03-tattoo-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-tattoo-reading", "batch03-tattoo-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-tattoo-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-tattoo-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-tattoo-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hard7-tattoo-dates" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-tattoo-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-tattoo-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-tattoo-reading", "batch03-tattoo-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "tattoo-dutch-route", "tattoo-dutch-history", "batch03-tattoo-reading", "batch03-tattoo-geography", "batch03-tattoo-scope", "batch03-tattoo-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "tattoo-samoan-body", "from": "tattoo-samoan", "to": "tattoo-body", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The body-marking English word is borrowed from a Polynesian tatau form.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "tattoo-polynesian", "tattoo-polynesian-history", "hard7-tattoo-homonyms" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "tattoo-taptoe-military", "from": "tattoo-taptoe", "to": "tattoo-military", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The military English homonym comes from Dutch taptoe.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "tattoo-dutch-route", "tattoo-dutch-history", "hard7-tattoo-homonyms" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "tattoo-polynesian", "text": "The body-marking noun comes from earlier tattaow/tattow, borrowed from a Polynesian language such as Samoan tatau, “tattoo; to tap, to strike.”", "sourceId": "pilot2-wkt-tattoo", "locator": "English > Etymology 1", "passageIds": [ "tattoo-polynesian-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "tattoo-polynesian-history", "text": "The Online Etymology Dictionary dates the English body-marking noun and verb to 1769, associated with Polynesian tatau and Captain Cook’s voyages.", "sourceId": "pilot2-etymonline-tattoo", "locator": "tattoo (n.2)", "passageIds": [ "tattoo-polynesian-history-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The period identifies the first recorded English context in this account, not the origin of tattooing or a single Polynesian dialect as the only source." }, "inference": "Keep the Polynesian loan as a documented route and leave historical Polynesian pronunciation broad." }, { "id": "tattoo-dutch-route", "text": "The military tattoo is from Dutch taptoe, literally a signal to shut the tavern taps; English also developed a drumbeat sense.", "sourceId": "pilot2-wkt-tattoo", "locator": "English > Etymology 2", "passageIds": [ "tattoo-dutch-route-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "tattoo-dutch-history", "text": "The military signal word is recorded in English in the 1680s, from Dutch taptoe; the transferred drumbeat sense is later.", "sourceId": "pilot2-etymonline-tattoo", "locator": "tattoo (n.1)", "passageIds": [ "tattoo-dutch-history-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The 1680s is a reported English written context, not a date for the Dutch expression or military practice." }, "inference": "Do not merge the military history with the Polynesian body-marking loan." }, { "id": "tattoo-english-reading", "text": "The English entry records /tæˈtuː/ and /təˈtuː/ variants for tattoo.", "sourceId": "pilot2-wkt-tattoo", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "tattoo-english-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "tattoo-samoan-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Samoan.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row samo1305", "passageIds": [ "samo1305" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Samoan reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "tattoo-body-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "tattoo-taptoe-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Dutch reference proxy / North Sea; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "tattoo-military-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "batch03-tattoo-reading", "text": "tattoo: inspected lexical sources support the displayed forms and conventional readings, with reconstructions kept visibly reconstructed where relevant.", "sourceId": "pilot2-wkt-tattoo", "locator": "English > Etymology 1", "passageIds": [ "tattoo-polynesian-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A modern or conventional reading is not presented as an exact historical sound; reconstructed forms remain reconstructed." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest inspected reading available for the displayed stage and keeps transliteration separate from pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch03-tattoo-geography", "text": "tattoo: the displayed map point represents a supported language, speech, community or contact region at the strongest defensible precision.", "sourceId": "pilot2-wkt-tattoo", "locator": "English > Etymology 1", "passageIds": [ "tattoo-polynesian-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The region is not a fabricated birthplace; language-reference and contact-corridor coordinates are used only for orientation." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a defensible lexical or speech region while preserving uncertainty about exact donor location." }, { "id": "batch03-tattoo-scope", "text": "tattoo: the batch keeps lexical chronology, contextual history, semantic development and competing routes distinct.", "sourceId": "pilot2-wkt-tattoo", "locator": "English > Etymology 1", "passageIds": [ "tattoo-polynesian-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Earlier reviewed ambiguity and source limits remain visible; no cultural, object, institutional or biographical date is promoted to word history." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the published journey without silently replacing a reviewed route or manufacturing a cleaner topology." }, { "id": "batch03-tattoo-date", "text": "tattoo: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a word, sense or documented use; conflicting witnesses remain recorded as conflicts.", "sourceId": "pilot2-wkt-tattoo", "locator": "English > Etymology 1", "passageIds": [ "tattoo-polynesian-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A dated witness is not treated as a coinage date, and competing dictionary dates are not silently reconciled." }, "inference": "Lexography separates lexical attestation from contextual periodization and reports bounded uncertainty." }, { "id": "hard7-tattoo-homonyms", "text": "Merriam-Webster gives separate etymologies for body-marking tattoo from Tahitian tatau and military tattoo from earlier taptoo, Dutch taptoe.", "sourceId": "hard7-tattoo-mw", "locator": "Word History > Etymology; noun entries 1 and 2", "passageIds": [ "two-homonyms" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The shared modern spelling does not imply semantic development from one homonym to the other." }, "inference": "Lexography retains two disconnected branches and labels their narrative break as a separate contributor." }, { "id": "hard7-tattoo-dates", "text": "Merriam-Webster dates the English body-marking noun to 1777 and the military/rapping noun to circa 1627.", "sourceId": "hard7-tattoo-mw", "locator": "Word History > First Known Use", "passageIds": [ "independent-dates" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The dates belong to separate English homonyms and do not date Polynesian tattooing or the Dutch expression." }, "inference": "Lexography dates the two English nodes independently." } ], "senses": [ { "id": "tattoo-body-marking-sense", "label": "The body marking", "definition": "An image or design inserted under the skin.", "stageId": "tattoo-body", "claimIds": [ "tattoo-polynesian", "tattoo-polynesian-history" ] }, { "id": "tattoo-military-signal-sense", "label": "The military signal", "definition": "A military display, signal or rhythmic drumbeat.", "stageId": "tattoo-military", "claimIds": [ "tattoo-dutch-route", "tattoo-dutch-history" ] } ], "limitations": "Tahitian tatau is the strongest direct donor named by the new dictionary source, while Samoan remains a Polynesian comparison. The Dutch donor date remains unresolved, and neither branch is a semantic development of the other.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Batch 03 hard-seven targeted review", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "salary", "word": "salary", "language": "English", "sense": "Wages", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Pilot 02", "aliases": [ "salarie", "salaire", "salārium" ], "summary": "A Latin wage term reaches English through French; the familiar Roman salt-payment story remains unproven.", "intro": "A Latin wage term reaches English through French; the familiar Roman salt-payment story remains unproven.", "claimIds": [ "salary-route", "salary-salt-claim", "salary-source-scope" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-13", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "salary-latin", "defaultSense": "salary-wages-sense", "narrativeOrder": [ "salary-latin", "salary-french", "salary-anglonorman", "salary-middle", "salary-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "salary-latin", "etymologyId": "salary-latin-1", "form": "salārium", "language": "Latin", "languageCode": "la", "transliteration": "salārium", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Wages, allowance or stipend; related to “of salt.”", "explanation": "Wages, allowance or stipend; related to “of salt.”", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "salary-route", "salary-salt-claim" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The historical Latin pronunciation is not established in this pilot.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Latin reference region", "coordinates": [ 12.4502, 41.9026 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "salary-latin-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "salary-route", "salary-salt-claim" ], "transliterationClaimIds": [ "salary-route" ] }, { "id": "salary-french", "etymologyId": "salary-french-1", "form": "salaire", "language": "Old French", "languageCode": "fro", "transliteration": "salaire", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Wages, pay or reward.", "explanation": "Wages, pay or reward.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": null, "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in this pilot. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "French reference region", "coordinates": [ 2, 48 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "salary-french-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "salary-route" ] }, { "id": "salary-anglonorman", "etymologyId": "salary-anglonorman-1", "form": "salarie", "language": "Anglo-Norman", "languageCode": "xno", "transliteration": "salarie", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Wages or payment.", "explanation": "Wages or payment.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": null, "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in this pilot. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Anglo-Norman reference proxy", "coordinates": [ 2, 48 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "salary-anglonorman-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "salary-route" ] }, { "id": "salary-middle", "etymologyId": "salary-middle-1", "form": "salarie", "language": "Middle English", "languageCode": "enm", "transliteration": "salarie", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A payment or wages.", "explanation": "A payment or wages.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": null, "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "language-period", "start": 1200, "end": 1399, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1200s–1300s · reported", "note": "The language chain is reported through historical dictionaries; this broad period is not a first quotation.", "claimIds": [ "salary-route" ] }, "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in this pilot. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Middle English reference region", "coordinates": [ -1.11, 51.65 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "salary-middle-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "salary-route" ] }, { "id": "salary-english", "etymologyId": "salary-english-1", "form": "salary", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "salary", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A fixed amount paid to a worker, usually monthly or annually.", "explanation": "A fixed amount paid to a worker, usually monthly or annually.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "salary-route", "salary-english-date" ] }, "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1599, "end": 1599, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1599–1602 · Shakespeare context", "note": "Written Shakespeare context; not a first-attestation year.", "claimIds": [ "salary-english-date" ] }, "pronunciation": { "guide": "SAL-uh-ree", "ipa": "/ˈsæləri/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the English-readable guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "salary-english-reading" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "salary-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "salary-route", "salary-english-date" ] } ], "relations": [ { "id": "salary-latin-french", "from": "salary-latin", "to": "salary-french", "type": "inheritance", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The dictionary gives Old French salaire as the source of the Anglo-Norman/Middle English wage word family.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "salary-route" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "salary-french-anglonorman", "from": "salary-french", "to": "salary-anglonorman", "type": "inheritance", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Anglo-Norman salarie is the documented intermediary named by the English etymology.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "salary-route" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "salary-anglonorman-middle", "from": "salary-anglonorman", "to": "salary-middle", "type": "inheritance", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Middle English salarie continues the Anglo-Norman wage term.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "salary-route" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "salary-middle-english", "from": "salary-middle", "to": "salary-english", "type": "inheritance", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English salary continues the Middle English payment word.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "salary-route" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "salary-latin-english", "from": "salary-latin", "to": "salary-english", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "unresolved", "note": "The Latin salt-related adjective and wage noun are connected in form, but the historical mechanism is unresolved.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "salary-salt-claim", "salary-source-scope" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The relationship between Latin “of salt” and the wage noun is debated. The popular literal salt-payment story is not established by the cited ancient evidence.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [ "salt", "wages" ], "claimIds": [ "salary-salt-claim", "salary-source-scope" ], "context": { "stageId": "salary-english", "label": "Source-scope warning", "summary": [ "Salt connection is real in the forms", "Literal soldier payment is unverified" ], "explanation": "This note separates lexical relationship from the folk explanation. It does not assert a semantic shift or a Roman payroll practice.", "claimIds": [ "salary-salt-claim", "salary-source-scope" ] } } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "salary-route", "text": "Salary comes from Middle English salarie, Anglo-Norman salarie and Old French salaire, from Latin salārium “wages,” related to salārius “of salt” and sal “salt.”", "sourceId": "pilot2-wkt-salary", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "salary-route-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "salary-salt-claim", "text": "The entry records competing explanations for the Latin wage term, including salt money or an allowance to buy salt, while noting that the commonly repeated phrase is not attested.", "sourceId": "pilot2-wkt-salary", "locator": "English > Etymology; explanatory note", "passageIds": [ "salary-salt-claim-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source explicitly says ancient evidence does not establish Roman soldiers being paid in salt or the unattested phrase salārium argentum. This is not a verified historical payment fact." }, "inference": "Keep the salt connection as an unresolved claim in Evidence, not as a dated stage or certain semantic change." }, { "id": "salary-source-scope", "text": "Gainsford argues that the Roman-soldier salt-payment story is often reconstructed from later explanations and does not follow from the ancient evidence as a simple literal payment history.", "sourceId": "pilot2-gainsford-salary", "locator": "Conclusion and discussion", "passageIds": [ "salary-source-scope-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a focused secondary critique, not a complete reconstruction of Latin economic terminology. It supports caution about the popular story rather than proving a different origin." }, "inference": "Label the folk account as disputed and retain the lexical source chain separately." }, { "id": "salary-english-date", "text": "The entry gives a c. 1599–1602 Shakespeare example and a 1668 example for the English wage sense.", "sourceId": "pilot2-wkt-salary", "locator": "English > Noun examples", "passageIds": [ "salary-english-date-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "These quotations demonstrate written use in those texts; they are not first-attestation dates for salary." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "salary-english-reading", "text": "The English entry records /ˈsæləri/ and the salary–celery homophone.", "sourceId": "pilot2-wkt-salary", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "salary-english-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "salary-latin-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Latin.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row lati1261", "passageIds": [ "lati1261" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Latin reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "salary-french-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for French.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1290", "passageIds": [ "stan1290" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient French reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "salary-anglonorman-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for French.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1290", "passageIds": [ "stan1290" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Anglo-Norman reference proxy; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "salary-middle-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Middle English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row midd1317", "passageIds": [ "midd1317" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Middle English reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "salary-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." } ], "senses": [ { "id": "salary-wages-sense", "label": "Wages", "definition": "A fixed amount of money paid to a worker, usually monthly or annually.", "stageId": "salary-english", "claimIds": [ "salary-route", "salary-english-date" ] } ], "limitations": "The lexical relationship salarium → French salaire → English salary is preserved, while the claim that Roman soldiers were literally paid in salt is explicitly treated as a folk-etymological or source-scope trap. The Latin adjective “of salt” and the wage noun are related in form, but the ancient mechanism connecting them is unresolved." }, { "id": "typhoon", "word": "typhoon", "language": "English", "sense": "The tropical cyclone", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Pilot 02", "aliases": [ "typhon", "tufão", "tufan", "touffon", "tyfoong", "tyfung" ], "summary": "A storm word whose European route may combine Portuguese, Arabic, Greek and Chinese influences.", "intro": "A storm word whose European route may combine Portuguese, Arabic, Greek and Chinese influences.", "claimIds": [ "typhoon-portuguese", "typhoon-english-reading", "typhoon-reviewed-convergence" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-13", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "typhoon-greek", "defaultSense": "typhoon-storm-sense", "narrativeOrder": [ "typhoon-greek", "typhoon-arabic", "typhoon-chinese", "typhoon-portuguese", "typhoon-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "typhoon-greek", "etymologyId": "typhoon-greek-1", "form": "τυφών", "language": "Ancient Greek", "languageCode": "grc", "transliteration": "typhōn", "script": "Greek", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Whirlwind; Typhon, a mythic figure associated with winds.", "explanation": "Whirlwind; Typhon, a mythic figure associated with winds.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "typhoon-greek" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Ancient Greek pronunciation is not reconstructed here.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Greek reference region", "coordinates": [ 23.25607002000004, 38.83106936950003 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "typhoon-greek-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "typhoon-greek" ], "transliterationClaimIds": [ "typhoon-greek" ] }, { "id": "typhoon-arabic", "etymologyId": "typhoon-arabic-1", "form": "طُوفَان", "language": "Arabic", "languageCode": "ar", "transliteration": "ṭūfān", "script": "Arabic", "direction": "rtl", "sense": "Flood or deluge; a later storm sense is separately disputed.", "explanation": "The older flood meaning does not independently establish the chronology or source of the later whirlwind sense.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "typhoon-arabic" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The transliteration ṭūfān is sourced; historical pronunciation is not asserted.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Arabic reference region", "coordinates": [ 35.871537655605096, 28.293689418964068 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "typhoon-arabic-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "typhoon-arabic", "typhoon-reviewed-convergence" ], "transliterationClaimIds": [ "typhoon-arabic" ] }, { "id": "typhoon-chinese", "etymologyId": "typhoon-chinese-1", "form": "大風", "language": "Classical Chinese", "languageCode": "lzh", "transliteration": "dàfēng", "script": "Han", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Big wind.", "explanation": "大風 is the great-wind comparison. Its Mandarin transliteration is not the historical donor reading; Hirth’s Formosan proposal involves a different first element.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "typhoon-chinese" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The Mandarin reading is a modern guide, not a historical pronunciation of the borrowing.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Classical Chinese reference region", "coordinates": [ 109.05, 34.09 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "typhoon-chinese-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "typhoon-chinese", "typhoon-reviewed-convergence" ], "transliterationClaimIds": [ "typhoon-chinese" ] }, { "id": "typhoon-portuguese", "etymologyId": "typhoon-portuguese-1", "form": "tufão", "language": "Portuguese", "languageCode": "pt", "transliteration": "tufão", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A violent storm or typhoon.", "explanation": "A violent storm or typhoon.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "typhoon-arabic", "typhoon-portuguese" ] }, "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1560, "end": 1560, "approximate": true, "label": "1560 · reported Portuguese use", "note": "Reported minimum date in the English etymology; not a first attestation claim.", "claimIds": [ "typhoon-portuguese" ] }, "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in this pilot. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Portuguese reference region", "coordinates": [ -8.1, 39.91 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "typhoon-portuguese-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "typhoon-arabic", "typhoon-portuguese" ], "transliterationClaimIds": [ "typhoon-portuguese" ] }, { "id": "typhoon-english", "etymologyId": "typhoon-english-1", "form": "typhoon", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "typhoon", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A severe tropical cyclone, especially in the northwestern Pacific.", "explanation": "A severe tropical cyclone, especially in the northwestern Pacific.", "formStatus": "attested", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "typhoon-portuguese", "typhoon-english-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1588, "end": 1588, "approximate": false, "label": "1588 · Touffon storm use", "note": "The inherited source reports the 1588 English translation. Earlier travel-event dates in historical quotation collections must not be substituted for publication or lexical attestation dates.", "claimIds": [ "typhoon-portuguese" ] }, "pronunciation": { "guide": "tie-FOON", "ipa": "/taɪˈfuːn/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the English-readable guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "typhoon-english-reading" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "typhoon-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "typhoon-portuguese", "typhoon-english-reading" ] } ], "relations": [ { "id": "typhoon-arabic-portuguese", "from": "typhoon-arabic", "to": "typhoon-portuguese", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Arabic ṭūfān is presented as a likely source of Portuguese tufão.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "typhoon-arabic", "typhoon-portuguese" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "typhoon-greek-portuguese", "from": "typhoon-greek", "to": "typhoon-english", "type": "influence", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "Possible influence of Greek typhōn on the English form, not an evidenced direct Greek→Portuguese contact.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "typhoon-greek", "typhoon-reviewed-convergence" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "typhoon-portuguese-english", "from": "typhoon-portuguese", "to": "typhoon-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Portuguese tufão is the stated European route into the 1588 English storm use, but the transfer chronology is compressed.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "typhoon-portuguese" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [], "context": { "stageId": "typhoon-english", "label": "Route dispute", "summary": [ "Portuguese → English is the European account", "Arabic, Greek and Chinese routes remain alternatives" ], "explanation": "The English written form reflects possible convergence and spelling influence; no single upstream source is asserted.", "claimIds": [ "typhoon-arabic", "typhoon-greek", "typhoon-chinese" ] } } }, { "id": "typhoon-arabic-english", "from": "typhoon-arabic", "to": "typhoon-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "unresolved", "note": "This compresses the reported Arabic/Persian/Hindustani form family; a direct Arabic donor to English is not demonstrated.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "typhoon-arabic", "typhoon-reviewed-convergence" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "typhoon-chinese-english", "from": "typhoon-chinese", "to": "typhoon-english", "type": "influence", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "Chinese-derived tyfoong/tyfung forms are reported; their relation to primary typhoon is contested.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "typhoon-chinese" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "typhoon-greek", "text": "English texts mention Greek typhon/typhōn for whirlwind before the storm sense; Greek influence is one explanation for the modern spelling.", "sourceId": "pilot2-wkt-typhoon", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "typhoon-greek-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Greek storm/whirlwind form predates the English storm word, but this does not establish direct Greek transmission into English." }, "inference": "Represent Greek as an influential alternative source, not a compulsory parent." }, { "id": "typhoon-arabic", "text": "Portuguese tufão is described as likely acquired from Arabic ṭūfān, with related Persian and Hindi forms.", "sourceId": "pilot2-wkt-typhoon", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "typhoon-arabic-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The account says likely; it does not establish the first Arabic-to-Portuguese transfer or exclude other routes." }, "inference": "Keep Arabic → Portuguese qualified and visible." }, { "id": "typhoon-chinese", "text": "Some accounts connect Arabic ṭūfān or English tyfoong/tyfung forms with Sinitic 大風 “big wind,” while other accounts derive the Arabic term within Semitic or from Greek.", "sourceId": "pilot2-wkt-typhoon", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "typhoon-chinese-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "The great-wind comparison must be distinguished from Hirth’s Formosan term with a different first character. Neither establishes a direct Chinese source for the Arabic flood word." }, "inference": "Preserve Chinese as an alternative contributor without collapsing the dispute." }, { "id": "typhoon-portuguese", "text": "Portuguese tufão is reported from at least 1560; English Touffon is cited in 1588 for a giant Pacific storm.", "sourceId": "pilot2-wkt-typhoon", "locator": "English > Etymology; references", "passageIds": [ "typhoon-portuguese-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Portuguese and English dates are written-use evidence and do not alone prove a borrowing event or the ultimate etymon." }, "inference": "Use Portuguese as the European transmission stage while retaining alternative upstream accounts." }, { "id": "typhoon-english-reading", "text": "English typhoon denotes a severe tropical cyclone, especially in the northwestern Pacific, and is pronounced /taɪˈfuːn/.", "sourceId": "pilot2-wkt-typhoon", "locator": "English > Pronunciation and Noun", "passageIds": [ "typhoon-english-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "typhoon-greek-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Greek.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row gree1276", "passageIds": [ "gree1276" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Greek reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "typhoon-arabic-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Arabic.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row arab1395", "passageIds": [ "arab1395" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Arabic reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "typhoon-chinese-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Classical Chinese.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row lite1248", "passageIds": [ "lite1248" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Classical Chinese reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "typhoon-portuguese-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Portuguese.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row port1283", "passageIds": [ "port1283" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Portuguese reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "typhoon-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "typhoon-reviewed-convergence", "text": "The historical dictionary preserves incompatible explanations of form and storm sense.", "sourceId": "c1-hobson-typhoon", "locator": "TYPHOON, discussion, Robertson Smith note and quotations", "passageIds": [ "debate" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This dated debate is not modern independent confirmation of Yule’s preferred route; Persian/Hindustani forms do not by themselves identify the first donor." }, "inference": "Keep convergence qualified and distinguish Greek spelling influence from Arabic flood ancestry." } ], "senses": [ { "id": "typhoon-storm-sense", "label": "The tropical cyclone", "definition": "A severe tropical cyclone, especially in the northwestern Pacific.", "stageId": "typhoon-english", "claimIds": [ "typhoon-english-reading", "typhoon-portuguese" ] } ], "limitations": "The Arabic/Persian/Hindustani storm family, Portuguese forms, Greek spelling influence and Chinese comparisons remain distinct accounts. Robertson Smith’s note separates the older Semitic flood word from the unresolved later storm sense. Hirth’s Formosan proposal is not identical to 大風. No Chinese→Arabic or Greek→Arabic ancestry is asserted. The 1588 English witness dates the translation, not the described storm or ultimate source. Stronger specialist review is still needed." }, { "id": "quarantine", "word": "quarantine", "language": "English", "sense": "The isolation measure", "senses": [ { "id": "quarantine-isolation-sense", "label": "The isolation measure", "definition": "A period, regulation, place or state of isolation intended to prevent the spread of disease or pests.", "stageId": "quarantine-english", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-english-senses", "quarantine-practice-chronology" ] }, { "id": "quarantine-forty-days-sense", "label": "The forty-day period", "definition": "The older or historical period-of-forty-days sense, including the ship-isolation context.", "stageId": "quarantine-english", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-latin-root", "quarantine-english-senses" ] } ], "defaultSense": "quarantine-isolation-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Pilot 03", "aliases": [ "quarentine", "quarantena", "quarantina", "quarantaine", "quarentyne" ], "summary": "A forty-day term travels through medieval and Romance forms into the English isolation word.", "intro": "A forty-day term travels through medieval and Romance forms into the English isolation word.", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-latin-root", "quarantine-english-senses", "quarantine-practice-chronology" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "quarantine-latin", "narrativeOrder": [ "quarantine-latin", "quarantine-medieval-latin", "quarantine-venetian", "quarantine-italian", "quarantine-french", "quarantine-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "quarantine-latin", "etymologyId": "quarantine-latin-1", "form": "quadrāgintā", "language": "Latin", "languageCode": "la", "wordClass": { "label": "numeral", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-latin-root" ] }, "transliteration": "quadrāgintā", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The bounded sources did not supply a defensible reading for this historical or disputed form; no pronunciation is invented.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Forty; four tens.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Latin reference region", "coordinates": [ 12.4502, 41.9026 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-latin-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "quarantine-latin-root", "quarantine-latin-region" ], "explanation": "Forty; four tens.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "quarantine-latin-root" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-latin-root" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-latin-root" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-latin-root" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-latin-root" ], "label": "Historical reading not established", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for quadrāgintā (Latin) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A transliteration or modern form is not presented as a historical pronunciation." }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-latin-root" ], "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for quadrāgintā (Latin) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-latin-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-latin-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-latin-root" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-latin-root", "quarantine-latin-region" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-latin-root", "quarantine-medieval-latin" ] } } }, { "id": "quarantine-medieval-latin", "etymologyId": "quarantine-medieval-latin-1", "form": "quarentena", "language": "Medieval Latin", "languageCode": "la", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-medieval-latin" ] }, "transliteration": "quarentena", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The bounded sources did not supply a defensible reading for this historical or disputed form; no pronunciation is invented.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A forty-day period; Lent in the cited lexical account.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Latin reference region", "coordinates": [ 12.4502, 41.9026 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-medieval-latin-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "quarantine-medieval-latin", "quarantine-medieval-latin-region" ], "explanation": "A forty-day period; Lent in the cited lexical account.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "quarantine-medieval-latin" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-medieval-latin" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-medieval-latin" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-medieval-latin" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-medieval-latin" ], "label": "Historical reading not established", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for quarentena (Medieval Latin) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A transliteration or modern form is not presented as a historical pronunciation." }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-medieval-latin" ], "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for quarentena (Medieval Latin) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-medieval-latin-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-medieval-latin-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-medieval-latin" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-medieval-latin", "quarantine-medieval-latin-region" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-medieval-latin", "quarantine-venetian" ] } } }, { "id": "quarantine-venetian", "etymologyId": "quarantine-venetian-1", "form": "quarantena", "language": "Venetian", "languageCode": "vec", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-venetian" ] }, "transliteration": "quarantena", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The bounded sources did not supply a defensible reading for this historical or disputed form; no pronunciation is invented.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A forty-day period; later the ship-isolation term.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Venetian reference region", "coordinates": [ 12.214167, 45.503581 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-venetian-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "quarantine-venetian", "quarantine-venetian-region" ], "explanation": "A forty-day period; later the ship-isolation term.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "quarantine-venetian" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-venetian" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-venetian" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-venetian" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-venetian" ], "label": "Historical reading not established", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for quarantena (Venetian) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A transliteration or modern form is not presented as a historical pronunciation." }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-venetian" ], "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for quarantena (Venetian) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-venetian-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-venetian-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-venetian" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-venetian", "quarantine-venetian-region" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-venetian" ] } } }, { "id": "quarantine-italian", "etymologyId": "quarantine-italian-1", "form": "quarantina", "language": "Italian", "languageCode": "it", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-venetian", "quarantine-italian-route" ] }, "transliteration": "quarantina", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The bounded sources did not supply a defensible reading for this historical or disputed form; no pronunciation is invented.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A forty-day period or quarantine of a ship.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Italian reference region", "coordinates": [ 12.6489, 43.0464 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-italian-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "quarantine-venetian", "quarantine-italian-route", "quarantine-italian-region" ], "explanation": "A forty-day period or quarantine of a ship.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "quarantine-italian-route" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-venetian" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-venetian" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-venetian" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-venetian" ], "label": "Historical reading not established", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for quarantina (Italian) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A transliteration or modern form is not presented as a historical pronunciation." }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-venetian" ], "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for quarantina (Italian) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-italian-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-italian-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-venetian" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-venetian", "quarantine-italian-route", "quarantine-italian-region" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-venetian" ], "label": "Adjacent relation needs stronger evidence", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for quarantina (Italian) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. The current narrative adjacency has no directly evidenced edge, so no stronger relation is asserted." } } }, { "id": "quarantine-french", "etymologyId": "quarantine-french-1", "form": "quarantaine", "language": "French", "languageCode": "fr", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-french-route" ] }, "transliteration": "quarantaine", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The bounded sources did not supply a defensible reading for this historical or disputed form; no pronunciation is invented.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A period of forty days; a qualified contributor to English quarantine.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "French reference region", "coordinates": [ 2, 48 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-french-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "quarantine-french-route", "quarantine-french-region" ], "explanation": "A period of forty days; a qualified contributor to English quarantine.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "quarantine-french-route" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-french-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-french-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-french-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-french-route" ], "label": "Historical reading not established", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for quarantaine (French) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A transliteration or modern form is not presented as a historical pronunciation." }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-french-route" ], "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for quarantaine (French) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-french-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-french-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-french-route" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-french-route", "quarantine-french-region" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-french-route", "quarantine-english-senses" ] } } }, { "id": "quarantine-english", "etymologyId": "quarantine-english-1", "form": "quarantine", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-english-senses", "quarantine-italian-route", "quarantine-practice-chronology" ] }, "transliteration": "quarantine", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KWOR-ən-teen", "ipa": "/ˈkwɔɹ.ən.tin/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-english-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A period or state of isolation intended to prevent the spread of disease or pests.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1617, "end": 1617, "approximate": false, "label": "1617 · first known English noun use", "note": "Merriam-Webster’s first-known-use date for the defined noun sense; not a policy date or transfer date.", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-english-senses" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "quarantine-english-senses", "quarantine-italian-route", "quarantine-practice-chronology", "quarantine-english-region", "quarantine-english-reading", "quarantine-english-reading" ], "explanation": "A period or state of isolation intended to prevent the spread of disease or pests.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-english-senses" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-english-senses" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-english-senses" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-english-senses" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-english-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-english-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-english-senses" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-english-senses", "quarantine-italian-route", "quarantine-practice-chronology", "quarantine-english-region", "quarantine-english-reading", "quarantine-english-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "quarantine-latin-medieval-latin", "from": "quarantine-latin", "to": "quarantine-medieval-latin", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The Medieval Latin 40-day forms are presented as developments from the Latin numeral family.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "quarantine-latin-root", "quarantine-medieval-latin" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "quarantine-medieval-latin-venetian", "from": "quarantine-medieval-latin", "to": "quarantine-venetian", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The displayed forms are related, but the inspected sources do not establish a dated transfer into Venetian.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "quarantine-medieval-latin", "quarantine-venetian" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "quarantine-venetian-italian", "from": "quarantine-venetian", "to": "quarantine-italian", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Treccani and Wiktionary preserve a Venetian quarantena alongside Italian quarantina; the exact chronology is unresolved.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "quarantine-venetian" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "quarantine-italian-english", "from": "quarantine-italian", "to": "quarantine-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Italian quarantena/quarantina is one stated route into the English quarantine word.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "quarantine-italian-route", "quarantine-english-senses" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "quarantine-french-english", "from": "quarantine-french", "to": "quarantine-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "French quarantaine is a qualified alternative contributor in Merriam-Webster’s account.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "quarantine-french-route", "quarantine-english-senses" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "quarantine-italian-english-semantic-change-6", "from": "quarantine-italian", "to": "quarantine-english", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The forty-day ship-isolation term becomes the broader English disease-control and enforced-isolation word.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "quarantine-english-senses", "quarantine-practice-chronology" ], "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "The selected English sense broadens from a specified forty-day or ship-isolation period to isolation measures and states more generally. This is a semantic development, not a claim that the borrowing itself retained every source-language sense.", "added": [ "Isolation of people, goods or animals", "A state of enforced isolation" ], "removed": [], "associations": [ "forty days", "ship quarantine" ], "claimIds": [ "quarantine-english-senses", "quarantine-practice-chronology" ], "context": { "stageId": "quarantine-english", "label": "English medical sense", "summary": [ "Forty-day period", "Ship isolation", "Broader disease-control isolation" ], "explanation": "The health meaning develops around the practice but is not dated by the 1448 policy or by the 1617 first-known-use entry.", "claimIds": [ "quarantine-english-senses", "quarantine-practice-chronology" ] } } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "quarantine-latin-root", "text": "The English entry relates quarantine to Latin quadrāgintā, “forty,” through Romance and Medieval Latin forms.", "sourceId": "pilot3-wkt-quarantine", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "quarantine-latin-root-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Latin numeral is an etymological source, not a claim that the English word existed in Latin." }, "inference": "Keep the numeral as ancestry and do not turn it into a dated English stage." }, { "id": "quarantine-medieval-latin", "text": "Medieval Latin quarentena and quarentīna are described as 40-day-period forms, including a Lenten context.", "sourceId": "pilot3-wkt-quarantine", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "quarantine-medieval-latin-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The entry gives the forms and meanings but not a single dated textual witness for the displayed stage." }, "inference": "Represent Medieval Latin as an attested lexical contributor with an unknown word-specific date." }, { "id": "quarantine-venetian", "text": "Italian quarantena is described as a Venetian form of quarantina; Treccani likewise calls quarantèna originally Venetian for quarantina.", "sourceId": "pilot3-wkt-quarantine", "locator": "English > Etymology; Italian quarantena", "passageIds": [ "quarantine-venetian-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Venetian/Italian relationship is supported, while the exact chronology of the forms remains unresolved." }, "inference": "Keep Venetian and Italian forms separate and do not infer the transfer year from the public-health practice." }, { "id": "quarantine-french-route", "text": "Merriam-Webster presents quarantine as partly modified from French quarantaine, from Old French quarente and Latin quadraginta.", "sourceId": "pilot3-mw-quarantine", "locator": "Noun > Word History > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "quarantine-french-route-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a dictionary route for part of the English history and does not erase the Italian ship-quarantine route." }, "inference": "Show French as a qualified contributor rather than a replacement for the Italian/Venetian account." }, { "id": "quarantine-italian-route", "text": "Merriam-Webster also presents an Italian quarantena meaning quarantine of a ship, from quaranta, forty.", "sourceId": "pilot3-mw-quarantine", "locator": "Noun > Word History > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "quarantine-italian-route-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source does not provide a dated Italian-to-English transfer witness in the inspected section." }, "inference": "Use Italian as the main displayed route into the English health sense while retaining French as a qualified alternative." }, { "id": "quarantine-practice-chronology", "text": "The CDC account dates Ragusa’s 1377 separation rule to 30 days and says the practice later spread and was extended to 40 days.", "sourceId": "pilot3-cdc-quarantine", "locator": "Article body, paragraphs 2–3", "passageIds": [ "quarantine-practice-chronology-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "These are contextual dates for a public-health practice, not dates for the word quarentena or proof that Venice coined the English term." }, "inference": "Display the practice chronology as context and keep it separate from lexical attestation." }, { "id": "quarantine-english-senses", "text": "English quarantine includes a 40-day period, ship isolation, broader disease-control restrictions and enforced isolation; Merriam-Webster reports a first known use in 1617 for the noun sense 1.", "sourceId": "pilot3-mw-quarantine", "locator": "Noun > definitions and Word History", "passageIds": [ "quarantine-english-senses-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The 1617 date is a dictionary first-known-use date for a defined English sense, not a borrowing date or a date for the Venetian policy." }, "inference": "Use the date only for the selected English noun and keep later general isolation as a semantic extension." }, { "id": "quarantine-english-reading", "text": "The English entry records /ˈkwɔɹ.ən.tin/, /ˈkɔɹ.ən.tin/ and Received Pronunciation variants.", "sourceId": "pilot3-wkt-quarantine", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "quarantine-english-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "quarantine-latin-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Latin.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row lati1261", "passageIds": [ "lati1261" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Latin reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "quarantine-venetian-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Venetian.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row vene1258", "passageIds": [ "vene1258" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Venetian reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "quarantine-italian-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Italian.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row ital1282", "passageIds": [ "ital1282" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Italian reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "quarantine-french-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for French.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1290", "passageIds": [ "stan1290" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient French reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "quarantine-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "quarantine-medieval-latin-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for Latin.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row lati1261; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "lati1261" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." } ], "limitations": "The inspected sources agree on the forty-day semantic base but do not collapse the route into one uncontested chronology. Merriam-Webster presents partly French and partly Italian ancestry; the CDC account distinguishes Ragusa’s 30-day 1377 practice from later 40-day extensions; Venetian quarantena and Italian quarantina are preserved without assigning a first word date to the 1448 policy. The later medical meaning is a semantic development from a specified period of isolation, not the origin of the number forty.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R1", "standard": "Lexography enrichment completeness", "standardVersion": "1.0", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "assassin", "word": "assassin", "language": "English", "sense": "The killer", "senses": [ { "id": "assassin-killer-sense", "label": "The killer", "definition": "A person who intentionally kills, especially a professional or political killer.", "stageId": "assassin-english-general", "claimIds": [ "assassin-english-general-sense", "assassin-english-historical-use" ] }, { "id": "assassin-historical-group-sense", "label": "The historical group", "definition": "A historical member of the Nizari Ismaili community of the Alamut period.", "stageId": "assassin-english-historical", "claimIds": [ "assassin-english-historical-use", "assassin-iranica-group-name" ] } ], "defaultSense": "assassin-killer-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Pilot 03", "aliases": [ "assassino", "assassin", "ḥaššāšīn", "haššâšin", "ʔasāsiyyīn", "ʔasāsiyyūn" ], "summary": "Assassin separates the medieval group-name tradition, European transmission, and the later generalized killer sense.", "intro": "Specialist review rejects the hashish legend as a lexical fact and keeps the Arabic pejorative and European route qualified.", "claimIds": [ "assassin-arabic-asasiyyin", "assassin-arabic-hashshashin", "assassin-european-route", "assassin-english-general-sense", "assassin-reviewed-name", "assassin-reviewed-europe", "assassin-reviewed-latin", "batch03-assassin-reading", "batch03-assassin-geography", "batch03-assassin-scope", "batch03-assassin-date", "assassin-persian-form", "assassin-iranica-group-name", "assassin-italian-form", "assassin-english-historical-use", "assassin-english-reading", "assassin-arabic-asasiyyin-region", "assassin-arabic-hashshashin-region", "assassin-french-region", "assassin-italian-region", "assassin-english-historical-region", "assassin-english-general-region" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "assassin-arabic-hashshashin", "narrativeOrder": [ "assassin-arabic-hashshashin", "assassin-italian", "assassin-french", "assassin-english-historical", "assassin-english-general" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "assassin-arabic-hashshashin", "etymologyId": "assassin-arabic-hashshashin-1", "form": "حَشَّاشِين", "language": "Arabic", "languageCode": "ar", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "assassin-arabic-hashshashin", "assassin-iranica-group-name" ] }, "transliteration": "ḥaššāšīn", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ḥaššāšīn", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-reading" ] }, "script": "Arabic", "direction": "rtl", "sense": "A derogatory name for Nizari Ismailis; a conventional variant of the hashishi name family.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Levant–Persian–European contact corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 35.5, 34.5 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "assassin-arabic-hashshashin", "assassin-iranica-group-name", "assassin-reviewed-name", "assassin-reviewed-latin", "assassin-arabic-asasiyyin", "assassin-persian-form", "batch03-assassin-reading", "batch03-assassin-geography", "batch03-assassin-scope", "batch03-assassin-date" ], "explanation": "The abusive name is supported; the drug-use legend is not. Sources differ over the precise Arabic form.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "assassin-arabic-hashshashin", "batch03-assassin-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-reading", "batch03-assassin-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-reading", "batch03-assassin-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "assassin-reviewed-name", "assassin-iranica-group-name", "batch03-assassin-date" ], "label": "Arabic pejorative witness undated", "note": "Iranica and Daftary identify medieval pejorative ḥašiši/ḥašišiya variants, but the retained passages do not provide a directly inspected first dated Arabic lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-reading", "batch03-assassin-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "assassin-arabic-hashshashin", "assassin-iranica-group-name", "assassin-reviewed-name", "assassin-reviewed-latin", "assassin-arabic-asasiyyin", "assassin-persian-form", "batch03-assassin-reading", "batch03-assassin-geography", "batch03-assassin-scope", "batch03-assassin-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "assassin-reviewed-name", "assassin-reviewed-europe" ], "label": "Exact Arabic-European channel compressed", "note": "Specialist scholarship establishes that Crusaders and European observers adopted abusive Arabic variants, while TLFi supports Italian-to-French development; the precise form-by-form Arabic-to-Italian path is not fully reconstructed." } } }, { "id": "assassin-french", "etymologyId": "assassin-french-1", "form": "assassin", "language": "French", "languageCode": "fr", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "assassin-european-route" ] }, "transliteration": "assassin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "a-sa-SAN", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A murderer; the French word borrowed from Italian.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1560, "end": 1560, "approximate": false, "label": "1560 · French murderer use", "note": "TLFi reports a French usage; this is not a date for the earlier group-name or its transmission.", "claimIds": [ "assassin-reviewed-europe" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Levant–Persian–European contact corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 35.5, 34.5 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "assassin-european-route", "assassin-reviewed-europe", "batch03-assassin-reading", "batch03-assassin-geography", "batch03-assassin-scope", "batch03-assassin-date" ], "explanation": "A murderer; the French word borrowed from Italian.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "assassin-european-route", "batch03-assassin-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-reading", "batch03-assassin-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-reading", "batch03-assassin-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "assassin-reviewed-europe", "batch03-assassin-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-reading", "batch03-assassin-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "assassin-european-route", "assassin-reviewed-europe", "batch03-assassin-reading", "batch03-assassin-geography", "batch03-assassin-scope", "batch03-assassin-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } }, { "id": "assassin-italian", "etymologyId": "assassin-italian-1", "form": "assassino", "language": "Italian", "languageCode": "it", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "assassin-italian-form", "assassin-european-route" ] }, "transliteration": "assassino", "pronunciation": { "guide": "as-sas-SI-no", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Assassin or hitman; alternative European transmission form.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Levant–Persian–European contact corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 35.5, 34.5 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "assassin-italian-form", "assassin-european-route", "assassin-reviewed-europe", "assassin-reviewed-name", "batch03-assassin-reading", "batch03-assassin-geography", "batch03-assassin-scope", "batch03-assassin-date" ], "explanation": "Italian transmission form, used for the historical group and subsequently a murderer; the French murderer word comes from this branch.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "assassin-italian-form", "batch03-assassin-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-reading", "batch03-assassin-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-reading", "batch03-assassin-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "assassin-reviewed-europe", "assassin-italian-form", "batch03-assassin-date" ], "label": "Italian assassino date unresolved", "note": "TLFi cites Italian literary evidence but contains an inconsistent century label in the retained review, so no exact Italian first-attestation date is assigned." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-reading", "batch03-assassin-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "assassin-italian-form", "assassin-european-route", "assassin-reviewed-europe", "assassin-reviewed-name", "batch03-assassin-reading", "batch03-assassin-geography", "batch03-assassin-scope", "batch03-assassin-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "assassin-reviewed-europe" ] } } }, { "id": "assassin-english-historical", "etymologyId": "assassin-historical-1", "form": "assassin", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "assassin-english-historical-use", "assassin-iranica-group-name" ] }, "transliteration": "assassin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "a-SAS-in", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Historically, a member of the Nizari Ismaili community of the Alamut period.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1520, "end": 1520, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1520 · reported historical-group use", "note": "Merriam-Webster reports the historical-group sense by this approximate date; the retained 1603 quotation is a later witness.", "claimIds": [ "assassin-reviewed-latin" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "assassin-english-historical-use", "assassin-iranica-group-name", "assassin-reviewed-latin", "batch03-assassin-reading", "batch03-assassin-geography", "batch03-assassin-scope", "batch03-assassin-date" ], "explanation": "Historically, a member of the Nizari Ismaili community of the Alamut period.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-reading", "batch03-assassin-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-reading", "batch03-assassin-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "assassin-reviewed-latin", "batch03-assassin-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-reading", "batch03-assassin-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "assassin-english-historical-use", "assassin-iranica-group-name", "assassin-reviewed-latin", "batch03-assassin-reading", "batch03-assassin-geography", "batch03-assassin-scope", "batch03-assassin-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "assassin-reviewed-europe", "assassin-reviewed-latin", "assassin-english-general-sense" ], "label": "English generalization path unresolved", "note": "The group-name sense is documented in English and the murderer sense already existed in Italian/French; the inspected sources do not show whether English generalized internally or reborrowed the already generalized European noun." } } }, { "id": "assassin-english-general", "etymologyId": "assassin-general-1", "form": "assassin", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "assassin-english-general-sense" ] }, "transliteration": "assassin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "a-SAS-in", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A person who intentionally kills, especially a professional or political killer.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1834, "end": 1834, "approximate": false, "label": "1834 · documented general-killer use", "note": "The 1834 quotation is a later witness. The generalization already existed in European donor languages; this does not date a change within English.", "claimIds": [ "assassin-english-general-sense" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "assassin-english-general-sense", "batch03-assassin-reading", "batch03-assassin-geography", "batch03-assassin-scope", "batch03-assassin-date" ], "explanation": "A person who intentionally kills, especially a professional or political killer.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-reading", "batch03-assassin-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-reading", "batch03-assassin-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "assassin-english-general-sense", "batch03-assassin-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-assassin-reading", "batch03-assassin-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "assassin-english-general-sense", "batch03-assassin-reading", "batch03-assassin-geography", "batch03-assassin-scope", "batch03-assassin-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "assassin-arabic-hashshashin-italian", "from": "assassin-arabic-hashshashin", "to": "assassin-italian", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The Arabic name family underlies Italian forms; exact medieval variants and channels are compressed.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "assassin-reviewed-name", "assassin-reviewed-europe" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "assassin-italian-french", "from": "assassin-italian", "to": "assassin-french", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "TLFi identifies Italian as the donor of the French murderer word.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "assassin-reviewed-europe" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The lexical relationship alone does not establish a semantic transition at the borrowing event.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "assassin-french-english-general", "from": "assassin-french", "to": "assassin-english-general", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "French is a reported transmitter of the English murderer word; other European channels remain possible.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "assassin-reviewed-europe", "assassin-european-route" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The lexical relationship alone does not establish a semantic transition at the borrowing event.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "assassin-italian-english-general", "from": "assassin-italian", "to": "assassin-english-general", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "Italian remains a competing immediate European source for English.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "assassin-reviewed-europe", "assassin-european-route" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The lexical relationship alone does not establish a semantic transition at the borrowing event.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "assassin-arabic-english-historical", "from": "assassin-arabic-hashshashin", "to": "assassin-english-historical", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Compressed transmission through medieval European forms, including the Latin route named by Merriam-Webster; not a direct Arabic-English contact claim.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "assassin-reviewed-name", "assassin-reviewed-latin" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The lexical relationship alone does not establish a semantic transition at the borrowing event.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "assassin-arabic-asasiyyin", "text": "The English entry records Arabic أَسَاسِيِّين (ʔasāsiyyīn), “people who are faithful to the foundation [of the faith],” as one proposed source.", "sourceId": "pilot3-wkt-assassin", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "assassin-arabic-asasiyyin-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "unresolved", "text": "Retained as a baseline source report; stronger review did not establish this as a historical transmitter. It is excluded from the drawn ancestry." }, "inference": "Keep the proposal inspectable in Evidence without an ancestry or influence edge." }, { "id": "assassin-arabic-hashshashin", "text": "The English entry also records Arabic حَشَّاشِين (ḥaššāšīn), “hashish users; low-lives,” and labels that etymology folkloric.", "sourceId": "pilot3-wkt-assassin", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "assassin-arabic-hashshashin-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "Wiktionary’s folkloric label is not adopted as a rejection of the Arabic lexical connection; Daftary separates the name from the drug legend." }, "inference": "Preserve the Arabic form and its qualification without repeating the folklore as historical behavior." }, { "id": "assassin-persian-form", "text": "The entry lists Persian حشاشین with the scholarly transliteration haššâšin.", "sourceId": "pilot3-wkt-assassin", "locator": "English > Pronunciation > Persian", "passageIds": [ "assassin-persian-form-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "unresolved", "text": "Retained as a baseline source report; stronger review did not establish this as a historical transmitter. It is excluded from the drawn ancestry." }, "inference": "Keep the proposal inspectable in Evidence without an ancestry or influence edge." }, { "id": "assassin-iranica-group-name", "text": "Encyclopaedia Iranica identifies Ḥaššāšin as a pejorative name given by medieval adversaries to Nizari Ismaʿilis.", "sourceId": "pilot3-iranica-assassins", "locator": "ASSASSINS cross-reference", "passageIds": [ "assassin-iranica-group-name-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The historical label and its pejorative character do not settle the Arabic word’s internal etymology." }, "inference": "Use this source to separate historical-group context from the disputed lexical explanation." }, { "id": "assassin-european-route", "text": "The Online Etymology Dictionary reports a route through medieval French and Italian forms from an Arabic nickname and records Middle English hassais in the mid-fourteenth century.", "sourceId": "pilot3-etymonline-assassin", "locator": "assassin(n.)", "passageIds": [ "assassin-european-route-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a secondary route summary and does not choose between the Arabic analyses or establish every intermediate form." }, "inference": "Preserve French and Italian as competing European transmission stages." }, { "id": "assassin-italian-form", "text": "Italian assassino is described as coming from Arabic ḥaššāšīn or ʔasāsiyyūn and denotes an assassin or hitman.", "sourceId": "pilot3-wkt-assassino", "locator": "Italian > Etymology 1 and Noun", "passageIds": [ "assassin-italian-form-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "The Italian entry retains both Arabic analyses; its existence does not prove that Italian rather than French transmitted the English form." }, "inference": "Draw Italian as an alternative European route." }, { "id": "assassin-english-historical-use", "text": "A 1603 English quotation uses Assassines for members of the historical Nizari Ismaili community.", "sourceId": "pilot3-wkt-assassin", "locator": "English > Noun, historical sense", "passageIds": [ "assassin-english-historical-use-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This is a dated English use of the historical-group sense, not the first use of the Arabic label or the modern killer sense." }, "inference": "Keep the historical community sense separate from the general killer sense." }, { "id": "assassin-english-general-sense", "text": "The English noun denotes someone who intentionally kills, especially a professional or political killer; the page cites a 1834 use.", "sourceId": "pilot3-wkt-assassin", "locator": "English > Noun, general sense", "passageIds": [ "assassin-english-general-sense-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The cited example is a documented use, not a claim that the general sense began exactly in 1834." }, "inference": "Represent the later generalization as a sourced semantic development." }, { "id": "assassin-english-reading", "text": "The English entry records UK /əˈsæsɪn/.", "sourceId": "pilot3-wkt-assassin", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "assassin-english-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "assassin-arabic-asasiyyin-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Arabic.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row arab1395", "passageIds": [ "arab1395" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Arabic reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "assassin-arabic-hashshashin-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Arabic.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row arab1395", "passageIds": [ "arab1395" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Arabic reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "assassin-french-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for French.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1290", "passageIds": [ "stan1290" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient French reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "assassin-italian-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Italian.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row ital1282", "passageIds": [ "ital1282" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Italian reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "assassin-english-historical-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "assassin-english-general-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "assassin-reviewed-name", "text": "Specialist scholarship supports an abusive Arabic name behind the European forms.", "sourceId": "c1-daftary-assassin", "locator": "Assassin legends and terminology", "passageIds": [ "name" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A lexical connection with hashish vocabulary does not establish drug use. The precise Arabic variant remains a separate question." }, "inference": "Prefer this account to an equally weighted foundation-versus-hashish choice." }, { "id": "assassin-reviewed-europe", "text": "French assassin in the murderer sense is an Italian loan, cited in 1560.", "sourceId": "c1-tlfi-assassin", "locator": "ÉTYMOL. ET HIST.", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The older French historical-group word is distinct; TLFi has an inconsistent century label beside its Dante citation, so no exact Italian date is assigned." }, "inference": "Separate the European generalization from any undated English semantic event." }, { "id": "assassin-reviewed-latin", "text": "Merriam-Webster supplies a Medieval Latin route and an earlier English historical-group date.", "sourceId": "c1-mw-assassin", "locator": "Word History > Etymology; First Known Use, sense 2", "passageIds": [ "route-date" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The reported circa 1520 evidence is for the group sense; the underlying quotation was not inspected." }, "inference": "Retain a compressed Latin/European branch into historical English." }, { "id": "batch03-assassin-reading", "text": "assassin: inspected lexical sources support the displayed forms and conventional readings, with reconstructions kept visibly reconstructed where relevant.", "sourceId": "batch03-iranica-assassin", "locator": "history of the Nezari Ismailis and European naming", "passageIds": [ "batch03-iranica-assassin-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A modern or conventional reading is not presented as an exact historical sound; reconstructed forms remain reconstructed." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest inspected reading available for the displayed stage and keeps transliteration separate from pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch03-assassin-geography", "text": "assassin: the displayed map point represents a supported language, speech, community or contact region at the strongest defensible precision.", "sourceId": "batch03-iranica-assassin", "locator": "history of the Nezari Ismailis and European naming", "passageIds": [ "batch03-iranica-assassin-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The region is not a fabricated birthplace; language-reference and contact-corridor coordinates are used only for orientation." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a defensible lexical or speech region while preserving uncertainty about exact donor location." }, { "id": "batch03-assassin-scope", "text": "assassin: the batch keeps lexical chronology, contextual history, semantic development and competing routes distinct.", "sourceId": "pilot3-wkt-assassin", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "assassin-arabic-asasiyyin-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Earlier reviewed ambiguity and source limits remain visible; no cultural, object, institutional or biographical date is promoted to word history." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the published journey without silently replacing a reviewed route or manufacturing a cleaner topology." }, { "id": "batch03-assassin-date", "text": "assassin: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a word, sense or documented use; conflicting witnesses remain recorded as conflicts.", "sourceId": "batch03-iranica-assassin", "locator": "history of the Nezari Ismailis and European naming", "passageIds": [ "batch03-iranica-assassin-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A dated witness is not treated as a coinage date, and competing dictionary dates are not silently reconciled." }, "inference": "Lexography separates lexical attestation from contextual periodization and reports bounded uncertainty." } ], "limitations": "The hashish-drug legend remains excluded: specialist sources support a pejorative Arabic name without evidence of drug-induced missions. Exact Arabic variants, the Arabic-to-European micro-route, Italian dating and the path of English generalization remain unresolved.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R3", "standard": "Batch 03 hard-seven targeted review", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "pajamas", "word": "pajamas", "language": "English", "sense": "Sleepwear", "senses": [ { "id": "pajamas-sleepwear-sense", "label": "Sleepwear", "definition": "Clothing worn for sleeping, usually consisting of loose trousers and a matching top or similar garment.", "stageId": "pajamas-english", "claimIds": [ "pajamas-english-sense", "pajamas-english-early" ] }, { "id": "pajamas-garment-sense", "label": "The garment", "definition": "The broader clothing sense behind the English borrowing: a loose leg garment or trousers.", "stageId": "pajamas-english", "claimIds": [ "pajamas-persian-origin", "pajamas-hindi-form", "pajamas-urdu-form", "pajamas-english-early" ] } ], "defaultSense": "pajamas-sleepwear-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Pilot 03", "aliases": [ "pajama", "pyjamas", "pyjama", "pajamahs", "pai jamahs", "पैजामा", "پائِجامَہ", "پایجامه" ], "summary": "A Persian “leg garment” enters Hindustani and English, where the clothing word specializes toward sleepwear.", "intro": "A Persian “leg garment” enters Hindustani and English, where the clothing word specializes toward sleepwear.", "claimIds": [ "pajamas-persian-origin", "pajamas-english-early", "pajamas-english-sense" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "pajamas-persian", "narrativeOrder": [ "pajamas-persian", "pajamas-hindi", "pajamas-urdu", "pajamas-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "pajamas-persian", "etymologyId": "pajamas-persian-1", "form": "پایجامه", "language": "Classical Persian", "languageCode": "fa", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "pajamas-persian-origin" ] }, "transliteration": "pāyjāma", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The transliteration is preserved; Classical Persian pronunciation is not reconstructed.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Arabic", "direction": "rtl", "sense": "Leg garment; archaic form alongside پاجامه.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No suitable pinned Classical Persian language reference row with coordinates is used; the form remains unmapped." }, "claimIds": [ "pajamas-persian-origin" ], "explanation": "Leg garment; archaic form alongside پاجامه.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "pajamas-persian-origin" ] }, { "id": "pajamas-hindi", "etymologyId": "pajamas-hindi-1", "form": "पैजामा", "language": "Hindi", "languageCode": "hi", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "pajamas-hindi-form" ] }, "transliteration": "paijāmā", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The transliteration and native script are preserved; a historical Hindi reading is not asserted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Devanagari", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A pajama or loose leg garment; alternative form of पाजामा.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Hindi reference region", "coordinates": [ 77, 25 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "pajamas-hindi-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "pajamas-hindi-form" ], "explanation": "A pajama or loose leg garment; alternative form of पाजामा.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "pajamas-hindi-form" ] }, { "id": "pajamas-urdu", "etymologyId": "pajamas-urdu-1", "form": "پائِجامَہ", "language": "Urdu", "languageCode": "ur", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "pajamas-urdu-form" ] }, "transliteration": "pāijāma", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The transliteration and native script are preserved; a historical Urdu reading is not asserted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Arabic", "direction": "rtl", "sense": "A pajama or loose leg garment.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Urdu reference region", "coordinates": [ 67, 25 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "pajamas-urdu-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "pajamas-urdu-form" ], "explanation": "A pajama or loose leg garment.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "pajamas-urdu-form" ] }, { "id": "pajamas-english", "etymologyId": "pajamas-english-1", "form": "pajamas", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "pajamas-english-early", "pajamas-english-spelling", "pajamas-english-sense" ] }, "transliteration": "pajamas", "pronunciation": { "guide": "puh-JAH-muhz", "ipa": "/pɪˈd͡ʒɑːməz/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the English-readable guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "pajamas-english-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A plural-only noun for clothing worn for sleeping; British spelling pyjamas.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1800, "end": 1800, "approximate": true, "label": "1800 · pai jamahs context", "note": "Reported English context for the borrowed garment term; not the first use of the modern spelling or proof of a completed sense shift.", "claimIds": [ "pajamas-english-early" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "pajamas-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "pajamas-english-early", "pajamas-english-spelling", "pajamas-english-sense" ], "explanation": "A plural-only noun for clothing worn for sleeping; British spelling pyjamas." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "pajamas-persian-hindi", "from": "pajamas-persian", "to": "pajamas-hindi", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Hindi पैजामा is described as borrowed from Classical Persian پایجامه.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "pajamas-persian-origin", "pajamas-hindi-form" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "pajamas-persian-urdu", "from": "pajamas-persian", "to": "pajamas-urdu", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Urdu is a parallel Hindustani contributor; the inspected source does not date this branch separately.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "pajamas-persian-origin", "pajamas-urdu-form" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "pajamas-hindi-english", "from": "pajamas-hindi", "to": "pajamas-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English is described as borrowed from Hindustani, represented here by Hindi and Urdu forms.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "pajamas-hindi-form", "pajamas-urdu-form", "pajamas-english-early" ], "semantic": { "type": "shifted", "explanation": "The English clothing word becomes especially associated with sleepwear, while the South Asian forms describe a leg garment or loose trousers more broadly.", "added": [ "Sleepwear" ], "removed": [], "associations": [ "Loose trousers", "leg garment" ], "claimIds": [ "pajamas-english-early", "pajamas-english-sense" ], "context": { "stageId": "pajamas-english", "label": "English clothing sense", "summary": [ "Leg garment / loose trousers", "Sleepwear" ], "explanation": "The date and spelling evidence are kept separate from the semantic specialization.", "claimIds": [ "pajamas-english-early", "pajamas-english-sense", "pajamas-english-spelling" ] } } }, { "id": "pajamas-urdu-english", "from": "pajamas-urdu", "to": "pajamas-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "Urdu is retained as a possible immediate Indic contributor without choosing it over Hindi.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "pajamas-urdu-form", "pajamas-english-early" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "pajamas-persian-origin", "text": "English pyjamas is traced through Hindi/Urdu to Classical Persian پایجامه (pāyjāma), archaic پاجامه (pājāma).", "sourceId": "pilot3-wkt-pyjamas", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "pajamas-persian-origin-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected entry supports the lexical route; it does not date the Persian form or every garment practice." }, "inference": "Keep the Persian source forms and later Indic forms distinct." }, { "id": "pajamas-hindi-form", "text": "Hindi पैजामा (paijāmā) is a borrowing from Classical Persian پایجامه and is an alternative form of पाजामा.", "sourceId": "pilot3-wkt-paijama", "locator": "Hindi > Etymology and Noun", "passageIds": [ "pajamas-hindi-form-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The Hindi page supplies a present-day lexical form; historical pronunciation is not projected backward." }, "inference": "Preserve Devanagari and the transliteration as separate fields." }, { "id": "pajamas-urdu-form", "text": "Urdu پائِجامَہ (pāijāma) is listed alongside Hindi as the Hindustani source of English pyjamas.", "sourceId": "pilot3-wkt-pyjamas", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "pajamas-urdu-form-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The source groups Hindi and Urdu as the borrowing environment; it does not establish which Indic form was the immediate English donor." }, "inference": "Keep Hindi and Urdu as parallel contributors rather than inventing a single donor." }, { "id": "pajamas-english-early", "text": "The Online Etymology Dictionary reports 1800 pai jamahs for loose trousers tied at the waist, worn by Muslims in India and adopted by Europeans there, especially for nightwear.", "sourceId": "pilot3-etymonline-pajamas", "locator": "pajamas(n.)", "passageIds": [ "pajamas-english-early-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The date is a secondary lexical-history report and the spelling is not the later standardized U.S. form." }, "inference": "Use the date as a documented English context for the borrowed garment word." }, { "id": "pajamas-english-spelling", "text": "The Online Etymology Dictionary reports the modern U.S. spelling by 1845 and British spelling tending toward pyjamas.", "sourceId": "pilot3-etymonline-pajamas", "locator": "pajamas(n.)", "passageIds": [ "pajamas-english-spelling-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Spelling variation is not a separate etymology or a pronunciation reconstruction." }, "inference": "Expose pajamas/pyjamas as supported aliases and keep spelling separate from sound." }, { "id": "pajamas-english-sense", "text": "English pyjamas is a plural-only noun for sleepwear, with an attributive pyjama form.", "sourceId": "pilot3-wkt-pyjamas", "locator": "English > Noun", "passageIds": [ "pajamas-english-sense-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The current dictionary sense does not by itself date the shift from loose trousers in South Asia to English sleepwear." }, "inference": "Show the English sleepwear specialization with an explicit semantic-change record." }, { "id": "pajamas-english-reading", "text": "The English entry records Received Pronunciation /pɪˈd͡ʒɑːməz/ and South Asian variants.", "sourceId": "pilot3-wkt-pyjamas", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "pajamas-english-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "pajamas-hindi-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Hindi.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row hind1269", "passageIds": [ "hind1269" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Hindi reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "pajamas-urdu-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Urdu.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row urdu1245", "passageIds": [ "urdu1245" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Urdu reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "pajamas-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." } ], "limitations": "Hindi पैजामा and Urdu پائِجامَہ are preserved as separate Indic forms, with Classical Persian پایجامه / پاجامه upstream. English pai jamahs is reported from 1800; the modern U.S. spelling pajamas is reported by 1845, while British English generally uses pyjamas. The English sleepwear sense is a later clothing-context development, not a claim that Persian or Hindustani originally meant only nightwear." }, { "id": "guitar", "word": "guitar", "language": "English", "sense": "The instrument", "senses": [ { "id": "guitar-instrument-sense", "label": "The instrument", "definition": "A fretted stringed instrument, commonly with six strings. Across the displayed forms, related instrument referents remain recognizable, but the sources do not establish a separately dated semantic transformation; physical changes to instruments are not treated as proof of lexical descent.", "stageId": "guitar-english", "claimIds": [ "guitar-english-sense", "guitar-english-reading" ] } ], "defaultSense": "guitar-instrument-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Pilot 03", "aliases": [ "guitarra", "guittar", "gittar", "qīṯāra", "qīṯārā", "κῐθᾰ́ρᾱ" ], "summary": "Guitar reaches English securely from Spanish guitarra. The deeper Greek–Aramaic–Arabic account remains qualified because retained dictionaries differ over its middle stages; related instrument history cannot settle that lexical disagreement.", "intro": "The clearest part of the route is Spanish guitarra, documented in 1240–1250, into English guitar. Behind Spanish, the current RAE dictionary gives Greek → Aramaic → Arabic, while its historical dictionary gives a shorter Greek → Arabic account and another retained source questions Arabic direction. Those are competing lexical traditions, not a proved six-step movement of one instrument.", "claimIds": [ "guitar-spanish", "guitar-english-sense", "guitar-english-reading", "batch03-guitar-reading", "batch03-guitar-geography", "batch03-guitar-scope", "batch03-guitar-date", "hard7-guitar-deep-route", "hard7-guitar-spanish-date", "hard7-guitar-route-tension", "guitar-greek", "guitar-aramaic", "guitar-arabic", "guitar-old-spanish", "guitar-greek-region", "guitar-aramaic-region", "guitar-arabic-region", "guitar-old-spanish-region", "guitar-spanish-region", "guitar-english-region" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "guitar-greek", "narrativeOrder": [ "guitar-greek", "guitar-aramaic", "guitar-arabic", "guitar-old-spanish", "guitar-spanish", "guitar-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "guitar-greek", "etymologyId": "guitar-greek-1", "form": "κῐθᾰ́ρᾱ", "language": "Ancient Greek", "languageCode": "grc", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "guitar-greek" ] }, "transliteration": "kĭthắrā", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ki-tha-ra", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading" ] }, "script": "Greek", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Cithara; ancient Greek stringed instrument.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Eastern Mediterranean–Arabic–Iberian corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 36, 35 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "guitar-greek", "batch03-guitar-reading", "batch03-guitar-geography", "batch03-guitar-scope", "batch03-guitar-date", "hard7-guitar-deep-route", "hard7-guitar-route-tension" ], "explanation": "Ancient Greek kithára names the cithara and is the deepest displayed lexical form. Its own ultimate origin and exact dated witness remain outside the accepted evidence boundary.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "guitar-greek", "batch03-guitar-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading", "batch03-guitar-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading", "batch03-guitar-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "guitar-greek", "hard7-guitar-deep-route" ], "label": "Greek kithara witness undated", "note": "The inspected Greek lexical entry and Spanish national dictionary support kithára as the deep source form but do not provide a dated lexical witness for this stage." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading", "batch03-guitar-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "guitar-greek", "batch03-guitar-reading", "batch03-guitar-geography", "batch03-guitar-scope", "batch03-guitar-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "guitar-greek", "guitar-aramaic" ] } } }, { "id": "guitar-aramaic", "etymologyId": "guitar-aramaic-1", "form": "קיתרא", "language": "Aramaic", "languageCode": "arc", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "guitar-aramaic" ] }, "transliteration": "qīṯārā", "pronunciation": { "guide": "qīṯārā", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading" ] }, "script": "Hebrew", "direction": "rtl", "sense": "A lexical form related to the kithara/cithara family.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Eastern Mediterranean–Arabic–Iberian corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 36, 35 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "guitar-aramaic", "batch03-guitar-reading", "batch03-guitar-geography", "batch03-guitar-scope", "batch03-guitar-date", "hard7-guitar-deep-route", "hard7-guitar-route-tension" ], "explanation": "Aramaic qiṯārā appears in the current RAE route between Greek and Arabic, but the RAE historical entry omits this intermediary. It therefore remains a qualified stage, not a settled link.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "guitar-aramaic", "batch03-guitar-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading", "batch03-guitar-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading", "batch03-guitar-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "guitar-aramaic", "hard7-guitar-deep-route", "hard7-guitar-route-tension" ], "label": "Aramaic mediation not dated", "note": "The current RAE dictionary includes Aramaic qiṯārā, while the RAE historical entry omits that stage; neither inspected record supplies an independently dated Aramaic witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading", "batch03-guitar-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "guitar-aramaic", "batch03-guitar-reading", "batch03-guitar-geography", "batch03-guitar-scope", "batch03-guitar-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "guitar-aramaic", "guitar-arabic" ] } } }, { "id": "guitar-arabic", "etymologyId": "guitar-arabic-1", "form": "قِيثَارَة", "language": "Arabic", "languageCode": "ar", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "guitar-arabic" ] }, "transliteration": "qīṯāra", "pronunciation": { "guide": "qīthāra", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading" ] }, "script": "Arabic", "direction": "rtl", "sense": "Guitar; a stringed musical instrument.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Eastern Mediterranean–Arabic–Iberian corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 36, 35 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "guitar-arabic", "batch03-guitar-reading", "batch03-guitar-geography", "batch03-guitar-scope", "batch03-guitar-date", "hard7-guitar-deep-route", "hard7-guitar-route-tension" ], "explanation": "Arabic qīṯāra is central to the selected route into Spanish, yet the retained sources do not settle every direction of borrowing or date its earliest witness.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "guitar-arabic", "batch03-guitar-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading", "batch03-guitar-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading", "batch03-guitar-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "guitar-arabic", "hard7-guitar-deep-route", "hard7-guitar-route-tension" ], "label": "Arabic qīṯārah witness undated", "note": "Both RAE dictionaries support Arabic mediation into Spanish, but the inspected passages do not supply a dated Arabic lexical witness or settle every proposed direction of borrowing." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading", "batch03-guitar-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "guitar-arabic", "batch03-guitar-reading", "batch03-guitar-geography", "batch03-guitar-scope", "batch03-guitar-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "guitar-arabic", "guitar-old-spanish" ] } } }, { "id": "guitar-old-spanish", "etymologyId": "guitar-old-spanish-1", "form": "guitarra", "language": "Old Spanish", "languageCode": "osp", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "guitar-old-spanish" ] }, "transliteration": "guitarra", "pronunciation": { "guide": "gui-TA-rra", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A stringed instrument; late-medieval Spanish lexical witness.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1240, "end": 1250, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1240–1250 · documented Spanish guitarra", "note": "The Libro de Alexandre witness dates the word in a text; it does not date instrument invention or the Arabic-to-Spanish transfer.", "claimIds": [ "hard7-guitar-spanish-date" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Eastern Mediterranean–Arabic–Iberian corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 36, 35 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "guitar-old-spanish", "batch03-guitar-reading", "batch03-guitar-geography", "batch03-guitar-scope", "batch03-guitar-date", "hard7-guitar-spanish-date", "hard7-guitar-deep-route" ], "explanation": "Spanish guitarra is directly documented in the Libro de Alexandre in 1240–1250. That witness dates the word in Spanish, not the transfer from Arabic and not the invention of the instrument.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "guitar-old-spanish", "batch03-guitar-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading", "batch03-guitar-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading", "batch03-guitar-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hard7-guitar-spanish-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading", "batch03-guitar-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "guitar-old-spanish", "batch03-guitar-reading", "batch03-guitar-geography", "batch03-guitar-scope", "batch03-guitar-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "guitar-old-spanish", "guitar-spanish" ] } } }, { "id": "guitar-spanish", "etymologyId": "guitar-spanish-1", "form": "guitarra", "language": "Spanish", "languageCode": "es", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "guitar-spanish" ] }, "transliteration": "guitarra", "pronunciation": { "guide": "gi-TA-rra", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Guitar; stringed instrument.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Eastern Mediterranean–Arabic–Iberian corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 36, 35 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "guitar-spanish", "batch03-guitar-reading", "batch03-guitar-geography", "batch03-guitar-scope", "batch03-guitar-date" ], "explanation": "Modern Spanish guitarra continues the documented Spanish lexical line. No separate transfer date is invented for the boundary between Old and modern Spanish.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "guitar-spanish", "batch03-guitar-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading", "batch03-guitar-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading", "batch03-guitar-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "guitar-spanish", "hard7-guitar-spanish-date" ], "label": "Modern-stage boundary not dated", "note": "The historical dictionary documents continuous Spanish use from 1240–1250, but the displayed Old Spanish-to-modern Spanish boundary has no separate lexical event or defensible transfer date." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading", "batch03-guitar-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "guitar-spanish", "batch03-guitar-reading", "batch03-guitar-geography", "batch03-guitar-scope", "batch03-guitar-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "guitar-spanish", "guitar-english-sense" ] } } }, { "id": "guitar-english", "etymologyId": "guitar-english-1", "form": "guitar", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "guitar-english-sense", "guitar-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "guitar", "pronunciation": { "guide": "gih-TAR", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A stringed musical instrument, especially a fretted instrument commonly with six strings.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1620, "end": 1629, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1620s · reported English context", "note": "Reported secondary lexical-history period; not a first attestation or instrument-history date.", "claimIds": [ "guitar-english-sense" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "guitar-english-sense", "guitar-english-reading", "batch03-guitar-reading", "batch03-guitar-geography", "batch03-guitar-scope", "batch03-guitar-date" ], "explanation": "English guitar is securely traced to Spanish guitarra. A secondary source places English use in the 1620s, but no directly inspected historical English citation is claimed here.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading", "batch03-guitar-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading", "batch03-guitar-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "guitar-english-sense", "guitar-spanish" ], "label": "English first witness not inspected", "note": "The retained secondary account reports a 1620s English context and competing French/Spanish summaries, but no directly inspected historical English citation was available in this review." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "guitar-english-sense" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-guitar-reading", "batch03-guitar-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "guitar-english-sense", "guitar-english-reading", "batch03-guitar-reading", "batch03-guitar-geography", "batch03-guitar-scope", "batch03-guitar-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "guitar-greek-aramaic", "from": "guitar-greek", "to": "guitar-aramaic", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The current RAE dictionary routes Greek kithára through Aramaic qiṯārā. Because the historical RAE entry omits Aramaic, this borrowing edge remains qualified.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "guitar-greek", "guitar-aramaic", "hard7-guitar-deep-route", "hard7-guitar-route-tension" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "Related instrument glosses do not independently prove unchanged meaning across this disputed lexical edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "guitar-aramaic-arabic", "from": "guitar-aramaic", "to": "guitar-arabic", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The current RAE route makes Arabic qīṯāra a borrowing from Aramaic. The omitted intermediary in the historical account keeps this edge qualified rather than uniformly established.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "guitar-aramaic", "guitar-arabic", "hard7-guitar-deep-route", "hard7-guitar-route-tension" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The retained evidence supports a proposed form relationship, not a separately dated semantic change.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "guitar-arabic-old-spanish", "from": "guitar-arabic", "to": "guitar-old-spanish", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The selected dictionaries connect Arabic qīṯāra with Spanish guitarra, but another retained account questions direction. The edge is displayed as the selected qualified route, not a resolved donor dispute.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "guitar-arabic", "guitar-old-spanish", "hard7-guitar-deep-route", "hard7-guitar-route-tension" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The 1240–1250 Spanish witness establishes Spanish use; it does not date this borrowing or prove continuous instrument identity.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "guitar-old-spanish-spanish", "from": "guitar-old-spanish", "to": "guitar-spanish", "type": "inheritance", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Old Spanish and modern Spanish guitarra are treated as one inherited Spanish lexical line. The stage boundary is editorial and has no invented transfer date.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "guitar-old-spanish", "guitar-spanish" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The instrument referent remains related, but similar definitions are not converted into a dated claim of perfect semantic continuity.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "guitar-spanish-english", "from": "guitar-spanish", "to": "guitar-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English guitar is directly and securely traced to Spanish guitarra. This final borrowing is firmer than the deeper Mediterranean route.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "guitar-spanish", "guitar-english-sense" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "English retains the instrument name without a source-backed separate semantic shift at borrowing.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [], "context": { "stageId": "guitar-english", "label": "Lexical ancestry is not instrument ancestry", "summary": [ "Secure: Spanish → English", "Qualified: deeper Mediterranean route", "Separate question: physical instrument development" ], "explanation": "The displayed relationships track names and source traditions. Similar or changing instruments do not prove which language lent the word, so object history cannot resolve the frozen donor-direction questions.", "claimIds": [ "hard7-guitar-deep-route", "hard7-guitar-route-tension", "guitar-english-sense" ] } } }, { "id": "guitar-spanish-arabic", "from": "guitar-spanish", "to": "guitar-arabic", "type": "influence", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "A retained alternative questions the usual Arabic-to-Spanish direction by allowing Spanish or Greek influence on Arabic. It remains a non-tree influence account and does not replace the secure Spanish-to-English history.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "guitar-english-sense", "guitar-arabic" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "This alternative concerns donor direction, not a demonstrated meaning change.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "guitar-greek", "text": "Ancient Greek κῐθᾰ́ρᾱ (kĭthắrā) denotes the cithara; the page treats it as the upstream form and says its ultimate origin is Pre-Greek/uncertain.", "sourceId": "pilot3-wkt-kithara", "locator": "Ancient Greek > Etymology and Noun", "passageIds": [ "guitar-greek-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Greek form is lexical ancestry, not proof of direct instrument continuity or an ultimate etymology beyond the cited uncertainty." }, "inference": "Keep Pre-Greek out of the journey because no supportable form is needed for this bounded path." }, { "id": "guitar-aramaic", "text": "Arabic قِيثَارَة (qīṯāra) is described as borrowed from Aramaic קיתרא (qīṯārā), from Ancient Greek κῐθᾰ́ρᾱ.", "sourceId": "pilot3-wkt-qithara", "locator": "Arabic > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "guitar-aramaic-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a lexical transmission account; the ancient instrument’s physical history is not inferred." }, "inference": "Preserve Aramaic as an intermediary and keep its historical pronunciation unasserted." }, { "id": "guitar-arabic", "text": "Arabic قِيثَارَة (qīṯāra) denotes a guitar and is listed as the source of Old Spanish guitarra in the inspected lexical account.", "sourceId": "pilot3-wkt-qithara", "locator": "Arabic > Etymology and Noun", "passageIds": [ "guitar-arabic-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports the lexical relation but not a complete medieval diffusion chronology." }, "inference": "Use Arabic as the displayed Iberian contributor while exposing the direction dispute in Evidence." }, { "id": "guitar-spanish", "text": "English guitar is from Spanish guitarra, from Arabic qīṯāra, from Ancient Greek kĭthắrā.", "sourceId": "pilot3-wkt-guitar", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "guitar-spanish-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This is the selected dictionary route; it does not decide broader debates about the instrument’s development." }, "inference": "Draw Spanish as the immediate English donor." }, { "id": "guitar-old-spanish", "text": "The historical Spanish dictionary records guitarra and variants, with a late-fourteenth-century witness describing gujtarra among stringed instruments.", "sourceId": "pilot3-rae-guitarra", "locator": "guitarra entry, historical etymology and citations", "passageIds": [ "guitar-old-spanish-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The witness dates an Old Spanish lexical context, not the invention of the modern guitar or the exact Arabic-to-Spanish transfer." }, "inference": "Use the late-fourteenth-century citation as a documented lexical context." }, { "id": "guitar-english-sense", "text": "The secondary account dates English guitar to the 1620s, describes a French route altered by Spanish and Provençal forms, and says the modern word is also directly from Spanish guitarra; it notes uncertainty over Arabic direction.", "sourceId": "pilot3-etymonline-guitar", "locator": "guitar(n.)", "passageIds": [ "guitar-english-sense-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source gives competing summaries and is not used to force a single complete route." }, "inference": "Retain the Spanish donor and mark the Arabic/Spanish direction as qualified." }, { "id": "guitar-english-reading", "text": "English guitar denotes a stringed musical instrument, commonly a fretted six-string instrument, and has UK and US IPA variants.", "sourceId": "pilot3-wkt-guitar", "locator": "English > Pronunciation and Noun", "passageIds": [ "guitar-english-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "guitar-greek-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Greek.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row gree1276", "passageIds": [ "gree1276" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Greek reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "guitar-aramaic-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Aramaic.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row aram1259", "passageIds": [ "aram1259" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Aramaic reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "guitar-arabic-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Arabic.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row arab1395", "passageIds": [ "arab1395" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Arabic reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "guitar-old-spanish-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Old Spanish.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row olds1249", "passageIds": [ "olds1249" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Old Spanish reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "guitar-spanish-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Spanish.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1288", "passageIds": [ "stan1288" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Spanish reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "guitar-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "batch03-guitar-reading", "text": "guitar: inspected lexical sources support the displayed forms and conventional readings, with reconstructions kept visibly reconstructed where relevant.", "sourceId": "pilot3-wkt-kithara", "locator": "Ancient Greek > Etymology and Noun", "passageIds": [ "guitar-greek-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A modern or conventional reading is not presented as an exact historical sound; reconstructed forms remain reconstructed." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest inspected reading available for the displayed stage and keeps transliteration separate from pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch03-guitar-geography", "text": "guitar: the displayed map point represents a supported language, speech, community or contact region at the strongest defensible precision.", "sourceId": "pilot3-wkt-kithara", "locator": "Ancient Greek > Etymology and Noun", "passageIds": [ "guitar-greek-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The region is not a fabricated birthplace; language-reference and contact-corridor coordinates are used only for orientation." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a defensible lexical or speech region while preserving uncertainty about exact donor location." }, { "id": "batch03-guitar-scope", "text": "guitar: the batch keeps lexical chronology, contextual history, semantic development and competing routes distinct.", "sourceId": "pilot3-wkt-kithara", "locator": "Ancient Greek > Etymology and Noun", "passageIds": [ "guitar-greek-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Earlier reviewed ambiguity and source limits remain visible; no cultural, object, institutional or biographical date is promoted to word history." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the published journey without silently replacing a reviewed route or manufacturing a cleaner topology." }, { "id": "batch03-guitar-date", "text": "guitar: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a word, sense or documented use; conflicting witnesses remain recorded as conflicts.", "sourceId": "pilot3-wkt-kithara", "locator": "Ancient Greek > Etymology and Noun", "passageIds": [ "guitar-greek-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A dated witness is not treated as a coinage date, and competing dictionary dates are not silently reconciled." }, "inference": "Lexography separates lexical attestation from contextual periodization and reports bounded uncertainty." }, { "id": "hard7-guitar-deep-route", "text": "The RAE’s current dictionary derives Spanish guitarra through Arabic qīṯārah and Aramaic qiṯārā from Greek kithára.", "sourceId": "hard7-guitar-rae-dle", "locator": "guitarra, etymology", "passageIds": [ "deep-route" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The national dictionary supports the lexical chain, not uninterrupted continuity of one physical instrument." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the deep stages as qualified lexical borrowings and keeps instrument history outside the edge claims." }, { "id": "hard7-guitar-spanish-date", "text": "The RAE historical dictionary documents Spanish guitarra in the Libro de Alexandre dated 1240–1250.", "sourceId": "hard7-guitar-dhle", "locator": "entry summary and first citation", "passageIds": [ "spanish-1240-1250" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The witness dates the word in a textual context, not the invention of the instrument or the borrowing event." }, "inference": "Lexography replaces the late-fourteenth-century period with the earlier directly documented Spanish witness." }, { "id": "hard7-guitar-route-tension", "text": "The RAE historical dictionary gives an Arabic-to-Spanish route ultimately from Greek but does not include the Aramaic stage in its concise etymology.", "sourceId": "hard7-guitar-dhle", "locator": "entry etymology", "passageIds": [ "arabic-greek-route" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Omission does not refute the current DLE’s Aramaic stage, but it prevents presenting the six-stage chain as uniformly evidenced." }, "inference": "Lexography retains qualified deep edges and explicit source variation." } ], "limitations": "RAE’s current dictionary includes Aramaic, while its historical entry gives a shorter Arabic-from-Greek account and another source questions Arabic direction. The displayed deep route is qualified, not a uniformly proved six-step chain.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R3", "standard": "Corpus One — Encyclopedic Enrichment Standard", "standardVersion": "2.0", "completedAt": "2026-09-21" } }, { "id": "computer", "word": "computer", "language": "English", "sense": "The machine", "senses": [ { "id": "computer-machine-sense", "label": "The machine", "definition": "A programmable electronic device that performs mathematical calculations and logical operations.", "stageId": "computer-machine", "claimIds": [ "computer-machine-sense", "computer-modern-sense" ] }, { "id": "computer-human-sense", "label": "The human calculator", "definition": "A person employed to perform computations; chiefly historical.", "stageId": "computer-human", "claimIds": [ "computer-human-sense" ] } ], "defaultSense": "computer-machine-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Pilot 03", "aliases": [ "computor", "compute", "computāre" ], "summary": "An English agent noun for a person who computes becomes the name of a calculating machine and then the modern programmable device.", "intro": "An English agent noun for a person who computes becomes the name of a calculating machine and then the modern programmable device.", "claimIds": [ "computer-latin", "computer-human-sense", "computer-machine-sense", "computer-modern-sense" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "computer-latin", "narrativeOrder": [ "computer-latin", "computer-french", "computer-compute", "computer-human", "computer-machine" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "computer-latin", "etymologyId": "computer-latin-1", "form": "computāre", "language": "Latin", "languageCode": "la", "wordClass": { "label": "verb", "claimIds": [ "computer-latin" ] }, "transliteration": "computāre", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The Latin form is preserved; historical Latin pronunciation is not asserted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "To calculate, compute or reckon together.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Latin reference region", "coordinates": [ 12.4502, 41.9026 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "computer-latin-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "computer-latin" ], "explanation": "To calculate, compute or reckon together.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "computer-latin" ] }, { "id": "computer-french", "etymologyId": "computer-french-1", "form": "computer", "language": "French", "languageCode": "fr", "wordClass": { "label": "verb", "claimIds": [ "computer-french" ] }, "transliteration": "computer", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in this pilot. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "To calculate; lexical contributor to English compute.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "French reference region", "coordinates": [ 2, 48 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "computer-french-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "computer-french" ], "explanation": "To calculate; lexical contributor to English compute.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "computer-french" ] }, { "id": "computer-compute", "etymologyId": "computer-compute-1", "form": "compute", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "verb", "claimIds": [ "computer-compute" ] }, "transliteration": "compute", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The stem stage is displayed for etymological structure; no separate historical English reading is asserted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "To reckon or calculate.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "language-period", "start": 1600, "end": 1699, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1600s · language-period summary", "note": "The source gives a century-level English borrowing summary; it is not an exact first attestation.", "claimIds": [ "computer-compute" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "computer-compute-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "computer-compute" ], "explanation": "To reckon or calculate." }, { "id": "computer-human", "etymologyId": "computer-human-1", "form": "computer", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "computer-human-sense" ] }, "transliteration": "computer", "pronunciation": { "guide": "kuhm-PYOO-ter", "ipa": "/kəmˈpjuː.tə/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the English-readable guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "computer-english-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A person employed to perform computations; one who computes.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1613, "end": 1613, "approximate": false, "label": "1613 · human computer", "note": "Cited Brathwait witness for the person sense; Online Etymology Dictionary gives a broader 1640s summary.", "claimIds": [ "computer-human-sense" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "computer-human-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "computer-human-sense" ], "explanation": "A person employed to perform computations; one who computes." }, { "id": "computer-machine", "etymologyId": "computer-machine-1", "form": "computer", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "computer-machine-sense", "computer-modern-sense" ] }, "transliteration": "computer", "pronunciation": { "guide": "kuhm-PYOO-ter", "ipa": "/kəmˈpjuːtɚ/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the English-readable guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "computer-english-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A machine or programmable electronic device that performs calculations and logical operations.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1897, "end": 1897, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1897 · calculating-machine sense", "note": "Cited Engineering context for the machine sense; not the date of the modern digital device.", "claimIds": [ "computer-machine-sense" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "computer-machine-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "computer-machine-sense", "computer-modern-sense" ], "explanation": "A machine or programmable electronic device that performs calculations and logical operations." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "computer-latin-french", "from": "computer-latin", "to": "computer-french", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "French computer is traced to Latin computāre.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "computer-latin", "computer-french" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "computer-french-compute", "from": "computer-french", "to": "computer-compute", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English compute is traced to French computer.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "computer-french", "computer-compute" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "computer-compute-human", "from": "computer-compute", "to": "computer-human", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English computer is formed from compute plus the agent suffix -er.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "computer-compute", "computer-human-sense" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "computer-human-machine", "from": "computer-human", "to": "computer-machine", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The agent noun for a human calculator is extended to a calculating machine and later a programmable electronic device.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "computer-human-sense", "computer-machine-sense", "computer-modern-sense" ], "semantic": { "type": "shifted", "explanation": "The referent shifts from a person who performs computations to a machine that performs them, first broadly and later in the modern programmable-electronic sense.", "added": [ "Calculating machine", "Programmable electronic device" ], "removed": [ "Human calculator as the primary referent" ], "associations": [ "compute", "calculation" ], "claimIds": [ "computer-human-sense", "computer-machine-sense", "computer-modern-sense" ], "context": { "stageId": "computer-machine", "label": "Machine sense chronology", "summary": [ "1613: human calculator", "c. 1897: calculating machine", "1945: modern programmable digital sense" ], "explanation": "These are sense and context dates, not a technological invention timeline and not a claim that one machine caused the semantic change.", "claimIds": [ "computer-human-sense", "computer-machine-sense", "computer-modern-sense" ] } } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "computer-latin", "text": "The compute family is traced to Latin computō/computāre, “to calculate, reckon together.”", "sourceId": "pilot3-wkt-compute", "locator": "English > Etymology tree / Latin computō", "passageIds": [ "computer-latin-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This is the ancestry of the verb stem, not a claim that computer itself was a Latin form." }, "inference": "Include only the stem ancestry needed to explain the English agent noun." }, { "id": "computer-french", "text": "English compute is described as borrowed from French computer, from Latin computō.", "sourceId": "pilot3-wkt-compute", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "computer-french-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The French verb is a contributor to compute, not a separate claim about the later noun computer." }, "inference": "Keep the verb’s borrowing path distinct from the noun’s later sense history." }, { "id": "computer-compute", "text": "English compute means to reckon or calculate; the page describes it as a seventeenth-century borrowing from French computer.", "sourceId": "pilot3-wkt-compute", "locator": "English > Verb and Etymology", "passageIds": [ "computer-compute-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The century is a language-period summary, not an exact first quotation for every English use." }, "inference": "Use the English verb as the productive base of computer." }, { "id": "computer-human-sense", "text": "The English entry says the person sense first appears c. 1613 in Richard Brathwait and cites a 1613 passage using computer for a person who calculates.", "sourceId": "pilot3-wkt-computer", "locator": "English > Etymology and Noun, historical sense", "passageIds": [ "computer-human-sense-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This is a dated English witness for the human sense; it does not date the suffix or later machine sense." }, "inference": "Make the human agent sense the first English computer stage." }, { "id": "computer-machine-sense", "text": "The English entry says the machine sense first appears c. 1897 in Engineering and defines the modern noun as a programmable electronic device.", "sourceId": "pilot3-wkt-computer", "locator": "English > Etymology and Noun, machine sense", "passageIds": [ "computer-machine-sense-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The cited 1897 date belongs to the machine sense; the modern digital description is later and is not back-projected to that first machine use." }, "inference": "Keep calculating machine and modern programmable computer in the same bounded English sense with explicit chronology." }, { "id": "computer-modern-sense", "text": "The secondary history dates the modern programmable digital-electronic sense to 1945 under the name computer, while describing a calculating-machine sense from 1897.", "sourceId": "pilot3-etymonline-computer", "locator": "computer(n.)", "passageIds": [ "computer-modern-sense-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a secondary dated summary and a technological context, not a claim that ENIAC or any single machine created the noun." }, "inference": "Use 1945 only as a sense-context claim, not as the origin of the word." }, { "id": "computer-english-reading", "text": "The English entry records non-rhotic and rhotic IPA variants including /kəmˈpjuː.tə/ and /kəmˈpju.tɚ/.", "sourceId": "pilot3-wkt-computer", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "computer-english-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "computer-latin-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Latin.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row lati1261", "passageIds": [ "lati1261" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Latin reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "computer-french-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for French.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1290", "passageIds": [ "stan1290" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient French reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "computer-compute-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "computer-human-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "computer-machine-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." } ], "limitations": "The journey is lexical, not a general history of computing technology. Wiktionary cites the human sense in 1613 and the machine sense in c. 1897; Online Etymology Dictionary summarizes the human sense as 1640s and the calculating-machine sense as 1897, with the modern programmable digital sense by 1945. The 1613 witness is retained as an earlier cited use, while the source discrepancy is explicit." }, { "id": "paper", "word": "paper", "language": "English", "sense": "The material", "senses": [ { "id": "paper-material-sense", "label": "The material", "definition": "A thin sheet or material made from compacted fibres, used for writing, printing or other purposes.", "stageId": "paper-english-material", "claimIds": [ "paper-english", "paper-english-reading" ] }, { "id": "paper-document-sense", "label": "The document", "definition": "A written or printed document, work or submission referred to as a paper.", "stageId": "paper-english-document", "claimIds": [ "paper-english" ] } ], "defaultSense": "paper-material-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 04", "aliases": [ "papier", "papyrus", "pápuros", "papȳrus" ], "summary": "Paper scrutinizes the Greek–Latin–Romance–Anglo-Norman route and separates papyrus/material history from English document and writing senses.", "intro": "The route retains the displayed medieval intermediaries as qualified lexical witnesses rather than treating every similar form as a direct parent.", "claimIds": [ "paper-greek", "paper-latin", "paper-old-catalan", "paper-anglo-norman", "paper-middle-english", "paper-english", "batch04-paper-reading", "batch04-paper-geography", "batch04-paper-date", "batch04-paper-scope", "batch04-paper-relations" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "paper-greek", "narrativeOrder": [ "paper-greek", "paper-latin", "paper-old-catalan", "paper-anglo-norman", "paper-middle-english", "paper-english-material", "paper-english-document" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "paper-greek", "etymologyId": "paper-greek-1", "form": "πάπυρος", "language": "Ancient Greek", "languageCode": "grc", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "paper-greek" ] }, "transliteration": "pápuros", "pronunciation": { "guide": "pápyros (Ancient Greek)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading" ] }, "script": "Greek", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Papyrus plant; lexical source of the papyrus-family material word.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Greek–Latin–Romance–Anglo-Norman–English writing-material corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 23.26, 38.83 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "paper-greek", "batch04-paper-reading", "batch04-paper-geography", "batch04-paper-date", "batch04-paper-scope" ], "explanation": "Papyrus plant; lexical source of the papyrus-family material word.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "paper-greek", "batch04-paper-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading", "batch04-paper-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading", "batch04-paper-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for πάπυρος does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading", "batch04-paper-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paper-greek", "batch04-paper-reading", "batch04-paper-geography", "batch04-paper-date", "batch04-paper-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paper-greek", "paper-latin", "batch04-paper-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "paper-latin", "etymologyId": "paper-latin-1", "form": "papȳrus", "language": "Latin", "languageCode": "la", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "paper-latin" ] }, "transliteration": "papȳrus", "pronunciation": { "guide": "papȳrus (Latin)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Papyrus; paper-like material made from papyrus stalks.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Greek–Latin–Romance–Anglo-Norman–English writing-material corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 23.26, 38.83 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "paper-latin", "batch04-paper-reading", "batch04-paper-geography", "batch04-paper-date", "batch04-paper-scope" ], "explanation": "Papyrus; paper-like material made from papyrus stalks.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "paper-latin", "batch04-paper-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading", "batch04-paper-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading", "batch04-paper-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for papȳrus does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading", "batch04-paper-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paper-latin", "batch04-paper-reading", "batch04-paper-geography", "batch04-paper-date", "batch04-paper-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paper-latin", "paper-old-catalan", "batch04-paper-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "paper-old-catalan", "etymologyId": "paper-old-catalan-1", "form": "paper", "language": "Old Catalan", "languageCode": "ca", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "paper-old-catalan" ] }, "transliteration": "paper", "pronunciation": { "guide": "PA-per (Old Catalan conventional)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Paper; a Romance form derived from Latin papyrus.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Greek–Latin–Romance–Anglo-Norman–English writing-material corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 1.5, 41.6 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "paper-old-catalan", "batch04-paper-reading", "batch04-paper-geography", "batch04-paper-date", "batch04-paper-scope" ], "explanation": "Paper; a Romance form derived from Latin papyrus.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "paper-old-catalan", "batch04-paper-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading", "batch04-paper-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading", "batch04-paper-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for paper does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading", "batch04-paper-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paper-old-catalan", "batch04-paper-reading", "batch04-paper-geography", "batch04-paper-date", "batch04-paper-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paper-old-catalan", "paper-anglo-norman", "batch04-paper-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "paper-anglo-norman", "etymologyId": "paper-anglo-norman-1", "form": "paper", "language": "Anglo-Norman", "languageCode": "xno", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "paper-anglo-norman" ] }, "transliteration": "paper", "pronunciation": { "guide": "PA-per (Anglo-Norman conventional)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Paper or a document.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Greek–Latin–Romance–Anglo-Norman–English writing-material corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 2, 48 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "paper-anglo-norman", "batch04-paper-reading", "batch04-paper-geography", "batch04-paper-date", "batch04-paper-scope" ], "explanation": "Paper or a document.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "paper-anglo-norman", "batch04-paper-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading", "batch04-paper-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading", "batch04-paper-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for paper does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading", "batch04-paper-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paper-anglo-norman", "batch04-paper-reading", "batch04-paper-geography", "batch04-paper-date", "batch04-paper-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paper-anglo-norman", "paper-middle-english", "batch04-paper-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "paper-middle-english", "etymologyId": "paper-middle-english-1", "form": "paper", "language": "Middle English", "languageCode": "enm", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "paper-middle-english" ] }, "transliteration": "paper", "pronunciation": { "guide": "PA-per (Middle English conventional)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Paper; document or written material.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "paper-middle-english", "batch04-paper-reading", "batch04-paper-geography", "batch04-paper-date", "batch04-paper-scope" ], "explanation": "Paper; document or written material.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "paper-middle-english", "batch04-paper-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading", "batch04-paper-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading", "batch04-paper-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for paper does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading", "batch04-paper-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paper-middle-english", "batch04-paper-reading", "batch04-paper-geography", "batch04-paper-date", "batch04-paper-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paper-middle-english", "paper-english", "batch04-paper-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "paper-english-material", "etymologyId": "paper-english-material-1", "form": "paper", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "paper-english", "paper-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "paper", "pronunciation": { "guide": "PAY-per", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A sheet or material made from compacted fibres, used for writing or printing.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1300, "end": 1399, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 14th century · English paper use", "note": "Online Etymology Dictionary reports mid-14c.; the broad interval avoids false precision.", "claimIds": [ "paper-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "paper-english", "paper-english-reading", "batch04-paper-reading", "batch04-paper-geography", "batch04-paper-date", "batch04-paper-scope" ], "explanation": "A sheet or material made from compacted fibres, used for writing or printing.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading", "batch04-paper-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading", "batch04-paper-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for paper does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "paper-english", "batch04-paper-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paper-english" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading", "batch04-paper-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paper-english", "paper-english-reading", "batch04-paper-reading", "batch04-paper-geography", "batch04-paper-date", "batch04-paper-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paper-english", "batch04-paper-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "paper-english-document", "etymologyId": "paper-english-document-1", "form": "paper", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "paper-english" ] }, "transliteration": "paper", "pronunciation": { "guide": "PAY-per", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A written or printed document, work or submission.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "paper-english", "batch04-paper-reading", "batch04-paper-geography", "batch04-paper-date", "batch04-paper-scope" ], "explanation": "A written or printed document, work or submission.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading", "batch04-paper-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading", "batch04-paper-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for paper does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-paper-reading", "batch04-paper-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paper-english", "batch04-paper-reading", "batch04-paper-geography", "batch04-paper-date", "batch04-paper-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "paper-greek-latin", "from": "paper-greek", "to": "paper-latin", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Latin papȳrus is the learned continuation of Greek πάπυρος.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "paper-greek", "paper-latin", "batch04-paper-relations" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "paper-latin-old-catalan", "from": "paper-latin", "to": "paper-old-catalan", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Old Catalan paper is described as a Latin papyrus borrowing with a Romance suffix.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "paper-latin", "paper-old-catalan", "batch04-paper-relations" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "paper-old-catalan-anglo-norman", "from": "paper-old-catalan", "to": "paper-anglo-norman", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The displayed medieval Romance stages preserve the reported route without assigning a transfer date.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "paper-old-catalan", "paper-anglo-norman", "batch04-paper-relations" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "paper-anglo-norman-middle-english", "from": "paper-anglo-norman", "to": "paper-middle-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Middle English paper follows the Anglo-Norman/Old French form in the inspected account.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "paper-anglo-norman", "paper-middle-english", "batch04-paper-relations" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "paper-middle-english-english-material", "from": "paper-middle-english", "to": "paper-english-material", "type": "inheritance", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Modern English paper continues the Middle English form.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "paper-middle-english", "paper-english", "batch04-paper-relations" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "paper-english-material-english-document", "from": "paper-english-material", "to": "paper-english-document", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The material term extends to a document, written work or paper submitted for consideration.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "paper-english", "batch04-paper-relations" ], "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "The English word retains the material sense while broadening to documents and written works made from or represented by paper.", "added": [ "Written document", "Academic or published paper" ], "removed": [], "associations": [ "sheet", "writing", "printing" ], "claimIds": [ "paper-english" ], "context": { "stageId": "paper-english-document", "label": "Material and document senses", "summary": [ "Paper as material", "Paper as document or written work" ], "explanation": "The document sense is a semantic extension of the material word, not a separate etymological source.", "claimIds": [ "paper-english" ] } } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "paper-greek", "text": "English paper is traced through Latin papyrus to Ancient Greek πάπυρος (pápuros), the plant name behind the material term.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-paper", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "paper-greek-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Greek source is lexical ancestry and its ultimate origin is uncertain; no deeper source is asserted." }, "inference": "Stop the journey at the supportable Greek form." }, { "id": "paper-latin", "text": "Latin papyrus is the immediate learned source in the displayed ancestry and names papyrus or paper made from its stalks.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-paper", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "paper-latin-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The lexical route does not date the English borrowing or document a continuous material tradition." }, "inference": "Use Latin as a historical lexical stage, not as a technology-history claim." }, { "id": "paper-romance", "text": "The French dictionary relates papier through Medieval Latin papirus to Greek papuros.", "sourceId": "pilot4-academie-papier", "locator": "papier > Etymologie", "passageIds": [ "paper-romance-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The French entry independently corroborates the papyrus-family route but does not establish every intermediate form displayed here." }, "inference": "Use it as a bounded cross-check for the Romance continuation." }, { "id": "paper-old-catalan", "text": "The English entry gives Old Catalan paper as a borrowing from Latin papyrus with the Catalan suffix -er.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-paper", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "paper-old-catalan-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source provides the form and route without a word-specific date in the inspected section." }, "inference": "Preserve Old Catalan as an attested intermediary without inventing a date." }, { "id": "paper-anglo-norman", "text": "English paper is described as coming from Anglo-French paper and Old French papier, “paper, document.”", "sourceId": "pilot4-etymonline-paper", "locator": "paper(n.)", "passageIds": [ "paper-anglo-norman-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The secondary account compresses medieval Romance forms and does not establish a uniquely dated Anglo-Norman transfer." }, "inference": "Show Anglo-Norman as the route form needed for English, with an unknown date." }, { "id": "paper-middle-english", "text": "Middle English paper is the inherited English form following the Anglo-Norman stage.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-paper", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "paper-middle-english-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The entry gives the form but no exact Middle English witness in the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Do not convert the modern English noun into an undated medieval pronunciation claim." }, { "id": "paper-english", "text": "By the mid-fourteenth century, English paper referred to a compacted sheet-like material used for writing and printing; paper also developed document and written-work senses.", "sourceId": "pilot4-etymonline-paper", "locator": "paper(n.)", "passageIds": [ "paper-english-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The period is a broad lexical summary, not a precise first attestation for every English sense." }, "inference": "Use a broad fourteenth-century context and keep document senses as semantic developments." }, { "id": "paper-english-reading", "text": "The English entry gives /ˈpeɪ.pə/ and defines paper as a sheet or material used for writing, printing and related purposes.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-paper", "locator": "English > Pronunciation and Noun", "passageIds": [ "paper-english-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "paper-greek-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Greek.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row gree1276", "passageIds": [ "gree1276" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Greek reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "paper-latin-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Latin.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row lati1261", "passageIds": [ "lati1261" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Latin reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "paper-middle-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Middle English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row midd1317", "passageIds": [ "midd1317" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Middle English reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "paper-english-material-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "paper-english-document-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "batch04-paper-reading", "text": "paper: an inspected specialist, institutional or national-language source supports the displayed forms and the selected conventional readings; reconstructed or historical readings remain explicitly qualified.", "sourceId": "batch04-paper-cnrtl", "locator": "etymology and historical form discussion", "passageIds": [ "batch04-paper-cnrtl-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A conventional reading is not presented as an exact recording of every historical speaker; transliteration remains distinct from pronunciation." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest recoverable reading for each displayed stage without projecting a modern pronunciation backward." }, { "id": "batch04-paper-geography", "text": "paper: the map point is a supported language, speech-community or documented contact-corridor reference, not a precise lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch04-paper-cnrtl", "locator": "etymology and historical form discussion", "passageIds": [ "batch04-paper-cnrtl-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Reference coordinates orient the language or contact corridor and do not assert a territorial boundary, donor village or origin site." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the strongest defensible regional precision available in the inspected evidence." }, { "id": "batch04-paper-date", "text": "paper: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a form or sense; contextual object, cultural, institutional and biographical dates are not substituted for word chronology.", "sourceId": "batch04-paper-cnrtl", "locator": "etymology and historical form discussion", "passageIds": [ "batch04-paper-cnrtl-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Undated reconstructed or historical stages remain researched unresolved rather than receiving an invented date." }, "inference": "Lexography distinguishes attestation, documented use, sense attestation, bounded lexical periods and context." }, { "id": "batch04-paper-scope", "text": "paper: the route preserves competing analyses, qualified edges and semantic distinctions required by the inspected evidence.", "sourceId": "batch04-paper-cnrtl", "locator": "etymology and historical form discussion", "passageIds": [ "batch04-paper-cnrtl-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Greek ultimate origin and exact medieval transfer sequence remain bounded; papyrus and paper-making history do not provide English lexical dates." }, "inference": "The narrative and topology are editorial representations of the evidence graph, not proof that every adjacent form is a direct parent." }, { "id": "batch04-paper-relations", "text": "paper: adjacent relations are retained with their existing type and certainty unless the inspected evidence requires a qualified or parallel reading.", "sourceId": "batch04-paper-cnrtl", "locator": "etymology and historical form discussion", "passageIds": [ "batch04-paper-cnrtl-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A displayed tree edge does not erase non-tree alternatives or convert cognacy, influence or comparison into direct borrowing." }, "inference": "Lexography preserves the current topology and records the evidence limits alongside each relation." } ], "limitations": "The Greek ultimate origin and exact medieval transfer sequence remain bounded; papyrus and paper-making history do not provide English lexical dates.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 04", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "lemon", "word": "lemon", "language": "English", "sense": "The citrus fruit", "senses": [ { "id": "lemon-fruit-sense", "label": "The citrus fruit", "definition": "A yellow citrus fruit or the tree that bears it.", "stageId": "lemon-english-fruit", "claimIds": [ "lemon-english", "lemon-english-reading" ] }, { "id": "lemon-figurative-sense", "label": "The disappointing thing", "definition": "A disappointing, defective or worthless thing in later figurative English.", "stageId": "lemon-english-figurative", "claimIds": [ "lemon-english" ] } ], "defaultSense": "lemon-fruit-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 04", "aliases": [ "lymon", "limon", "laymūn", "līmūn", "līmū", "ليمون", "نیمبو" ], "summary": "Lemon keeps the uncertain Indic comparison, Persian and Arabic forms, Romance mediation, and English fruit/figurative senses distinct.", "intro": "The route preserves a qualified South Asian/Persian/Arabic ancestry and does not force a clean Indic → Persian → Arabic chain where scholarship remains uncertain.", "claimIds": [ "lemon-sanskrit", "lemon-persian", "lemon-arabic", "lemon-old-french", "lemon-middle-english", "lemon-english", "batch04-lemon-reading", "batch04-lemon-geography", "batch04-lemon-date", "batch04-lemon-scope", "batch04-lemon-relations" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "lemon-sanskrit", "narrativeOrder": [ "lemon-sanskrit", "lemon-persian", "lemon-arabic", "lemon-old-french", "lemon-middle-english", "lemon-english-fruit", "lemon-english-figurative" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "lemon-sanskrit", "etymologyId": "lemon-sanskrit-1", "form": "निम्बू", "language": "Sanskrit", "languageCode": "sa", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "lemon-sanskrit" ] }, "transliteration": "nimbū", "pronunciation": { "guide": "nimbū (Sanskrit; debated)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional or scholarly reconstruction is shown as reconstruction; no exact historical sound is asserted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading" ] }, "script": "Devanagari", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Lime or citrus term in the qualified deeper comparison.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "South Asia–Persian–Arabic–French–English citrus vocabulary corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 77, 20 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "lemon-sanskrit", "batch04-lemon-reading", "batch04-lemon-geography", "batch04-lemon-date", "batch04-lemon-scope" ], "explanation": "Lime or citrus term in the qualified deeper comparison.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "lemon-sanskrit", "batch04-lemon-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading", "batch04-lemon-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading", "batch04-lemon-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for निम्बू does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading", "batch04-lemon-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "lemon-sanskrit", "batch04-lemon-reading", "batch04-lemon-geography", "batch04-lemon-date", "batch04-lemon-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "lemon-sanskrit", "lemon-persian", "batch04-lemon-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "lemon-persian", "etymologyId": "lemon-persian-1", "form": "لِیمُو", "language": "Classical Persian", "languageCode": "fa", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "lemon-persian" ] }, "transliteration": "līmū, līmō", "pronunciation": { "guide": "līmū (Persian)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading" ] }, "script": "Arabic", "direction": "rtl", "sense": "Līmū/līmō; a citrus term related to later līmūn.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "South Asia–Persian–Arabic–French–English citrus vocabulary corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 53.3, 32.9 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "lemon-persian", "batch04-lemon-reading", "batch04-lemon-geography", "batch04-lemon-date", "batch04-lemon-scope" ], "explanation": "Līmū/līmō; a citrus term related to later līmūn.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "lemon-persian", "batch04-lemon-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading", "batch04-lemon-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading", "batch04-lemon-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for لِیمُو does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading", "batch04-lemon-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "lemon-persian", "batch04-lemon-reading", "batch04-lemon-geography", "batch04-lemon-date", "batch04-lemon-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "lemon-persian", "lemon-arabic", "batch04-lemon-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "lemon-arabic", "etymologyId": "lemon-arabic-1", "form": "لَيْمُون", "language": "Arabic", "languageCode": "ar", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "lemon-arabic" ] }, "transliteration": "laymūn", "pronunciation": { "guide": "laymūn (Arabic)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading" ] }, "script": "Arabic", "direction": "rtl", "sense": "Lemon; a citrus fruit.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "South Asia–Persian–Arabic–French–English citrus vocabulary corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 35.87, 28.29 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "lemon-arabic", "batch04-lemon-reading", "batch04-lemon-geography", "batch04-lemon-date", "batch04-lemon-scope" ], "explanation": "Lemon; a citrus fruit.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "lemon-arabic", "batch04-lemon-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading", "batch04-lemon-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading", "batch04-lemon-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for لَيْمُون does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading", "batch04-lemon-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "lemon-arabic", "batch04-lemon-reading", "batch04-lemon-geography", "batch04-lemon-date", "batch04-lemon-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "lemon-arabic", "lemon-old-french", "batch04-lemon-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "lemon-old-french", "etymologyId": "lemon-old-french-1", "form": "limon", "language": "Old French", "languageCode": "fro", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "lemon-old-french" ] }, "transliteration": "limon", "pronunciation": { "guide": "li-MON (Old French conventional)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Citrus fruit; the Romance intermediary shown for English.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "South Asia–Persian–Arabic–French–English citrus vocabulary corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 1.11, 48.8 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "lemon-old-french", "batch04-lemon-reading", "batch04-lemon-geography", "batch04-lemon-date", "batch04-lemon-scope" ], "explanation": "Citrus fruit; the Romance intermediary shown for English.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "lemon-old-french", "batch04-lemon-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading", "batch04-lemon-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading", "batch04-lemon-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for limon does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading", "batch04-lemon-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "lemon-old-french", "batch04-lemon-reading", "batch04-lemon-geography", "batch04-lemon-date", "batch04-lemon-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "lemon-old-french", "lemon-middle-english", "batch04-lemon-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "lemon-middle-english", "etymologyId": "lemon-middle-english-1", "form": "lymon", "language": "Middle English", "languageCode": "enm", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "lemon-middle-english" ] }, "transliteration": "lymon", "pronunciation": { "guide": "LI-mon (Middle English conventional)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Lemon or citrus fruit.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "lemon-middle-english", "batch04-lemon-reading", "batch04-lemon-geography", "batch04-lemon-date", "batch04-lemon-scope" ], "explanation": "Lemon or citrus fruit.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "lemon-middle-english", "batch04-lemon-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading", "batch04-lemon-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading", "batch04-lemon-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for lymon does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading", "batch04-lemon-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "lemon-middle-english", "batch04-lemon-reading", "batch04-lemon-geography", "batch04-lemon-date", "batch04-lemon-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "lemon-middle-english", "lemon-english", "batch04-lemon-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "lemon-english-fruit", "etymologyId": "lemon-english-fruit-1", "form": "lemon", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "lemon-english", "lemon-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "lemon", "pronunciation": { "guide": "LEM-un", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "The yellow citrus fruit and its tree.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1400, "end": 1400, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1400 · English lemon", "note": "Online Etymology Dictionary’s approximate English lexical date; not the date of citrus introduction or cultivation.", "claimIds": [ "lemon-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "lemon-english", "lemon-english-reading", "batch04-lemon-reading", "batch04-lemon-geography", "batch04-lemon-date", "batch04-lemon-scope" ], "explanation": "The yellow citrus fruit and its tree.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading", "batch04-lemon-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading", "batch04-lemon-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for lemon does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "lemon-english", "batch04-lemon-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "lemon-english" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading", "batch04-lemon-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "lemon-english", "lemon-english-reading", "batch04-lemon-reading", "batch04-lemon-geography", "batch04-lemon-date", "batch04-lemon-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "lemon-english", "batch04-lemon-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "lemon-english-figurative", "etymologyId": "lemon-english-figurative-1", "form": "lemon", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "lemon-english" ] }, "transliteration": "lemon", "pronunciation": { "guide": "LEM-un", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A disappointing, defective or worthless thing in later figurative English.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "lemon-english", "batch04-lemon-reading", "batch04-lemon-geography", "batch04-lemon-date", "batch04-lemon-scope" ], "explanation": "A disappointing, defective or worthless thing in later figurative English.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading", "batch04-lemon-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading", "batch04-lemon-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for lemon does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-lemon-reading", "batch04-lemon-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "lemon-english", "batch04-lemon-reading", "batch04-lemon-geography", "batch04-lemon-date", "batch04-lemon-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "lemon-sanskrit-persian", "from": "lemon-sanskrit", "to": "lemon-persian", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "Sanskrit nimbū is retained as a qualified deeper comparison to Persian līmū.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "lemon-sanskrit", "lemon-persian", "batch04-lemon-relations" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "lemon-persian-arabic", "from": "lemon-persian", "to": "lemon-arabic", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Arabic laymūn is related to Persian līmū/līmūn in the inspected source account.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "lemon-persian", "lemon-arabic", "batch04-lemon-relations" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "lemon-arabic-old-french", "from": "lemon-arabic", "to": "lemon-old-french", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The English-facing account routes the citrus term through Old French, with Provençal or Italian alternatives retained in the note.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "lemon-arabic", "lemon-old-french", "batch04-lemon-relations" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "lemon-old-french-middle-english", "from": "lemon-old-french", "to": "lemon-middle-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Middle English lymon continues Old French limon.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "lemon-old-french", "lemon-middle-english", "batch04-lemon-relations" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "lemon-middle-english-english-fruit", "from": "lemon-middle-english", "to": "lemon-english-fruit", "type": "inheritance", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English lemon inherits the Middle English form.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "lemon-middle-english", "lemon-english", "batch04-lemon-relations" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "lemon-english-fruit-english-figurative", "from": "lemon-english-fruit", "to": "lemon-english-figurative", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The fruit term later develops figurative senses including a worthless or disappointing thing.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "lemon-english", "batch04-lemon-relations" ], "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "The selected English fruit sense is extended metaphorically to a disappointing or worthless thing; the metaphor is not an etymological source for the fruit word.", "added": [ "Disappointing or worthless thing" ], "removed": [], "associations": [ "sourness", "bad taste" ], "claimIds": [ "lemon-english" ], "context": { "stageId": "lemon-english-figurative", "label": "Fruit and figurative senses", "summary": [ "Citrus fruit", "Disappointing or worthless thing" ], "explanation": "The figurative sense is a later English semantic development and is not used to alter the Arabic/Persian route.", "claimIds": [ "lemon-english" ] } } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "lemon-sanskrit", "text": "The English entry compares the Persian and Arabic citrus forms with Sanskrit निम्बू (nimbū, “lime”).", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-lemon", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "lemon-sanskrit-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The comparison does not prove that Sanskrit is the direct source of every later form or settle the ultimate origin." }, "inference": "Include Sanskrit as a qualified deeper contributor, not as a dated direct borrowing into English." }, { "id": "lemon-persian", "text": "Classical Persian لِیمُو (līmū, līmō) and لِیمُون (līmūn) are presented as Persian forms in the lemon ancestry.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-lemon", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "lemon-persian-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The inspected sources do not establish a separate English-relevant date for the Persian forms." }, "inference": "Preserve Persian with native script and transliteration but leave its date unknown." }, { "id": "lemon-arabic", "text": "Arabic لَيْمُون (laymūn) denotes the lemon and is related to Persian līmū/līmūn in the inspected account.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-lemon-arabic", "locator": "Arabic > Etymology and Noun", "passageIds": [ "lemon-arabic-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Arabic entry also records a distinct Omani/Gulf lūmiyy borrowing from Tamil; that separate form is excluded from the English route." }, "inference": "Keep laymūn and the separate lūmiyy route distinct." }, { "id": "lemon-old-french", "text": "English lemon is traced through Old French limon, “citrus fruit,” from Provençal or Italian forms of Arabic/Persian origin.", "sourceId": "pilot4-etymonline-lemon", "locator": "lemon(n.1)", "passageIds": [ "lemon-old-french-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The secondary source names alternative Romance intermediaries rather than one proven single route." }, "inference": "Display Old French as the English-facing intermediary and preserve Provençal/Italian as a route qualification." }, { "id": "lemon-middle-english", "text": "Middle English lymon is the form inherited into English from Old French lymon.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-lemon", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "lemon-middle-english-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "No exact Middle English witness date is supplied in the inspected etymology section." }, "inference": "Keep the form and route without fabricating a date." }, { "id": "lemon-english", "text": "Online Etymology Dictionary dates English lemon, “ovate, pale yellow citrus fruit,” to about 1400; the English entry defines the fruit and tree senses.", "sourceId": "pilot4-etymonline-lemon", "locator": "lemon(n.1)", "passageIds": [ "lemon-english-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The c. 1400 date is a broad lexical context, not a cultivation date or proof of the first English form." }, "inference": "Use the date only for the English fruit word." }, { "id": "lemon-english-reading", "text": "The English entry gives /ˈlɛmən/, /ˈlɛmɪn/ and defines lemon as the yellow citrus fruit and its tree.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-lemon", "locator": "English > Pronunciation and Noun", "passageIds": [ "lemon-english-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "lemon-sanskrit-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Sanskrit.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row sans1269", "passageIds": [ "sans1269" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Sanskrit reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "lemon-arabic-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Arabic.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row arab1395", "passageIds": [ "arab1395" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Arabic reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "lemon-middle-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Middle English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row midd1317", "passageIds": [ "midd1317" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Middle English reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "lemon-english-fruit-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "lemon-english-figurative-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "batch04-lemon-reading", "text": "lemon: an inspected specialist, institutional or national-language source supports the displayed forms and the selected conventional readings; reconstructed or historical readings remain explicitly qualified.", "sourceId": "batch04-lemon-iranica", "locator": "citrus etymology and Persian/Arabic lexical discussion", "passageIds": [ "batch04-lemon-iranica-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A conventional reading is not presented as an exact recording of every historical speaker; transliteration remains distinct from pronunciation." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest recoverable reading for each displayed stage without projecting a modern pronunciation backward." }, { "id": "batch04-lemon-geography", "text": "lemon: the map point is a supported language, speech-community or documented contact-corridor reference, not a precise lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch04-lemon-iranica", "locator": "citrus etymology and Persian/Arabic lexical discussion", "passageIds": [ "batch04-lemon-iranica-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Reference coordinates orient the language or contact corridor and do not assert a territorial boundary, donor village or origin site." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the strongest defensible regional precision available in the inspected evidence." }, { "id": "batch04-lemon-date", "text": "lemon: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a form or sense; contextual object, cultural, institutional and biographical dates are not substituted for word chronology.", "sourceId": "batch04-lemon-iranica", "locator": "citrus etymology and Persian/Arabic lexical discussion", "passageIds": [ "batch04-lemon-iranica-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Undated reconstructed or historical stages remain researched unresolved rather than receiving an invented date." }, "inference": "Lexography distinguishes attestation, documented use, sense attestation, bounded lexical periods and context." }, { "id": "batch04-lemon-scope", "text": "lemon: the route preserves competing analyses, qualified edges and semantic distinctions required by the inspected evidence.", "sourceId": "batch04-lemon-iranica", "locator": "citrus etymology and Persian/Arabic lexical discussion", "passageIds": [ "batch04-lemon-iranica-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Botanical diffusion does not date the word; the deep Indic source and some Romance mediation remain researched unresolved, while the English “disappointing thing” sense is later semantic change." }, "inference": "The narrative and topology are editorial representations of the evidence graph, not proof that every adjacent form is a direct parent." }, { "id": "batch04-lemon-relations", "text": "lemon: adjacent relations are retained with their existing type and certainty unless the inspected evidence requires a qualified or parallel reading.", "sourceId": "batch04-lemon-iranica", "locator": "citrus etymology and Persian/Arabic lexical discussion", "passageIds": [ "batch04-lemon-iranica-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A displayed tree edge does not erase non-tree alternatives or convert cognacy, influence or comparison into direct borrowing." }, "inference": "Lexography preserves the current topology and records the evidence limits alongside each relation." } ], "limitations": "Botanical diffusion does not date the word; the deep Indic source and some Romance mediation remain researched unresolved, while the English “disappointing thing” sense is later semantic change.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R3", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 04", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "chess", "word": "chess", "language": "English", "sense": "The game", "senses": [ { "id": "chess-game-sense", "label": "The game", "definition": "The board game of chess.", "stageId": "chess-english", "claimIds": [ "chess-english", "chess-english-reading" ] } ], "defaultSense": "chess-game-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 04", "aliases": [ "chesse", "ches", "eschec", "šāh", "شاه", "شَاه", "شطرنج", "caturaṅga", "esches", "escheks", "eschez" ], "summary": "A Persian king-name route reaches European chess terminology while the Sanskrit chaturanga lineage remains a parallel game-history branch.", "intro": "A Persian king-name route reaches European chess terminology while the Sanskrit chaturanga lineage remains a parallel game-history branch.", "claimIds": [ "chess-old-persian", "chess-persian-shah", "chess-arabic-shah", "chess-old-french", "chess-middle-english", "chess-english", "chess-parallel-chaturanga", "chess-reviewed-french", "chess-reviewed-route" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "chess-old-persian", "narrativeOrder": [ "chess-old-persian", "chess-persian", "chess-arabic", "chess-old-french", "chess-middle-english", "chess-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "chess-old-persian", "etymologyId": "chess-old-persian-1", "form": "𐏋", "language": "Old Persian", "languageCode": "peo", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "chess-old-persian" ] }, "transliteration": "XŠ / xšāyaθiya", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The transliteration is preserved; Old Persian pronunciation is not asserted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Old Persian cuneiform", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A royal-title form related to later Persian šāh.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No separate historical location is assigned to this older Iranian lexical note." }, "claimIds": [ "chess-old-persian" ], "explanation": "A royal-title form related to later Persian šāh.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "chess-old-persian" ] }, { "id": "chess-persian", "etymologyId": "chess-persian-1", "form": "شاه", "language": "Classical Persian", "languageCode": "fa", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "chess-persian-shah" ] }, "transliteration": "šāh", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The transliteration is preserved; historical Persian pronunciation is not asserted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Arabic", "direction": "rtl", "sense": "King; the key chess piece and source of the European chess route.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No suitable pinned Classical Persian reference row is used for this lexical stage." }, "claimIds": [ "chess-persian-shah" ], "explanation": "King; the key chess piece and source of the European chess route.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "chess-persian-shah" ] }, { "id": "chess-arabic", "etymologyId": "chess-arabic-1", "form": "شَاه", "language": "Arabic", "languageCode": "ar", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "chess-reviewed-route" ] }, "transliteration": "šāh", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The scholarly transliteration is preserved; historical Arabic pronunciation is not asserted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Arabic", "direction": "rtl", "sense": "King in chess; the Arabic form in the direct European route.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Arabic reference region", "coordinates": [ 35.871537655605096, 28.293689418964068 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "chess-arabic-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "chess-arabic-shah", "chess-reviewed-route" ], "explanation": "King in chess; the Arabic form in the direct European route.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "chess-reviewed-route" ] }, { "id": "chess-old-french", "etymologyId": "chess-old-french-1", "form": "esches", "language": "Old French", "languageCode": "fro", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "chess-old-french" ] }, "transliteration": "esches", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in this pilot. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "The game of chess; a plural French form.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No separate historical location is assigned to this Old French lexical stage." }, "claimIds": [ "chess-old-french", "chess-reviewed-french", "chess-reviewed-route", "chess-parallel-chaturanga" ], "explanation": "The game of chess; a plural French form.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "chess-reviewed-french" ] }, { "id": "chess-middle-english", "etymologyId": "chess-middle-english-1", "form": "chesse", "language": "Middle English", "languageCode": "enm", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "chess-middle-english" ] }, "transliteration": "chesse", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in this pilot. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Chess; the medieval English form.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Middle English reference region", "coordinates": [ -1.11, 51.65 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "chess-middle-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "chess-middle-english" ], "explanation": "Chess; the medieval English form.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "chess-middle-english" ] }, { "id": "chess-english", "etymologyId": "chess-english-1", "form": "chess", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "chess-english", "chess-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "chess", "pronunciation": { "guide": "CHESS", "ipa": "/t͡ʃɛs/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the English-readable guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "chess-english-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "The two-player board game played with sixteen pieces per side on a checkered board.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inherited secondary account gives the thirteenth century; Merriam-Webster reports the fourteenth. This review did not establish a primary earliest witness." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "chess-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "chess-english", "chess-english-reading", "chess-reviewed-french" ], "explanation": "The two-player board game played with sixteen pieces per side on a checkered board." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "chess-old-persian-persian", "from": "chess-old-persian", "to": "chess-persian", "type": "inheritance", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The older Iranian royal-title form is retained as a qualified ancestry note for Persian šāh.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "chess-old-persian", "chess-persian-shah" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "chess-persian-arabic", "from": "chess-persian", "to": "chess-arabic", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Arabic šāh is borrowed from Persian šāh in the direct route.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "chess-reviewed-route" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "chess-arabic-old-french", "from": "chess-arabic", "to": "chess-old-french", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "A qualified, compressed relationship: direct borrowing and medieval intermediaries remain unresolved; Latin scaccus is reported in another account.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "chess-arabic-shah", "chess-old-french", "chess-reviewed-route" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "chess-old-french-middle-english", "from": "chess-old-french", "to": "chess-middle-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Middle English continues the plural French game name, not an assertion that singular eschec meant game, board and checkmate alike.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "chess-old-french", "chess-middle-english", "chess-reviewed-french" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "chess-middle-english-english", "from": "chess-middle-english", "to": "chess-english", "type": "inheritance", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Modern English chess continues the Middle English form.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "chess-middle-english", "chess-english" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "chess-old-persian", "text": "The broader etymology tree relates Persian šāh, “king,” to older Iranian royal-title forms.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-chess", "locator": "English > Etymology tree", "passageIds": [ "chess-old-persian-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The inspected English entry does not provide a stable dated Old Persian witness for the English word route." }, "inference": "Keep the older Iranian form as an ancestry note only if needed for the displayed Persian title." }, { "id": "chess-persian-shah", "text": "English chess is traced through Arabic šāh, from Classical Persian شاه (šāh), “king.”", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-chess", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "chess-persian-shah-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This supports the lexical route into European chess terminology, not a complete history of the game’s invention." }, "inference": "Use Persian šāh as the direct lexical source stage for the English route." }, { "id": "chess-arabic-shah", "text": "Arabic شَاه (šāh) means the king in chess and is borrowed from Classical Persian شاه.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-chess-arabic", "locator": "Arabic > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "chess-arabic-shah-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The baseline linked this šāh claim to a šaṭranj page. Use the reviewed noun etymology for the šāh borrowing; do not treat the two words as interchangeable." }, "inference": "Preserve both Arabic chess terms as competing/parallel lexical histories." }, { "id": "chess-old-french", "text": "Middle English ches/chesse is traced from Old French eschés, the plural of eschec, from Medieval Latin scaccus and ultimately Arabic šāh.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-chess", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "chess-old-french-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This source reports a Medieval Latin scaccus intermediary; the detailed Merriam-Webster account does not require it. Its place in the route remains unresolved." }, "inference": "Display Old French eschec as the European bridge without inventing a date." }, { "id": "chess-middle-english", "text": "Middle English ches and chesse are the forms from which modern English chess continues.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-chess", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "chess-middle-english-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The source does not establish a single first Middle English witness in the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Preserve the historical spelling and leave the date unknown." }, { "id": "chess-english", "text": "Online Etymology Dictionary dates English chess to the thirteenth century and describes the Old French plural esches route.", "sourceId": "pilot4-etymonline-chess", "locator": "chess(n.)", "passageIds": [ "chess-english-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The thirteenth-century date is a broad English lexical context, not a date for the game’s invention or eastern transmission." }, "inference": "Use the date only for the English chess word." }, { "id": "chess-parallel-chaturanga", "text": "Iranica’s headword gives a competing game-name ancestry for the western forms.", "sourceId": "pilot4-iranica-chess", "locator": "CHESS headword opening (redirects to /articles/chess/), before sections i–ii", "passageIds": [ "c1-headword-comparison" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "This differs from the šāh analysis; the baseline paraphrase incorrectly made Iranica only a parallel cultural-history account." }, "inference": "Expose the source disagreement; do not promote it to a second proven chain." }, { "id": "chess-english-reading", "text": "The English entry gives /t͡ʃɛs/ and defines chess as the two-player board game.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-chess", "locator": "English > Pronunciation and Noun", "passageIds": [ "chess-english-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "chess-arabic-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Arabic.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row arab1395", "passageIds": [ "arab1395" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Arabic reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "chess-middle-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Middle English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row midd1317", "passageIds": [ "midd1317" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Middle English reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "chess-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "chess-reviewed-french", "text": "The immediate French game-name source is plural, rather than singular eschec.", "sourceId": "c1-mw-chess", "locator": "Word History > Noun (1)", "passageIds": [ "french" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The fourteenth-century date differs from the inherited thirteenth-century summary; no primary English witness was successfully inspected." }, "inference": "Display the plural game name and leave exact earliest dating unresolved." }, { "id": "chess-reviewed-route", "text": "The detailed noun etymology supports the Persian–Arabic šāh family but leaves the French intermediary uncertain.", "sourceId": "c1-mw-check", "locator": "Word History > Noun, etymology and phonological note", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Neither a mandatory Latin stage nor the suggested Spanish intermediary is independently established here." }, "inference": "Keep the compressed Arabic–French edge qualified." } ], "limitations": "The Persian–Arabic šāh route is preferred, but the medieval transmission remains qualified. Latin scaccus is a reported intermediary, not an independently verified mandatory stage; Spanish mediation is also only proposed. Iranica’s headword gives a competing šaṭranj ancestry for the western forms, now explicitly preserved in Evidence. Game history does not decide the word route. English earliest dating differs between sources." }, { "id": "magazine", "word": "magazine", "language": "English", "sense": "The periodical", "senses": [ { "id": "magazine-periodical-sense", "label": "The periodical", "definition": "A publication issued at regular intervals containing articles, images or other writings.", "stageId": "magazine-english-periodical", "claimIds": [ "magazine-english", "magazine-french-periodical", "magazine-english-reading" ] }, { "id": "magazine-store-sense", "label": "The storehouse", "definition": "A warehouse, military store or ammunition chamber.", "stageId": "magazine-english-store", "claimIds": [ "magazine-english" ] } ], "defaultSense": "magazine-periodical-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 04", "aliases": [ "magasyne", "magasin", "magazzino", "makhzan", "maḵāzin", "مَخْزَن", "مَخَازِن" ], "summary": "Magazine separates Arabic morphology, storehouse and military senses, periodical publication, and modern magazine usage.", "intro": "The route begins with Arabic storehouse vocabulary, follows Mediterranean mediation, and marks English sense developments rather than dating the word from publishing history.", "claimIds": [ "magazine-arabic-singular", "magazine-arabic-plural", "magazine-italian", "magazine-french", "magazine-middle-english", "magazine-english", "batch04-magazine-reading", "batch04-magazine-geography", "batch04-magazine-date", "batch04-magazine-scope", "batch04-magazine-relations" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "magazine-arabic-singular", "narrativeOrder": [ "magazine-arabic-singular", "magazine-arabic-plural", "magazine-italian", "magazine-french", "magazine-middle-english", "magazine-english-store", "magazine-english-periodical" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "magazine-arabic-singular", "etymologyId": "magazine-arabic-singular-1", "form": "مَخْزَن", "language": "Arabic", "languageCode": "ar", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "magazine-arabic-singular" ] }, "transliteration": "makhzan", "pronunciation": { "guide": "makhzan (Arabic)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading" ] }, "script": "Arabic", "direction": "rtl", "sense": "Storeroom or storehouse.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Arabic–Mediterranean Europe–English lexical corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 35.87, 28.29 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "magazine-arabic-singular", "batch04-magazine-reading", "batch04-magazine-geography", "batch04-magazine-date", "batch04-magazine-scope" ], "explanation": "Storeroom or storehouse.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "magazine-arabic-singular", "batch04-magazine-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading", "batch04-magazine-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading", "batch04-magazine-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for مَخْزَن does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading", "batch04-magazine-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "magazine-arabic-singular", "batch04-magazine-reading", "batch04-magazine-geography", "batch04-magazine-date", "batch04-magazine-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "magazine-arabic-singular", "magazine-arabic-plural", "batch04-magazine-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "magazine-arabic-plural", "etymologyId": "magazine-arabic-plural-1", "form": "مَخَازِن", "language": "Arabic", "languageCode": "ar", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "magazine-arabic-plural" ] }, "transliteration": "maḵāzin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "maḵāzin (Arabic plural)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading" ] }, "script": "Arabic", "direction": "rtl", "sense": "Storehouses; plural form in the reported etymology.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Arabic–Mediterranean Europe–English lexical corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 35.87, 28.29 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "magazine-arabic-plural", "batch04-magazine-reading", "batch04-magazine-geography", "batch04-magazine-date", "batch04-magazine-scope" ], "explanation": "Storehouses; plural form in the reported etymology.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "magazine-arabic-plural", "batch04-magazine-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading", "batch04-magazine-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading", "batch04-magazine-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for مَخَازِن does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading", "batch04-magazine-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "magazine-arabic-plural", "batch04-magazine-reading", "batch04-magazine-geography", "batch04-magazine-date", "batch04-magazine-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "magazine-arabic-plural", "magazine-italian", "batch04-magazine-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "magazine-italian", "etymologyId": "magazine-italian-1", "form": "magazzino", "language": "Italian", "languageCode": "it", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "magazine-italian" ] }, "transliteration": "magazzino", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ma-gat-TSI-no (Italian)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Storehouse, warehouse.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Arabic–Mediterranean Europe–English lexical corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 12.65, 43.05 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "magazine-italian", "batch04-magazine-reading", "batch04-magazine-geography", "batch04-magazine-date", "batch04-magazine-scope" ], "explanation": "Storehouse, warehouse.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "magazine-italian", "batch04-magazine-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading", "batch04-magazine-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading", "batch04-magazine-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for magazzino does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading", "batch04-magazine-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "magazine-italian", "batch04-magazine-reading", "batch04-magazine-geography", "batch04-magazine-date", "batch04-magazine-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "magazine-italian", "magazine-french", "batch04-magazine-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "magazine-french", "etymologyId": "magazine-french-1", "form": "magasin", "language": "Middle French", "languageCode": "frm", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "magazine-french" ] }, "transliteration": "magasin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ma-ga-ZAN (French)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Warehouse, store or depot.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Arabic–Mediterranean Europe–English lexical corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 2, 48 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "magazine-french", "batch04-magazine-reading", "batch04-magazine-geography", "batch04-magazine-date", "batch04-magazine-scope" ], "explanation": "Warehouse, store or depot.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "magazine-french", "batch04-magazine-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading", "batch04-magazine-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading", "batch04-magazine-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for magasin does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading", "batch04-magazine-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "magazine-french", "batch04-magazine-reading", "batch04-magazine-geography", "batch04-magazine-date", "batch04-magazine-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "magazine-french", "magazine-middle-english", "batch04-magazine-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "magazine-middle-english", "etymologyId": "magazine-middle-english-1", "form": "magasyne", "language": "Middle English", "languageCode": "enm", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "magazine-middle-english" ] }, "transliteration": "magasyne", "pronunciation": { "guide": "MA-ga-syne (Middle English)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Warehouse or store; the medieval English form.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "magazine-middle-english", "batch04-magazine-reading", "batch04-magazine-geography", "batch04-magazine-date", "batch04-magazine-scope" ], "explanation": "Warehouse or store; the medieval English form.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "magazine-middle-english", "batch04-magazine-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading", "batch04-magazine-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading", "batch04-magazine-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for magasyne does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading", "batch04-magazine-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "magazine-middle-english", "batch04-magazine-reading", "batch04-magazine-geography", "batch04-magazine-date", "batch04-magazine-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "magazine-middle-english", "magazine-english", "batch04-magazine-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "magazine-english-store", "etymologyId": "magazine-english-store-1", "form": "magazine", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "magazine-english", "magazine-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "magazine", "pronunciation": { "guide": "mag-a-ZEEN", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A warehouse, military store or ammunition chamber.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1500, "end": 1599, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1580s · English storage sense", "note": "Online Etymology Dictionary reports the 1580s storage sense; the periodical date is a later contextual sense date.", "claimIds": [ "magazine-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "magazine-english", "magazine-english-reading", "batch04-magazine-reading", "batch04-magazine-geography", "batch04-magazine-date", "batch04-magazine-scope" ], "explanation": "A warehouse, military store or ammunition chamber.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading", "batch04-magazine-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading", "batch04-magazine-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for magazine does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "magazine-english", "batch04-magazine-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "magazine-english" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading", "batch04-magazine-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "magazine-english", "magazine-english-reading", "batch04-magazine-reading", "batch04-magazine-geography", "batch04-magazine-date", "batch04-magazine-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "magazine-english", "magazine-french-periodical", "batch04-magazine-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "magazine-english-periodical", "etymologyId": "magazine-english-periodical-1", "form": "magazine", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "magazine-english", "magazine-french-periodical", "magazine-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "magazine", "pronunciation": { "guide": "mag-a-ZEEN", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A periodical publication containing articles, images or other writings.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "magazine-english", "magazine-french-periodical", "magazine-english-reading", "batch04-magazine-reading", "batch04-magazine-geography", "batch04-magazine-date", "batch04-magazine-scope" ], "explanation": "A periodical publication containing articles, images or other writings.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading", "batch04-magazine-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading", "batch04-magazine-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for magazine does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-magazine-reading", "batch04-magazine-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "magazine-english", "magazine-french-periodical", "magazine-english-reading", "batch04-magazine-reading", "batch04-magazine-geography", "batch04-magazine-date", "batch04-magazine-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "magazine-arabic-singular-arabic-plural", "from": "magazine-arabic-singular", "to": "magazine-arabic-plural", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Arabic مخازن is the plural of مخزن in the displayed lexical ancestry.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "magazine-arabic-singular", "magazine-arabic-plural", "batch04-magazine-relations" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "magazine-arabic-plural-italian", "from": "magazine-arabic-plural", "to": "magazine-italian", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Italian magazzino is traced to Arabic maḵāzin through the reported route.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "magazine-arabic-plural", "magazine-italian", "batch04-magazine-relations" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "magazine-italian-french", "from": "magazine-italian", "to": "magazine-french", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Middle French magasin continues Italian magazzino as storehouse vocabulary.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "magazine-italian", "magazine-french", "batch04-magazine-relations" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "magazine-french-middle-english", "from": "magazine-french", "to": "magazine-middle-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Middle English magasyne follows the French magasin form.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "magazine-french", "magazine-middle-english", "batch04-magazine-relations" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "magazine-middle-english-english-store", "from": "magazine-middle-english", "to": "magazine-english-store", "type": "inheritance", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Modern English magazine continues the medieval English form.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "magazine-middle-english", "magazine-english", "batch04-magazine-relations" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "magazine-english-store-english-periodical", "from": "magazine-english-store", "to": "magazine-english-periodical", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The storage word extends metaphorically to a periodical as a storehouse of information.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "magazine-english", "magazine-french-periodical", "batch04-magazine-relations" ], "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "The English word retains storage and military senses while extending to a periodical publication understood as a storehouse of writings or information.", "added": [ "Periodical publication" ], "removed": [], "associations": [ "storehouse", "ammunition", "information" ], "claimIds": [ "magazine-english", "magazine-french-periodical" ], "context": { "stageId": "magazine-english-periodical", "label": "Storage and periodical senses", "summary": [ "1580s: warehouse or military store", "1731: periodical sense" ], "explanation": "The dates belong to different English senses and do not date the Arabic or Romance route.", "claimIds": [ "magazine-english", "magazine-french-periodical" ] } } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "magazine-arabic-singular", "text": "Arabic مَخْزَن (makhzan) means a storeroom or storehouse and is the singular behind the plural form in the displayed ancestry.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-magazine-arabic", "locator": "Arabic > Etymology and Noun", "passageIds": [ "magazine-arabic-singular-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source gives the morphological relation but does not supply a dated Arabic lexical witness for this journey." }, "inference": "Preserve the singular as the semantic base without inventing a date." }, { "id": "magazine-arabic-plural", "text": "English magazine is traced ultimately to Arabic مَخَازِن (maḵāzin), the plural of مَخْزَن, through Italian magazzino and French magasin.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-magazine", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "magazine-arabic-plural-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The route is lexical; no maritime or military transfer location is inferred from the word history." }, "inference": "Use the Arabic plural as the displayed upstream form." }, { "id": "magazine-italian", "text": "Italian magazzino means storehouse or warehouse and is the source of French magasin in the displayed route.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-magazine-italian", "locator": "Italian > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "magazine-italian-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source section does not establish a precise Italian borrowing date." }, "inference": "Keep Italian as a documented intermediary with an unknown date." }, { "id": "magazine-french", "text": "Middle French magasin means warehouse, store or depot and transmits the Arabic-derived word into English.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-magazine", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "magazine-french-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The English account compresses the French stage and does not require a separate first attestation here." }, "inference": "Preserve the French form and its storehouse sense." }, { "id": "magazine-middle-english", "text": "Middle English magasyne is the medieval English form preceding modern magazine.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-magazine", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "magazine-middle-english-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The inspected entry gives the form without an exact witness date." }, "inference": "Keep the stage undated." }, { "id": "magazine-french-periodical", "text": "CNRTL relates the periodical sense to a figurative “storehouse or collection of information” and the title Gentleman’s Magazine.", "sourceId": "pilot4-cnrtl-magazine", "locator": "MAGAZINE > Étymologie", "passageIds": [ "magazine-french-periodical-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The French reference corroborates the semantic bridge but does not replace the English attestation context." }, "inference": "Use it as an independent semantic cross-check." }, { "id": "magazine-english", "text": "English magazine is attested in the 1580s for a warehouse or military store, and the periodical sense appears with Gentleman’s Magazine in 1731.", "sourceId": "pilot4-etymonline-magazine", "locator": "magazine(n.)", "passageIds": [ "magazine-english-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The two dates are different English sense contexts; neither is a claim about the Arabic origin date." }, "inference": "Represent the storage and periodical senses as separate English developments." }, { "id": "magazine-english-reading", "text": "The English entry gives modern pronunciations including /ˌmæɡəˈziːn/ and defines magazine as a periodical as well as a store or ammunition chamber.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-magazine", "locator": "English > Pronunciation and Noun", "passageIds": [ "magazine-english-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "magazine-arabic-singular-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Arabic.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row arab1395", "passageIds": [ "arab1395" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Arabic reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "magazine-arabic-plural-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Arabic.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row arab1395", "passageIds": [ "arab1395" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Arabic reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "magazine-italian-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Italian.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row ital1282", "passageIds": [ "ital1282" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Italian reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "magazine-middle-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Middle English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row midd1317", "passageIds": [ "midd1317" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Middle English reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "magazine-english-store-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "magazine-english-periodical-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "batch04-magazine-reading", "text": "magazine: an inspected specialist, institutional or national-language source supports the displayed forms and the selected conventional readings; reconstructed or historical readings remain explicitly qualified.", "sourceId": "batch04-magazine-cnrtl", "locator": "etymology and historical sense sections", "passageIds": [ "batch04-magazine-cnrtl-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A conventional reading is not presented as an exact recording of every historical speaker; transliteration remains distinct from pronunciation." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest recoverable reading for each displayed stage without projecting a modern pronunciation backward." }, { "id": "batch04-magazine-geography", "text": "magazine: the map point is a supported language, speech-community or documented contact-corridor reference, not a precise lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch04-magazine-cnrtl", "locator": "etymology and historical sense sections", "passageIds": [ "batch04-magazine-cnrtl-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Reference coordinates orient the language or contact corridor and do not assert a territorial boundary, donor village or origin site." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the strongest defensible regional precision available in the inspected evidence." }, { "id": "batch04-magazine-date", "text": "magazine: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a form or sense; contextual object, cultural, institutional and biographical dates are not substituted for word chronology.", "sourceId": "batch04-magazine-cnrtl", "locator": "etymology and historical sense sections", "passageIds": [ "batch04-magazine-cnrtl-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Undated reconstructed or historical stages remain researched unresolved rather than receiving an invented date." }, "inference": "Lexography distinguishes attestation, documented use, sense attestation, bounded lexical periods and context." }, { "id": "batch04-magazine-scope", "text": "magazine: the route preserves competing analyses, qualified edges and semantic distinctions required by the inspected evidence.", "sourceId": "batch04-magazine-cnrtl", "locator": "etymology and historical sense sections", "passageIds": [ "batch04-magazine-cnrtl-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Periodical history is contextual; the Arabic plural and English forms do not imply one undifferentiated semantic jump from warehouse to modern media." }, "inference": "The narrative and topology are editorial representations of the evidence graph, not proof that every adjacent form is a direct parent." }, { "id": "batch04-magazine-relations", "text": "magazine: adjacent relations are retained with their existing type and certainty unless the inspected evidence requires a qualified or parallel reading.", "sourceId": "batch04-magazine-cnrtl", "locator": "etymology and historical sense sections", "passageIds": [ "batch04-magazine-cnrtl-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A displayed tree edge does not erase non-tree alternatives or convert cognacy, influence or comparison into direct borrowing." }, "inference": "Lexography preserves the current topology and records the evidence limits alongside each relation." } ], "limitations": "Periodical history is contextual; the Arabic plural and English forms do not imply one undifferentiated semantic jump from warehouse to modern media.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 04", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "camera", "word": "camera", "language": "English", "sense": "The image-making device", "senses": [ { "id": "camera-device-sense", "label": "The image-making device", "definition": "A device for taking still or moving pictures or photographs.", "stageId": "camera-english-photo", "claimIds": [ "camera-english-photo", "camera-english-reading" ] }, { "id": "camera-chamber-sense", "label": "The chamber", "definition": "A chamber or vaulted room, including the lexical base of camera obscura.", "stageId": "camera-english-room", "claimIds": [ "camera-latin", "camera-english-room" ] } ], "defaultSense": "camera-device-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 04", "aliases": [ "camera obscura", "camerae", "kamára", "καμάρα", "camera lucida" ], "summary": "A vaulted-room word becomes a camera obscura and then the modern image-making device.", "intro": "A vaulted-room word becomes a camera obscura and then the modern image-making device.", "claimIds": [ "camera-greek", "camera-latin", "camera-camera-obscura", "camera-english-room", "camera-english-photo" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "camera-greek", "narrativeOrder": [ "camera-greek", "camera-latin", "camera-camera-obscura", "camera-english-room", "camera-english-photo" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "camera-greek", "etymologyId": "camera-greek-1", "form": "καμάρα", "language": "Ancient Greek", "languageCode": "grc", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "camera-greek" ] }, "transliteration": "kamára", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The scholarly transliteration is preserved; Ancient Greek pronunciation is not reconstructed.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Greek", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Vaulted chamber or arched covering.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Greek reference region", "coordinates": [ 23.25607002000004, 38.83106936950003 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "camera-greek-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "camera-greek" ], "explanation": "Vaulted chamber or arched covering.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "camera-greek" ] }, { "id": "camera-latin", "etymologyId": "camera-latin-1", "form": "camera", "language": "Latin", "languageCode": "la", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "camera-latin" ] }, "transliteration": "camera", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The Latin form is preserved; historical Latin pronunciation is not asserted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Chamber, bedchamber or vaulted room.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Latin reference region", "coordinates": [ 12.4502, 41.9026 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "camera-latin-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "camera-latin" ], "explanation": "Chamber, bedchamber or vaulted room.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "camera-latin" ] }, { "id": "camera-camera-obscura", "etymologyId": "camera-camera-obscura-1", "form": "camera obscura", "language": "New Latin", "languageCode": "la", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "camera-camera-obscura" ] }, "transliteration": "camera obscura", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in this pilot. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Dark chamber; an optical device or room projecting an image.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No separate New Latin reference point is used for the learned phrase." }, "claimIds": [ "camera-camera-obscura" ], "explanation": "Dark chamber; an optical device or room projecting an image.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "camera-camera-obscura" ] }, { "id": "camera-english-room", "etymologyId": "camera-english-room-1", "form": "camera", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "camera-english-room" ] }, "transliteration": "camera", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KAM-uh-ruh", "ipa": "/ˈkæmərə/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the English-readable guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "camera-english-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A chamber or vaulted room; the shortened lexical form before the photographic sense.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1708, "end": 1708, "approximate": false, "label": "1708 · chamber sense", "note": "Reported English chamber use; not the date of the camera obscura phrase or photography.", "claimIds": [ "camera-english-room" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "camera-english-room-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "camera-english-room" ], "explanation": "A chamber or vaulted room; the shortened lexical form before the photographic sense." }, { "id": "camera-english-photo", "etymologyId": "camera-english-photo-1", "form": "camera", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "camera-english-photo", "camera-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "camera", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KAM-ruh", "ipa": "/ˈkæmɹə/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the English-readable guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "camera-english-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A device for taking still or moving pictures or photographs.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1840, "end": 1849, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1840 · photographic-device sense", "note": "Reported extension associated with modern photography; not an invention date.", "claimIds": [ "camera-english-photo" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "camera-english-photo-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "camera-english-photo", "camera-english-reading" ], "explanation": "A device for taking still or moving pictures or photographs." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "camera-greek-latin", "from": "camera-greek", "to": "camera-latin", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Latin camera continues Greek καμάρα in the chamber vocabulary.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "camera-greek", "camera-latin" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "camera-latin-camera-obscura", "from": "camera-latin", "to": "camera-camera-obscura", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "New Latin camera obscura combines Latin camera with obscura, dark.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "camera-latin", "camera-camera-obscura" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "camera-camera-obscura-english-room", "from": "camera-camera-obscura", "to": "camera-english-room", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "English camera becomes a shortened form associated with camera obscura after the chamber sense.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "camera-camera-obscura", "camera-english-room" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "camera-english-room-english-photo", "from": "camera-english-room", "to": "camera-english-photo", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The room/chamber word extends to the picture-taking device derived from camera obscura.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "camera-english-room", "camera-english-photo" ], "semantic": { "type": "shifted", "explanation": "The referent shifts from a chamber or room to an optical and photographic device that creates or records images.", "added": [ "Picture-taking device", "Photographic camera" ], "removed": [ "Chamber as the primary referent" ], "associations": [ "dark chamber", "image projection" ], "claimIds": [ "camera-english-room", "camera-english-photo" ], "context": { "stageId": "camera-english-photo", "label": "Chamber and image-device senses", "summary": [ "1708: chamber sense", "Early 18th century: camera obscura abbreviation", "c. 1840: photographic device" ], "explanation": "The chronology separates lexical sense development from the independent history of optical technology.", "claimIds": [ "camera-english-room", "camera-camera-obscura", "camera-english-photo" ] } } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "camera-greek", "text": "English camera is traced through Latin camera to Ancient Greek καμάρα (kamára), a vaulted chamber or arched covering.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-camera", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "camera-greek-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Greek form’s deeper origin is uncertain in the inspected entry." }, "inference": "Stop the ancestry at the supportable Greek form." }, { "id": "camera-latin", "text": "Latin camera means a chamber, bedchamber or vaulted room and is the learned source of English camera.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-camera", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "camera-latin-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The Latin stage is lexical ancestry, not a claim about a photographic object." }, "inference": "Use Latin as the room/chamber stage." }, { "id": "camera-camera-obscura", "text": "New Latin camera obscura means “dark chamber”; the phrase was used for the darkened room or optical device before the shortened camera.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-camera-obscura", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "camera-camera-obscura-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The exact first use of the device phrase is separated from the later English photographic-device sense." }, "inference": "Keep camera obscura as a phrase-stage and preserve its 1604 Latin terminology context only in evidence if needed." }, { "id": "camera-english-room", "text": "English camera was used from 1708 for a vaulted building or chamber and later as a short form of camera obscura.", "sourceId": "pilot4-etymonline-camera", "locator": "camera(n.)", "passageIds": [ "camera-english-room-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The 1708 date is a contextual lexical date, not an origin date for photography." }, "inference": "Use the room sense before the image-device sense." }, { "id": "camera-english-photo", "text": "The camera word was extended to a picture-taking device around 1840 as a development of the camera obscura.", "sourceId": "pilot4-etymonline-camera", "locator": "camera(n.)", "passageIds": [ "camera-english-photo-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a sense context associated with modern photography, not a claim that one inventor created the word." }, "inference": "Keep the photographic-device extension separate from object history." }, { "id": "camera-english-reading", "text": "The English entry gives multiple regional IPA forms and defines camera as a picture-taking device, a game viewpoint and a chamber.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-camera", "locator": "English > Pronunciation and Noun", "passageIds": [ "camera-english-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "camera-greek-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Greek.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row gree1276", "passageIds": [ "gree1276" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Greek reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "camera-latin-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Latin.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row lati1261", "passageIds": [ "lati1261" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Latin reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "camera-english-room-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "camera-english-photo-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." } ], "limitations": "The journey is lexical and sense-focused. Ancient optical observations and the independent history of photography are not inserted as word stages. The early-eighteenth-century camera obscura abbreviation and the c.1840 photographic-device extension are kept distinct from the Latin/Greek chamber ancestry." }, { "id": "avocado", "word": "avocado", "language": "English", "sense": "The fruit", "senses": [ { "id": "avocado-fruit-sense", "label": "The fruit", "definition": "The avocado fruit and the tree that bears it.", "stageId": "avocado-english", "claimIds": [ "avocado-english", "avocado-english-reading" ] } ], "defaultSense": "avocado-fruit-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 04", "aliases": [ "aguacate", "avocado pear", "āhuacatl", "ahuacatl", "avocat" ], "summary": "A Nahuatl fruit name enters Spanish as aguacate and is reshaped into the English avocado.", "intro": "A Nahuatl fruit name enters Spanish as aguacate and is reshaped into the English avocado.", "claimIds": [ "avocado-nahuatl", "avocado-spanish-aguacate", "avocado-spanish-avocado", "avocado-english" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "avocado-nahuatl", "narrativeOrder": [ "avocado-nahuatl", "avocado-aguacate", "avocado-spanish-avocado", "avocado-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "avocado-nahuatl", "etymologyId": "avocado-nahuatl-1", "form": "āhuacatl", "language": "Classical Nahuatl", "languageCode": "nci", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "avocado-nahuatl" ] }, "transliteration": "āhuacatl", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The scholarly transliteration is preserved; Classical Nahuatl pronunciation is not reconstructed.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Avocado fruit; a related secondary body-part association is preserved only in evidence.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Classical Nahuatl reference region", "coordinates": [ -96.97, 19.72 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "avocado-nahuatl-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "avocado-nahuatl" ], "explanation": "Avocado fruit; a related secondary body-part association is preserved only in evidence.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "avocado-nahuatl" ] }, { "id": "avocado-aguacate", "etymologyId": "avocado-aguacate-1", "form": "aguacate", "language": "Spanish", "languageCode": "es", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "avocado-spanish-aguacate", "avocado-rae-spanish" ] }, "transliteration": "aguacate", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Modern Spanish pronunciation is not needed to state the historical English route.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Avocado fruit.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Spanish reference region", "coordinates": [ -1.11788, 40.4414 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "avocado-aguacate-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "avocado-spanish-aguacate", "avocado-rae-spanish" ], "explanation": "Avocado fruit.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "avocado-spanish-aguacate", "avocado-rae-spanish" ] }, { "id": "avocado-spanish-avocado", "etymologyId": "avocado-spanish-avocado-1", "form": "avocado", "language": "Latin American Spanish", "languageCode": "es", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "avocado-spanish-avocado" ] }, "transliteration": "avocado", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The form is preserved as a Spanish spelling stage; no historical pronunciation is reconstructed.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Avocado; a reshaped Spanish form.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Spanish reference region", "coordinates": [ -1.11788, 40.4414 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "avocado-spanish-avocado-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "avocado-spanish-avocado" ], "explanation": "Avocado; a reshaped Spanish form.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "avocado-spanish-avocado" ] }, { "id": "avocado-english", "etymologyId": "avocado-english-1", "form": "avocado", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "avocado-english", "avocado-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "avocado", "pronunciation": { "guide": "av-uh-KAH-doh", "ipa": "/ˌævəˈkɑːdəʊ/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the English-readable guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "avocado-english-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "The avocado fruit and tree.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1696, "end": 1696, "approximate": false, "label": "1696 · early English plant context", "note": "Early catalogue context; not the first Spanish or Nahuatl attestation.", "claimIds": [ "avocado-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "avocado-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "avocado-english", "avocado-english-reading" ], "explanation": "The avocado fruit and tree." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "avocado-nahuatl-aguacate", "from": "avocado-nahuatl", "to": "avocado-aguacate", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Spanish aguacate is borrowed from Classical Nahuatl āhuacatl.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "avocado-nahuatl", "avocado-spanish-aguacate", "avocado-rae-spanish" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "avocado-aguacate-spanish-avocado", "from": "avocado-aguacate", "to": "avocado-spanish-avocado", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The Spanish form is reshaped from aguacate, with possible folk-etymological influence from abogado/avocado.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "avocado-spanish-aguacate", "avocado-spanish-avocado" ], "semantic": { "type": "shifted", "explanation": "The lexical form is reshaped in Spanish while retaining the fruit referent; the “lawyer” resemblance is a form influence, not a new fruit meaning.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [ "abogado", "lawyer" ], "claimIds": [ "avocado-spanish-aguacate", "avocado-spanish-avocado" ] } }, { "id": "avocado-spanish-avocado-english", "from": "avocado-spanish-avocado", "to": "avocado-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English avocado is borrowed from the Latin American Spanish form.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "avocado-spanish-avocado", "avocado-english" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "avocado-nahuatl", "text": "Classical Nahuatl āhuacatl denotes the avocado; the English route is traced through Spanish aguacate.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-avocado-nahuatl", "locator": "Classical Nahuatl > Noun", "passageIds": [ "avocado-nahuatl-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The entry also records a related secondary body-part sense, but that does not replace the fruit sense in this journey." }, "inference": "Keep the fruit sense primary and the secondary association qualified." }, { "id": "avocado-spanish-aguacate", "text": "Spanish aguacate is the earlier form from which English avocado is derived, ultimately from Nahuatl āhuacatl.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-avocado", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "avocado-spanish-aguacate-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Spanish varieties and the path to the English spelling are not reduced to one exact dated phonological event." }, "inference": "Use Spanish aguacate as the immediate lexical donor stage." }, { "id": "avocado-rae-spanish", "text": "The Spanish dictionary entry defines aguacate as the avocado fruit and records the Spanish lexical form.", "sourceId": "pilot4-rae-avocado", "locator": "aguacate", "passageIds": [ "avocado-rae-spanish-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The dictionary definition corroborates the Spanish fruit sense but does not settle every historical spelling development." }, "inference": "Use it as an independent sense cross-check." }, { "id": "avocado-spanish-avocado", "text": "English avocado is borrowed from Latin American Spanish avocado, an altered form associated with Spanish abogado/avocado “lawyer” by folk-etymological influence.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-avocado", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "avocado-spanish-avocado-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source warns against treating the surface resemblance as the primary Nahuatl route." }, "inference": "Preserve avocado as a Spanish reshaping before English." }, { "id": "avocado-english", "text": "English avocado is reported in a 1696 plant catalogue context and denotes the fruit and tree.", "sourceId": "pilot4-etymonline-avocado", "locator": "avocado(n.)", "passageIds": [ "avocado-english-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The 1696 mention is an early contextual attestation and not a claim about the first Spanish form or the plant’s origin." }, "inference": "Use the date only for the English lexical context." }, { "id": "avocado-english-reading", "text": "The English entry gives regional pronunciations and defines avocado as the fruit.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-avocado", "locator": "English > Pronunciation and Noun", "passageIds": [ "avocado-english-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "avocado-nahuatl-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Classical Nahuatl.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row clas1250", "passageIds": [ "clas1250" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Classical Nahuatl reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "avocado-aguacate-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Spanish.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1288", "passageIds": [ "stan1288" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Spanish reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "avocado-spanish-avocado-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Spanish.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1288", "passageIds": [ "stan1288" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Spanish reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "avocado-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." } ], "limitations": "The route is lexical, not a history of avocado cultivation or commercial naming. Nahuatl āhuacatl is preserved with its fruit sense; the related body-part sense and the Spanish/English lawyer-like reshaping are treated as competing or folk-etymological influence, not as a proven semantic source." }, { "id": "canoe", "word": "canoe", "language": "English", "sense": "The boat", "senses": [ { "id": "canoe-boat-sense", "label": "The boat", "definition": "A small narrow boat propelled by one or more paddles.", "stageId": "canoe-english-boat", "claimIds": [ "canoe-english", "canoe-english-reading" ] } ], "defaultSense": "canoe-boat-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 04", "aliases": [ "canoa", "kanowa", "kanawa", "canoë", "canot" ], "summary": "A Caribbean Indigenous boat name enters Spanish and then English, with later North American contact routes kept outside the direct path.", "intro": "A Caribbean Indigenous boat name enters Spanish and then English, with later North American contact routes kept outside the direct path.", "claimIds": [ "canoe-taino", "canoe-arawakan", "canoe-spanish", "canoe-english", "canoe-alternative-contact" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "canoe-taino", "narrativeOrder": [ "canoe-taino", "canoe-spanish", "canoe-english-boat", "canoe-english-regional" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "canoe-taino", "etymologyId": "canoe-taino-1", "form": "*kanowa", "language": "Taíno", "languageCode": "tnq", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "canoe-taino" ] }, "transliteration": "*kanowa", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The reconstructed form is preserved; a historical Taíno pronunciation is not asserted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Dugout canoe; Indigenous Caribbean lexical source.", "formStatus": "reconstructed", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Taíno reference region", "coordinates": [ -66.8042, 18.2836 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "canoe-taino-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "canoe-taino" ], "explanation": "Dugout canoe; Indigenous Caribbean lexical source.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "canoe-taino" ] }, { "id": "canoe-spanish", "etymologyId": "canoe-spanish-1", "form": "canoa", "language": "Spanish", "languageCode": "es", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "canoe-spanish" ] }, "transliteration": "canoa", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Modern Spanish pronunciation is not needed to state the historical route.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Canoe or dugout boat.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Spanish reference region", "coordinates": [ -1.11788, 40.4414 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "canoe-spanish-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "canoe-spanish" ], "explanation": "Canoe or dugout boat.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "canoe-spanish" ] }, { "id": "canoe-english-boat", "etymologyId": "canoe-english-boat-1", "form": "canoe", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "canoe-english", "canoe-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "canoe", "pronunciation": { "guide": "kuh-NOO", "ipa": "/kəˈnuː/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the English-readable guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "canoe-english-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A small narrow boat propelled by one or more paddles.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "language-period", "start": 1500, "end": 1599, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 16th century · English adoption context", "note": "The source gives a century-level adoption context; not the date of the Indigenous form or boat technology.", "claimIds": [ "canoe-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "canoe-english-boat-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "canoe-english", "canoe-english-reading" ], "explanation": "A small narrow boat propelled by one or more paddles." }, { "id": "canoe-english-regional", "etymologyId": "canoe-english-regional-1", "form": "canoe", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "canoe-english", "canoe-alternative-contact" ] }, "transliteration": "canoe", "pronunciation": { "guide": "kuh-NOO", "ipa": "/kəˈnuː/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the English-readable guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "canoe-english-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A regional type of small paddle boat; the lexical sense remains a boat term.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "canoe-english-regional-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "canoe-english", "canoe-alternative-contact" ], "explanation": "A regional type of small paddle boat; the lexical sense remains a boat term." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "canoe-taino-spanish", "from": "canoe-taino", "to": "canoe-spanish", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Spanish canoa is borrowed from Taíno *kanowa in the inspected account.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "canoe-taino", "canoe-spanish" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "canoe-spanish-english-boat", "from": "canoe-spanish", "to": "canoe-english-boat", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English canoe is adopted from Spanish canoa.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "canoe-spanish", "canoe-english" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "canoe-english-boat-english-regional", "from": "canoe-english-boat", "to": "canoe-english-regional", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The English word retains the small-paddle-boat sense while its referents broaden across regional canoe traditions.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "canoe-english", "canoe-alternative-contact" ], "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "The lexical sense remains a type of boat; later regional uses do not establish a new etymological route or a single technological history.", "added": [ "Regional canoe types" ], "removed": [], "associations": [ "paddle", "dugout boat" ], "claimIds": [ "canoe-english", "canoe-alternative-contact" ], "context": { "stageId": "canoe-english-regional", "label": "Lexical route and boat history", "summary": [ "Taíno *kanowa → Spanish canoa → English canoe", "Later French/North American contact is alternative context" ], "explanation": "The word journey does not claim that the English boat design descends directly from one historical object.", "claimIds": [ "canoe-taino", "canoe-spanish", "canoe-alternative-contact" ] } } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "canoe-taino", "text": "English canoe is adopted in the sixteenth century from Spanish canoa, from Taíno *kanowa, “dugout canoe.”", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-canoe", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "canoe-taino-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The asterisk and gloss reflect the inspected lexical account; no reconstructed Taíno pronunciation is supplied." }, "inference": "Preserve the Taíno form and do not add a generic “boat” intermediary." }, { "id": "canoe-arawakan", "text": "The entry compares Lokono kanoa and Wayuu anuwa/anua and gives Proto-Arawak *kanawa as a possible deeper relation.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-canoe", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "canoe-arawakan-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The comparative forms do not establish a direct Taíno-to-Proto-Arawak reconstruction for this English word." }, "inference": "Keep the Proto-Arawak comparison qualified in evidence." }, { "id": "canoe-spanish", "text": "Spanish canoa is the immediate European donor form in the displayed route.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-canoe", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "canoe-spanish-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The source does not require a dated Spanish-to-English transfer witness for this bounded journey." }, "inference": "Use Spanish canoa as the direct European intermediary." }, { "id": "canoe-english", "text": "English canoe is attested from the sixteenth century and denotes a small, narrow boat propelled by paddles.", "sourceId": "pilot4-etymonline-canoe", "locator": "canoe(n.)", "passageIds": [ "canoe-english-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The century is a broad English adoption context, not the date of the Taíno form or of canoe construction." }, "inference": "Use the period only for English lexical adoption." }, { "id": "canoe-alternative-contact", "text": "French canot/canoë and possible North American Indigenous contact are alternative context around the later English word, not a replacement for the Spanish/Taíno route.", "sourceId": "pilot4-arawak-canoe", "locator": "English > Etymology and comparisons", "passageIds": [ "canoe-alternative-contact-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "The alternative contact history is not sufficiently bounded here to add as a direct stage." }, "inference": "Preserve the alternative without inventing an intermediary." }, { "id": "canoe-english-reading", "text": "The English entry gives /kəˈnuː/ and defines canoe as a small narrow boat propelled by paddles.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-canoe", "locator": "English > Pronunciation and Noun", "passageIds": [ "canoe-english-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "canoe-taino-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Taino.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row tain1254", "passageIds": [ "tain1254" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Taíno reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "canoe-spanish-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Spanish.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1288", "passageIds": [ "stan1288" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Spanish reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "canoe-english-boat-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "canoe-english-regional-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." } ], "limitations": "The direct English route is Spanish canoa from Taíno kanowa, with a possible Proto-Arawak comparison. French canot/canoë and Saint-Lawrence Indigenous contact are retained as a qualified alternative context rather than inserted as an unsupported English intermediary. The history of canoe technology is outside scope." }, { "id": "barbecue", "word": "barbecue", "language": "English", "sense": "The cooking method", "senses": [ { "id": "barbecue-method-sense", "label": "The cooking method", "definition": "Cooking food over or beside live fire, smoke or a grill.", "stageId": "barbecue-english-framework", "claimIds": [ "barbecue-english", "barbecue-modern-grill", "barbecue-english-reading" ] }, { "id": "barbecue-event-sense", "label": "The barbecue event", "definition": "A meal or social gathering centered on barbecue food.", "stageId": "barbecue-english-event", "claimIds": [ "barbecue-english", "barbecue-modern-grill" ] } ], "defaultSense": "barbecue-method-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 04", "aliases": [ "barbacoa", "barbeque", "BBQ", "barbakoa" ], "summary": "Barbecue keeps Taíno, Spanish mediation, and later English cooking senses separate from the history of the practice.", "intro": "The route is a Caribbean lexical corridor, not a claim that the English grill sense dates the underlying food tradition.", "claimIds": [ "barbecue-taino", "barbecue-spanish", "barbecue-english", "barbecue-modern-grill", "barbecue-folk-etymology", "batch03-barbecue-reading", "batch03-barbecue-geography", "batch03-barbecue-scope", "batch03-barbecue-date" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "barbecue-taino", "narrativeOrder": [ "barbecue-taino", "barbecue-spanish", "barbecue-english-framework", "barbecue-english-event" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "barbecue-taino", "etymologyId": "barbecue-taino-1", "form": "barbakoa", "language": "Taíno", "languageCode": "tnq", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "barbecue-taino" ] }, "transliteration": "barbakoa", "pronunciation": { "guide": "bar-ba-KO-a (reconstructed)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Conventional or scholarly reconstruction is shown as reconstruction; no exact historical sound is asserted.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Wooden support or grill used in the Caribbean cooking account.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Taíno / Caribbean", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ -66.8, 18.3 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "barbecue-taino", "batch03-barbecue-reading", "batch03-barbecue-geography", "batch03-barbecue-scope", "batch03-barbecue-date" ], "explanation": "Wooden support or grill used in the Caribbean cooking account.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "barbecue-taino", "batch03-barbecue-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-reading", "batch03-barbecue-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-reading", "batch03-barbecue-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage. Contextual history is not substituted for lexical chronology.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-reading", "batch03-barbecue-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "barbecue-taino", "batch03-barbecue-reading", "batch03-barbecue-geography", "batch03-barbecue-scope", "batch03-barbecue-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "barbecue-taino", "barbecue-spanish" ] } } }, { "id": "barbecue-spanish", "etymologyId": "barbecue-spanish-1", "form": "barbacoa", "language": "Spanish", "languageCode": "es", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "barbecue-spanish" ] }, "transliteration": "barbacoa", "pronunciation": { "guide": "bar-ba-KO-a", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Grill or wooden cooking framework.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Taíno / Caribbean", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ -66.8, 18.3 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "barbecue-spanish", "batch03-barbecue-reading", "batch03-barbecue-geography", "batch03-barbecue-scope", "batch03-barbecue-date" ], "explanation": "Grill or wooden cooking framework.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "barbecue-spanish", "batch03-barbecue-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-reading", "batch03-barbecue-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-reading", "batch03-barbecue-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage. Contextual history is not substituted for lexical chronology.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-reading", "batch03-barbecue-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "barbecue-spanish", "batch03-barbecue-reading", "batch03-barbecue-geography", "batch03-barbecue-scope", "batch03-barbecue-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "barbecue-spanish", "barbecue-english" ] } } }, { "id": "barbecue-english-framework", "etymologyId": "barbecue-english-framework-1", "form": "barbecue", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "barbecue-english", "barbecue-modern-grill", "barbecue-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "barbecue", "pronunciation": { "guide": "BAR-bə-kyoo", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A cooking framework or method for roasting or grilling food.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1600, "end": 1699, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 17th century · English barbecue context", "note": "The source reports early English uses in the 1660s–1690s; the broad century avoids false precision.", "claimIds": [ "barbecue-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "barbecue-english", "barbecue-modern-grill", "barbecue-english-reading", "batch03-barbecue-reading", "batch03-barbecue-geography", "batch03-barbecue-scope", "batch03-barbecue-date" ], "explanation": "A cooking framework or method for roasting or grilling food.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-reading", "batch03-barbecue-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-reading", "batch03-barbecue-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage. Contextual history is not substituted for lexical chronology.", "claimIds": [ "barbecue-english", "batch03-barbecue-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "barbecue-english" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-reading", "batch03-barbecue-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "barbecue-english", "barbecue-modern-grill", "barbecue-english-reading", "batch03-barbecue-reading", "batch03-barbecue-geography", "batch03-barbecue-scope", "batch03-barbecue-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "barbecue-english", "barbecue-modern-grill" ] } } }, { "id": "barbecue-english-event", "etymologyId": "barbecue-english-event-1", "form": "barbecue", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "barbecue-english", "barbecue-modern-grill", "barbecue-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "barbecue", "pronunciation": { "guide": "BAR-bə-kyoo", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A social meal or food prepared by the barbecue method.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "barbecue-english", "barbecue-modern-grill", "barbecue-english-reading", "batch03-barbecue-reading", "batch03-barbecue-geography", "batch03-barbecue-scope", "batch03-barbecue-date" ], "explanation": "A social meal or food prepared by the barbecue method.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-reading", "batch03-barbecue-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-reading", "batch03-barbecue-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage. Contextual history is not substituted for lexical chronology.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-barbecue-reading", "batch03-barbecue-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "barbecue-english", "barbecue-modern-grill", "barbecue-english-reading", "batch03-barbecue-reading", "batch03-barbecue-geography", "batch03-barbecue-scope", "batch03-barbecue-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "barbecue-taino-spanish", "from": "barbecue-taino", "to": "barbecue-spanish", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Spanish barbacoa is traced to Taíno barbakoa.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "barbecue-taino", "barbecue-spanish" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "barbecue-spanish-english-framework", "from": "barbecue-spanish", "to": "barbecue-english-framework", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English barbecue is borrowed from Spanish barbacoa.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "barbecue-spanish", "barbecue-english" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "barbecue-english-framework-english-event", "from": "barbecue-english-framework", "to": "barbecue-english-event", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The English word broadens from a cooking framework to the method, food and social event.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "barbecue-english", "barbecue-modern-grill" ], "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "The English word retains the cooking association while extending from a structure to the method, the prepared food and the social event.", "added": [ "Cooking method", "Prepared food", "Social meal" ], "removed": [ "Wooden cooking framework as the primary referent" ], "associations": [ "grill", "smoke", "outdoor feast" ], "claimIds": [ "barbecue-english", "barbecue-modern-grill" ], "context": { "stageId": "barbecue-english-event", "label": "Structure, method, food and event", "summary": [ "17th century: cooking framework", "1733: social-event sense", "1894: food sense", "1931: popular grill sense" ], "explanation": "These are English sense contexts, not a chronology of Caribbean cooking technology.", "claimIds": [ "barbecue-english", "barbecue-modern-grill" ] } } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "barbecue-taino", "text": "The English word is traced through Spanish barbacoa to Taíno barbakoa, a wooden support or grill.", "sourceId": "pilot4-french-barbecue", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "barbecue-taino-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The exact Taíno form and gloss vary across secondary accounts; no reconstructed pronunciation is supplied." }, "inference": "Preserve the Indigenous form and avoid a French folk etymology." }, { "id": "barbecue-spanish", "text": "Spanish barbacoa is the immediate source of English barbecue in the inspected account.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-barbecue", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "barbecue-spanish-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The word’s early Spanish and English forms do not date the cooking practice itself." }, "inference": "Use Spanish barbacoa as the European donor stage." }, { "id": "barbecue-english", "text": "English barbecue is attested in the 1690s for a framework for grilling meat; later senses include an outdoor feast, cooked food and a cooking method.", "sourceId": "pilot4-etymonline-barbecue", "locator": "barbecue(n.)", "passageIds": [ "barbecue-english-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The dates are separate English sense contexts, not a technology-history chronology." }, "inference": "Keep the structure, event, food and method senses distinct." }, { "id": "barbecue-modern-grill", "text": "The modern popular grill sense is reported from 1931, while the social-entertainment sense is reported from 1733.", "sourceId": "pilot4-etymonline-barbecue", "locator": "barbecue(n.)", "passageIds": [ "barbecue-modern-grill-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "These dates describe English semantic developments and do not establish the first cooking use in the Caribbean." }, "inference": "Use them only to scope the English sense history." }, { "id": "barbecue-folk-etymology", "text": "The popular French barbe à queue (“beard to tail”) explanation is not supported by the inspected academic etymology account.", "sourceId": "pilot4-etymonline-barbecue", "locator": "barbecue(n.) and linked discussion", "passageIds": [ "barbecue-folk-etymology-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "This is a rejected folk explanation, not a competing supported route." }, "inference": "Keep it as a negative evidence note rather than a stage or relationship." }, { "id": "barbecue-english-reading", "text": "The English entry defines barbecue as cooking, a social meal, or food cooked by that method and records barbecue/barbeque variants.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-barbecue", "locator": "English > Pronunciation and Noun", "passageIds": [ "barbecue-english-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "barbecue-taino-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Taino.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row tain1254", "passageIds": [ "tain1254" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Taíno reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "barbecue-spanish-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Spanish.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1288", "passageIds": [ "stan1288" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Spanish reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "barbecue-english-framework-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "barbecue-english-event-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "batch03-barbecue-reading", "text": "barbecue: inspected lexical sources support the displayed forms and conventional readings, with reconstructions kept visibly reconstructed where relevant.", "sourceId": "pilot4-french-barbecue", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "barbecue-taino-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A modern or conventional reading is not presented as an exact historical sound; reconstructed forms remain reconstructed." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest inspected reading available for the displayed stage and keeps transliteration separate from pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch03-barbecue-geography", "text": "barbecue: the displayed map point represents a supported language, speech, community or contact region at the strongest defensible precision.", "sourceId": "pilot4-french-barbecue", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "barbecue-taino-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The region is not a fabricated birthplace; language-reference and contact-corridor coordinates are used only for orientation." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a defensible lexical or speech region while preserving uncertainty about exact donor location." }, { "id": "batch03-barbecue-scope", "text": "barbecue: the batch keeps lexical chronology, contextual history, semantic development and competing routes distinct.", "sourceId": "pilot4-french-barbecue", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "barbecue-taino-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Earlier reviewed ambiguity and source limits remain visible; no cultural, object, institutional or biographical date is promoted to word history." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the published journey without silently replacing a reviewed route or manufacturing a cleaner topology." }, { "id": "batch03-barbecue-date", "text": "barbecue: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a word, sense or documented use; conflicting witnesses remain recorded as conflicts.", "sourceId": "pilot4-french-barbecue", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "barbecue-taino-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A dated witness is not treated as a coinage date, and competing dictionary dates are not silently reconciled." }, "inference": "Lexography separates lexical attestation from contextual periodization and reports bounded uncertainty." } ], "limitations": "Taíno evidence is mediated through colonial records; exact phonetic reconstruction and the timing of English sense specialization remain bounded.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 03", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "admiral", "word": "admiral", "language": "English", "sense": "The naval rank", "senses": [ { "id": "admiral-rank-sense", "label": "The naval rank", "definition": "A high naval officer or commander of a fleet.", "stageId": "admiral-english-rank", "claimIds": [ "admiral-english", "admiral-english-reading" ] } ], "defaultSense": "admiral-rank-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 04", "aliases": [ "amiral", "amirall", "amiralis", "ʔamīr", "amir al-bahr", "amir al-umara" ], "summary": "An Arabic commander title enters Norman and Latin forms, is reshaped in French and English, and becomes a naval rank.", "intro": "An Arabic commander title enters Norman and Latin forms, is reshaped in French and English, and becomes a naval rank.", "claimIds": [ "admiral-arabic", "admiral-arabic-alternatives", "admiral-medieval-latin", "admiral-french", "admiral-english", "admiral-reviewed-french", "admiral-reviewed-ending" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "admiral-arabic", "narrativeOrder": [ "admiral-arabic", "admiral-latin", "admiral-french", "admiral-english-commander", "admiral-english-rank" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "admiral-arabic", "etymologyId": "admiral-arabic-1", "form": "أَمِير", "language": "Arabic", "languageCode": "ar", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "admiral-arabic" ] }, "transliteration": "ʔamīr", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The scholarly transliteration is preserved; historical Arabic pronunciation is not asserted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Arabic", "direction": "rtl", "sense": "Commander, prince or military leader.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Arabic reference region", "coordinates": [ 35.871537655605096, 28.293689418964068 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "admiral-arabic-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "admiral-arabic" ], "explanation": "Commander, prince or military leader.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "admiral-arabic" ] }, { "id": "admiral-latin", "etymologyId": "admiral-latin-1", "form": "amiralis", "language": "Medieval Latin", "languageCode": "la", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "admiral-medieval-latin" ] }, "transliteration": "amiralis / admiralis", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in this pilot. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A commander title with varying medieval Latin endings and later d-spellings.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No separate historical location is assigned to this Medieval Latin title form." }, "claimIds": [ "admiral-medieval-latin", "admiral-reviewed-ending" ], "explanation": "The ending’s analysis is disputed. Association with admirari concerns later reshaping, not the Arabic lexical base.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "admiral-medieval-latin" ] }, { "id": "admiral-french", "etymologyId": "admiral-french-1", "form": "amiral", "language": "Old French", "languageCode": "fro", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "admiral-french" ] }, "transliteration": "amiral", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in this pilot. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Commander; later the naval-title form.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1200, "end": 1200, "approximate": false, "label": "1200 · reported French title use", "note": "TLFi cites Bodel for this form; its earlier amiralt and later naval usage have separate scopes.", "claimIds": [ "admiral-reviewed-french" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No separate historical location is assigned to this Old French title form." }, "claimIds": [ "admiral-french", "admiral-reviewed-french" ], "explanation": "Commander; later the naval-title form.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "admiral-french" ] }, { "id": "admiral-english-commander", "etymologyId": "admiral-english-commander-1", "form": "admiral", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "admiral-english", "admiral-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "admiral", "pronunciation": { "guide": "AD-muh-rul", "ipa": "/ˈædmərəl/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the English-readable guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "admiral-english-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A commander or title-bearer in the historical lexical route.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "admiral-english-commander-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "admiral-english", "admiral-english-reading" ], "explanation": "A commander or title-bearer in the historical lexical route." }, { "id": "admiral-english-rank", "etymologyId": "admiral-english-rank-1", "form": "admiral", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "admiral-english", "admiral-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "admiral", "pronunciation": { "guide": "AD-muh-rul", "ipa": "/ˈædmərəl/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the English-readable guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "admiral-english-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A high naval officer or the commander of a fleet.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "admiral-english-rank-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "admiral-english", "admiral-english-reading" ], "explanation": "A high naval officer or the commander of a fleet." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "admiral-arabic-latin", "from": "admiral-arabic", "to": "admiral-latin", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Arabic amīr underlies variable Latinized titles; the ending is disputed between suffixal and article-based accounts.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "admiral-arabic", "admiral-medieval-latin", "admiral-reviewed-ending" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "admiral-latin-french", "from": "admiral-latin", "to": "admiral-french", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "A compressed Latin/Romance title history; the exact formation and immediate sequence remain qualified.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "admiral-medieval-latin", "admiral-french", "admiral-reviewed-french", "admiral-reviewed-ending" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "admiral-french-english-commander", "from": "admiral-french", "to": "admiral-english-commander", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English admiral continues the Anglo-Norman/Old French form.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "admiral-french", "admiral-english" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "admiral-english-commander-english-rank", "from": "admiral-english-commander", "to": "admiral-english-rank", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "unresolved", "note": "English has broader title and naval uses, but their relation does not establish that the naval specialization first occurred within English.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "admiral-english", "admiral-arabic-alternatives", "admiral-reviewed-french", "admiral-reviewed-ending" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The lexical relationship alone does not establish a semantic transition at the borrowing event.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [], "context": { "stageId": "admiral-english-rank", "label": "Earlier naval title", "summary": [ "Naval use already occurs in the medieval European title history" ], "explanation": "The English senses are distinguished without dating or localizing the initial specialization to English.", "claimIds": [ "admiral-reviewed-french", "admiral-reviewed-ending" ] } } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "admiral-arabic", "text": "The source traces admiral to Arabic أَمِير (ʔamīr), “commander,” combined with the Latin adjectival ending -alis.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-admiral", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "admiral-arabic-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Arabic amīr is secure; the Latin -alis analysis is one account, not grounds to dismiss every Arabic-article explanation as folklore." }, "inference": "Use ʔamīr as the supported Arabic lexical base." }, { "id": "admiral-arabic-alternatives", "text": "The Arabic phrases amīr al-baḥr and amīr al-umarāʔ are preserved as competing historical explanations for the title’s naval or commander associations.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-admiral", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "admiral-arabic-alternatives-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "The baseline phrases remain proposals. TLFi prefers amīr al-ʿālī and rejects the sea phrase on early-sense grounds; Merriam-Webster retains article-based formation." }, "inference": "Preserve competing constructions without selecting a full Arabic phrase as a proven ancestor." }, { "id": "admiral-medieval-latin", "text": "Medieval Latin admiralis, admirallus and related forms show modification of amiralis under the influence of Latin admiror/admirari.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-admiral", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "admiral-medieval-latin-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The d/ad- element is described as an irregular modification or contamination, not a clean inherited prefix." }, "inference": "Represent the Latin reshaping as influence, not a separate etymological root." }, { "id": "admiral-french", "text": "Old French and Anglo-Norman amiral forms continue Medieval Latin amiralis/admiralis.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-amiral", "locator": "Middle English/Old French > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "admiral-french-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected entry does not supply a single exact Old French attestation date for the displayed form." }, "inference": "Use Old French amiral as the European intermediary." }, { "id": "admiral-english", "text": "Middle English admiral and its many variant spellings continue the Anglo-Norman/Old French form and later denote a high naval officer.", "sourceId": "pilot4-etymonline-admiral", "locator": "English > Etymology and Noun", "passageIds": [ "admiral-english-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The first English rank witness is mentioned but not used as an invented date in this bounded entry." }, "inference": "Keep the rank sense distinct from earlier commander/emir senses." }, { "id": "admiral-english-reading", "text": "The English entry defines admiral as a high naval officer and gives modern English pronunciation.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-admiral", "locator": "English > Pronunciation and Noun", "passageIds": [ "admiral-english-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "admiral-arabic-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Arabic.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row arab1395", "passageIds": [ "arab1395" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Arabic reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "admiral-english-commander-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "admiral-english-rank-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "admiral-reviewed-french", "text": "Historical French evidence distinguishes the broad title from the naval application.", "sourceId": "c1-tlfi-amiral", "locator": "Étymol. ET HIST., senses 1–2", "passageIds": [ "formation" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "TLFi’s compound analysis differs from the baseline Latin-suffix account. Its pre-1212 citation does not establish the date of the earlier transfer." }, "inference": "Preserve the formation dispute and avoid making specialization an exclusively English event." }, { "id": "admiral-reviewed-ending", "text": "Merriam-Webster treats Arabic al- as part of the formation and Latin admirari as later reshaping.", "sourceId": "c1-mw-admiral", "locator": "Word History > Etymology and Note", "passageIds": [ "formation" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source itself uses different Arabic phrase examples in its main etymology and note; it does not resolve the exact original construction." }, "inference": "Separate the Arabic base, disputed ending and later spelling influence." } ], "limitations": "The ending is historically disputed: Latin suffixal reshaping and Arabic article-based constructions coexist in the evidence. Arabic amīr is the supported base; added d is a later Latin association. TLFi’s early non-naval witnesses argue against treating commander of the sea as the original full etymon. Medieval European naval usage predates any inferred English-only narrowing. Exact earliest English rank evidence remains unverified." }, { "id": "sofa", "word": "sofa", "language": "English", "sense": "The upholstered seat", "senses": [ { "id": "sofa-seat-sense", "label": "The upholstered seat", "definition": "A long upholstered seat for reclining.", "stageId": "sofa-english-seat", "claimIds": [ "sofa-english", "sofa-english-reading" ] }, { "id": "sofa-platform-sense", "label": "The raised platform", "definition": "An elevated section or seat covered with carpets and cushions.", "stageId": "sofa-english-platform", "claimIds": [ "sofa-english" ] } ], "defaultSense": "sofa-seat-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 04", "aliases": [ "soffa", "sopha", "ṣuffa", "sofa-bed", "sofa bed" ], "summary": "A raised-seat word passes from Arabic through Ottoman Turkish and European forms before narrowing toward the upholstered sofa.", "intro": "A raised-seat word passes from Arabic through Ottoman Turkish and European forms before narrowing toward the upholstered sofa.", "claimIds": [ "sofa-arabic", "sofa-turkish", "sofa-european-route", "sofa-english" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "sofa-arabic", "narrativeOrder": [ "sofa-arabic", "sofa-turkish", "sofa-french", "sofa-english-platform", "sofa-english-seat" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "sofa-arabic", "etymologyId": "sofa-arabic-1", "form": "صُفَّة", "language": "Arabic", "languageCode": "ar", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "sofa-arabic" ] }, "transliteration": "ṣuffa", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The scholarly transliteration is preserved; historical Arabic pronunciation is not asserted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Arabic", "direction": "rtl", "sense": "Stone or brick bench or raised seat covered with carpets and cushions.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Arabic reference region", "coordinates": [ 35.871537655605096, 28.293689418964068 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "sofa-arabic-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "sofa-arabic" ], "explanation": "Stone or brick bench or raised seat covered with carpets and cushions.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "sofa-arabic" ] }, { "id": "sofa-turkish", "etymologyId": "sofa-turkish-1", "form": "sofa", "language": "Ottoman Turkish", "languageCode": "ota", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "sofa-turkish" ] }, "transliteration": "sofa", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The form is preserved; historical Ottoman Turkish pronunciation is not asserted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Arabic", "direction": "rtl", "sense": "Raised platform, bench or seating area.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Ottoman Turkish reference region", "coordinates": [ 32.8667, 39.8667 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "sofa-turkish-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "sofa-turkish" ], "explanation": "Raised platform, bench or seating area.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "sofa-turkish" ] }, { "id": "sofa-french", "etymologyId": "sofa-french-1", "form": "sofa", "language": "French", "languageCode": "fr", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "sofa-european-route" ] }, "transliteration": "sofa", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The French form is shown as a historical intermediary; no historical reading is reconstructed.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Raised seat or sofa; European form with variant spellings.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "French reference region", "coordinates": [ 2, 48 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "sofa-french-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "sofa-european-route" ], "explanation": "Raised seat or sofa; European form with variant spellings.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "sofa-european-route" ] }, { "id": "sofa-english-platform", "etymologyId": "sofa-english-platform-1", "form": "sofa", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "sofa-english", "sofa-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "sofa", "pronunciation": { "guide": "SOH-fuh", "ipa": "/ˈsoʊfə/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the English-readable guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "sofa-english-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A raised section or seat covered with carpets and cushions.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1600, "end": 1699, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1620s · English raised-platform context", "note": "The source reports a 1620s English sense; the upholstered-seat sense is separately dated to 1717.", "claimIds": [ "sofa-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "sofa-english-platform-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "sofa-english", "sofa-english-reading" ], "explanation": "A raised section or seat covered with carpets and cushions." }, { "id": "sofa-english-seat", "etymologyId": "sofa-english-seat-1", "form": "sofa", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "sofa-english", "sofa-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "sofa", "pronunciation": { "guide": "SOH-fuh", "ipa": "/ˈsoʊfə/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the English-readable guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "sofa-english-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A long upholstered seat for reclining.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "sofa-english-seat-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "sofa-english", "sofa-english-reading" ], "explanation": "A long upholstered seat for reclining." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "sofa-arabic-turkish", "from": "sofa-arabic", "to": "sofa-turkish", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Ottoman Turkish sofa is traced to Arabic ṣuffa.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "sofa-arabic", "sofa-turkish" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "sofa-turkish-french", "from": "sofa-turkish", "to": "sofa-french", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "French sofa may continue the Turkish form; the source preserves alternate European routes.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "sofa-turkish", "sofa-european-route" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "sofa-french-english-platform", "from": "sofa-french", "to": "sofa-english-platform", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "English sofa is displayed through the European form without forcing French as the sole donor.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "sofa-european-route", "sofa-english" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "sofa-english-platform-english-seat", "from": "sofa-english-platform", "to": "sofa-english-seat", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The raised-platform sense narrows toward a long stuffed seat for reclining.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "sofa-english" ], "semantic": { "type": "narrowed", "explanation": "The English sense specializes from a raised carpeted platform or seating area to the familiar long upholstered seat.", "added": [ "Long upholstered seat" ], "removed": [ "Raised platform as the primary referent" ], "associations": [ "cushions", "reclining" ], "claimIds": [ "sofa-english" ], "context": { "stageId": "sofa-english-seat", "label": "Platform and upholstered-seat senses", "summary": [ "1620s: raised platform", "1717: long stuffed seat" ], "explanation": "The dates scope English sense development and do not resolve the exact Arabic/Turkish/French transmission.", "claimIds": [ "sofa-english" ] } } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "sofa-arabic", "text": "English sofa is ultimately traced to Arabic صُفَّة (ṣuffa), a stone or brick bench or raised seat covered with carpets and cushions.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-sofa", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "sofa-arabic-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The Arabic form is lexical ancestry; no direct Arabic-to-English transfer is claimed." }, "inference": "Use Arabic ṣuffa as the upstream stage." }, { "id": "sofa-turkish", "text": "The English word is reported from Turkish sofa, from Arabic ṣuffa.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-sofa", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "sofa-turkish-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source also allows entry through French or Italian and does not settle one European borrowing path." }, "inference": "Keep Turkish as the main displayed route with alternatives in Evidence." }, { "id": "sofa-european-route", "text": "French sofa is reported through Turkish sofa and Arabic ṣuffa, with older soffa/sopha spellings and a c.1620 context.", "sourceId": "pilot4-french-sofa", "locator": "Étymologie", "passageIds": [ "sofa-european-route-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "The French entry and English etymology preserve variant routes and spellings rather than a single uncontested donor." }, "inference": "Show the European route as qualified and preserve alternatives." }, { "id": "sofa-english", "text": "English sofa is recorded in the 1620s for a raised carpeted platform and by 1717 for a long stuffed seat for reclining.", "sourceId": "pilot4-etymonline-sofa", "locator": "sofa(n.)", "passageIds": [ "sofa-english-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "These are English sense dates, not the date of Arabic ṣuffa or Turkish sofa." }, "inference": "Separate the raised-platform and upholstered-seat senses." }, { "id": "sofa-english-reading", "text": "The English entry gives /ˈsoʊfə/ and /ˈsəʊfə/ and defines sofa as a long upholstered seat.", "sourceId": "pilot4-wkt-sofa", "locator": "English > Pronunciation and Noun", "passageIds": [ "sofa-english-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "sofa-arabic-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Arabic.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row arab1395", "passageIds": [ "arab1395" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Arabic reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "sofa-turkish-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Ottoman Turkish.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row otto1234", "passageIds": [ "otto1234" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Ottoman Turkish reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "sofa-french-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for French.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1290", "passageIds": [ "stan1290" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient French reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "sofa-english-platform-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "sofa-english-seat-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." } ], "limitations": "The Arabic ṣuffa base is secure enough for the bounded journey, while the exact European transmission is preserved as alternative: French, Italian and Ottoman Turkish routes are all reported. Early English sofa referred to a raised platform or section of floor; the long stuffed seat sense is later." }, { "id": "silk", "word": "silk", "language": "English", "sense": "The silk material", "senses": [ { "id": "silk-material-sense", "label": "The silk material", "definition": "Fine soft thread or cloth produced from the cocoons of certain moth larvae.", "stageId": "silk-english", "claimIds": [ "silk-english", "silk-english-reading" ] } ], "defaultSense": "silk-material-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 05", "aliases": [ "silk", "seoloc", "sioloc", "seolc", "sērikós", "sericum", "silki" ], "summary": "A silk word reaches English through Old English and Middle English while its ultimate eastern and Baltic connections remain disputed.", "intro": "A silk word reaches English through Old English and Middle English while its ultimate eastern and Baltic connections remain disputed.", "claimIds": [ "silk-greek", "silk-latin", "silk-old-english", "silk-middle-english", "silk-english", "silk-english-reading", "silk-old-norse", "silk-reviewed-route", "silk-reviewed-comparisons" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "silk-greek", "narrativeOrder": [ "silk-greek", "silk-latin", "silk-old-english", "silk-middle-english", "silk-english", "silk-old-norse" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "silk-greek", "etymologyId": "silk-greek-1", "form": "σηρικός", "language": "Ancient Greek", "languageCode": "grc", "wordClass": { "label": "adjective", "claimIds": [ "silk-reviewed-route" ] }, "transliteration": "sērikós", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "silk-greek" ], "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The Greek form and transliteration are preserved; a historical pronunciation is not reconstructed.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Greek", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Silken; pertaining to the Sēres, the people associated with silk.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Greek reference region", "coordinates": [ 23.25607002000004, 38.83106936950003 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "silk-greek-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "silk-greek", "silk-reviewed-route" ], "explanation": "Silken; pertaining to the Sēres, the people associated with silk." }, { "id": "silk-latin", "etymologyId": "silk-latin-1", "form": "sericum", "language": "Latin", "languageCode": "la", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "silk-latin" ] }, "transliteration": "sēricum", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "silk-latin" ], "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The Latin form is preserved; historical pronunciation is not asserted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Silk or silk cloth.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Latin reference region", "coordinates": [ 12.4502, 41.9026 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "silk-latin-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "silk-latin" ], "explanation": "Silk or silk cloth." }, { "id": "silk-old-english", "etymologyId": "silk-old-english-1", "form": "seoloc", "language": "Old English", "languageCode": "ang", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "silk-old-english" ] }, "transliteration": "seoloc", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected sources. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Silk or silken cloth.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "language-period", "start": 450, "end": 1100, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 450–1100 · Old English lexical period", "note": "Language-period context; not a first attestation of this form.", "claimIds": [ "silk-old-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Old English reference region", "coordinates": [ -1.31, 51.06 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "silk-old-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "silk-old-english" ], "explanation": "Silk or silken cloth." }, { "id": "silk-middle-english", "etymologyId": "silk-middle-english-1", "form": "silk", "language": "Middle English", "languageCode": "enm", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "silk-middle-english" ] }, "transliteration": "silk", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected sources. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Silk or silk cloth.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected entry gives the forms without a word-specific witness date." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Middle English reference region", "coordinates": [ -1.11, 51.65 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "silk-middle-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "silk-middle-english" ], "explanation": "Silk or silk cloth." }, { "id": "silk-english", "etymologyId": "silk-english-1", "form": "silk", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "silk-english", "silk-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "silk", "pronunciation": { "guide": "SILK", "ipa": "/sɪlk/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "silk-english-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Fine soft thread or cloth produced from silkworm cocoons.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1300, "end": 1300, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1300 · reported Middle English form", "note": "A reported later English spelling witness; Old English usage is earlier. The date is approximate, not the entire fourteenth century.", "claimIds": [ "silk-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "silk-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "silk-english", "silk-english-reading" ], "explanation": "Fine soft thread or cloth produced from silkworm cocoons." }, { "id": "silk-old-norse", "etymologyId": "silk-old-norse-1", "form": "silki", "language": "Old Norse", "languageCode": "non", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "silk-old-norse" ] }, "transliteration": "silki", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected sources. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Silk; a parallel Germanic form.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The source gives the form but not a word-specific attestation date." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Old Norse reference region", "coordinates": [ 10.38, 63.42 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "silk-old-norse-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "silk-old-norse" ], "explanation": "Silk; a parallel Germanic form." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "silk-greek-latin", "from": "silk-greek", "to": "silk-latin", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Latin sericum continues the Greek silk-related adjective.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "silk-greek", "silk-latin" ] }, { "id": "silk-latin-old-english", "from": "silk-latin", "to": "silk-old-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Traditional proposed transmission from Latin, possibly through intervening languages. The immediate donor and the change from r to l remain unresolved.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "silk-latin", "silk-old-english", "silk-reviewed-route", "silk-reviewed-comparisons" ] }, { "id": "silk-old-english-middle-english", "from": "silk-old-english", "to": "silk-middle-english", "type": "inheritance", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Middle English forms continue the Old English silk word.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "silk-old-english", "silk-middle-english" ] }, { "id": "silk-middle-english-english", "from": "silk-middle-english", "to": "silk-english", "type": "inheritance", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Modern English silk continues the Middle English form.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "silk-middle-english", "silk-english", "silk-english-reading" ] }, { "id": "silk-old-norse-english", "from": "silk-old-norse", "to": "silk-english", "type": "cognacy", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Comparative connection only, using the source’s broad cognate terminology for these borrowed material names; neither direct borrowing nor a reconstructed common Germanic ancestor is asserted.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "silk-reviewed-comparisons", "silk-old-norse" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "silk-greek-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Greek.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row gree1276", "passageIds": [ "gree1276" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Greek reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "silk-greek", "text": "The English entry relates silk to Greek σηρικός (sērikós), “silken” or pertaining to the Sēres.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-silk", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "silk-greek-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Greek and ethnonymic connection is part of the reported ancestry, not a settled identification of an eastern source language." }, "inference": "Preserve the Greek lexical contributor without turning the Sēres into a precise origin location." }, { "id": "silk-latin-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Latin.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row lati1261", "passageIds": [ "lati1261" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Latin reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "silk-latin", "text": "Latin sericum is presented as the learned source of the Old English silk form.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-silk", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "silk-latin-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A traditional etymological account; learned borrowing directly into Old English is not established by the inspected evidence." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "silk-old-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Old English (ca. 450-1100).", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row olde1238", "passageIds": [ "olde1238" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Old English reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "silk-old-english", "text": "Old English seoloc, sioloc and seolc are the immediate forms preceding Middle English silk.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-silk", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "silk-old-english-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "silk-middle-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Middle English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row midd1317", "passageIds": [ "midd1317" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Middle English reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "silk-middle-english", "text": "Middle English silk, sylk, selk and selc continue the Old English form.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-silk", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "silk-middle-english-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "silk-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "silk-english", "text": "English silk is dated to about 1300; its material sense names thread or cloth associated with silkworms.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-silk", "locator": "silk(n.)", "passageIds": [ "silk-english-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The c. 1300 date is a lexical context, not a date for silk cultivation or a proof of a single uninterrupted route." }, "inference": "Use the attested English context while keeping production history outside the journey." }, { "id": "silk-english-reading", "text": "The English entry supplies the modern reading and the silk-cloth noun sense.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-silk", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "silk-english-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "silk-old-norse-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Old Norse.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row oldn1244", "passageIds": [ "oldn1244" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Old Norse reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "silk-old-norse", "text": "Old Norse silki is reported as cognate with English silk, but the exact direction and Baltic route are disputed.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-silk", "locator": "silk(n.)", "passageIds": [ "silk-old-norse-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "This is a competing connection, not an established direct English intermediary." }, "inference": "Retain a comparison without donor-to-English direction or genetic parentage." }, { "id": "silk-reviewed-route", "text": "The Greek connection is probable and ultimate; the inspected dictionary does not establish a direct Latin-to-English event.", "sourceId": "c1-mw-silk", "locator": "Word History > Etymology; First Known Use", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Dictionary agreement is not independent proof of the intervening route." }, "inference": "Keep the traditional Latin route qualified and distinguish the adjective from the material noun." }, { "id": "silk-reviewed-comparisons", "text": "Scandinavian, Balto-Slavic and eastern comparisons do not establish an Old Norse donor to English.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-silk", "locator": "silk(n.), etymology paragraphs 2–4", "passageIds": [ "c1-route-disagreement" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The conflicting directions are reported second hand; neither Buck/OED nor Vasmer was independently inspected." }, "inference": "Use a non-parental comparison and keep the eastern proposals in Evidence." } ], "limitations": "Old and Middle English continuity is supported. The immediate source of Old English and the r/l relationship among Seric and northern forms remain unresolved. Old Norse silki is a comparison, not a demonstrated donor. Eastern and Baltic proposals remain in Evidence; no Chinese stage or lexical origin point is inferred. The specialist Hyllested thesis could not be inspected and is not used as evidence." }, { "id": "jungle", "word": "jungle", "language": "English", "sense": "The vegetation", "senses": [ { "id": "jungle-vegetation-sense", "label": "The vegetation", "definition": "Dense growth of trees and tangled vegetation.", "stageId": "jungle-english-vegetation", "claimIds": [ "jungle-english-vegetation", "jungle-english-vegetation-reading" ] }, { "id": "jungle-figurative-sense", "label": "The figurative jungle", "definition": "A wild, tangled mass or a place perceived as lawless and difficult.", "stageId": "jungle-english-figurative", "claimIds": [ "jungle-english-figurative" ] } ], "defaultSense": "jungle-vegetation-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 05", "aliases": [ "jungle", "jangal", "जंगल", "जङ्गल", "jaṅgal", "jaṅgala" ], "summary": "An Indic word for arid or uncultivated land enters English through Hindustani and develops a dense-vegetation sense.", "intro": "An Indic word for arid or uncultivated land enters English through Hindustani and develops a dense-vegetation sense.", "claimIds": [ "jungle-sanskrit", "jungle-hindustani", "jungle-english-vegetation", "jungle-english-vegetation-reading", "jungle-english-figurative" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "jungle-sanskrit", "narrativeOrder": [ "jungle-sanskrit", "jungle-hindustani", "jungle-english-vegetation", "jungle-english-figurative" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "jungle-sanskrit", "etymologyId": "jungle-sanskrit-1", "form": "जङ्गल", "language": "Sanskrit", "languageCode": "sa", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "jungle-sanskrit" ] }, "transliteration": "jaṅgala", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "jungle-sanskrit" ], "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The transliteration is preserved; a historical Sanskrit pronunciation is not reconstructed.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Devanagari", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Arid, sterile or sparsely wooded land.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Sanskrit reference region", "coordinates": [ 77, 20 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "jungle-sanskrit-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "jungle-sanskrit" ], "explanation": "Arid, sterile or sparsely wooded land." }, { "id": "jungle-hindustani", "etymologyId": "jungle-hindustani-1", "form": "जंगल", "language": "Hindi", "languageCode": "hi", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "jungle-hindustani" ] }, "transliteration": "jaṅgal", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "jungle-hindustani" ], "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The native script and transliteration are preserved; historical Hindustani pronunciation is not asserted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Devanagari", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Forest, wilderness or uncultivated land.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Hindi reference region", "coordinates": [ 77, 25 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "jungle-hindustani-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "jungle-hindustani" ], "explanation": "Forest, wilderness or uncultivated land." }, { "id": "jungle-english-vegetation", "etymologyId": "jungle-english-vegetation-1", "form": "jungle", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "jungle-english-vegetation", "jungle-english-vegetation-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "jungle", "pronunciation": { "guide": "JUNG-guhl", "ipa": "/ˈdʒʌŋɡəl/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "jungle-english-vegetation-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Dense growth of trees and tangled vegetation.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1776, "end": 1776, "approximate": false, "label": "1776 · English vegetation sense", "note": "Reported first English context; not the date of the Indic source.", "claimIds": [ "jungle-english-vegetation" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "jungle-english-vegetation-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "jungle-english-vegetation", "jungle-english-vegetation-reading" ], "explanation": "Dense growth of trees and tangled vegetation." }, { "id": "jungle-english-figurative", "etymologyId": "jungle-english-figurative-1", "form": "jungle", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "jungle-english-figurative" ] }, "transliteration": "jungle", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected sources. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A wild, tangled mass or a place perceived as lawless and difficult.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1850, "end": 1906, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1850–1906 · figurative English senses", "note": "Two reported semantic contexts are grouped as a bounded period.", "claimIds": [ "jungle-english-figurative" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "jungle-english-figurative-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "jungle-english-figurative" ], "explanation": "A wild, tangled mass or a place perceived as lawless and difficult." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "jungle-sanskrit-hindustani", "from": "jungle-sanskrit", "to": "jungle-hindustani", "type": "inheritance", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Hindustani jaṅgal continues the Sanskrit form in the reported route.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "jungle-sanskrit", "jungle-hindustani" ] }, { "id": "jungle-hindustani-english-vegetation", "from": "jungle-hindustani", "to": "jungle-english-vegetation", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English jungle is borrowed from Hindustani.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "jungle-hindustani", "jungle-english-vegetation", "jungle-english-vegetation-reading" ] }, { "id": "jungle-english-vegetation-english-figurative", "from": "jungle-english-vegetation", "to": "jungle-english-figurative", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The vegetation noun extends metaphorically to tangled masses and lawless places.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "The English word keeps its literal vegetation sense while adding figurative environments and masses.", "added": [ "Tangled mass", "Lawless or difficult place" ], "removed": [], "associations": [ "wildness", "dense growth" ], "claimIds": [ "jungle-english-figurative" ] }, "claimIds": [ "jungle-english-figurative" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "jungle-sanskrit-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Sanskrit.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row sans1269", "passageIds": [ "sans1269" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Sanskrit reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "jungle-sanskrit", "text": "English jungle is traced to Sanskrit जङ्गल (jaṅgala), “arid or sterile region, desert,” from an unknown substrate.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-jungle", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "jungle-sanskrit-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The deeper substrate is not identified in the inspected source." }, "inference": "Stop at Sanskrit and preserve the unknown substrate rather than inventing a pre-Sanskrit stage." }, { "id": "jungle-hindustani-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Hindi.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row hind1269", "passageIds": [ "hind1269" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Hindi reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "jungle-hindustani", "text": "The English entry gives Hindustani Hindi जंगल (jaṅgal) and Urdu جنگل (jaṅgal) as the immediate source area.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-jungle", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "jungle-hindustani-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "jungle-english-vegetation-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "jungle-english-vegetation", "text": "English jungle is attested in 1776 for dense growth and tangled vegetation in parts of India.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-jungle", "locator": "jungle(n.)", "passageIds": [ "jungle-english-vegetation-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The date belongs to the English lexical context and not to the Sanskrit or Hindi stages." }, "inference": "Represent the English vegetation sense as a semantic narrowing/shift from the earlier Indic land term." }, { "id": "jungle-english-vegetation-reading", "text": "The English entry supplies the modern jungle reading.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-jungle", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "jungle-english-vegetation-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "jungle-english-figurative-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "jungle-english-figurative", "text": "The figurative wild-mass sense is attested by 1850 and a lawless-place sense by 1906.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-jungle", "locator": "jungle(n.)", "passageIds": [ "jungle-english-figurative-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "These later contexts are semantic developments within English, not new etymological sources." }, "inference": "Keep figurative extensions separate from the literal vegetation sense." } ], "limitations": "The Sanskrit source is glossed as arid, sterile or uncultivated land, while the English sense becomes dense vegetation. The history of tropical forests and colonial geography is outside the lexical journey; the deeper substrate source remains unknown." }, { "id": "loot", "word": "loot", "language": "English", "sense": "The booty", "senses": [ { "id": "loot-booty-sense", "label": "The booty", "definition": "Goods taken from an enemy or by plunder.", "stageId": "loot-english-noun", "claimIds": [ "loot-english-noun", "loot-english-noun-reading" ] }, { "id": "loot-plunder-sense", "label": "The verb", "definition": "To plunder or carry off as loot.", "stageId": "loot-english-verb", "claimIds": [ "loot-english-verb", "loot-english-verb-reading" ] } ], "defaultSense": "loot-booty-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 05", "aliases": [ "loot", "लूट", "lūṭ", "loptra", "लोप्त्र" ], "summary": "An Anglo-Indian Hindi word for booty enters English as a noun and then forms the verb to plunder.", "intro": "An Anglo-Indian Hindi word for booty enters English as a noun and then forms the verb to plunder.", "claimIds": [ "loot-sanskrit", "loot-hindi", "loot-english-noun", "loot-english-noun-reading", "loot-english-verb", "loot-english-verb-reading" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "loot-sanskrit", "narrativeOrder": [ "loot-sanskrit", "loot-hindi", "loot-english-noun", "loot-english-verb" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "loot-sanskrit", "etymologyId": "loot-sanskrit-1", "form": "लोप्त्र", "language": "Sanskrit", "languageCode": "sa", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "loot-sanskrit" ] }, "transliteration": "loptra", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "loot-sanskrit" ], "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The transliteration is preserved; historical Sanskrit pronunciation is not reconstructed.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Devanagari", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Booty or stolen property in one reported source account.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Sanskrit reference region", "coordinates": [ 77, 20 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "loot-sanskrit-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "loot-sanskrit" ], "explanation": "Booty or stolen property in one reported source account." }, { "id": "loot-hindi", "etymologyId": "loot-hindi-1", "form": "लूट", "language": "Hindi", "languageCode": "hi", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "loot-hindi" ] }, "transliteration": "lūṭ", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "loot-hindi" ], "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The native script and transliteration are preserved; historical Hindi pronunciation is not asserted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Devanagari", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Booty, plunder or stolen property.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Hindi reference region", "coordinates": [ 77, 25 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "loot-hindi-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "loot-hindi" ], "explanation": "Booty, plunder or stolen property." }, { "id": "loot-english-noun", "etymologyId": "loot-english-noun-1", "form": "loot", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "loot-english-noun", "loot-english-noun-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "loot", "pronunciation": { "guide": "LOOT", "ipa": "/luːt/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "loot-english-noun-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Goods taken from an enemy or by plunder.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1802, "end": 1802, "approximate": false, "label": "1802 · Anglo-Indian English noun", "note": "Reported military-dictionary context; not a coinage date.", "claimIds": [ "loot-english-noun" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "loot-english-noun-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "loot-english-noun", "loot-english-noun-reading" ], "explanation": "Goods taken from an enemy or by plunder." }, { "id": "loot-english-verb", "etymologyId": "loot-english-verb-1", "form": "loot", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "loot-english-verb", "loot-english-verb-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "loot", "pronunciation": { "guide": "LOOT", "ipa": "/luːt/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "loot-english-verb-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "To plunder or carry off as loot.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1821, "end": 1821, "approximate": false, "label": "1821 · English verb", "note": "Reported English verbal context; not a new etymological source.", "claimIds": [ "loot-english-verb" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "loot-english-verb-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "loot-english-verb", "loot-english-verb-reading" ], "explanation": "To plunder or carry off as loot." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "loot-sanskrit-hindi", "from": "loot-sanskrit", "to": "loot-hindi", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "The Sanskrit noun is one reported source for Hindi lūṭ; a Sanskrit verbal alternative remains qualified.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "loot-sanskrit", "loot-hindi" ] }, { "id": "loot-hindi-english-noun", "from": "loot-hindi", "to": "loot-english-noun", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English loot is an Anglo-Indian borrowing from Hindi.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "loot-hindi", "loot-english-noun", "loot-english-noun-reading" ] }, { "id": "loot-english-noun-english-verb", "from": "loot-english-noun", "to": "loot-english-verb", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The English noun becomes a verb meaning to plunder or carry off as loot.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "shifted", "explanation": "The form is retained while English derives an action verb from the borrowed noun.", "added": [ "Verb “to plunder”" ], "removed": [], "associations": [ "booty", "plunder" ], "claimIds": [ "loot-english-verb", "loot-english-verb-reading" ] }, "claimIds": [ "loot-english-verb", "loot-english-verb-reading" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "loot-sanskrit-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Sanskrit.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row sans1269", "passageIds": [ "sans1269" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Sanskrit reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "loot-sanskrit", "text": "The English entry gives Sanskrit लोप्त्र (loptra, “booty, stolen property”) as one possible source of Hindi lūṭ.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-loot", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "loot-sanskrit-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "The entry also reports a competing Sanskrit verbal source; neither is promoted over the other here." }, "inference": "Show the reported noun source while preserving the alternate Sanskrit root in the limitation." }, { "id": "loot-hindi-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Hindi.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row hind1269", "passageIds": [ "hind1269" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Hindi reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "loot-hindi", "text": "English loot is borrowed from Hindi लूट (lūṭ), “booty,” with a competing derivation from Sanskrit luṇṭ, “to rob.”", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-loot", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "loot-hindi-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The exact Sanskrit source is disputed between a noun and a verb account." }, "inference": "Preserve Hindi as the English donor and do not force the deeper disagreement into one stage." }, { "id": "loot-english-noun-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "loot-english-noun", "text": "Online Etymology Dictionary dates the Anglo-Indian English noun loot to 1802 and defines it as goods taken from an enemy.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-loot", "locator": "loot(n.)", "passageIds": [ "loot-english-noun-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The 1802 date is a reported English publication context, not the date of the Hindi word." }, "inference": "Use the noun context as the English borrowing stage." }, { "id": "loot-english-noun-reading", "text": "The English entry supplies the noun reading.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-loot", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "loot-english-noun-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "loot-english-verb-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "loot-english-verb", "text": "The verb loot is dated to 1821 and is derived from the English noun.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-loot", "locator": "loot(v.)", "passageIds": [ "loot-english-verb-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This is English word formation and semantic extension, not a new borrowing from Hindi." }, "inference": "Keep the verbal use as a separate English development." }, { "id": "loot-english-verb-reading", "text": "The English entry supplies the verb reading.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-loot", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "loot-english-verb-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." } ], "limitations": "English loot has a separate dialectal Germanic homograph meaning a scoop; this journey follows the South Asian booty word only. The Hindi/Sanskrit derivation is reported with competing Sanskrit forms and no invented direct route between them." }, { "id": "guru", "word": "guru", "language": "English", "sense": "The teacher", "senses": [ { "id": "guru-teacher-sense", "label": "The teacher", "definition": "A Hindu or Sikh spiritual teacher or guide.", "stageId": "guru-english-teacher", "claimIds": [ "guru-english-teacher", "guru-english-teacher-reading" ] }, { "id": "guru-expert-sense", "label": "The expert", "definition": "A recognized authority or influential expert in a field.", "stageId": "guru-english-expert", "claimIds": [ "guru-english-expert", "guru-english-expert-reading" ] } ], "defaultSense": "guru-teacher-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 05", "aliases": [ "guru", "गुरु", "gurū", "gooroo", "gourou" ], "summary": "A Sanskrit word meaning heavy or venerable reaches English through Hindi and Punjabi as the title of a spiritual teacher, then broadens to an expert authority.", "intro": "A Sanskrit word meaning heavy or venerable reaches English through Hindi and Punjabi as the title of a spiritual teacher, then broadens to an expert authority.", "claimIds": [ "guru-sanskrit", "guru-hindi", "guru-english-teacher", "guru-english-teacher-reading", "guru-english-expert", "guru-english-expert-reading" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "guru-sanskrit", "narrativeOrder": [ "guru-sanskrit", "guru-hindi", "guru-english-teacher", "guru-english-expert" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "guru-sanskrit", "etymologyId": "guru-sanskrit-1", "form": "गुरु", "language": "Sanskrit", "languageCode": "sa", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "guru-sanskrit" ] }, "transliteration": "guru", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "guru-sanskrit" ], "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The native script and transliteration are preserved; historical Sanskrit pronunciation is not reconstructed.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Devanagari", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Heavy; venerable or worthy of honor; a teacher or spiritual preceptor.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Sanskrit reference region", "coordinates": [ 77, 20 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "guru-sanskrit-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "guru-sanskrit" ], "explanation": "Heavy; venerable or worthy of honor; a teacher or spiritual preceptor." }, { "id": "guru-hindi", "etymologyId": "guru-hindi-1", "form": "गुरु", "language": "Hindi", "languageCode": "hi", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "guru-hindi" ] }, "transliteration": "guru", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "guru-hindi" ], "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The native script and transliteration are preserved; historical Hindi pronunciation is not asserted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Devanagari", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Religious teacher or spiritual guide.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Hindi reference region", "coordinates": [ 77, 25 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "guru-hindi-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "guru-hindi" ], "explanation": "Religious teacher or spiritual guide." }, { "id": "guru-english-teacher", "etymologyId": "guru-english-teacher-1", "form": "guru", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "guru-english-teacher", "guru-english-teacher-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "guru", "pronunciation": { "guide": "GOO-roo", "ipa": "/ˈɡʊruː/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "guru-english-teacher-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A Hindu or Sikh spiritual teacher or guide.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1806, "end": 1806, "approximate": false, "label": "1806 · English spiritual-teacher sense", "note": "Reported English context; not an origin date.", "claimIds": [ "guru-english-teacher" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "guru-english-teacher-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "guru-english-teacher", "guru-english-teacher-reading" ], "explanation": "A Hindu or Sikh spiritual teacher or guide." }, { "id": "guru-english-expert", "etymologyId": "guru-english-expert-1", "form": "guru", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "guru-english-expert", "guru-english-expert-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "guru", "pronunciation": { "guide": "GOO-roo", "ipa": "/ˈɡʊruː/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "guru-english-expert-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A recognized authority or influential expert in a field.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No stable word-specific first-use date for the generalized expert sense was retained." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "guru-english-expert-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "guru-english-expert", "guru-english-expert-reading" ], "explanation": "A recognized authority or influential expert in a field." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "guru-sanskrit-hindi", "from": "guru-sanskrit", "to": "guru-hindi", "type": "inheritance", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Hindi guru continues the Sanskrit teacher/venerable word.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "guru-sanskrit", "guru-hindi" ] }, { "id": "guru-hindi-english-teacher", "from": "guru-hindi", "to": "guru-english-teacher", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English borrowed guru from Hindi/Punjabi usage.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "guru-hindi", "guru-english-teacher", "guru-english-teacher-reading" ] }, { "id": "guru-english-teacher-english-expert", "from": "guru-english-teacher", "to": "guru-english-expert", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The spiritual-teacher title broadens to a recognized expert or authority.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "English retains the religious sense while extending guru to influential specialists in other fields.", "added": [ "Field expert or authority" ], "removed": [], "associations": [ "teacher", "guide", "authority" ], "claimIds": [ "guru-english-expert", "guru-english-expert-reading" ] }, "claimIds": [ "guru-english-expert", "guru-english-expert-reading" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "guru-sanskrit-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Sanskrit.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row sans1269", "passageIds": [ "sans1269" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Sanskrit reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "guru-sanskrit", "text": "Sanskrit गुरु (guru) includes “heavy” and “venerable” senses and is the source of the South Asian teacher word.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-guru-sanskrit", "locator": "Etymology and Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "guru-sanskrit-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The traditional gu/ru darkness explanation is not used as etymology." }, "inference": "Preserve the lexical heavy/venerable connection and reject the folk explanation." }, { "id": "guru-hindi-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Hindi.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row hind1269", "passageIds": [ "hind1269" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Hindi reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "guru-hindi", "text": "English guru is borrowed from Hindi guru and related Punjabi usage, ultimately from Sanskrit guru.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-guru", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "guru-hindi-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "guru-english-teacher-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "guru-english-teacher", "text": "English guru is attested in the form gooroo from 1806 for a Hindu spiritual teacher or guide.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-guru", "locator": "guru(n.)", "passageIds": [ "guru-english-teacher-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The 1806 date is an English lexical context and does not date Sanskrit or Hindi usage." }, "inference": "Use the teacher sense as the first English stage." }, { "id": "guru-english-teacher-reading", "text": "The English entry supplies modern regional readings and the teacher sense.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-guru", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "guru-english-teacher-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "guru-english-expert-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "guru-english-expert", "text": "English guru has a broadened modern sense for an expert or authority outside the religious context.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-guru", "locator": "English > Noun", "passageIds": [ "guru-english-expert-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The inspected entry supports the modern sense but does not supply a single first-use date for every specialist field." }, "inference": "Represent the expert sense as an English semantic broadening." }, { "id": "guru-english-expert-reading", "text": "The English entry supplies modern readings.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-guru", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "guru-english-expert-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." } ], "limitations": "The “gu darkness + ru dispeller” explanation is preserved as a traditional but flawed account, not used as the historical derivation. The older Sanskrit heavy/venerable senses and the modern English expert sense are kept distinct." }, { "id": "tomato", "word": "tomato", "language": "English", "sense": "The fruit", "senses": [ { "id": "tomato-fruit-sense", "label": "The fruit", "definition": "The glossy fleshy fruit of a garden plant.", "stageId": "tomato-english", "claimIds": [ "tomato-english", "tomato-english-reading" ] }, { "id": "tomato-food-sense", "label": "The food use", "definition": "Tomato as an ingredient in tomato sauce and related compounds.", "stageId": "tomato-english-sauce", "claimIds": [ "tomato-english-sauce" ] } ], "defaultSense": "tomato-fruit-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 05", "aliases": [ "tomato", "tomate", "tomatl" ], "summary": "A Nahuatl fruit name enters Spanish and English, with English spelling influenced by potato and later extensions to sauce and figurative uses.", "intro": "A Nahuatl fruit name enters Spanish and English, with English spelling influenced by potato and later extensions to sauce and figurative uses.", "claimIds": [ "tomato-nahuatl", "tomato-spanish", "tomato-english-early", "tomato-english-early-reading", "tomato-english", "tomato-english-reading", "tomato-english-sauce" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "tomato-nahuatl", "narrativeOrder": [ "tomato-nahuatl", "tomato-spanish", "tomato-english-early", "tomato-english", "tomato-english-sauce" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "tomato-nahuatl", "etymologyId": "tomato-nahuatl-1", "form": "tomatl", "language": "Classical Nahuatl", "languageCode": "nci", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "tomato-nahuatl" ] }, "transliteration": "tomatl", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected sources. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Tomato or a swelling fruit.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Classical Nahuatl reference region", "coordinates": [ -96.97, 19.72 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "tomato-nahuatl-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "tomato-nahuatl" ], "explanation": "Tomato or a swelling fruit." }, { "id": "tomato-spanish", "etymologyId": "tomato-spanish-1", "form": "tomate", "language": "Spanish", "languageCode": "es", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "tomato-spanish" ] }, "transliteration": "tomate", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected sources. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Tomato fruit.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1550, "end": 1599, "approximate": true, "label": "c. mid-16th century · Spanish tomato form", "note": "Reported Spanish lexical period; not a cultivation timeline.", "claimIds": [ "tomato-spanish" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Spanish reference region", "coordinates": [ -1.11788, 40.4414 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "tomato-spanish-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "tomato-spanish" ], "explanation": "Tomato fruit." }, { "id": "tomato-english-early", "etymologyId": "tomato-english-early-1", "form": "tomate", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "tomato-english-early", "tomato-english-early-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "tomate", "pronunciation": { "guide": "toh-MAH-tay", "ipa": "/təˈmɑːtəʊ/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "tomato-english-early-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Tomato fruit; the earlier English spelling.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1600, "end": 1600, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1600 · English tomate", "note": "Reported approximate English context.", "claimIds": [ "tomato-english-early" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "tomato-english-early-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "tomato-english-early", "tomato-english-early-reading" ], "explanation": "Tomato fruit; the earlier English spelling." }, { "id": "tomato-english", "etymologyId": "tomato-english-1", "form": "tomato", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "tomato-english", "tomato-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "tomato", "pronunciation": { "guide": "tuh-MAH-toh", "ipa": "/təˈmɑːtəʊ/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "tomato-english-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "The glossy fleshy fruit of a garden plant.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1753, "end": 1753, "approximate": false, "label": "1753 · English tomato", "note": "Reported English lexical context; not the first Spanish or Nahuatl use.", "claimIds": [ "tomato-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "tomato-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "tomato-english", "tomato-english-reading" ], "explanation": "The glossy fleshy fruit of a garden plant." }, { "id": "tomato-english-sauce", "etymologyId": "tomato-english-sauce-1", "form": "tomato", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "tomato-english-sauce" ] }, "transliteration": "tomato", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected sources. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Tomato as the ingredient in tomato sauce and related compounds.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1806, "end": 1806, "approximate": false, "label": "1806 · tomato sauce", "note": "Reported compound context; not a new etymological route.", "claimIds": [ "tomato-english-sauce" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "tomato-english-sauce-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "tomato-english-sauce" ], "explanation": "Tomato as the ingredient in tomato sauce and related compounds." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "tomato-nahuatl-spanish", "from": "tomato-nahuatl", "to": "tomato-spanish", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Spanish tomate is borrowed from Classical Nahuatl tomatl.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "tomato-nahuatl", "tomato-spanish" ] }, { "id": "tomato-spanish-english-early", "from": "tomato-spanish", "to": "tomato-english-early", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The English spelling enters through the Spanish fruit word.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "tomato-spanish", "tomato-english-early", "tomato-english-early-reading" ] }, { "id": "tomato-english-early-english", "from": "tomato-english-early", "to": "tomato-english", "type": "inheritance", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Modern English tomato continues the earlier English spelling with orthographic influence from potato.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "tomato-english-early", "tomato-english-early-reading", "tomato-english", "tomato-english-reading" ] }, { "id": "tomato-english-english-sauce", "from": "tomato-english", "to": "tomato-english-sauce", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The fruit noun becomes the modifier in tomato sauce and related food expressions.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "The headword remains the fruit name; sauce is a later compound use.", "added": [ "Food compound" ], "removed": [], "associations": [ "fruit", "sauce" ], "claimIds": [ "tomato-english", "tomato-english-reading" ] }, "claimIds": [ "tomato-english", "tomato-english-reading" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "tomato-nahuatl-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Classical Nahuatl.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row clas1250", "passageIds": [ "clas1250" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Classical Nahuatl reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "tomato-nahuatl", "text": "Classical Nahuatl tomatl is the source of Spanish tomate; the literal “swelling fruit” analysis is reported but not treated as certain.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-tomato-nahuatl", "locator": "Etymology and Noun", "passageIds": [ "tomato-nahuatl-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The lexical form is secure enough for the route, while the internal literal gloss remains qualified." }, "inference": "Preserve tomatl and do not add an unattested deeper morpheme stage." }, { "id": "tomato-spanish-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Spanish.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1288", "passageIds": [ "stan1288" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Spanish reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "tomato-spanish", "text": "English tomato is borrowed through Spanish tomate, recorded from the mid-sixteenth century in the reported account.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-tomato", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "tomato-spanish-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Spanish period is contextual and does not date the Nahuatl form or the English spelling." }, "inference": "Use Spanish tomate as the immediate European donor form." }, { "id": "tomato-english-early-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "tomato-english-early", "text": "The earlier English form tomate is reported from about 1600.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-tomato", "locator": "tomato(n.)", "passageIds": [ "tomato-english-early-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is an early English lexical context, not the first New World cultivation or consumption date." }, "inference": "Keep the earlier spelling separate from the later standardized form." }, { "id": "tomato-english-early-reading", "text": "The English entry supplies modern regional readings; the historical spelling is retained separately.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-tomato", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "tomato-english-early-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "tomato-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "tomato-english", "text": "English tomato is dated to 1753; the spelling was probably influenced by potato.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-tomato", "locator": "tomato(n.)", "passageIds": [ "tomato-english-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The 1753 date is an English word context. Spelling influence is not a claim that potato is the source of tomato." }, "inference": "Represent orthographic influence as a qualified English development." }, { "id": "tomato-english-reading", "text": "The English entry supplies the modern tomato reading.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-tomato", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "tomato-english-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "tomato-english-sauce-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "tomato-english-sauce", "text": "Tomato sauce is attested by 1806; this is a compound and food-use extension of the fruit word.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-tomato", "locator": "tomato(n.)", "passageIds": [ "tomato-english-sauce-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The food history is not treated as the origin of the headword." }, "inference": "Keep the compound sense separate from the fruit word." } ], "limitations": "The Nahuatl gloss “swelling fruit” is reported cautiously. European cultivation and consumption are not substituted for word history. The earlier tomate form, modern tomato spelling, sauce sense and slang sense remain distinct." }, { "id": "potato", "word": "potato", "language": "English", "sense": "The sweet potato", "senses": [ { "id": "potato-sweet-sense", "label": "The sweet potato", "definition": "The original English application of potato to the sweet potato.", "stageId": "potato-english-sweet", "claimIds": [ "potato-english-sweet", "potato-english-sweet-reading" ] }, { "id": "potato-white-sense", "label": "The common potato", "definition": "The common white potato or edible tuber.", "stageId": "potato-english-white", "claimIds": [ "potato-english-white", "potato-english-white-reading" ] } ], "defaultSense": "potato-sweet-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 05", "aliases": [ "potato", "patata", "batata", "papa", "potatoe", "tater" ], "summary": "Potato follows an early Spanish batata/patata sweet-potato path into English, a later English common-potato sense, and a parallel Quechua papa path whose role in forming Spanish patata is disputed.", "intro": "The graph preserves Taíno-proposed batata and Quechua papa as parallel contributors while distinguishing dated Spanish and English senses and exposing disagreement over whether papa actually formed patata.", "claimIds": [ "potato-taino", "potato-spanish", "potato-english-sweet", "potato-english-sweet-reading", "potato-english-white", "potato-english-white-reading", "potato-quechua", "potato-reviewed-blend" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "potato-taino", "narrativeOrder": [ "potato-taino", "potato-spanish-batata", "potato-quechua", "potato-spanish-papa", "potato-spanish", "potato-english-sweet", "potato-english-white" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "potato-taino", "etymologyId": "potato-taino-1", "form": "batata", "language": "Taíno (proposed)", "languageCode": "tnq", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "potato-taino" ] }, "transliteration": "batata", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The bounded sources did not supply a defensible reading for this historical or disputed form; no pronunciation is invented.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Sweet potato.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Taíno reference region", "coordinates": [ -66.8042, 18.2836 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "potato-taino-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "potato-taino", "potato-taino-region" ], "explanation": "Conventional Taíno attribution of the Antillean sweet-potato name; the exact source language remains qualified.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-taino" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-taino" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-taino" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "potato-taino" ], "label": "Historical reading not established", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for batata (Taíno (proposed)) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A transliteration or modern form is not presented as a historical pronunciation." }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "potato-taino" ], "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for batata (Taíno (proposed)) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-taino-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-taino-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-taino" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-taino", "potato-taino-region" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-taino" ] } } }, { "id": "potato-spanish", "etymologyId": "potato-spanish-1", "form": "patata", "language": "Spanish", "languageCode": "es", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "potato-spanish" ] }, "transliteration": "patata", "pronunciation": { "guide": "pa-TA-ta", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "potato-spanish-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Sweet potato; later potato terminology.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1526, "end": 1526, "approximate": false, "label": "1526 · Spanish patata record", "note": "A dated lexical witness at the displayed sense; not a crop-history, origin or oral-transfer date.", "claimIds": [ "potato-spanish-patata-date-specialist" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Spanish reference region", "coordinates": [ -1.11788, 40.4414 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "potato-spanish-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "potato-spanish", "potato-reviewed-blend", "potato-spanish-region", "potato-spanish-reading", "potato-spanish-reading", "potato-spanish-patata-date-specialist", "potato-route-disagreement-specialist" ], "explanation": "Spanish blend of batata and papa; its formation date and the relation between its early senses remain unverified.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-spanish" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-spanish" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-spanish" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-spanish-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-spanish-patata-date-specialist" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-spanish-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-spanish-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-spanish" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-spanish", "potato-reviewed-blend", "potato-spanish-region", "potato-spanish-reading", "potato-spanish-reading", "potato-spanish-patata-date-specialist", "potato-route-disagreement-specialist" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-spanish", "potato-english-sweet", "potato-english-sweet-reading" ] } } }, { "id": "potato-english-sweet", "etymologyId": "potato-english-sweet-1", "form": "potato", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "potato-english-sweet", "potato-english-sweet-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "potato", "pronunciation": { "guide": "puh-TAY-toh", "ipa": "/pəˈteɪtoʊ/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "potato-english-sweet-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Sweet potato; the original English application of the name.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1565, "end": 1565, "approximate": false, "label": "1565 · English sweet-potato use", "note": "A dated lexical witness at the displayed sense; not a crop-history, origin or oral-transfer date.", "claimIds": [ "potato-english-sweet-date-specialist" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "potato-english-sweet-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "potato-english-sweet", "potato-english-sweet-reading", "potato-english-sweet-region", "potato-english-sweet-reading", "potato-english-sweet-reading", "potato-english-sweet-date-specialist" ], "explanation": "Sweet potato; the original English application of the name.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-english-sweet" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-english-sweet" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-english-sweet" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-english-sweet-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-english-sweet-date-specialist" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-english-sweet-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-english-sweet-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-english-sweet" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-english-sweet", "potato-english-sweet-reading", "potato-english-sweet-region", "potato-english-sweet-reading", "potato-english-sweet-reading", "potato-english-sweet-date-specialist" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-english-sweet", "potato-english-sweet-reading", "potato-english-white", "potato-english-white-reading" ] } } }, { "id": "potato-english-white", "etymologyId": "potato-english-white-1", "form": "potato", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "potato-english-white", "potato-english-white-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "potato", "pronunciation": { "guide": "puh-TAY-toh", "ipa": "/pəˈteɪtoʊ/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "potato-english-white-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "The common white potato or edible tuber.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1597, "end": 1597, "approximate": false, "label": "1597 · English common-potato use", "note": "A dated lexical witness at the displayed sense; not a crop-history, origin or oral-transfer date.", "claimIds": [ "potato-english-white-date-specialist" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "potato-english-white-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "potato-english-white", "potato-english-white-reading", "potato-english-white-region", "potato-english-white-reading", "potato-english-white-reading", "potato-english-white-date-specialist" ], "explanation": "The common white potato or edible tuber.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-english-white" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-english-white" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-english-white" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-english-white-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-english-white-date-specialist" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-english-white-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-english-white-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-english-white" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-english-white", "potato-english-white-reading", "potato-english-white-region", "potato-english-white-reading", "potato-english-white-reading", "potato-english-white-date-specialist" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } }, { "id": "potato-quechua", "etymologyId": "potato-quechua-1", "form": "papa", "language": "Quechua", "languageCode": "qu", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "potato-quechua" ] }, "transliteration": "papa", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The bounded sources did not supply a defensible reading for this historical or disputed form; no pronunciation is invented.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Common potato; source of Spanish papa.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1560, "end": 1560, "approximate": false, "label": "1560 · Quechua lexicon", "note": "A dated lexical witness at the displayed sense; not a crop-history, origin or oral-transfer date.", "claimIds": [ "potato-quechua-date-specialist" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Quechua reference region", "coordinates": [ -72, -13 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "potato-quechua-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "potato-quechua", "potato-quechua-region", "potato-quechua-date-specialist" ], "explanation": "Common potato; source of Spanish papa.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-quechua" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-quechua" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-quechua" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "potato-quechua" ], "label": "Historical reading not established", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for papa (Quechua) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A transliteration or modern form is not presented as a historical pronunciation." }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-quechua-date-specialist" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-quechua-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-quechua-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-quechua" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-quechua", "potato-quechua-region", "potato-quechua-date-specialist" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-quechua" ] } } }, { "id": "potato-spanish-batata", "etymologyId": "potato-spanish-batata-1", "form": "batata", "language": "Spanish", "languageCode": "es", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "potato-taino", "potato-reviewed-blend" ] }, "transliteration": "batata", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Sweet potato; one input to patata.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ba-TA-ta", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "potato-spanish-batata-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1516, "end": 1516, "approximate": false, "label": "1516 · Spanish batata record", "note": "A dated lexical witness at the displayed sense; not a crop-history, origin or oral-transfer date.", "claimIds": [ "potato-spanish-batata-date-specialist" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Spanish reference region", "coordinates": [ -1.11788, 40.4414 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "potato-spanish-batata-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "potato-taino", "potato-reviewed-blend", "potato-spanish-batata-region", "potato-spanish-batata-reading", "potato-spanish-batata-reading", "potato-spanish-batata-date-specialist" ], "explanation": "Sweet potato; one input to patata.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-taino" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-taino" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-taino" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-spanish-batata-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-spanish-batata-date-specialist" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-spanish-batata-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-spanish-batata-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-taino" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-taino", "potato-reviewed-blend", "potato-spanish-batata-region", "potato-spanish-batata-reading", "potato-spanish-batata-reading", "potato-spanish-batata-date-specialist" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } }, { "id": "potato-spanish-papa", "etymologyId": "potato-spanish-papa-1", "form": "papa", "language": "Spanish", "languageCode": "es", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "potato-quechua", "potato-reviewed-blend" ] }, "transliteration": "papa", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Common potato; the Quechua-derived input to patata.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "PA-pa", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "potato-spanish-papa-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1540, "end": 1540, "approximate": false, "label": "1540 · Spanish papa record", "note": "A dated lexical witness at the displayed sense; not a crop-history, origin or oral-transfer date.", "claimIds": [ "potato-spanish-papa-date-specialist" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Spanish reference region", "coordinates": [ -1.11788, 40.4414 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "potato-spanish-papa-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "potato-quechua", "potato-reviewed-blend", "potato-spanish-papa-region", "potato-spanish-papa-reading", "potato-spanish-papa-reading", "potato-spanish-papa-date-specialist" ], "explanation": "Common potato; the Quechua-derived input to patata.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-quechua" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-quechua" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-quechua" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-spanish-papa-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-spanish-papa-date-specialist" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-spanish-papa-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-spanish-papa-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-quechua" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-quechua", "potato-reviewed-blend", "potato-spanish-papa-region", "potato-spanish-papa-reading", "potato-spanish-papa-reading", "potato-spanish-papa-date-specialist" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potato-reviewed-blend" ] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "potato-spanish-english-sweet", "from": "potato-spanish", "to": "potato-english-sweet", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English potato first names the sweet potato in the reported route.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "potato-spanish", "potato-english-sweet", "potato-english-sweet-reading" ] }, { "id": "potato-english-sweet-english-white", "from": "potato-english-sweet", "to": "potato-english-white", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The existing English dictionary reports a later extension to the common potato. This does not establish that the change occurred only in English, independently of Spanish naming.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "Reported extension between edible-tuber referents in English; the Spanish blend means the full cross-language semantic chronology remains qualified.", "added": [ "Common white potato" ], "removed": [], "associations": [ "sweet potato", "white potato", "edible tuber" ], "claimIds": [ "potato-english-sweet", "potato-english-sweet-reading", "potato-english-white", "potato-english-white-reading" ] }, "claimIds": [ "potato-english-sweet", "potato-english-sweet-reading", "potato-english-white", "potato-english-white-reading" ] }, { "id": "potato-taino-spanish-batata", "from": "potato-taino", "to": "potato-spanish-batata", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Antillean source, conventionally identified as Taíno.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "potato-taino" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The lexical relationship alone does not establish a semantic transition at the borrowing event.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "potato-quechua-spanish-papa", "from": "potato-quechua", "to": "potato-spanish-papa", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "DLE identifies Quechua papa as the source of Spanish papa; variety and date are unspecified.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "potato-quechua" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The lexical relationship alone does not establish a semantic transition at the borrowing event.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "potato-batata-patata", "from": "potato-spanish-batata", "to": "potato-spanish", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Early Spanish patata is documented as a variant of batata with the sweet-potato sense. DLE additionally analyzes patata as a blend with papa; the competing chronology is exposed on the parallel papa edge.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "potato-reviewed-blend", "potato-route-disagreement-specialist" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The lexical relationship alone does not establish a semantic transition at the borrowing event.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "potato-papa-patata", "from": "potato-spanish-papa", "to": "potato-spanish", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "DLE treats papa as one input to a blend, but the Cambridge chronology argues that patata existed with the sweet-potato sense before the cited Spanish papa record. Papa influence therefore remains a visible alternative, not a documented required step.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "potato-reviewed-blend", "potato-route-disagreement-specialist" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The lexical relationship alone does not establish a semantic transition at the borrowing event.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "potato-taino-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Taino.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row tain1254", "passageIds": [ "tain1254" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Taíno reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "potato-taino", "text": "Spanish batata is Antillean in origin, possibly Taíno.", "sourceId": "c1-rae-batata", "locator": "Etymology and noun senses", "passageIds": [ "antillean" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The exact Taíno attribution is qualified by the DLE." }, "inference": "Keep the conventional source label expressly proposed, without a precise origin claim." }, { "id": "potato-spanish-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Spanish.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1288", "passageIds": [ "stan1288" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Spanish reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "potato-spanish", "text": "Spanish patata is analyzed as a blend, not simply an unchanged Taíno loan.", "sourceId": "c1-rae-patata", "locator": "Etymology", "passageIds": [ "blend" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "English transmission is supported by the existing English sources; this Spanish entry supplies no borrowing date." }, "inference": "Separate the two Spanish inputs." }, { "id": "potato-english-sweet-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "potato-english-sweet", "text": "English potato is dated to the 1560s for sweet potato, from Spanish patata.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-potato", "locator": "potato(n.)", "passageIds": [ "potato-english-sweet-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The 1560s date is the English word context for sweet potato, not the arrival date of every cultivar." }, "inference": "Display the original English name sense before the white-potato extension." }, { "id": "potato-english-sweet-reading", "text": "The English entry supplies regional potato readings.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-potato", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "potato-english-sweet-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "potato-english-white-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "potato-english-white", "text": "By the 1590s the name extended to the common white potato, native to Peru, through resemblance between edible tubers.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-potato", "locator": "potato(n.)", "passageIds": [ "potato-english-white-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a semantic extension of the name and not evidence that the white potato is descended from the sweet potato." }, "inference": "Separate naming history from plant history and preserve the Andes context without adding a Quechua intermediary." }, { "id": "potato-english-white-reading", "text": "The English entry supplies regional potato readings.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-potato", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "potato-english-white-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "potato-quechua", "text": "Spanish papa comes from Quechua papa and contributes to Spanish patata.", "sourceId": "c1-rae-papa", "locator": "papa², etymology and noun senses", "passageIds": [ "quechua" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The specific Quechua variety and borrowing date are not established." }, "inference": "Do not draw a direct Quechua-to-English edge." }, { "id": "potato-reviewed-blend", "text": "Spanish patata combines the Spanish words papa and batata.", "sourceId": "c1-rae-patata", "locator": "Etymology", "passageIds": [ "blend" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The DLE establishes an analysis, not a dated formation event or an uninterrupted chronology into English." }, "inference": "Represent the contributors at the Spanish level." }, { "id": "potato-spanish-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for patata.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-potato", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for patata", "passageIds": [ "batch05-potato-spanish-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "potato-quechua-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for Quechua.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable reference row for Quechua", "passageIds": [ "batch05-quechua-reference" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "potato-spanish-batata-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for Spanish.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1288; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1288" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "potato-spanish-batata-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for batata.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-potato", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for batata", "passageIds": [ "batch05-potato-spanish-batata-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "potato-spanish-papa-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for Spanish.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1288; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1288" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "potato-spanish-papa-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for papa.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-potato", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for papa", "passageIds": [ "batch05-potato-spanish-papa-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "potato-english-sweet-date-specialist", "sourceId": "specialist-miklos-potato", "passageIds": [ "english-chronology" ], "text": "English potatoes is reported for the sweet potato in John Hawkins's 1565 account.", "locator": "Preview p. 9, English chronology", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a dated lexical witness reported or displayed by the retained source; it does not date coinage, oral transmission, crop movement or domestication." }, "inference": "Use 1565 as a cited written witness for the sweet-potato sense." }, { "id": "potato-english-white-date-specialist", "sourceId": "specialist-miklos-potato", "passageIds": [ "english-chronology" ], "text": "Gerard's 1597 Herball is reported as the first known English potato use for Solanum tuberosum.", "locator": "Preview p. 9, English chronology", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a dated lexical witness reported or displayed by the retained source; it does not date coinage, oral transmission, crop movement or domestication." }, "inference": "Use 1597 as a cited written witness for the common-potato sense." }, { "id": "potato-spanish-batata-date-specialist", "sourceId": "specialist-miklos-potato", "passageIds": [ "spanish-chronology" ], "text": "Peter Martyr d'Anghiera is reported using batatas in Spain in 1516.", "locator": "Preview pp. 8–9, Spanish chronology", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a dated lexical witness reported or displayed by the retained source; it does not date coinage, oral transmission, crop movement or domestication." }, "inference": "Use 1516 as a cited Spanish written-use bound." }, { "id": "potato-spanish-patata-date-specialist", "sourceId": "specialist-miklos-potato", "passageIds": [ "spanish-chronology" ], "text": "OED and CORDE evidence is reported for Spanish patata as a batata variant in 1526.", "locator": "Preview pp. 8–9, Spanish chronology", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a dated lexical witness reported or displayed by the retained source; it does not date coinage, oral transmission, crop movement or domestication." }, "inference": "Use 1526 as a cited Spanish written witness for the sweet-potato sense." }, { "id": "potato-spanish-papa-date-specialist", "sourceId": "specialist-miklos-potato", "passageIds": [ "spanish-chronology" ], "text": "DCECH is reported to document Spanish papa from Quechua in 1540.", "locator": "Preview p. 8, Spanish chronology", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a dated lexical witness reported or displayed by the retained source; it does not date coinage, oral transmission, crop movement or domestication." }, "inference": "Use 1540 as a cited Spanish written witness, not a Quechua origin date." }, { "id": "potato-quechua-date-specialist", "sourceId": "specialist-santo-tomas-papa", "passageIds": [ "papa-entry" ], "text": "The 1560 Quechua–Castilian lexicon records papa as an earth tuber.", "locator": "Quechua–Castilian papa entry", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a dated lexical witness reported or displayed by the retained source; it does not date coinage, oral transmission, crop movement or domestication." }, "inference": "Use the lexicon publication as a dated Quechua lexical witness, not an origin date." }, { "id": "potato-route-disagreement-specialist", "sourceId": "specialist-miklos-potato", "passageIds": [ "route-disagreement" ], "text": "A recent Cambridge account challenges the DLE papa-plus-batata blend analysis because early batata and patata both denoted sweet potato before the cited Spanish papa record.", "locator": "Preview pp. 8–10, route analysis", "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "The DLE blend remains a retained dictionary analysis. The competing chronological argument is displayed rather than silently substituted as settled fact." }, "inference": "Keep both incoming contributors visible, but downgrade papa-to-patata from documented to alternative and describe batata-to-patata as the chronologically supported path." } ], "limitations": "The Taíno attribution and historical pronunciation of batata remain proposed and frozen. DLE analyzes Spanish patata as a blend of papa and batata, while the retained Cambridge chronology argues that patata was already a sweet-potato variant of batata before the cited Spanish papa record; the papa edge is therefore alternative. The 1516, 1526, 1540, 1560, 1565 and 1597 dates are scoped written witnesses, not crop movement or coinage dates. English reuse for the common potato is dated separately from the earlier sweet-potato sense.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R3", "standard": "Milestone-100 specialist review", "standardVersion": "2026-09-21", "completedAt": "2026-09-21" } }, { "id": "hammock", "word": "hammock", "language": "English", "sense": "The hanging bed", "senses": [ { "id": "hammock-bed-sense", "label": "The hanging bed", "definition": "A swinging couch or bed suspended by cords.", "stageId": "hammock-english", "claimIds": [ "hammock-english", "hammock-english-reading" ] } ], "defaultSense": "hammock-bed-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 05", "aliases": [ "hammock", "hamaca", "hamaka", "amaca" ], "summary": "A Taíno/Arawakan hanging-net word enters Spanish and English as the name of a suspended bed.", "intro": "A Taíno/Arawakan hanging-net word enters Spanish and English as the name of a suspended bed.", "claimIds": [ "hammock-arawakan", "hammock-spanish", "hammock-english", "hammock-english-reading" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "hammock-arawakan", "narrativeOrder": [ "hammock-arawakan", "hammock-spanish", "hammock-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "hammock-arawakan", "etymologyId": "hammock-arawakan-1", "form": "*hamaka", "language": "Proto-Arawak", "languageCode": "xar", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "hammock-arawakan" ] }, "transliteration": "*hamaka", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "A reconstructed form is displayed without a historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Reconstructed hanging net or cloth form.", "formStatus": "reconstructed", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Arawakan reference region", "coordinates": [ -63.45763454743985, -3.1102292773127544 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "hammock-arawakan-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "hammock-arawakan" ], "explanation": "Reconstructed hanging net or cloth form." }, { "id": "hammock-spanish", "etymologyId": "hammock-spanish-1", "form": "hamaca", "language": "Spanish", "languageCode": "es", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "hammock-spanish" ] }, "transliteration": "hamaca", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected sources. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Hanging bed or net in which people sleep.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1492, "end": 1559, "approximate": true, "label": "c. late 15th–16th century · Spanish Caribbean context", "note": "Contextual period for early Spanish contact accounts; not a precise borrowing date.", "claimIds": [ "hammock-spanish" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Spanish reference region", "coordinates": [ -1.11788, 40.4414 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "hammock-spanish-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "hammock-spanish" ], "explanation": "Hanging bed or net in which people sleep." }, { "id": "hammock-english", "etymologyId": "hammock-english-1", "form": "hammock", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "hammock-english", "hammock-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "hammock", "pronunciation": { "guide": "HAM-uk", "ipa": "/ˈhæmək/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "hammock-english-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A swinging couch or bed suspended by cords.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1650, "end": 1659, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1650s · English hammock", "note": "Reported English lexical context.", "claimIds": [ "hammock-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "hammock-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "hammock-english", "hammock-english-reading" ], "explanation": "A swinging couch or bed suspended by cords." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "hammock-arawakan-spanish", "from": "hammock-arawakan", "to": "hammock-spanish", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Spanish hamaca continues the reported Taíno/Arawakan hanging-net word.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "hammock-arawakan", "hammock-spanish" ] }, { "id": "hammock-spanish-english", "from": "hammock-spanish", "to": "hammock-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English hammock is borrowed through Spanish hamaca.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "hammock-spanish", "hammock-english", "hammock-english-reading" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "hammock-arawakan-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Arawakan.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row araw1281", "passageIds": [ "araw1281" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Arawakan reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "hammock-arawakan", "text": "The English entry compares Taíno hamaka with a Proto-Arawak reconstruction for the hanging net word.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-hammock", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "hammock-arawakan-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The reconstructed form is not a written attestation and is shown only as a bounded ancestry claim." }, "inference": "Mark the Proto-Arawak form as reconstructed and avoid treating it as an attested document." }, { "id": "hammock-spanish-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Spanish.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1288", "passageIds": [ "stan1288" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Spanish reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "hammock-spanish", "text": "Spanish hamaca is the donor form for English hammock and appears in early accounts of Caribbean travel.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-hammock", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "hammock-spanish-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The travel narrative supplies lexical context but is not treated as a complete first-attestation history." }, "inference": "Use Spanish hamaca as the immediate European donor." }, { "id": "hammock-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "hammock-english", "text": "English hammock is dated to the 1650s, altered from hamack/hamaca, and denotes a hanging bed.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-hammock", "locator": "hammock(n.)", "passageIds": [ "hammock-english-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The English date is lexical context and does not date the Indigenous source or the invention of the object." }, "inference": "Keep object history outside the word route." }, { "id": "hammock-english-reading", "text": "The English entry supplies the modern hammock reading.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-hammock", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "hammock-english-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." } ], "limitations": "The journey follows the word through Spanish hamaca. The object’s broader global history and European folk-etymological forms such as hangmat are not substituted for the English lexical route." }, { "id": "banana", "word": "banana", "language": "English", "sense": "The fruit", "senses": [ { "id": "banana-fruit-sense", "label": "The fruit", "definition": "The edible tropical banana fruit.", "stageId": "banana-english-fruit", "claimIds": [ "banana-english-fruit", "banana-english-fruit-reading" ] }, { "id": "banana-plant-sense", "label": "The plant", "definition": "The banana plant.", "stageId": "banana-english-plant", "claimIds": [ "banana-english-plant" ] } ], "defaultSense": "banana-fruit-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 05", "aliases": [ "banana", "banaana", "banana fruit" ], "summary": "An African fruit name reaches English through Portuguese or Spanish. Wolof comparison and a Congo attribution leave the exact African source disputed.", "intro": "An African fruit name reaches English through Portuguese or Spanish. Wolof comparison and a Congo attribution leave the exact African source disputed.", "claimIds": [ "banana-west-african", "banana-spanish", "banana-portuguese", "banana-english-fruit", "banana-english-fruit-reading", "banana-english-plant", "banana-reviewed-iberian", "banana-reviewed-african" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "banana-west-african", "narrativeOrder": [ "banana-west-african", "banana-portuguese", "banana-spanish", "banana-english-fruit", "banana-english-plant" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "banana-west-african", "etymologyId": "banana-west-african-1", "form": "banana", "language": "African source (unidentified)", "languageCode": "und", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "banana-west-african" ] }, "transliteration": "banana", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The proposed source form is preserved without a historical pronunciation claim.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Banana; conventionally reported African source, exact language disputed.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "Wolof/West African and Congo attributions conflict; no precise lexical source region is selected." }, "claimIds": [ "banana-west-african", "banana-reviewed-iberian", "banana-reviewed-african" ], "explanation": "The displayed form summarizes the source reports. Wolof banaana is a comparison; the DLE gives a competing Congo attribution." }, { "id": "banana-spanish", "etymologyId": "banana-spanish-1", "form": "banana", "language": "Spanish", "languageCode": "es", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "banana-spanish" ] }, "transliteration": "banana", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected sources. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Banana fruit.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The baseline 1590s date belonged to the English report; no inspected source establishes that date for Spanish." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Spanish reference region", "coordinates": [ -1.11788, 40.4414 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "banana-spanish-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "banana-spanish", "banana-reviewed-iberian" ], "explanation": "Banana fruit." }, { "id": "banana-portuguese", "etymologyId": "banana-portuguese-1", "form": "banana", "language": "Portuguese", "languageCode": "pt", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "banana-portuguese" ] }, "transliteration": "banana", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected sources. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Banana fruit; parallel Iberian donor form.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No separate Portuguese reference point is required for this alternative route." }, "claimIds": [ "banana-portuguese", "banana-reviewed-iberian" ], "explanation": "Banana fruit; parallel Iberian donor form." }, { "id": "banana-english-fruit", "etymologyId": "banana-english-fruit-1", "form": "banana", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "banana-english-fruit", "banana-english-fruit-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "banana", "pronunciation": { "guide": "buh-NAH-nuh", "ipa": "/bəˈnɑːnə/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "banana-english-fruit-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "The edible tropical fruit.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1590, "end": 1599, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1590s · English banana fruit", "note": "Reported English context.", "claimIds": [ "banana-english-fruit" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "banana-english-fruit-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "banana-english-fruit", "banana-english-fruit-reading" ], "explanation": "The edible tropical fruit." }, { "id": "banana-english-plant", "etymologyId": "banana-english-plant-1", "form": "banana", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "banana-english-plant" ] }, "transliteration": "banana", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected sources. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "The banana plant.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1690, "end": 1699, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1690s · English plant sense", "note": "Reported English sense context.", "claimIds": [ "banana-english-plant" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "banana-english-plant-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "banana-english-plant" ], "explanation": "The banana plant." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "banana-spanish-english-fruit", "from": "banana-spanish", "to": "banana-english-fruit", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "English received the fruit word through an Iberian route, with Portuguese also possible.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "banana-spanish", "banana-english-fruit", "banana-english-fruit-reading", "banana-reviewed-iberian" ] }, { "id": "banana-portuguese-english-fruit", "from": "banana-portuguese", "to": "banana-english-fruit", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "Portuguese is preserved as a competing Iberian donor route.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "banana-portuguese", "banana-english-fruit", "banana-english-fruit-reading", "banana-reviewed-iberian" ] }, { "id": "banana-english-fruit-english-plant", "from": "banana-english-fruit", "to": "banana-english-plant", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Reported English fruit-to-plant extension; the two sense-date reports do not establish the first occurrence of every use.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "English develops a plant sense after the fruit sense without changing the word’s external route.", "added": [ "Banana plant" ], "removed": [], "associations": [ "fruit", "plant" ], "claimIds": [ "banana-english-fruit", "banana-english-plant" ] }, "claimIds": [ "banana-english-fruit", "banana-english-plant" ] }, { "id": "banana-african-portuguese", "from": "banana-west-african", "to": "banana-portuguese", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "African ancestry is reported; the exact donor language and contact event remain unresolved.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "banana-reviewed-iberian", "banana-reviewed-african" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The lexical relationship alone does not establish a semantic transition at the borrowing event.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "banana-portuguese-spanish", "from": "banana-portuguese", "to": "banana-spanish", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Merriam-Webster explicitly places Portuguese before Spanish; the chronology is unverified.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "banana-reviewed-iberian" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The lexical relationship alone does not establish a semantic transition at the borrowing event.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "banana-west-african-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Wolof.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row nucl1347", "passageIds": [ "nucl1347" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Wolof reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "banana-west-african", "text": "The English entry proposes a West African source, possibly Wolof banana, for the Iberian forms.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-banana", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "banana-west-african-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "The exact source language is not settled in the inspected material; the form is not presented as a securely localized direct ancestor." }, "inference": "The proposed Wolof source remains in Evidence; the drawn stage does not select Wolof or its reference coordinates." }, { "id": "banana-spanish-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Spanish.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1288", "passageIds": [ "stan1288" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Spanish reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "banana-spanish", "text": "Spanish is one reported Iberian route by which the West African banana word reached European languages.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-banana", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "banana-spanish-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The account allows Spanish or Portuguese mediation; neither is forced as the unique channel." }, "inference": "Display Spanish as one route and preserve Portuguese as a parallel alternative." }, { "id": "banana-portuguese", "text": "The English account allows Spanish or Portuguese borrowing of the West African word.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-banana", "locator": "banana(n.)", "passageIds": [ "banana-portuguese-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "The source does not settle whether English received the word through Spanish, Portuguese or both." }, "inference": "Preserve Portuguese as a competing donor route without placing it in the main tree." }, { "id": "banana-english-fruit-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "banana-english-fruit", "text": "English banana is attested in the 1590s for the edible tropical fruit.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-banana", "locator": "banana(n.)", "passageIds": [ "banana-english-fruit-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The 1590s date is an English lexical context and not a date for the West African source or Southeast Asian plant history." }, "inference": "Use the English fruit context only." }, { "id": "banana-english-fruit-reading", "text": "The English entry supplies regional banana readings.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-banana", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "banana-english-fruit-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "banana-english-plant-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "banana-english-plant", "text": "Reference to the banana plant itself is reported from the 1690s, later than the fruit sense.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-banana", "locator": "banana(n.)", "passageIds": [ "banana-english-plant-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a sense chronology within English and not a claim about botanical naming or cultivation." }, "inference": "Keep fruit and plant senses separate." }, { "id": "banana-reviewed-iberian", "text": "Portuguese-to-Spanish transmission is one explicit account; English may have borrowed from either.", "sourceId": "c1-mw-banana", "locator": "Word History > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Wolof word is a comparison, not a demonstrated exclusive donor." }, "inference": "Show the Iberian relationship without forcing one English channel." }, { "id": "banana-reviewed-african", "text": "The DLE instead gives a Congo origin for the Spanish word.", "sourceId": "c1-rae-banana", "locator": "Etymology", "passageIds": [ "congo" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "This geographic label does not justify a Kikongo language code or an origin point." }, "inference": "Preserve the disagreement with the Wolof/West African proposal." } ], "limitations": "Exact African language and region remain unresolved. The Wolof comparison is not assigned a language code or map point in the selected source stage; the DLE’s Congo label is also not a specific language identification. Portuguese-to-Spanish transmission is one account, with either Iberian language still a possible English donor. The English sense dates remain reports, not crop-history dates." }, { "id": "boomerang", "word": "boomerang", "language": "English", "sense": "The weapon", "senses": [ { "id": "boomerang-weapon-sense", "label": "The weapon", "definition": "A curved Aboriginal Australian missile or throwing weapon.", "stageId": "boomerang-english", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-english", "boomerang-english-reading" ] }, { "id": "boomerang-return-sense", "label": "The return metaphor", "definition": "An action or consequence that returns to its originator.", "stageId": "boomerang-english-figurative", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-english-figurative" ] } ], "defaultSense": "boomerang-weapon-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 05", "aliases": [ "boomerang", "bumariny", "bumarañ", "boo-mer-rit", "wo-mur-rang" ], "summary": "An English weapon name is borrowed from an Australian Aboriginal language or language area, but the exact source and early forms remain disputed.", "intro": "An English weapon name is borrowed from an Australian Aboriginal language or language area, but the exact source and early forms remain disputed.", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-early-form", "boomerang-proposed-source", "boomerang-english", "boomerang-english-reading", "boomerang-english-figurative", "boomerang-reviewed-source" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "boomerang-early-form", "narrativeOrder": [ "boomerang-early-form", "boomerang-proposed-source", "boomerang-english", "boomerang-english-figurative" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "boomerang-early-form", "etymologyId": "boomerang-early-form-1", "form": "boo-mer-rit", "language": "Australian Aboriginal source (unidentified)", "languageCode": "und", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-early-form" ] }, "transliteration": "boo-mer-rit", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The bounded sources did not supply a defensible reading for this historical or disputed form; no pronunciation is invented.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Early recorded Aboriginal form glossed as a scimitar or curved weapon.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Research unresolved", "qualifier": "The inspected evidence does not identify a defensible language or lexical location; no origin point is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "boomerang-early-form", "boomerang-reviewed-source" ], "explanation": "Early recorded Aboriginal form glossed as a scimitar or curved weapon.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-early-form" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-early-form" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-early-form" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-early-form" ], "label": "Historical reading not established", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for boo-mer-rit (Australian Aboriginal source (unidentified)) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A transliteration or modern form is not presented as a historical pronunciation." }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-early-form" ], "label": "No secure word-specific lexical date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for boo-mer-rit (Australian Aboriginal source (unidentified)) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-early-form" ], "label": "Lexical location remains unresolved", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for boo-mer-rit (Australian Aboriginal source (unidentified)) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. The available language evidence does not license a precise lexical birthplace or reference point." }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-early-form" ], "label": "Geographic evidence type remains unresolved", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for boo-mer-rit (Australian Aboriginal source (unidentified)) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. The source record does not identify a defensible attestation or contact location." }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-early-form" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-early-form", "boomerang-reviewed-source" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-early-form" ], "label": "Adjacent relation needs stronger evidence", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for boo-mer-rit (Australian Aboriginal source (unidentified)) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. The current narrative adjacency has no directly evidenced edge, so no stronger relation is asserted." } } }, { "id": "boomerang-proposed-source", "etymologyId": "boomerang-proposed-source-1", "form": "bumariny", "language": "Sydney-area language (uncertain)", "languageCode": "und", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-proposed-source" ] }, "transliteration": "bumariny", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The bounded sources did not supply a defensible reading for this historical or disputed form; no pronunciation is invented.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A proposed Aboriginal source form for boomerang.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Research unresolved", "qualifier": "The inspected evidence does not identify a defensible language or lexical location; no origin point is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "boomerang-proposed-source", "boomerang-reviewed-source" ], "explanation": "A reported later source form; the Thurawal attribution is a proposal preserved in Evidence, not a settled language identification.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-proposed-source" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-proposed-source" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-proposed-source" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-proposed-source" ], "label": "Historical reading not established", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for bumariny (Sydney-area language (uncertain)) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A transliteration or modern form is not presented as a historical pronunciation." }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-proposed-source" ], "label": "No secure word-specific lexical date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for bumariny (Sydney-area language (uncertain)) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-proposed-source" ], "label": "Lexical location remains unresolved", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for bumariny (Sydney-area language (uncertain)) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. The available language evidence does not license a precise lexical birthplace or reference point." }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-proposed-source" ], "label": "Geographic evidence type remains unresolved", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for bumariny (Sydney-area language (uncertain)) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. The source record does not identify a defensible attestation or contact location." }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-proposed-source" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-proposed-source", "boomerang-reviewed-source" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-proposed-source", "boomerang-english", "boomerang-reviewed-source" ] } } }, { "id": "boomerang-english", "etymologyId": "boomerang-english-1", "form": "boomerang", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-english", "boomerang-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "boomerang", "pronunciation": { "guide": "BOO-muh-rang", "ipa": "/ˈbuːməræŋ/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-english-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A curved Aboriginal Australian missile or throwing weapon.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1827, "end": 1827, "approximate": false, "label": "1827 · English boomerang", "note": "The retained 1827 date is a reported witness, not an earliest-use claim; the relation of earlier spellings to this word remains disputed.", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "boomerang-english", "boomerang-english-reading", "boomerang-reviewed-source", "boomerang-english-region", "boomerang-english-reading" ], "explanation": "A curved Aboriginal Australian missile or throwing weapon.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-english" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-english" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-english" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-english" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-english-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-english-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-english" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-english", "boomerang-english-reading", "boomerang-reviewed-source", "boomerang-english-region", "boomerang-english-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-english-figurative" ] } } }, { "id": "boomerang-english-figurative", "etymologyId": "boomerang-english-figurative-1", "form": "boomerang", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-english-figurative" ] }, "transliteration": "boomerang", "pronunciation": { "guide": "BOO-muh-rang", "ipa": "/ˈbuːməræŋ/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-english-figurative-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "An action or consequence that returns to its originator.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1846, "end": 1846, "approximate": false, "label": "1846 · returning-attack noun metaphor", "note": "Boston Daily Advertiser, 5 May, as quoted by ANDC; not an attestation of the verb or a claim to the first metaphor.", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-english-figurative" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-english-figurative-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "boomerang-english-figurative", "boomerang-english-figurative-region", "boomerang-english-figurative-reading" ], "explanation": "An action or consequence that returns to its originator.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-english-figurative" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-english-figurative" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-english-figurative" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-english-figurative-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-english-figurative" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-english-figurative-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-english-figurative-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-english-figurative" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "boomerang-english-figurative", "boomerang-english-figurative-region", "boomerang-english-figurative-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "boomerang-early-form-english", "from": "boomerang-early-form", "to": "boomerang-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "The early Aboriginal form is preserved as a possible but unproven source witness.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "boomerang-early-form", "boomerang-english" ] }, { "id": "boomerang-proposed-source-english", "from": "boomerang-proposed-source", "to": "boomerang-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "A reported Sydney-area source proposal with unresolved language attribution and date; no modern language identity is imposed.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "boomerang-proposed-source", "boomerang-english", "boomerang-reviewed-source" ] }, { "id": "boomerang-english-english-figurative", "from": "boomerang-english", "to": "boomerang-english-figurative", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The weapon name becomes a metaphor for a consequence that returns.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "shifted", "explanation": "The figurative sense is motivated by the weapon’s return flight but remains an English development.", "added": [ "Returning consequence" ], "removed": [], "associations": [ "weapon", "return" ], "claimIds": [ "boomerang-english-figurative" ] }, "claimIds": [ "boomerang-english-figurative" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "boomerang-early-form", "text": "An early c. 1790 form boo-mer-rit is recorded with a weapon gloss, but its language and relation to boomerang are uncertain.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-boomerang", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "boomerang-early-form-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "The early form is not treated as a secure direct ancestor." }, "inference": "Preserve it as a disputed early witness outside the main tree." }, { "id": "boomerang-proposed-source", "text": "The entry reports a possible Thurawal source and notes that bumariny or bumarañ is not explicitly recorded in the Sydney language until 1903.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-boomerang", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "boomerang-proposed-source-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "The proposed form and language attribution remain disputed." }, "inference": "Show this as a qualified proposal, not as a settled historical stage." }, { "id": "boomerang-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "boomerang-english", "text": "English boomerang is dated to 1827 as the name of an Aboriginal Australian missile weapon.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-boomerang", "locator": "boomerang(n.)", "passageIds": [ "boomerang-english-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The 1827 date is an English publication context; it does not settle the disputed Aboriginal source form." }, "inference": "Use the attested English weapon sense while preserving the source disagreement." }, { "id": "boomerang-english-reading", "text": "The English entry supplies regional boomerang readings.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-boomerang", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "boomerang-english-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "boomerang-english-figurative-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "boomerang-english-figurative", "text": "A returning-attack noun metaphor is documented in an 1846 newspaper quotation reproduced by ANDC.", "sourceId": "c1-andc-boomerang", "locator": "boomerang, transferred/figurative paragraph and 1846 quotation", "passageIds": [ "metaphor" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This antedates the baseline 1900 date, which came from the verb entry rather than the displayed noun sense." }, "inference": "Date this noun metaphor to the inspected witness, without asserting first use." }, { "id": "boomerang-reviewed-source", "text": "Specialist lexicography leaves the exact Indigenous source language uncertain.", "sourceId": "c1-andc-boomerang", "locator": "boomerang, first two paragraphs", "passageIds": [ "source" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Sydney-area evidence does not license retroactive identification with a single modern language label." }, "inference": "Retain the early forms as qualified proposals and keep them unmapped." }, { "id": "boomerang-english-figurative-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for boomerang.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-boomerang", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for boomerang", "passageIds": [ "batch05-boomerang-english-figurative-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." } ], "limitations": "Exact language attribution and the relationship of boo-mer-rit to the later boomerang word remain unsettled. Bumariny and the Thurawal proposal are retained as uncertain reports; neither receives an origin point. The returning-attack noun metaphor is supported in 1846 and is separated from verb chronology. ANDC’s linked detailed newsletter was unavailable and its unseen argument was not used.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Lexography enrichment completeness", "standardVersion": "1.0", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "kangaroo", "word": "kangaroo", "language": "English", "sense": "The animal", "senses": [ { "id": "kangaroo-animal-sense", "label": "The animal", "definition": "A large Australian marsupial mammal.", "stageId": "kangaroo-english", "claimIds": [ "kangaroo-english", "kangaroo-english-reading" ] }, { "id": "kangaroo-compound-sense", "label": "The compound", "definition": "A kangaroo court; a proceeding perceived as irregular or unjust.", "stageId": "kangaroo-english-court", "claimIds": [ "kangaroo-english-court" ] } ], "defaultSense": "kangaroo-animal-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 05", "aliases": [ "kangaroo", "kangooroo", "kanguroo", "gangurru", "kanguru" ], "summary": "An Australian animal name is borrowed from Guugu Yimidhirr and enters English through eighteenth-century contact records.", "intro": "An Australian animal name is borrowed from Guugu Yimidhirr and enters English through eighteenth-century contact records.", "claimIds": [ "kangaroo-guugu", "kangaroo-english", "kangaroo-english-reading", "kangaroo-english-court" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "kangaroo-guugu", "narrativeOrder": [ "kangaroo-guugu", "kangaroo-english", "kangaroo-english-court" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "kangaroo-guugu", "etymologyId": "kangaroo-guugu-1", "form": "gangurru", "language": "Guugu Yimidhirr", "languageCode": "kky", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "kangaroo-guugu" ] }, "transliteration": "gangurru", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The native form is preserved; no dated historical pronunciation is reconstructed.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Eastern grey or large black kangaroo.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Guugu Yimidhirr reference region", "coordinates": [ 144.831, -14.9424 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "kangaroo-guugu-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "kangaroo-guugu" ], "explanation": "Eastern grey or large black kangaroo." }, { "id": "kangaroo-english", "etymologyId": "kangaroo-english-1", "form": "kangaroo", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "kangaroo-english", "kangaroo-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "kangaroo", "pronunciation": { "guide": "kang-uh-ROO", "ipa": "/ˌkæŋɡəˈruː/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "kangaroo-english-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A large Australian marsupial mammal.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1770, "end": 1770, "approximate": false, "label": "1770 · English kangaroo", "note": "Reported contact-era English context.", "claimIds": [ "kangaroo-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "kangaroo-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "kangaroo-english", "kangaroo-english-reading" ], "explanation": "A large Australian marsupial mammal." }, { "id": "kangaroo-english-court", "etymologyId": "kangaroo-english-court-1", "form": "kangaroo", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "kangaroo-english-court" ] }, "transliteration": "kangaroo", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected sources. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A kangaroo court; a proceeding perceived as irregular or unjust.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1850, "end": 1850, "approximate": false, "label": "1850 · kangaroo court", "note": "Reported American English compound context.", "claimIds": [ "kangaroo-english-court" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "kangaroo-english-court-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "kangaroo-english-court" ], "explanation": "A kangaroo court; a proceeding perceived as irregular or unjust." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "kangaroo-guugu-english", "from": "kangaroo-guugu", "to": "kangaroo-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English kangaroo is borrowed from Guugu Yimidhirr gangurru.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "kangaroo-guugu", "kangaroo-english", "kangaroo-english-reading" ] }, { "id": "kangaroo-english-english-court", "from": "kangaroo-english", "to": "kangaroo-english-court", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The animal name becomes part of kangaroo court, a metaphor for leaping or irregular procedure.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "The compound is an English semantic extension and does not alter the animal-name etymology.", "added": [ "Kangaroo court" ], "removed": [], "associations": [ "animal name", "leaping" ], "claimIds": [ "kangaroo-english", "kangaroo-english-reading" ] }, "claimIds": [ "kangaroo-english", "kangaroo-english-reading" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "kangaroo-guugu-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Guugu Yimidhirr.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row gugu1255", "passageIds": [ "gugu1255" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Guugu Yimidhirr reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "kangaroo-guugu", "text": "The English entry traces kangaroo to Guugu Yimidhirr gangurru and notes later confirmation of the form.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-kangaroo", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "kangaroo-guugu-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The native form is preserved; the English spelling is an adapted contact form, not a historical phonetic transcription." }, "inference": "Use the Guugu Yimidhirr word as the source while keeping contact pronunciation separate." }, { "id": "kangaroo-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "kangaroo-english", "text": "English kangaroo is dated to 1770 in the reports of Cook and Joseph Banks.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-kangaroo", "locator": "kangaroo(n.)", "passageIds": [ "kangaroo-english-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The 1770 date is an English contact/publication context, not the date of the Guugu Yimidhirr word." }, "inference": "Use the contact-era English context and reject the “I do not know” folklore." }, { "id": "kangaroo-english-reading", "text": "The English entry supplies regional kangaroo readings.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-kangaroo", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "kangaroo-english-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "kangaroo-english-court-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "kangaroo-english-court", "text": "Kangaroo court is recorded in American English from 1850 and is explained as a metaphor of proceeding by leaps.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-kangaroo", "locator": "kangaroo(n.)", "passageIds": [ "kangaroo-english-court-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The compound’s semantic history is English and does not describe the animal name’s source." }, "inference": "Keep the compound sense separate from the lexical borrowing." } ], "limitations": "The popular “I do not know” story is rejected. Guugu Yimidhirr gangurru is supported by later linguistic confirmation, while English spelling and the exact first contact pronunciation remain historical approximations." }, { "id": "kiosk", "word": "kiosk", "language": "English", "sense": "The pavilion", "senses": [ { "id": "kiosk-pavilion-sense", "label": "The pavilion", "definition": "A small open pavilion or garden structure.", "stageId": "kiosk-english-pavilion", "claimIds": [ "kiosk-english-pavilion", "kiosk-english-pavilion-reading" ] }, { "id": "kiosk-booth-sense", "label": "The booth", "definition": "A small booth or stand for selling, dispensing or making telephone calls.", "stageId": "kiosk-english-booth", "claimIds": [ "kiosk-english-booth" ] } ], "defaultSense": "kiosk-pavilion-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 05", "aliases": [ "kiosk", "kiosque", "chiosco", "köşk", "کوشک", "kwšk" ], "summary": "Kiosk is a long-chain case: Middle Persian and Persian forms, Ottoman mediation, Italian and French forms, and distinct English pavilion and booth senses.", "intro": "The route shows the architectural term crossing several languages and keeps each intermediary qualified where the evidence establishes a transmission corridor rather than a simple direct parent.", "claimIds": [ "kiosk-middle-persian", "kiosk-persian", "kiosk-ottoman", "kiosk-italian", "kiosk-french", "kiosk-english-pavilion", "kiosk-english-pavilion-reading", "kiosk-english-booth", "batch04-kiosk-reading", "batch04-kiosk-geography", "batch04-kiosk-date", "batch04-kiosk-scope", "batch04-kiosk-relations" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "kiosk-middle-persian", "narrativeOrder": [ "kiosk-middle-persian", "kiosk-persian", "kiosk-ottoman", "kiosk-italian", "kiosk-french", "kiosk-english-pavilion", "kiosk-english-booth" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "kiosk-middle-persian", "etymologyId": "kiosk-middle-persian-1", "form": "kwšk", "language": "Middle Persian", "languageCode": "xpr", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "kiosk-middle-persian" ] }, "transliteration": "kōšk", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "kiosk-middle-persian", "batch04-kiosk-reading" ], "pronunciation": { "guide": "kōšk (Middle Persian conventional)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Palace, pavilion or portico.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Iran–Ottoman–Italian–French–English architectural corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 52.7, 30.06 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "kiosk-middle-persian", "batch04-kiosk-reading", "batch04-kiosk-geography", "batch04-kiosk-date", "batch04-kiosk-scope" ], "explanation": "Palace, pavilion or portico.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading", "batch04-kiosk-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading", "batch04-kiosk-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for kwšk does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading", "batch04-kiosk-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kiosk-middle-persian", "batch04-kiosk-reading", "batch04-kiosk-geography", "batch04-kiosk-date", "batch04-kiosk-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kiosk-middle-persian", "kiosk-persian", "batch04-kiosk-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "kiosk-persian", "etymologyId": "kiosk-persian-1", "form": "کوشک", "language": "Classical Persian", "languageCode": "fa", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "kiosk-persian" ] }, "transliteration": "kōšk", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "kiosk-persian", "batch04-kiosk-reading" ], "pronunciation": { "guide": "kōšk (Persian)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading" ] }, "script": "Arabic", "direction": "rtl", "sense": "Palace, villa, pavilion or portico.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Iran–Ottoman–Italian–French–English architectural corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 53.3, 32.9 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "kiosk-persian", "batch04-kiosk-reading", "batch04-kiosk-geography", "batch04-kiosk-date", "batch04-kiosk-scope" ], "explanation": "Palace, villa, pavilion or portico.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading", "batch04-kiosk-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading", "batch04-kiosk-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for کوشک does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading", "batch04-kiosk-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kiosk-persian", "batch04-kiosk-reading", "batch04-kiosk-geography", "batch04-kiosk-date", "batch04-kiosk-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kiosk-persian", "kiosk-ottoman", "batch04-kiosk-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "kiosk-ottoman", "etymologyId": "kiosk-ottoman-1", "form": "كوشك", "language": "Ottoman Turkish", "languageCode": "ota", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "kiosk-ottoman" ] }, "transliteration": "köşk", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "kiosk-ottoman", "batch04-kiosk-reading" ], "pronunciation": { "guide": "köşk (Ottoman Turkish)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading" ] }, "script": "Arabic", "direction": "rtl", "sense": "Pavilion, villa or summer house.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Iran–Ottoman–Italian–French–English architectural corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 32.9, 53.3 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "kiosk-ottoman", "batch04-kiosk-reading", "batch04-kiosk-geography", "batch04-kiosk-date", "batch04-kiosk-scope" ], "explanation": "Pavilion, villa or summer house.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading", "batch04-kiosk-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading", "batch04-kiosk-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for كوشك does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading", "batch04-kiosk-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kiosk-ottoman", "batch04-kiosk-reading", "batch04-kiosk-geography", "batch04-kiosk-date", "batch04-kiosk-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kiosk-ottoman", "kiosk-italian", "batch04-kiosk-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "kiosk-italian", "etymologyId": "kiosk-italian-1", "form": "chiosco", "language": "Italian", "languageCode": "it", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "kiosk-italian" ] }, "transliteration": "chiosco", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KYOHS-ko (Italian)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Kiosk or pavilion.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Iran–Ottoman–Italian–French–English architectural corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 12.65, 43.05 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "kiosk-italian", "batch04-kiosk-reading", "batch04-kiosk-geography", "batch04-kiosk-date", "batch04-kiosk-scope" ], "explanation": "Kiosk or pavilion.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading", "batch04-kiosk-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading", "batch04-kiosk-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for chiosco does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading", "batch04-kiosk-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kiosk-italian", "batch04-kiosk-reading", "batch04-kiosk-geography", "batch04-kiosk-date", "batch04-kiosk-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kiosk-italian", "kiosk-french", "batch04-kiosk-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "kiosk-french", "etymologyId": "kiosk-french-1", "form": "kiosque", "language": "French", "languageCode": "fr", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "kiosk-french" ] }, "transliteration": "kiosque", "pronunciation": { "guide": "kyo-SK (French)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Pavilion or kiosk.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Iran–Ottoman–Italian–French–English architectural corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 2, 48.8 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "kiosk-french", "batch04-kiosk-reading", "batch04-kiosk-geography", "batch04-kiosk-date", "batch04-kiosk-scope" ], "explanation": "Pavilion or kiosk.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading", "batch04-kiosk-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading", "batch04-kiosk-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for kiosque does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading", "batch04-kiosk-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kiosk-french", "batch04-kiosk-reading", "batch04-kiosk-geography", "batch04-kiosk-date", "batch04-kiosk-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kiosk-french", "kiosk-english-pavilion", "kiosk-english-pavilion-reading", "batch04-kiosk-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "kiosk-english-pavilion", "etymologyId": "kiosk-english-pavilion-1", "form": "kiosk", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "kiosk-english-pavilion", "kiosk-english-pavilion-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "kiosk", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KEE-osk", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A small open pavilion or garden structure.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1620, "end": 1629, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1620s · English pavilion sense", "note": "Reported English lexical context.", "claimIds": [ "kiosk-english-pavilion" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "kiosk-english-pavilion", "kiosk-english-pavilion-reading", "batch04-kiosk-reading", "batch04-kiosk-geography", "batch04-kiosk-date", "batch04-kiosk-scope" ], "explanation": "A small open pavilion or garden structure.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading", "batch04-kiosk-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading", "batch04-kiosk-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for kiosk does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "kiosk-english-pavilion", "batch04-kiosk-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kiosk-english-pavilion" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading", "batch04-kiosk-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kiosk-english-pavilion", "kiosk-english-pavilion-reading", "batch04-kiosk-reading", "batch04-kiosk-geography", "batch04-kiosk-date", "batch04-kiosk-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kiosk-english-pavilion", "kiosk-english-pavilion-reading", "batch04-kiosk-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "kiosk-english-booth", "etymologyId": "kiosk-english-booth-1", "form": "kiosk", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "kiosk-english-booth" ] }, "transliteration": "kiosk", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KEE-osk", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A small booth or stand for newspapers, cigarettes, tickets or telephones.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1865, "end": 1928, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1865–1928 · English booth senses", "note": "Two reported English contexts are grouped as a bounded sense period.", "claimIds": [ "kiosk-english-booth" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "kiosk-english-booth", "batch04-kiosk-reading", "batch04-kiosk-geography", "batch04-kiosk-date", "batch04-kiosk-scope" ], "explanation": "A small booth or stand for newspapers, cigarettes, tickets or telephones.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading", "batch04-kiosk-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading", "batch04-kiosk-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for kiosk does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "kiosk-english-booth", "batch04-kiosk-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kiosk-english-booth" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-reading", "batch04-kiosk-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kiosk-english-booth", "batch04-kiosk-reading", "batch04-kiosk-geography", "batch04-kiosk-date", "batch04-kiosk-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "kiosk-middle-persian-persian", "from": "kiosk-middle-persian", "to": "kiosk-persian", "type": "inheritance", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The Classical Persian form continues the reported Middle Persian pavilion word.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "kiosk-middle-persian", "kiosk-persian", "batch04-kiosk-relations" ] }, { "id": "kiosk-persian-ottoman", "from": "kiosk-persian", "to": "kiosk-ottoman", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Ottoman Turkish köşk is borrowed from Persian kōšk.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "kiosk-persian", "kiosk-ottoman", "batch04-kiosk-relations" ] }, { "id": "kiosk-ottoman-italian", "from": "kiosk-ottoman", "to": "kiosk-italian", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Italian chiosco is borrowed through the Ottoman Turkish form.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "kiosk-ottoman", "kiosk-italian", "batch04-kiosk-relations" ] }, { "id": "kiosk-italian-french", "from": "kiosk-italian", "to": "kiosk-french", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "French kiosque continues Italian chiosco.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "kiosk-italian", "kiosk-french", "batch04-kiosk-relations" ] }, { "id": "kiosk-french-english-pavilion", "from": "kiosk-french", "to": "kiosk-english-pavilion", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English kiosk is borrowed from French kiosque.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "kiosk-french", "kiosk-english-pavilion", "kiosk-english-pavilion-reading", "batch04-kiosk-relations" ] }, { "id": "kiosk-english-pavilion-english-booth", "from": "kiosk-english-pavilion", "to": "kiosk-english-booth", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The pavilion word extends to small commercial, ticketing and telephone booths.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "English retains the structure sense while extending the word to functionally similar enclosed stands.", "added": [ "Newsstand", "Telephone booth", "Ticket booth" ], "removed": [], "associations": [ "pavilion", "stand", "booth" ], "claimIds": [ "kiosk-english-pavilion", "kiosk-english-pavilion-reading" ] }, "claimIds": [ "kiosk-english-pavilion", "kiosk-english-pavilion-reading", "batch04-kiosk-relations" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "kiosk-middle-persian", "text": "The etymology tree traces kiosk to Middle Persian kwšk (kōšk), a palace or pavilion word.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-kiosk", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "kiosk-middle-persian-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Middle Persian form is preserved, but no pinned historical location or exact attestation date is asserted." }, "inference": "Stop the deeper route at the reported Middle Persian form." }, { "id": "kiosk-persian-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Old Persian.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row oldp1255", "passageIds": [ "oldp1255" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Persian reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "kiosk-persian", "text": "Classical Persian کوشک (kōšk) means palace, villa, pavilion or portico.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-kiosk", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "kiosk-persian-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "kiosk-ottoman", "text": "Ottoman Turkish köşk is the form borrowed into European languages for a pavilion or summer house.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-kiosk", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "kiosk-ottoman-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Ottoman Turkish stage is lexical mediation; no specific palace or building is treated as the origin of the English word." }, "inference": "Keep architectural history separate from word history." }, { "id": "kiosk-italian-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Italian.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row ital1282", "passageIds": [ "ital1282" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Italian reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "kiosk-italian", "text": "Italian chiosco is the European intermediary between Ottoman Turkish köşk and French kiosque.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-kiosk", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "kiosk-italian-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "kiosk-french", "text": "French kiosque is the immediate source of English kiosk in the reported route.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-kiosk", "locator": "kiosk(n.)", "passageIds": [ "kiosk-french-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The French stage is a borrowing intermediary; its date is not required for the bounded English journey." }, "inference": "Display French as the English-facing European intermediary." }, { "id": "kiosk-english-pavilion-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "kiosk-english-pavilion", "text": "English kiosk is attested in the 1620s for an open pavilion introduced as a garden ornament.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-kiosk", "locator": "kiosk(n.)", "passageIds": [ "kiosk-english-pavilion-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The 1620s date belongs to the English pavilion sense, not to the Persian source." }, "inference": "Use the pavilion sense as the first English stage." }, { "id": "kiosk-english-pavilion-reading", "text": "The English entry supplies UK and US kiosk readings.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-kiosk", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "kiosk-english-pavilion-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "kiosk-english-booth-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "kiosk-english-booth", "text": "English kiosk developed a street-newsstand sense by 1865 and was influenced by the British telephone kiosk from 1928.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-kiosk", "locator": "kiosk(n.)", "passageIds": [ "kiosk-english-booth-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The later dates describe English sense contexts, not new borrowings or technological origins." }, "inference": "Keep booth and telephone uses as semantic extensions." }, { "id": "batch04-kiosk-reading", "text": "kiosk: an inspected specialist, institutional or national-language source supports the displayed forms and the selected conventional readings; reconstructed or historical readings remain explicitly qualified.", "sourceId": "batch04-kiosk-treccani", "locator": "entry history and etymology", "passageIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-treccani-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A conventional reading is not presented as an exact recording of every historical speaker; transliteration remains distinct from pronunciation." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest recoverable reading for each displayed stage without projecting a modern pronunciation backward." }, { "id": "batch04-kiosk-geography", "text": "kiosk: the map point is a supported language, speech-community or documented contact-corridor reference, not a precise lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch04-kiosk-treccani", "locator": "entry history and etymology", "passageIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-treccani-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Reference coordinates orient the language or contact corridor and do not assert a territorial boundary, donor village or origin site." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the strongest defensible regional precision available in the inspected evidence." }, { "id": "batch04-kiosk-date", "text": "kiosk: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a form or sense; contextual object, cultural, institutional and biographical dates are not substituted for word chronology.", "sourceId": "batch04-kiosk-treccani", "locator": "entry history and etymology", "passageIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-treccani-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Undated reconstructed or historical stages remain researched unresolved rather than receiving an invented date." }, "inference": "Lexography distinguishes attestation, documented use, sense attestation, bounded lexical periods and context." }, { "id": "batch04-kiosk-scope", "text": "kiosk: the route preserves competing analyses, qualified edges and semantic distinctions required by the inspected evidence.", "sourceId": "batch04-kiosk-treccani", "locator": "entry history and etymology", "passageIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-treccani-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The displayed chain is a research representation, not proof that every visible form is a direct parent; architectural history is contextual and English booth senses are later developments." }, "inference": "The narrative and topology are editorial representations of the evidence graph, not proof that every adjacent form is a direct parent." }, { "id": "batch04-kiosk-relations", "text": "kiosk: adjacent relations are retained with their existing type and certainty unless the inspected evidence requires a qualified or parallel reading.", "sourceId": "batch04-kiosk-treccani", "locator": "entry history and etymology", "passageIds": [ "batch04-kiosk-treccani-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A displayed tree edge does not erase non-tree alternatives or convert cognacy, influence or comparison into direct borrowing." }, "inference": "Lexography preserves the current topology and records the evidence limits alongside each relation." } ], "limitations": "The displayed chain is a research representation, not proof that every visible form is a direct parent; architectural history is contextual and English booth senses are later developments.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 04", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "caravan", "word": "caravan", "language": "English", "sense": "The travelers", "senses": [ { "id": "caravan-travelers-sense", "label": "The travelers", "definition": "A company of travelers, pilgrims or merchants traveling together.", "stageId": "caravan-english-travel", "claimIds": [ "caravan-english-travel", "caravan-english-travel-reading" ] }, { "id": "caravan-vehicle-sense", "label": "The vehicle", "definition": "A large covered carriage, trailer or mobile home.", "stageId": "caravan-english-vehicle", "claimIds": [ "caravan-english-vehicle" ] } ], "defaultSense": "caravan-travelers-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 05", "aliases": [ "caravan", "caravane", "carvane", "carevane", "کاروان", "kārwān", "qairawān" ], "summary": "A Persian travel-group word reaches English through Arabic and French forms, then extends from desert travelers to covered vehicles and mobile homes.", "intro": "A Persian travel-group word reaches English through Arabic and French forms, then extends from desert travelers to covered vehicles and mobile homes.", "claimIds": [ "caravan-persian", "caravan-arabic", "caravan-french", "caravan-english-travel", "caravan-english-travel-reading", "caravan-english-vehicle" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "caravan-persian", "narrativeOrder": [ "caravan-persian", "caravan-arabic", "caravan-french", "caravan-english-travel", "caravan-english-vehicle" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "caravan-persian", "etymologyId": "caravan-persian-1", "form": "کاروان", "language": "Persian", "languageCode": "fa", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "caravan-persian" ] }, "transliteration": "kārwān", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "caravan-persian" ], "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The native script and transliteration are preserved; historical Persian pronunciation is not asserted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Arabic", "direction": "rtl", "sense": "Company or group of desert travelers.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Persian reference region", "coordinates": [ 0, 0 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "caravan-persian-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "caravan-persian" ], "explanation": "Company or group of desert travelers." }, { "id": "caravan-arabic", "etymologyId": "caravan-arabic-1", "form": "قَيْرَوَان", "language": "Arabic", "languageCode": "ar", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "caravan-arabic" ] }, "transliteration": "qairawān", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "caravan-arabic" ], "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The native script and transliteration are preserved; historical Arabic pronunciation is not asserted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Arabic", "direction": "rtl", "sense": "Traveling company or caravan; a reported mediation form.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Arabic reference region", "coordinates": [ 35.871537655605096, 28.293689418964068 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "caravan-arabic-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "caravan-arabic" ], "explanation": "Traveling company or caravan; a reported mediation form." }, { "id": "caravan-french", "etymologyId": "caravan-french-1", "form": "caravane", "language": "Old/Middle French", "languageCode": "frm", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "caravan-french" ] }, "transliteration": "caravane", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected sources. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Caravan or company of travelers.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No separate historical location is assigned to this medieval French lexical stage." }, "claimIds": [ "caravan-french" ], "explanation": "Caravan or company of travelers." }, { "id": "caravan-english-travel", "etymologyId": "caravan-english-travel-1", "form": "caravan", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "caravan-english-travel", "caravan-english-travel-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "caravan", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KARR-uh-van", "ipa": "/ˈkærəvæn/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "caravan-english-travel-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A company of travelers, pilgrims or merchants traveling together.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1590, "end": 1599, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1590s · English traveling-company sense", "note": "Reported English context.", "claimIds": [ "caravan-english-travel" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "caravan-english-travel-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "caravan-english-travel", "caravan-english-travel-reading" ], "explanation": "A company of travelers, pilgrims or merchants traveling together." }, { "id": "caravan-english-vehicle", "etymologyId": "caravan-english-vehicle-1", "form": "caravan", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "caravan-english-vehicle" ] }, "transliteration": "caravan", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected sources. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A large covered carriage, trailer or mobile home.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1670, "end": 1939, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1670s–1930s · English vehicle senses", "note": "Reported carriage and later mobile-home contexts.", "claimIds": [ "caravan-english-vehicle" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "caravan-english-vehicle-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "caravan-english-vehicle" ], "explanation": "A large covered carriage, trailer or mobile home." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "caravan-persian-french", "from": "caravan-persian", "to": "caravan-french", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The Persian travel-group word reaches French in the reported route.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "caravan-persian", "caravan-french" ] }, { "id": "caravan-persian-arabic", "from": "caravan-persian", "to": "caravan-arabic", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "Arabic qairawan is preserved as a possible medieval intermediary.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "caravan-persian", "caravan-arabic" ] }, { "id": "caravan-arabic-french", "from": "caravan-arabic", "to": "caravan-french", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "The Arabic-mediated route remains qualified rather than compulsory.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "caravan-arabic", "caravan-french" ] }, { "id": "caravan-french-english-travel", "from": "caravan-french", "to": "caravan-english-travel", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English caravan continues the French travel-group word.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "caravan-french", "caravan-english-travel", "caravan-english-travel-reading" ] }, { "id": "caravan-english-travel-english-vehicle", "from": "caravan-english-travel", "to": "caravan-english-vehicle", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The travel-group word extends to a covered carriage and later a mobile home.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "English shifts the referent from a group of travelers to the covered vehicle associated with travel.", "added": [ "Covered carriage", "Mobile home" ], "removed": [], "associations": [ "travel", "covered vehicle" ], "claimIds": [ "caravan-english-travel", "caravan-english-travel-reading" ] }, "claimIds": [ "caravan-english-travel", "caravan-english-travel-reading" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "caravan-persian-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Old Persian.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row oldp1255", "passageIds": [ "oldp1255" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Persian reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "caravan-persian", "text": "Persian کاروان (kārwān) denotes a group of travelers and is the reported source of the European caravan word.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-caravan", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "caravan-persian-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A proposed connection with Sanskrit karabha “camel” is reported elsewhere but not asserted as a direct ancestry stage." }, "inference": "Keep the Persian form and leave the deeper comparison qualified." }, { "id": "caravan-arabic-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Arabic.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row arab1395", "passageIds": [ "arab1395" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Arabic reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "caravan-arabic", "text": "Online Etymology Dictionary reports Arabic qairawan as a possible route between Persian karwan and French/Latin caravan forms.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-caravan", "locator": "caravan(n.)", "passageIds": [ "caravan-arabic-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "The exact medieval transmission through Arabic is not settled against the direct Persian-to-Romance account." }, "inference": "Preserve Arabic as a qualified intermediary rather than a compulsory stage." }, { "id": "caravan-french", "text": "French caravane and Old French carvane/carevane are the French forms reported before English caravan.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-caravan", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "caravan-french-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The sources compress Old and Middle French spellings and do not supply one exact transfer date." }, "inference": "Show a bounded French intermediary without inventing a single medieval witness." }, { "id": "caravan-english-travel-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "caravan-english-travel", "text": "English caravan is attested in the 1590s for a company of travelers moving together for security.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-caravan", "locator": "caravan(n.)", "passageIds": [ "caravan-english-travel-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The 1590s date is an English lexical context and not a date for the Persian source or Crusade contact." }, "inference": "Use the group-of-travelers sense as the first English context." }, { "id": "caravan-english-travel-reading", "text": "The English entry supplies modern caravan readings.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-caravan", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "caravan-english-travel-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "caravan-english-vehicle-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "caravan-english-vehicle", "text": "English caravan extended to a covered carriage in the 1670s and to a British mobile-home sense in the 1930s.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-caravan", "locator": "caravan(n.)", "passageIds": [ "caravan-english-vehicle-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "These are English semantic and usage developments, not stages in the Persian travel word." }, "inference": "Keep the vehicle sense separate from the traveling-company sense." } ], "limitations": "The Persian–Arabic–French route is supported but the exact medieval intermediary sequence is compressed in the sources. A proposed Sanskrit connection is not promoted to a stage. English vehicle and mobile-home senses are semantic developments, not object-history stages." }, { "id": "engine", "word": "engine", "language": "English", "sense": "The machine", "senses": [ { "id": "engine-machine-sense", "label": "The machine", "definition": "A mechanical device, especially one used in war.", "stageId": "engine-english-machine", "claimIds": [ "engine-english-machine", "engine-english-machine-reading" ] }, { "id": "engine-power-sense", "label": "The power device", "definition": "A device that converts energy into mechanical power.", "stageId": "engine-english-power", "claimIds": [ "engine-english-power" ] } ], "defaultSense": "engine-machine-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 05", "aliases": [ "engine", "engin", "engyn", "ingenium", "engineer" ], "summary": "A Latin word for innate ability and ingenuity reaches English through French as a war machine, then becomes a general machine and energy-converting device.", "intro": "A Latin word for innate ability and ingenuity reaches English through French as a war machine, then becomes a general machine and energy-converting device.", "claimIds": [ "engine-latin", "engine-french", "engine-middle-english", "engine-english-machine", "engine-english-machine-reading", "engine-english-power" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "engine-latin", "narrativeOrder": [ "engine-latin", "engine-french", "engine-middle-english", "engine-english-machine", "engine-english-power" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "engine-latin", "etymologyId": "engine-latin-1", "form": "ingenium", "language": "Latin", "languageCode": "la", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "engine-latin" ] }, "transliteration": "ingenium", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "engine-latin" ], "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The Latin form is preserved; historical pronunciation is not asserted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Innate quality, ability, invention; in Late Latin, a war engine.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Latin reference region", "coordinates": [ 12.4502, 41.9026 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "engine-latin-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "engine-latin" ], "explanation": "Innate quality, ability, invention; in Late Latin, a war engine." }, { "id": "engine-french", "etymologyId": "engine-french-1", "form": "engin", "language": "Old French", "languageCode": "fro", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "engine-french" ] }, "transliteration": "engin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected sources. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Skill, cleverness, trick, stratagem or war machine.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No separate Old French reference location is asserted for this lexical stage." }, "claimIds": [ "engine-french" ], "explanation": "Skill, cleverness, trick, stratagem or war machine." }, { "id": "engine-middle-english", "etymologyId": "engine-middle-english-1", "form": "engyn", "language": "Middle English", "languageCode": "enm", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "engine-middle-english" ] }, "transliteration": "engyn", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected sources. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Mechanical device, war machine or engine.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Middle English reference region", "coordinates": [ -1.11, 51.65 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "engine-middle-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "engine-middle-english" ], "explanation": "Mechanical device, war machine or engine." }, { "id": "engine-english-machine", "etymologyId": "engine-english-machine-1", "form": "engine", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "engine-english-machine", "engine-english-machine-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "engine", "pronunciation": { "guide": "EN-jin", "ipa": "/ˈɛndʒɪn/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "engine-english-machine-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A mechanical device, especially one used in war.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1300, "end": 1399, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1300 · English machine sense", "note": "Reported English context.", "claimIds": [ "engine-english-machine" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "engine-english-machine-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "engine-english-machine", "engine-english-machine-reading" ], "explanation": "A mechanical device, especially one used in war." }, { "id": "engine-english-power", "etymologyId": "engine-english-power-1", "form": "engine", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "engine-english-power" ] }, "transliteration": "engine", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected sources. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A device that converts energy into mechanical power.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1700, "end": 1899, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 18th–19th centuries · English power-device sense", "note": "Broad contextual period for the reported sense development.", "claimIds": [ "engine-english-power" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "engine-english-power-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "engine-english-power" ], "explanation": "A device that converts energy into mechanical power." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "engine-latin-french", "from": "engine-latin", "to": "engine-french", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "French engin continues Latin ingenium and preserves ability and machine senses.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "engine-latin", "engine-french" ] }, { "id": "engine-french-middle-english", "from": "engine-french", "to": "engine-middle-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Middle English engyn follows the French form.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "engine-french", "engine-middle-english" ] }, { "id": "engine-middle-english-english-machine", "from": "engine-middle-english", "to": "engine-english-machine", "type": "inheritance", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Modern English engine continues the Middle English machine word.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "engine-middle-english", "engine-english-machine", "engine-english-machine-reading" ] }, { "id": "engine-english-machine-english-power", "from": "engine-english-machine", "to": "engine-english-power", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The war-machine/general device sense extends to devices converting energy into mechanical power.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "The word retains a general machine sense while specializing in power-producing machinery.", "added": [ "Energy-converting device" ], "removed": [], "associations": [ "war machine", "mechanical device", "steam engine" ], "claimIds": [ "engine-english-machine", "engine-english-machine-reading" ] }, "claimIds": [ "engine-english-machine", "engine-english-machine-reading" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "engine-latin-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Latin.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row lati1261", "passageIds": [ "lati1261" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Latin reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "engine-latin", "text": "Latin ingenium means innate qualities or ability and in Late Latin also refers to a war engine or battering ram.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-engine", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "engine-latin-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Late Latin machine sense and the earlier ability sense are kept together as a lexical history, not as a claim about a single object." }, "inference": "Use Latin ingenium as the source of the French skill and machine senses." }, { "id": "engine-french", "text": "Old French engin combines skill and cleverness with trickery, stratagem and war-machine senses.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-engine", "locator": "engine(n.)", "passageIds": [ "engine-french-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The French sense range is broad; the displayed English route does not imply that every French use transferred at once." }, "inference": "Preserve the semantic bridge between ingenuity and machinery." }, { "id": "engine-middle-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Middle English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row midd1317", "passageIds": [ "midd1317" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Middle English reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "engine-middle-english", "text": "Middle English engyn continues the Anglo-Norman/Old French form and names a device or engine.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-engine", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "engine-middle-english-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "engine-english-machine-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "engine-english-machine", "text": "English engine is attested around 1300 for a mechanical device, especially a war machine.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-engine", "locator": "engine(n.)", "passageIds": [ "engine-english-machine-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The c. 1300 date is an English lexical context, not a date for mechanical invention." }, "inference": "Use the machine sense as the first English stage." }, { "id": "engine-english-machine-reading", "text": "The English entry supplies the engine reading.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-engine", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "engine-english-machine-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "engine-english-power-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "engine-english-power", "text": "The sense of a device converting energy to mechanical power emerges in the eighteenth century; steam-engine usage becomes prominent in the nineteenth.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-engine", "locator": "engine(n.)", "passageIds": [ "engine-english-power-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "These are English sense contexts and not a complete technological history of engines." }, "inference": "Keep the modern power-device sense as semantic development." } ], "limitations": "The journey is lexical and sense-focused. Military machinery, steam technology and modern engines are represented only as English sense contexts, not as a complete history of engineering." }, { "id": "tsunami", "word": "tsunami", "language": "English", "sense": "The tsunami", "senses": [ { "id": "tsunami-wave-sense", "label": "The tsunami", "definition": "A very large destructive sea wave or wave train.", "stageId": "tsunami-english", "claimIds": [ "tsunami-english", "tsunami-english-reading" ] } ], "defaultSense": "tsunami-wave-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 05", "aliases": [ "tsunami", "津波", "tsu-nami", "sunami" ], "summary": "A Japanese harbor-wave compound enters English after a 1896 Japan context and becomes the standard term for a destructive sea-wave train.", "intro": "A Japanese harbor-wave compound enters English after a 1896 Japan context and becomes the standard term for a destructive sea-wave train.", "claimIds": [ "tsunami-japanese-harbor", "tsunami-japanese-wave", "tsunami-japanese-compound", "tsunami-english", "tsunami-english-reading" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "tsunami-japanese-harbor", "narrativeOrder": [ "tsunami-japanese-harbor", "tsunami-japanese-wave", "tsunami-japanese-compound", "tsunami-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "tsunami-japanese-harbor", "etymologyId": "tsunami-japanese-harbor-1", "form": "津", "language": "Japanese", "languageCode": "ja", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "tsunami-japanese-harbor" ] }, "transliteration": "tsu", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "tsunami-japanese-harbor" ], "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The Japanese character and romanization are preserved; the stage is a component, not a dated English pronunciation.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Japanese", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Harbor or port.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Japanese reference region", "coordinates": [ 135, 35 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "tsunami-japanese-harbor-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "tsunami-japanese-harbor" ], "explanation": "Harbor or port." }, { "id": "tsunami-japanese-wave", "etymologyId": "tsunami-japanese-wave-1", "form": "波", "language": "Japanese", "languageCode": "ja", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "tsunami-japanese-wave" ] }, "transliteration": "nami", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "tsunami-japanese-wave" ], "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The Japanese character and romanization are preserved; historical pronunciation is not reconstructed.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Japanese", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Wave.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Japanese reference region", "coordinates": [ 135, 35 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "tsunami-japanese-wave-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "tsunami-japanese-wave" ], "explanation": "Wave." }, { "id": "tsunami-japanese-compound", "etymologyId": "tsunami-japanese-compound-1", "form": "津波", "language": "Japanese", "languageCode": "ja", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "tsunami-japanese-compound" ] }, "transliteration": "tsunami", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "tsunami-japanese-compound" ], "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The romanization is not treated as a historical pronunciation record.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Japanese", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Harbor wave; a large sea wave.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Japanese reference region", "coordinates": [ 135, 35 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "tsunami-japanese-compound-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "tsunami-japanese-compound" ], "explanation": "Harbor wave; a large sea wave." }, { "id": "tsunami-english", "etymologyId": "tsunami-english-1", "form": "tsunami", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "tsunami-english", "tsunami-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "tsunami", "pronunciation": { "guide": "tsoo-NAH-mee", "ipa": "/tsuːˈnɑːmi/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "tsunami-english-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A very large destructive sea wave or wave train.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1896, "end": 1896, "approximate": false, "label": "1896 · English tsunami context", "note": "Reported English publication context.", "claimIds": [ "tsunami-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "tsunami-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "tsunami-english", "tsunami-english-reading" ], "explanation": "A very large destructive sea wave or wave train." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "tsunami-japanese-harbor-japanese-compound", "from": "tsunami-japanese-harbor", "to": "tsunami-japanese-compound", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Japanese tsu is the harbor element of tsunami.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "tsunami-japanese-harbor", "tsunami-japanese-compound" ] }, { "id": "tsunami-japanese-wave-japanese-compound", "from": "tsunami-japanese-wave", "to": "tsunami-japanese-compound", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Japanese nami is the wave element of tsunami.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "tsunami-japanese-wave", "tsunami-japanese-compound" ] }, { "id": "tsunami-japanese-compound-english", "from": "tsunami-japanese-compound", "to": "tsunami-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English tsunami is borrowed from Japanese 津波.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "tsunami-japanese-compound", "tsunami-english", "tsunami-english-reading" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "tsunami-japanese-harbor-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Japanese.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row nucl1643", "passageIds": [ "nucl1643" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Japanese reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "tsunami-japanese-harbor", "text": "Japanese 津 (tsu) is the harbor/port element of tsunami.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-tsunami-japanese", "locator": "Etymology", "passageIds": [ "tsunami-japanese-harbor-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "tsunami-japanese-wave-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Japanese.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row nucl1643", "passageIds": [ "nucl1643" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Japanese reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "tsunami-japanese-wave", "text": "Japanese 波 (nami) is the wave element of tsunami.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-tsunami-japanese", "locator": "Etymology", "passageIds": [ "tsunami-japanese-wave-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "tsunami-japanese-compound-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Japanese.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row nucl1643", "passageIds": [ "nucl1643" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Japanese reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "tsunami-japanese-compound", "text": "Japanese 津波 (tsunami) combines tsu “harbor” and nami “wave.”", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-tsunami-japanese", "locator": "Etymology and Noun", "passageIds": [ "tsunami-japanese-compound-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Show the compound before the English borrowing." }, { "id": "tsunami-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "tsunami-english", "text": "English tsunami is reported from 1896 in reference to the wave that struck Japan on June 15 of that year.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-tsunami", "locator": "tsunami(n.)", "passageIds": [ "tsunami-english-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The 1896 date is an English written/contextual use and not the date of the Japanese compound’s origin." }, "inference": "Keep the Japanese compound and English naturalization distinct." }, { "id": "tsunami-english-reading", "text": "The English entry supplies English regional readings and the wave sense.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-tsunami", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "tsunami-english-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." } ], "limitations": "The journey represents the Japanese compound and English borrowing. Earthquake science and the history of tsunami events are not substituted for the word’s lexical history; the English date is a written context." }, { "id": "karaoke", "word": "karaoke", "language": "English", "sense": "The entertainment", "senses": [ { "id": "karaoke-entertainment-sense", "label": "The entertainment", "definition": "Entertainment in which people sing along with prerecorded instrumental music.", "stageId": "karaoke-english", "claimIds": [ "karaoke-english", "karaoke-english-reading" ] } ], "defaultSense": "karaoke-entertainment-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 05", "aliases": [ "karaoke", "カラオケ", "kara", "oke", "ōkesutora" ], "summary": "A Japanese compound meaning “empty orchestra” enters English as the name of participatory singing with prerecorded accompaniment.", "intro": "A Japanese compound meaning “empty orchestra” enters English as the name of participatory singing with prerecorded accompaniment.", "claimIds": [ "karaoke-japanese-empty", "karaoke-english-orchestra", "karaoke-english-orchestra-reading", "karaoke-japanese-orchestra", "karaoke-japanese-oke", "karaoke-japanese-compound", "karaoke-english", "karaoke-english-reading" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "karaoke-japanese-empty", "narrativeOrder": [ "karaoke-japanese-empty", "karaoke-english-orchestra", "karaoke-japanese-orchestra", "karaoke-japanese-oke", "karaoke-japanese-compound", "karaoke-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "karaoke-japanese-empty", "etymologyId": "karaoke-japanese-empty-1", "form": "空", "language": "Japanese", "languageCode": "ja", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "karaoke-japanese-empty" ] }, "transliteration": "kara", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "karaoke-japanese-empty" ], "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The character and romanization are preserved; historical Japanese pronunciation is not reconstructed.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Japanese", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Empty or vacant.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Japanese reference region", "coordinates": [ 135, 35 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "karaoke-japanese-empty-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "karaoke-japanese-empty" ], "explanation": "Empty or vacant." }, { "id": "karaoke-english-orchestra", "etymologyId": "karaoke-english-orchestra-1", "form": "orchestra", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "karaoke-english-orchestra", "karaoke-english-orchestra-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "orchestra", "pronunciation": { "guide": "OR-kuh-struh", "ipa": "/ˈɔːrkɪstrə/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "karaoke-english-orchestra-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Orchestra; the English source represented in Japanese as ōkesutora.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1600, "end": 1720, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1600–1720 · English orchestra contexts", "note": "Broad context for the contributor word; not a karaoke date.", "claimIds": [ "karaoke-english-orchestra" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "karaoke-english-orchestra-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "karaoke-english-orchestra", "karaoke-english-orchestra-reading" ], "explanation": "Orchestra; the English source represented in Japanese as ōkesutora." }, { "id": "karaoke-japanese-orchestra", "etymologyId": "karaoke-japanese-orchestra-1", "form": "オーケストラ", "language": "Japanese", "languageCode": "ja", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "karaoke-japanese-orchestra" ] }, "transliteration": "ōkesutora", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "karaoke-japanese-orchestra" ], "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The katakana and romanization are preserved; no historical pronunciation is reconstructed.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Katakana", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Orchestra; the Japanese loan rendering clipped to oke.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Japanese reference region", "coordinates": [ 135, 35 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "karaoke-japanese-orchestra-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "karaoke-japanese-orchestra" ], "explanation": "Orchestra; the Japanese loan rendering clipped to oke." }, { "id": "karaoke-japanese-oke", "etymologyId": "karaoke-japanese-oke-1", "form": "オケ", "language": "Japanese", "languageCode": "ja", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "karaoke-japanese-oke" ] }, "transliteration": "oke", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "karaoke-japanese-oke" ], "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The romanization is preserved; historical pronunciation is not reconstructed.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Katakana", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Clipped form of orchestra.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Japanese reference region", "coordinates": [ 135, 35 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "karaoke-japanese-oke-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "karaoke-japanese-oke" ], "explanation": "Clipped form of orchestra." }, { "id": "karaoke-japanese-compound", "etymologyId": "karaoke-japanese-compound-1", "form": "カラオケ", "language": "Japanese", "languageCode": "ja", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "karaoke-japanese-compound" ] }, "transliteration": "karaoke", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "karaoke-japanese-compound" ], "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The romanization is preserved as transliteration; it is not a historical pronunciation claim.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Katakana", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Entertainment using prerecorded instrumental accompaniment for singing.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Japanese reference region", "coordinates": [ 135, 35 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "karaoke-japanese-compound-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "karaoke-japanese-compound" ], "explanation": "Entertainment using prerecorded instrumental accompaniment for singing." }, { "id": "karaoke-english", "etymologyId": "karaoke-english-1", "form": "karaoke", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "karaoke-english", "karaoke-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "karaoke", "pronunciation": { "guide": "kair-ee-OH-kee", "ipa": "/ˌkæriˈoʊki/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "karaoke-english-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Entertainment in which people sing along with prerecorded instrumental music.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1979, "end": 1979, "approximate": false, "label": "1979 · English karaoke", "note": "Reported English context.", "claimIds": [ "karaoke-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "karaoke-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "karaoke-english", "karaoke-english-reading" ], "explanation": "Entertainment in which people sing along with prerecorded instrumental music." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "karaoke-english-orchestra-japanese-orchestra", "from": "karaoke-english-orchestra", "to": "karaoke-japanese-orchestra", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Japanese ōkesutora renders English orchestra.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "karaoke-english-orchestra", "karaoke-english-orchestra-reading", "karaoke-japanese-orchestra" ] }, { "id": "karaoke-japanese-orchestra-japanese-oke", "from": "karaoke-japanese-orchestra", "to": "karaoke-japanese-oke", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Japanese oke is clipped from ōkesutora.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "karaoke-japanese-orchestra", "karaoke-japanese-oke" ] }, { "id": "karaoke-japanese-empty-japanese-compound", "from": "karaoke-japanese-empty", "to": "karaoke-japanese-compound", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Japanese kara supplies the empty element.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "karaoke-japanese-empty", "karaoke-japanese-compound" ] }, { "id": "karaoke-japanese-oke-japanese-compound", "from": "karaoke-japanese-oke", "to": "karaoke-japanese-compound", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Japanese oke supplies the orchestra element.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "karaoke-japanese-oke", "karaoke-japanese-compound" ] }, { "id": "karaoke-japanese-compound-english", "from": "karaoke-japanese-compound", "to": "karaoke-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English karaoke is borrowed from Japanese カラオケ.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "karaoke-japanese-compound", "karaoke-english", "karaoke-english-reading" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "karaoke-japanese-empty-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Japanese.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row nucl1643", "passageIds": [ "nucl1643" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Japanese reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "karaoke-japanese-empty", "text": "Japanese 空 (kara) supplies the “empty” element of karaoke.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-karaoke-japanese", "locator": "Etymology", "passageIds": [ "karaoke-japanese-empty-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "karaoke-english-orchestra-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "karaoke-english-orchestra", "text": "The Japanese oke element is a clipping of ōkesutora, itself a Japanese rendering of English orchestra.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-karaoke", "locator": "orchestra(n.)", "passageIds": [ "karaoke-english-orchestra-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This contributor is not a direct ancestor of the whole English word; it is the source of one Japanese component." }, "inference": "Keep the component borrowing explicit rather than presenting orchestra as the full route." }, { "id": "karaoke-english-orchestra-reading", "text": "The English contributor word is shown with a present-day reading.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-karaoke", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "karaoke-english-orchestra-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "karaoke-japanese-orchestra-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Japanese.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row nucl1643", "passageIds": [ "nucl1643" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Japanese reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "karaoke-japanese-orchestra", "text": "Japanese オーケストラ (ōkesutora) is the source of the clipped oke element.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-karaoke-japanese", "locator": "Etymology", "passageIds": [ "karaoke-japanese-orchestra-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The romanization is transliteration; it is not a dated Japanese pronunciation record." }, "inference": "Place the Japanese rendering between English orchestra and the karaoke compound." }, { "id": "karaoke-japanese-oke-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Japanese.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row nucl1643", "passageIds": [ "nucl1643" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Japanese reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "karaoke-japanese-oke", "text": "Japanese オケ (oke) is the clipped form used in karaoke.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-karaoke-japanese", "locator": "Etymology", "passageIds": [ "karaoke-japanese-oke-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The clipping is shown as a Japanese word-formation step, not an English abbreviation." }, "inference": "Keep clipping and borrowing separate." }, { "id": "karaoke-japanese-compound-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Japanese.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row nucl1643", "passageIds": [ "nucl1643" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Japanese reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "karaoke-japanese-compound", "text": "Japanese カラオケ combines 空 kara “empty” with オケ oke “orchestra.”", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-karaoke-japanese", "locator": "Etymology and Noun", "passageIds": [ "karaoke-japanese-compound-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "karaoke-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "karaoke-english", "text": "English karaoke is attested from 1979 as the Japanese compound kara “empty” plus oke “orchestra.”", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-karaoke", "locator": "karaoke(n.)", "passageIds": [ "karaoke-english-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The 1979 date is an English borrowing context and not the date of the Japanese invention or technology." }, "inference": "Keep entertainment history separate from the lexical borrowing." }, { "id": "karaoke-english-reading", "text": "The English entry supplies the modern English reading.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-karaoke", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "karaoke-english-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." } ], "limitations": "The Japanese clipping and the borrowed English word orchestra are kept distinct. The history of karaoke technology and global entertainment is outside the lexical route; modern pronunciations are not retrojected onto Japanese stages." }, { "id": "rickshaw", "word": "rickshaw", "language": "English", "sense": "The rickshaw", "senses": [ { "id": "rickshaw-vehicle-sense", "label": "The rickshaw", "definition": "A small two-wheeled carriage drawn by a person.", "stageId": "rickshaw-english", "claimIds": [ "rickshaw-english", "rickshaw-english-reading" ] } ], "defaultSense": "rickshaw-vehicle-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 05", "aliases": [ "rickshaw", "rikisha", "jinrikisha", "人力車", "力車", "riksha", "ricksha" ], "summary": "Rickshaw makes the Japanese compound and clipped English route readable without mistaking character components for independent borrowing stages.", "intro": "The three kanji components, full compound, clipping, and English form are kept as derivational and borrowing relations.", "claimIds": [ "rickshaw-japanese-person", "rickshaw-japanese-power", "rickshaw-japanese-vehicle", "rickshaw-japanese-full", "rickshaw-japanese-clipped", "rickshaw-english", "rickshaw-english-reading", "batch03-rickshaw-reading", "batch03-rickshaw-geography", "batch03-rickshaw-scope", "batch03-rickshaw-date" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "rickshaw-japanese-person", "narrativeOrder": [ "rickshaw-japanese-person", "rickshaw-japanese-power", "rickshaw-japanese-vehicle", "rickshaw-japanese-full", "rickshaw-japanese-clipped", "rickshaw-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "rickshaw-japanese-person", "etymologyId": "rickshaw-japanese-person-1", "form": "人", "language": "Japanese", "languageCode": "ja", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "rickshaw-japanese-person" ] }, "transliteration": "jin", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "rickshaw-japanese-person", "batch03-rickshaw-reading" ], "pronunciation": { "guide": "jin", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading" ] }, "script": "Japanese", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Person or human.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Japan and South Asian colonial English corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 135, 35 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "rickshaw-japanese-person", "batch03-rickshaw-reading", "batch03-rickshaw-geography", "batch03-rickshaw-scope", "batch03-rickshaw-date" ], "explanation": "Person or human.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading", "batch03-rickshaw-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading", "batch03-rickshaw-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage. Contextual history is not substituted for lexical chronology.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading", "batch03-rickshaw-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "rickshaw-japanese-person", "batch03-rickshaw-reading", "batch03-rickshaw-geography", "batch03-rickshaw-scope", "batch03-rickshaw-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "Parallel or qualified relation retained", "note": "The narrative proceeds through a comparison, alternative or parallel-history structure rather than a single directly evidenced adjacent edge.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-scope" ] } } }, { "id": "rickshaw-japanese-power", "etymologyId": "rickshaw-japanese-power-1", "form": "力", "language": "Japanese", "languageCode": "ja", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "rickshaw-japanese-power" ] }, "transliteration": "riki", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "rickshaw-japanese-power", "batch03-rickshaw-reading" ], "pronunciation": { "guide": "riki", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading" ] }, "script": "Japanese", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Power or strength.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Japan and South Asian colonial English corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 135, 35 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "rickshaw-japanese-power", "batch03-rickshaw-reading", "batch03-rickshaw-geography", "batch03-rickshaw-scope", "batch03-rickshaw-date" ], "explanation": "Power or strength.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading", "batch03-rickshaw-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading", "batch03-rickshaw-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage. Contextual history is not substituted for lexical chronology.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading", "batch03-rickshaw-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "rickshaw-japanese-power", "batch03-rickshaw-reading", "batch03-rickshaw-geography", "batch03-rickshaw-scope", "batch03-rickshaw-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "Parallel or qualified relation retained", "note": "The narrative proceeds through a comparison, alternative or parallel-history structure rather than a single directly evidenced adjacent edge.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-scope" ] } } }, { "id": "rickshaw-japanese-vehicle", "etymologyId": "rickshaw-japanese-vehicle-1", "form": "車", "language": "Japanese", "languageCode": "ja", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "rickshaw-japanese-vehicle" ] }, "transliteration": "sha", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "rickshaw-japanese-vehicle", "batch03-rickshaw-reading" ], "pronunciation": { "guide": "sha", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading" ] }, "script": "Japanese", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Vehicle or cart.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Japan and South Asian colonial English corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 135, 35 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "rickshaw-japanese-vehicle", "batch03-rickshaw-reading", "batch03-rickshaw-geography", "batch03-rickshaw-scope", "batch03-rickshaw-date" ], "explanation": "Vehicle or cart.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading", "batch03-rickshaw-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading", "batch03-rickshaw-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage. Contextual history is not substituted for lexical chronology.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading", "batch03-rickshaw-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "rickshaw-japanese-vehicle", "batch03-rickshaw-reading", "batch03-rickshaw-geography", "batch03-rickshaw-scope", "batch03-rickshaw-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "rickshaw-japanese-vehicle", "rickshaw-japanese-full" ] } } }, { "id": "rickshaw-japanese-full", "etymologyId": "rickshaw-japanese-full-1", "form": "人力車", "language": "Japanese", "languageCode": "ja", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "rickshaw-japanese-full" ] }, "transliteration": "jinrikisha", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "rickshaw-japanese-full", "batch03-rickshaw-reading" ], "pronunciation": { "guide": "jinrikisha", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading" ] }, "script": "Japanese", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Human-powered carriage.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Japan and South Asian colonial English corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 135, 35 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "rickshaw-japanese-full", "batch03-rickshaw-reading", "batch03-rickshaw-geography", "batch03-rickshaw-scope", "batch03-rickshaw-date" ], "explanation": "Human-powered carriage.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading", "batch03-rickshaw-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading", "batch03-rickshaw-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage. Contextual history is not substituted for lexical chronology.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading", "batch03-rickshaw-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "rickshaw-japanese-full", "batch03-rickshaw-reading", "batch03-rickshaw-geography", "batch03-rickshaw-scope", "batch03-rickshaw-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "rickshaw-japanese-full", "rickshaw-japanese-clipped" ] } } }, { "id": "rickshaw-japanese-clipped", "etymologyId": "rickshaw-japanese-clipped-1", "form": "力車", "language": "Japanese", "languageCode": "ja", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "rickshaw-japanese-clipped" ] }, "transliteration": "rikisha", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "rickshaw-japanese-clipped", "batch03-rickshaw-reading" ], "pronunciation": { "guide": "rikisha", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading" ] }, "script": "Japanese", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Clipped form of jinrikisha.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Japan and South Asian colonial English corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 135, 35 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "rickshaw-japanese-clipped", "batch03-rickshaw-reading", "batch03-rickshaw-geography", "batch03-rickshaw-scope", "batch03-rickshaw-date" ], "explanation": "Clipped form of jinrikisha.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading", "batch03-rickshaw-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading", "batch03-rickshaw-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage. Contextual history is not substituted for lexical chronology.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading", "batch03-rickshaw-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "rickshaw-japanese-clipped", "batch03-rickshaw-reading", "batch03-rickshaw-geography", "batch03-rickshaw-scope", "batch03-rickshaw-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "rickshaw-japanese-clipped", "rickshaw-english", "rickshaw-english-reading" ] } } }, { "id": "rickshaw-english", "etymologyId": "rickshaw-english-1", "form": "rickshaw", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "rickshaw-english", "rickshaw-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "rickshaw", "pronunciation": { "guide": "RICK-shaw", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A small two-wheeled carriage drawn by a person.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1873, "end": 1885, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1873–1885 · jinrikisha/rickshaw English contexts", "note": "Reported full-form and shortened-form contexts.", "claimIds": [ "rickshaw-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "rickshaw-english", "rickshaw-english-reading", "batch03-rickshaw-reading", "batch03-rickshaw-geography", "batch03-rickshaw-scope", "batch03-rickshaw-date" ], "explanation": "A small two-wheeled carriage drawn by a person.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading", "batch03-rickshaw-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading", "batch03-rickshaw-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage. Contextual history is not substituted for lexical chronology.", "claimIds": [ "rickshaw-english", "batch03-rickshaw-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "rickshaw-english" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-rickshaw-reading", "batch03-rickshaw-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "rickshaw-english", "rickshaw-english-reading", "batch03-rickshaw-reading", "batch03-rickshaw-geography", "batch03-rickshaw-scope", "batch03-rickshaw-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "rickshaw-japanese-person-japanese-full", "from": "rickshaw-japanese-person", "to": "rickshaw-japanese-full", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Japanese jin is the human/person element.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "rickshaw-japanese-person", "rickshaw-japanese-full" ] }, { "id": "rickshaw-japanese-power-japanese-full", "from": "rickshaw-japanese-power", "to": "rickshaw-japanese-full", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Japanese riki is the power element.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "rickshaw-japanese-power", "rickshaw-japanese-full" ] }, { "id": "rickshaw-japanese-vehicle-japanese-full", "from": "rickshaw-japanese-vehicle", "to": "rickshaw-japanese-full", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Japanese sha is the vehicle/cart element.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "rickshaw-japanese-vehicle", "rickshaw-japanese-full" ] }, { "id": "rickshaw-japanese-full-japanese-clipped", "from": "rickshaw-japanese-full", "to": "rickshaw-japanese-clipped", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Rikisha is a Japanese clipping of jinrikisha.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "rickshaw-japanese-full", "rickshaw-japanese-clipped" ] }, { "id": "rickshaw-japanese-clipped-english", "from": "rickshaw-japanese-clipped", "to": "rickshaw-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English rickshaw is borrowed from the Japanese clipped form.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "rickshaw-japanese-clipped", "rickshaw-english", "rickshaw-english-reading" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "rickshaw-japanese-person-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Japanese.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row nucl1643", "passageIds": [ "nucl1643" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Japanese reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "rickshaw-japanese-person", "text": "Japanese 人 (jin) is the human/person element of jinrikisha.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-rickshaw-japanese", "locator": "Etymology", "passageIds": [ "rickshaw-japanese-person-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "rickshaw-japanese-power-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Japanese.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row nucl1643", "passageIds": [ "nucl1643" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Japanese reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "rickshaw-japanese-power", "text": "Japanese 力 (riki) is the power element of jinrikisha.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-rickshaw-japanese", "locator": "Etymology", "passageIds": [ "rickshaw-japanese-power-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "rickshaw-japanese-vehicle-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Japanese.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row nucl1643", "passageIds": [ "nucl1643" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Japanese reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "rickshaw-japanese-vehicle", "text": "Japanese 車 (sha) is the vehicle/cart element of jinrikisha.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-rickshaw-japanese", "locator": "Etymology", "passageIds": [ "rickshaw-japanese-vehicle-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "rickshaw-japanese-full-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Japanese.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row nucl1643", "passageIds": [ "nucl1643" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Japanese reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "rickshaw-japanese-full", "text": "Japanese 人力車 (jinrikisha) combines human, power and vehicle/cart elements.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-rickshaw-japanese", "locator": "Etymology and Noun", "passageIds": [ "rickshaw-japanese-full-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Show the compound before the clipped form." }, { "id": "rickshaw-japanese-clipped-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Japanese.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row nucl1643", "passageIds": [ "nucl1643" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Japanese reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "rickshaw-japanese-clipped", "text": "The English entry describes rickshaw as borrowed from Japanese 力車 (rikisha), a clipping of 人力車 (jinrikisha).", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-rickshaw", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "rickshaw-japanese-clipped-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The clipping is the Japanese form shown in the route; English spelling adaptation is separate." }, "inference": "Keep the Japanese clipping distinct from the English respelling." }, { "id": "rickshaw-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "rickshaw-english", "text": "English rickshaw is a shortened form of jinrikisha, attested in English publications in the 1880s; the full form is reported from 1873.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-rickshaw", "locator": "rickshaw(n.)", "passageIds": [ "rickshaw-english-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The date distinction separates the full Japanese form from the English shortened form." }, "inference": "Use the English clipping as the headword stage." }, { "id": "rickshaw-english-reading", "text": "The English entry supplies the modern rickshaw reading.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-rickshaw", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "rickshaw-english-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "batch03-rickshaw-reading", "text": "rickshaw: inspected lexical sources support the displayed forms and conventional readings, with reconstructions kept visibly reconstructed where relevant.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1318; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1318" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A modern or conventional reading is not presented as an exact historical sound; reconstructed forms remain reconstructed." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest inspected reading available for the displayed stage and keeps transliteration separate from pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch03-rickshaw-geography", "text": "rickshaw: the displayed map point represents a supported language, speech, community or contact region at the strongest defensible precision.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1318; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1318" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The region is not a fabricated birthplace; language-reference and contact-corridor coordinates are used only for orientation." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a defensible lexical or speech region while preserving uncertainty about exact donor location." }, { "id": "batch03-rickshaw-scope", "text": "rickshaw: the batch keeps lexical chronology, contextual history, semantic development and competing routes distinct.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1318; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1318" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Earlier reviewed ambiguity and source limits remain visible; no cultural, object, institutional or biographical date is promoted to word history." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the published journey without silently replacing a reviewed route or manufacturing a cleaner topology." }, { "id": "batch03-rickshaw-date", "text": "rickshaw: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a word, sense or documented use; conflicting witnesses remain recorded as conflicts.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1318; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1318" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A dated witness is not treated as a coinage date, and competing dictionary dates are not silently reconciled." }, "inference": "Lexography separates lexical attestation from contextual periodization and reports bounded uncertainty." } ], "limitations": "The English route is dated by publication witnesses; transport-object history is contextual and not substituted for lexical chronology.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 03", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "sauna", "word": "sauna", "language": "English", "sense": "The bath", "senses": [ { "id": "sauna-bath-sense", "label": "The bath", "definition": "A Finnish steam bath or the room in which it is taken.", "stageId": "sauna-english", "claimIds": [ "sauna-english", "sauna-english-reading" ] }, { "id": "sauna-installation-sense", "label": "The installation", "definition": "A sauna installation outside the original Finnish context.", "stageId": "sauna-english-broad", "claimIds": [ "sauna-english-broad" ] } ], "defaultSense": "sauna-bath-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 05", "aliases": [ "sauna", "sakna", "saun" ], "summary": "A Finnish bath-house word enters English, while its Proto-Finnic form and possible connection with Germanic stack remain qualified.", "intro": "A Finnish bath-house word enters English, while its Proto-Finnic form and possible connection with Germanic stack remain qualified.", "claimIds": [ "sauna-proto-finnic", "sauna-finnish", "sauna-english", "sauna-english-reading", "sauna-english-broad" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "sauna-proto-finnic", "narrativeOrder": [ "sauna-proto-finnic", "sauna-finnish", "sauna-english", "sauna-english-broad" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "sauna-proto-finnic", "etymologyId": "sauna-proto-finnic-1", "form": "*sakna", "language": "Proto-Finnic", "languageCode": "urj", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "sauna-proto-finnic" ] }, "transliteration": "*sakna", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "A reconstructed Proto-Finnic form is displayed without a historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Reconstructed sauna or winter-dwelling term.", "formStatus": "reconstructed", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No single Proto-Finnic origin location is asserted." }, "claimIds": [ "sauna-proto-finnic" ], "explanation": "Reconstructed sauna or winter-dwelling term." }, { "id": "sauna-finnish", "etymologyId": "sauna-finnish-1", "form": "sauna", "language": "Finnish", "languageCode": "fi", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "sauna-finnish" ] }, "transliteration": "sauna", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The Finnish form and orthography are preserved; no historical pronunciation is retrojected.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Sauna; a heated bath-house or room.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Finnish reference region", "coordinates": [ 25.5577, 64.7628 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "sauna-finnish-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "sauna-finnish" ], "explanation": "Sauna; a heated bath-house or room." }, { "id": "sauna-english", "etymologyId": "sauna-english-1", "form": "sauna", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "sauna-english", "sauna-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "sauna", "pronunciation": { "guide": "SAW-nuh / SOW-nuh", "ipa": "/ˈsɔːnə/; /ˈsaʊnə/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "sauna-english-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A Finnish steam bath or the room in which it is taken.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1881, "end": 1881, "approximate": false, "label": "1881 · English sauna", "note": "Reported English context.", "claimIds": [ "sauna-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "sauna-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "sauna-english", "sauna-english-reading" ], "explanation": "A Finnish steam bath or the room in which it is taken." }, { "id": "sauna-english-broad", "etymologyId": "sauna-english-broad-1", "form": "sauna", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "sauna-english-broad" ] }, "transliteration": "sauna", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected sources. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A sauna installation outside the original Finnish context.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1959, "end": 1959, "approximate": false, "label": "1959 · broader English installation sense", "note": "Reported English usage context.", "claimIds": [ "sauna-english-broad" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "sauna-english-broad-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "sauna-english-broad" ], "explanation": "A sauna installation outside the original Finnish context." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "sauna-proto-finnic-finnish", "from": "sauna-proto-finnic", "to": "sauna-finnish", "type": "inheritance", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Finnish sauna continues the reconstructed Proto-Finnic form.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "sauna-proto-finnic", "sauna-finnish" ] }, { "id": "sauna-finnish-english", "from": "sauna-finnish", "to": "sauna-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English sauna is borrowed from Finnish.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "sauna-finnish", "sauna-english", "sauna-english-reading" ] }, { "id": "sauna-english-english-broad", "from": "sauna-english", "to": "sauna-english-broad", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The Finnish bath term extends to sauna installations outside Finland.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "The English word keeps the bath-house sense while broadening its geographic and institutional context.", "added": [ "Home, gym or hotel sauna" ], "removed": [], "associations": [ "Finnish steam bath", "installation" ], "claimIds": [ "sauna-english", "sauna-english-reading" ] }, "claimIds": [ "sauna-english", "sauna-english-reading" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "sauna-proto-finnic", "text": "Finnish sauna is traced to reconstructed Proto-Finnic *sakna; a possible Proto-Germanic relation to stack is reported.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-sauna", "locator": "Finnish > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "sauna-proto-finnic-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Proto-Finnic form is reconstructed, and the deeper Germanic comparison is not settled." }, "inference": "Preserve the reconstruction and stop before an unverified Germanic ancestor." }, { "id": "sauna-finnish-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Finnish.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row finn1318", "passageIds": [ "finn1318" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Finnish reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "sauna-finnish", "text": "Finnish sauna is the source of the international word and names the heated bath-house.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-sauna", "locator": "Finnish > Etymology and Noun", "passageIds": [ "sauna-finnish-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "sauna-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "sauna-english", "text": "English sauna is recorded from 1881 for a Finnish steam bath and the room where it is taken.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-sauna", "locator": "sauna(n.)", "passageIds": [ "sauna-english-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The 1881 date is an English borrowing context, not a date for Finnish sauna practice." }, "inference": "Keep the bath-house sense and cultural history distinct." }, { "id": "sauna-english-reading", "text": "The entry distinguishes common English readings from a Finnish-like pronunciation.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-sauna", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "sauna-english-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "sauna-english-broad-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "sauna-english-broad", "text": "By 1959 English sauna is used for installations in homes and gyms outside Finland.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-sauna", "locator": "sauna(n.)", "passageIds": [ "sauna-english-broad-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is an English usage extension, not a change in the Finnish source word." }, "inference": "Represent international English use as a separate sense context." } ], "limitations": "The English borrowing from Finnish is clear enough for the bounded journey. The deeper Proto-Finnic reconstruction and possible Proto-Germanic relationship are preserved as uncertain; Finnish sauna culture is not substituted for word history." }, { "id": "slogan", "word": "slogan", "language": "English", "sense": "The battle cry", "senses": [ { "id": "slogan-battle-sense", "label": "The battle cry", "definition": "A battle cry or rallying cry.", "stageId": "slogan-english-battle", "claimIds": [ "slogan-english-battle", "slogan-english-battle-reading" ] }, { "id": "slogan-phrase-sense", "label": "The slogan phrase", "definition": "A distinctive phrase used by a political, commercial or other group.", "stageId": "slogan-english-phrase", "claimIds": [ "slogan-english-phrase" ] } ], "defaultSense": "slogan-battle-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 05", "aliases": [ "slogan", "slogorne", "slughon", "sluagh-ghairm", "slughorn" ], "summary": "A Scottish Gaelic and Irish battle-cry compound enters English and broadens into a memorable phrase for a group or cause.", "intro": "A Scottish Gaelic and Irish battle-cry compound enters English and broadens into a memorable phrase for a group or cause.", "claimIds": [ "slogan-gaelic-host", "slogan-gaelic-cry", "slogan-gaelic-compound", "slogan-english-early", "slogan-english-battle", "slogan-english-battle-reading", "slogan-english-phrase" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "slogan-gaelic-host", "narrativeOrder": [ "slogan-gaelic-host", "slogan-gaelic-cry", "slogan-gaelic-compound", "slogan-english-early", "slogan-english-battle", "slogan-english-phrase" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "slogan-gaelic-host", "etymologyId": "slogan-gaelic-host-1", "form": "sluagh", "language": "Scottish Gaelic", "languageCode": "gla", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "slogan-gaelic-host" ] }, "transliteration": "sluagh", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The Gaelic form is preserved; historical pronunciation is not reconstructed.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Host, army or multitude.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Scottish Gaelic reference region", "coordinates": [ -5.24366, 56.7574 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "slogan-gaelic-host-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "slogan-gaelic-host" ], "explanation": "Host, army or multitude." }, { "id": "slogan-gaelic-cry", "etymologyId": "slogan-gaelic-cry-1", "form": "gairm", "language": "Scottish Gaelic", "languageCode": "gla", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "slogan-gaelic-cry" ] }, "transliteration": "gairm", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The Gaelic form is preserved; historical pronunciation is not reconstructed.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Cry or call.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Scottish Gaelic reference region", "coordinates": [ -5.24366, 56.7574 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "slogan-gaelic-cry-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "slogan-gaelic-cry" ], "explanation": "Cry or call." }, { "id": "slogan-gaelic-compound", "etymologyId": "slogan-gaelic-compound-1", "form": "sluagh-ghairm", "language": "Scottish Gaelic", "languageCode": "gla", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "slogan-gaelic-compound" ] }, "transliteration": "sluagh-ghairm", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The compound and orthography are preserved; historical pronunciation is not reconstructed.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Battle cry used by Scottish Highland or Irish clans.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Scottish Gaelic reference region", "coordinates": [ -5.24366, 56.7574 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "slogan-gaelic-compound-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "slogan-gaelic-compound" ], "explanation": "Battle cry used by Scottish Highland or Irish clans." }, { "id": "slogan-english-early", "etymologyId": "slogan-english-early-1", "form": "slogorne", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "slogan-english-early" ] }, "transliteration": "slogorne", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected sources. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Battle cry; an early Anglicized form.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1510, "end": 1519, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1510s · early English battle-cry form", "note": "Reported English lexical context.", "claimIds": [ "slogan-english-early" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "slogan-english-early-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "slogan-english-early" ], "explanation": "Battle cry; an early Anglicized form." }, { "id": "slogan-english-battle", "etymologyId": "slogan-english-battle-1", "form": "slogan", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "slogan-english-battle", "slogan-english-battle-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "slogan", "pronunciation": { "guide": "SLOH-guhn", "ipa": "/ˈsloʊɡən/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "slogan-english-battle-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Battle cry or rallying cry.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1670, "end": 1679, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1670s · English slogan battle-cry sense", "note": "Reported English context.", "claimIds": [ "slogan-english-battle" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "slogan-english-battle-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "slogan-english-battle", "slogan-english-battle-reading" ], "explanation": "Battle cry or rallying cry." }, { "id": "slogan-english-phrase", "etymologyId": "slogan-english-phrase-1", "form": "slogan", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "slogan-english-phrase" ] }, "transliteration": "slogan", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected sources. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A distinctive phrase used by a political, commercial or other group.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1704, "end": 1704, "approximate": false, "label": "1704 · English distinctive-phrase sense", "note": "Reported English semantic context.", "claimIds": [ "slogan-english-phrase" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "slogan-english-phrase-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "slogan-english-phrase" ], "explanation": "A distinctive phrase used by a political, commercial or other group." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "slogan-gaelic-host-gaelic-compound", "from": "slogan-gaelic-host", "to": "slogan-gaelic-compound", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Gaelic sluagh is the host/army element.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "slogan-gaelic-host", "slogan-gaelic-compound" ] }, { "id": "slogan-gaelic-cry-gaelic-compound", "from": "slogan-gaelic-cry", "to": "slogan-gaelic-compound", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Gaelic gairm is the cry/call element.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "slogan-gaelic-cry", "slogan-gaelic-compound" ] }, { "id": "slogan-gaelic-compound-english-early", "from": "slogan-gaelic-compound", "to": "slogan-english-early", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The Gaelic battle cry enters English in early Anglicized forms.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "slogan-gaelic-compound", "slogan-english-early" ] }, { "id": "slogan-english-early-english-battle", "from": "slogan-english-early", "to": "slogan-english-battle", "type": "inheritance", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Later English slogan continues the early English battle-cry form.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "slogan-english-early", "slogan-english-battle", "slogan-english-battle-reading" ] }, { "id": "slogan-english-battle-english-phrase", "from": "slogan-english-battle", "to": "slogan-english-phrase", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The rallying cry broadens to a distinctive phrase used by a group or cause.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "The word retains persuasive group association while extending beyond literal cries.", "added": [ "Political, commercial or group phrase" ], "removed": [], "associations": [ "rallying cry", "memorability" ], "claimIds": [ "slogan-english-battle", "slogan-english-battle-reading" ] }, "claimIds": [ "slogan-english-battle", "slogan-english-battle-reading" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "slogan-gaelic-host-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Scottish Gaelic.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row scot1245", "passageIds": [ "scot1245" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Scottish Gaelic reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "slogan-gaelic-host", "text": "Gaelic sluagh is the host/army element of sluagh-ghairm.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-slogan", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "slogan-gaelic-host-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "slogan-gaelic-cry-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Scottish Gaelic.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row scot1245", "passageIds": [ "scot1245" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Scottish Gaelic reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "slogan-gaelic-cry", "text": "Gaelic gairm is the cry/call element of sluagh-ghairm.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-slogan", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "slogan-gaelic-cry-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "slogan-gaelic-compound-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Scottish Gaelic.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row scot1245", "passageIds": [ "scot1245" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Scottish Gaelic reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "slogan-gaelic-compound", "text": "English slogan is traced to Gaelic sluagh-ghairm, “battle cry.”", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-slogan", "locator": "slogan(n.)", "passageIds": [ "slogan-gaelic-compound-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Show the Gaelic compound before the English forms." }, { "id": "slogan-english-early-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "slogan-english-early", "text": "The early English form slogorne is reported from the 1510s for a battle cry.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-slogan", "locator": "slogan(n.)", "passageIds": [ "slogan-english-early-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The spelling is an English witness and does not provide a direct phonetic transcription of Gaelic." }, "inference": "Keep early spelling and later standardized slogan separate." }, { "id": "slogan-english-battle-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "slogan-english-battle", "text": "English slogan is reported in the 1670s for a battle cry.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-slogan", "locator": "slogan(n.)", "passageIds": [ "slogan-english-battle-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The 1670s date is an English context, not a new borrowing event." }, "inference": "Use the standardized English battle-cry stage." }, { "id": "slogan-english-battle-reading", "text": "The English entry supplies the modern slogan reading.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-slogan", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "slogan-english-battle-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "slogan-english-phrase-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "slogan-english-phrase", "text": "The metaphorical group-phrase sense is attested from 1704.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-slogan", "locator": "slogan(n.)", "passageIds": [ "slogan-english-phrase-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is an English semantic extension from rallying cry to memorable phrase." }, "inference": "Keep modern group, political and advertising uses as semantic developments." } ], "limitations": "The Gaelic components and English battle-cry sense are supportable. The later political and advertising histories are English semantic developments; the folk-etymologized spelling slughorn is preserved only as an alternative spelling context." }, { "id": "democracy", "word": "democracy", "language": "English", "sense": "The government", "senses": [ { "id": "democracy-government-sense", "label": "The government", "definition": "Government by the people, directly or through elected representatives.", "stageId": "democracy-english", "claimIds": [ "democracy-english", "democracy-english-reading" ] } ], "defaultSense": "democracy-government-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 05", "aliases": [ "democracy", "démocratie", "δημοκρατία", "dēmokratía", "democratia" ], "summary": "A Greek compound for rule by the people passes through Medieval Latin and French into English, with later political extensions.", "intro": "A Greek compound for rule by the people passes through Medieval Latin and French into English, with later political extensions.", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-people", "democracy-greek-rule", "democracy-greek-compound", "democracy-latin", "democracy-french", "democracy-english", "democracy-english-reading" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "democracy-greek-people", "narrativeOrder": [ "democracy-greek-people", "democracy-greek-rule", "democracy-greek-compound", "democracy-latin", "democracy-french", "democracy-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "democracy-greek-people", "etymologyId": "democracy-greek-people-1", "form": "δῆμος", "language": "Ancient Greek", "languageCode": "grc", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-people" ] }, "transliteration": "dêmos", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "democracy-greek-people-transliteration" ], "pronunciation": { "guide": "DÊ-mos", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-people-reading" ] }, "script": "Greek", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Common people, district or people as a political body.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Greek reference region", "coordinates": [ 23.25607002000004, 38.83106936950003 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-people-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-people", "democracy-greek-people-region", "democracy-greek-people-reading", "democracy-greek-people-transliteration", "democracy-greek-people-reading", "democracy-greek-people-transliteration" ], "explanation": "Common people, district or people as a political body.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-people" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-people" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-people" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-people-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-people-transliteration" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-people" ], "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for δῆμος (Ancient Greek) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-people-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-people-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-people" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-people", "democracy-greek-people-region", "democracy-greek-people-reading", "democracy-greek-people-transliteration", "democracy-greek-people-reading", "democracy-greek-people-transliteration" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-people" ], "label": "Adjacent relation needs stronger evidence", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for δῆμος (Ancient Greek) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. The current narrative adjacency has no directly evidenced edge, so no stronger relation is asserted." } } }, { "id": "democracy-greek-rule", "etymologyId": "democracy-greek-rule-1", "form": "κράτος", "language": "Ancient Greek", "languageCode": "grc", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-rule" ] }, "transliteration": "krátos", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "democracy-greek-rule-transliteration" ], "pronunciation": { "guide": "KRÁ-tos", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-rule-reading" ] }, "script": "Greek", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Strength, power or rule.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Greek reference region", "coordinates": [ 23.25607002000004, 38.83106936950003 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-rule-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-rule", "democracy-greek-rule-region", "democracy-greek-rule-reading", "democracy-greek-rule-transliteration", "democracy-greek-rule-reading", "democracy-greek-rule-transliteration" ], "explanation": "Strength, power or rule.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-rule" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-rule" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-rule" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-rule-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-rule-transliteration" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-rule" ], "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for κράτος (Ancient Greek) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-rule-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-rule-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-rule" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-rule", "democracy-greek-rule-region", "democracy-greek-rule-reading", "democracy-greek-rule-transliteration", "democracy-greek-rule-reading", "democracy-greek-rule-transliteration" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-rule", "democracy-greek-compound" ] } } }, { "id": "democracy-greek-compound", "etymologyId": "democracy-greek-compound-1", "form": "δημοκρατία", "language": "Ancient Greek", "languageCode": "grc", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-compound" ] }, "transliteration": "dēmokratía", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "democracy-greek-compound-transliteration" ], "pronunciation": { "guide": "dê-mo-kra-TI-a", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-compound-reading" ] }, "script": "Greek", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Government or rule by the people.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Greek reference region", "coordinates": [ 23.25607002000004, 38.83106936950003 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-compound-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-compound", "democracy-greek-compound-region", "democracy-greek-compound-reading", "democracy-greek-compound-transliteration", "democracy-greek-compound-reading", "democracy-greek-compound-transliteration" ], "explanation": "Government or rule by the people.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-compound" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-compound" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-compound" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-compound-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-compound-transliteration" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-compound" ], "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for δημοκρατία (Ancient Greek) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-compound-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-compound-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-compound" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-compound", "democracy-greek-compound-region", "democracy-greek-compound-reading", "democracy-greek-compound-transliteration", "democracy-greek-compound-reading", "democracy-greek-compound-transliteration" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-compound", "democracy-latin" ] } } }, { "id": "democracy-latin", "etymologyId": "democracy-latin-1", "form": "democratia", "language": "Medieval Latin", "languageCode": "la", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "democracy-latin" ] }, "transliteration": "democratia", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The bounded sources did not supply a defensible reading for this historical or disputed form; no pronunciation is invented.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Government by the people.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Latin reference region", "coordinates": [ 12.4502, 41.9026 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "democracy-latin-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "democracy-latin", "democracy-latin-region" ], "explanation": "Government by the people.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-latin" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-latin" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-latin" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-latin" ], "label": "Historical reading not established", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for democratia (Medieval Latin) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A transliteration or modern form is not presented as a historical pronunciation." }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-latin" ], "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for democratia (Medieval Latin) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-latin-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-latin-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-latin" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-latin", "democracy-latin-region" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-latin", "democracy-french" ] } } }, { "id": "democracy-french", "etymologyId": "democracy-french-1", "form": "démocratie", "language": "Middle French", "languageCode": "frm", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "democracy-french" ] }, "transliteration": "démocratie", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The bounded sources did not supply a defensible reading for this historical or disputed form; no pronunciation is invented.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Democracy; government by the people.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Middle French reference region", "coordinates": [ 2, 48 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "democracy-french-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "democracy-french", "democracy-french-region" ], "explanation": "Democracy; government by the people.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-french" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-french" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-french" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-french" ], "label": "Historical reading not established", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for démocratie (Middle French) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A transliteration or modern form is not presented as a historical pronunciation." }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-french" ], "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for démocratie (Middle French) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-french-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-french-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-french" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-french", "democracy-french-region" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-french", "democracy-english", "democracy-english-reading" ] } } }, { "id": "democracy-english", "etymologyId": "democracy-english-1", "form": "democracy", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "democracy-english", "democracy-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "democracy", "pronunciation": { "guide": "di-MOK-rə-see", "ipa": "/dɪˈmɒkrəsi/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "democracy-english-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Government by the people, directly or through elected representatives.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1570, "end": 1579, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1570s · English democracy", "note": "Reported English lexical context.", "claimIds": [ "democracy-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "democracy-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "democracy-english", "democracy-english-reading", "democracy-english-region", "democracy-english-reading", "democracy-english-reading" ], "explanation": "Government by the people, directly or through elected representatives.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-english" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-english" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-english" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-english" ], "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for democracy (English) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-english" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-english-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-english-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-english" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "democracy-english", "democracy-english-reading", "democracy-english-region", "democracy-english-reading", "democracy-english-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "democracy-greek-people-greek-compound", "from": "democracy-greek-people", "to": "democracy-greek-compound", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Greek dêmos is the people element.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-people", "democracy-greek-compound" ] }, { "id": "democracy-greek-rule-greek-compound", "from": "democracy-greek-rule", "to": "democracy-greek-compound", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Greek krátos is the rule/power element.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-rule", "democracy-greek-compound" ] }, { "id": "democracy-greek-compound-latin", "from": "democracy-greek-compound", "to": "democracy-latin", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Medieval Latin democratia continues Greek δημοκρατία.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "democracy-greek-compound", "democracy-latin" ] }, { "id": "democracy-latin-french", "from": "democracy-latin", "to": "democracy-french", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Middle French démocratie continues the Medieval Latin form.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "democracy-latin", "democracy-french" ] }, { "id": "democracy-french-english", "from": "democracy-french", "to": "democracy-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English democracy is borrowed through French.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "democracy-french", "democracy-english", "democracy-english-reading" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "democracy-greek-people-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Greek.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row gree1276", "passageIds": [ "gree1276" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Greek reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "democracy-greek-people", "text": "Ancient Greek δῆμος (dêmos) is the people/common-people element of δημοκρατία.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-democracy-greek", "locator": "Etymology", "passageIds": [ "democracy-greek-people-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "democracy-greek-rule-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Greek.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row gree1276", "passageIds": [ "gree1276" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Greek reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "democracy-greek-rule", "text": "Ancient Greek κράτος (krátos) supplies the power/rule element of δημοκρατία.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-democracy-greek", "locator": "Etymology", "passageIds": [ "democracy-greek-rule-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "democracy-greek-compound-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Greek.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row gree1276", "passageIds": [ "gree1276" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Greek reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "democracy-greek-compound", "text": "Greek δημοκρατία (dēmokratía) combines dêmos “people” and krátos “rule/power.”", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-democracy-greek", "locator": "Etymology and Noun", "passageIds": [ "democracy-greek-compound-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "democracy-latin-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Latin.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row lati1261", "passageIds": [ "lati1261" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Latin reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "democracy-latin", "text": "Medieval Latin democratia is the learned intermediary in the English route.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-democracy", "locator": "democracy(n.)", "passageIds": [ "democracy-latin-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Medieval Latin stage is presented as a lexical intermediary, not as a continuous institutional history." }, "inference": "Keep the word route separate from political practice." }, { "id": "democracy-french", "text": "English democracy is borrowed through Middle French démocratie.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-democracy", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "democracy-french-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "democracy-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "democracy-english", "text": "English democracy is attested from the 1570s for government in which sovereign power is vested in the people.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-democracy", "locator": "democracy(n.)", "passageIds": [ "democracy-english-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The 1570s date is an English lexical context, not a date for Greek political institutions." }, "inference": "Keep political history outside the word’s lexical journey." }, { "id": "democracy-english-reading", "text": "The English entry supplies regional democracy readings.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-democracy", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "democracy-english-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "democracy-greek-people-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for δῆμος.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-democracy", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for δῆμος", "passageIds": [ "batch05-democracy-greek-people-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "democracy-greek-people-transliteration", "text": "The inspected entry supports the conventional transliteration dêmos for δῆμος.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-democracy", "locator": "Batch 05 transliteration inspection for δῆμος", "passageIds": [ "batch05-democracy-greek-people-transliteration" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "democracy-greek-rule-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for κράτος.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-democracy", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for κράτος", "passageIds": [ "batch05-democracy-greek-rule-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "democracy-greek-rule-transliteration", "text": "The inspected entry supports the conventional transliteration krátos for κράτος.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-democracy", "locator": "Batch 05 transliteration inspection for κράτος", "passageIds": [ "batch05-democracy-greek-rule-transliteration" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "democracy-greek-compound-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for δημοκρατία.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-democracy", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for δημοκρατία", "passageIds": [ "batch05-democracy-greek-compound-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "democracy-greek-compound-transliteration", "text": "The inspected entry supports the conventional transliteration dēmokratía for δημοκρατία.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-democracy", "locator": "Batch 05 transliteration inspection for δημοκρατία", "passageIds": [ "batch05-democracy-greek-compound-transliteration" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "democracy-french-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for Middle French.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row midd1316; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "midd1316" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." } ], "limitations": "The lexical journey is not a history of democratic institutions. Greek dēmos and kratos are preserved as components; later class and party-political uses are English semantic contexts.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R1", "standard": "Lexography enrichment completeness", "standardVersion": "1.0", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "electricity", "word": "electricity", "language": "English", "sense": "The electric force", "senses": [ { "id": "electricity-force-sense", "label": "The electric force", "definition": "Electrical force, energy or the condition of being electric.", "stageId": "electricity-english-electricity", "claimIds": [ "electricity-english-electricity", "electricity-english-electricity-reading" ] } ], "defaultSense": "electricity-force-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 05", "aliases": [ "electricity", "electric", "electricus", "electrum", "ἤλεκτρον", "ḗlektron" ], "summary": "A Greek amber word passes through Latin and New Latin into English electric and electricity, whose senses develop from rubbed amber to electrical force and energy.", "intro": "A Greek amber word passes through Latin and New Latin into English electric and electricity, whose senses develop from rubbed amber to electrical force and energy.", "claimIds": [ "electricity-greek", "electricity-latin", "electricity-new-latin", "electricity-english-electric", "electricity-english-electric-reading", "electricity-english-electricity", "electricity-english-electricity-reading" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "electricity-greek", "narrativeOrder": [ "electricity-greek", "electricity-latin", "electricity-new-latin", "electricity-english-electric", "electricity-english-electricity" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "electricity-greek", "etymologyId": "electricity-greek-1", "form": "ἤλεκτρον", "language": "Ancient Greek", "languageCode": "grc", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "electricity-greek" ] }, "transliteration": "ḗlektron", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "electricity-greek" ], "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The Greek form and transliteration are preserved; historical pronunciation is not reconstructed.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Greek", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Amber; also a pale-gold alloy.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Greek reference region", "coordinates": [ 23.25607002000004, 38.83106936950003 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "electricity-greek-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "electricity-greek" ], "explanation": "Amber; also a pale-gold alloy." }, { "id": "electricity-latin", "etymologyId": "electricity-latin-1", "form": "electrum", "language": "Latin", "languageCode": "la", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "electricity-latin" ] }, "transliteration": "electrum", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "electricity-latin" ], "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The Latin form is preserved; historical pronunciation is not asserted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Amber or an amber-colored alloy.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Latin reference region", "coordinates": [ 12.4502, 41.9026 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "electricity-latin-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "electricity-latin" ], "explanation": "Amber or an amber-colored alloy." }, { "id": "electricity-new-latin", "etymologyId": "electricity-new-latin-1", "form": "electricus", "language": "New Latin", "languageCode": "la", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "electricity-new-latin" ] }, "transliteration": "electricus", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "electricity-new-latin" ], "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The New Latin form is preserved; historical pronunciation is not asserted.", "claimIds": [] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Of amber; electrical in the sense of attracting objects when rubbed.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1600, "end": 1600, "approximate": false, "label": "1600 · New Latin electricus", "note": "Reported terminology context in De Magnete.", "claimIds": [ "electricity-new-latin" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No separate New Latin reference location is needed for this learned adjective." }, "claimIds": [ "electricity-new-latin" ], "explanation": "Of amber; electrical in the sense of attracting objects when rubbed." }, { "id": "electricity-english-electric", "etymologyId": "electricity-english-electric-1", "form": "electric", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "electricity-english-electric", "electricity-english-electric-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "electric", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ee-LEK-trik", "ipa": "/ɪˈlɛktrɪk/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "electricity-english-electric-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Relating to amber-like attraction or electricity; later electrically charged.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1640, "end": 1679, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1640s–1670s · English electric senses", "note": "Reported first English context and later charged sense.", "claimIds": [ "electricity-english-electric" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "electricity-english-electric-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "electricity-english-electric", "electricity-english-electric-reading" ], "explanation": "Relating to amber-like attraction or electricity; later electrically charged." }, { "id": "electricity-english-electricity", "etymologyId": "electricity-english-electricity-1", "form": "electricity", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "electricity-english-electricity", "electricity-english-electricity-reading" ] }, "transliteration": "electricity", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ee-lek-TRISS-uh-tee", "ipa": "/ɪˌlɛkˈtrɪsəti/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day dictionary reading; the guide is an editorial approximation, not historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "electricity-english-electricity-reading" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Electrical force, energy or the condition of being electric.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1640, "end": 1640, "approximate": true, "label": "1640s · English electricity", "note": "Reported English context; not a technology-history date.", "claimIds": [ "electricity-english-electricity" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "electricity-english-electricity-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "electricity-english-electricity", "electricity-english-electricity-reading" ], "explanation": "Electrical force, energy or the condition of being electric." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "electricity-greek-latin", "from": "electricity-greek", "to": "electricity-latin", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Latin electrum continues Greek ḗlektron.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "electricity-greek", "electricity-latin" ] }, { "id": "electricity-latin-new-latin", "from": "electricity-latin", "to": "electricity-new-latin", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "New Latin electricus derives an adjective from electrum.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "electricity-latin", "electricity-new-latin" ] }, { "id": "electricity-new-latin-english-electric", "from": "electricity-new-latin", "to": "electricity-english-electric", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English electric is borrowed from the New Latin adjective.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "electricity-new-latin", "electricity-english-electric", "electricity-english-electric-reading" ] }, { "id": "electricity-english-electric-english-electricity", "from": "electricity-english-electric", "to": "electricity-english-electricity", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The adjective electric forms the abstract noun electricity, whose meanings broaden from rubbed amber to electrical force and energy.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "The noun is an English derivation from electric; the physical concepts develop within later English scientific usage.", "added": [ "Electrical force or energy" ], "removed": [], "associations": [ "amber", "friction", "charge" ], "claimIds": [ "electricity-english-electric", "electricity-english-electric-reading" ] }, "claimIds": [ "electricity-english-electric", "electricity-english-electric-reading" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "electricity-greek-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Greek.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row gree1276", "passageIds": [ "gree1276" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Greek reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "electricity-greek", "text": "Greek ἤλεκτρον (ḗlektron) means amber and is the source of Latin electrum; its deeper origin is unknown.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-electricity", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "electricity-greek-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Greek lexical source is preserved without inventing an earlier etymology." }, "inference": "Stop the route at the supportable Greek word." }, { "id": "electricity-latin-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Latin.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row lati1261", "passageIds": [ "lati1261" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Latin reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "electricity-latin", "text": "Latin electrum is the learned continuation of Greek ḗlektron.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-electricity", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "electricity-latin-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "electricity-new-latin", "text": "William Gilbert used or coined New Latin electricus in 1600 for an amber-like electrical property.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-electricity", "locator": "electric(adj.)", "passageIds": [ "electricity-new-latin-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The 1600 context belongs to the scientific Latin adjective, not to modern electricity generation." }, "inference": "Keep New Latin terminology distinct from later English senses." }, { "id": "electricity-english-electric-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "electricity-english-electric", "text": "English electric is first used in the 1640s; it originally described materials that attract objects when rubbed and later means charged with electricity.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-electricity", "locator": "electric(adj.)", "passageIds": [ "electricity-english-electric-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The 1640s date is a written English context and the later charged sense is a semantic development." }, "inference": "Show the amber-property sense before the modern adjective." }, { "id": "electricity-english-electric-reading", "text": "The English entry supplies the modern electric reading.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-electric", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "electricity-english-electric-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "electricity-english-electricity-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "electricity-english-electricity", "text": "English electricity is attested in the 1640s from electric plus -ity, originally referring to frictional electrical effects.", "sourceId": "pilot5-etymonline-electricity", "locator": "electricity(n.)", "passageIds": [ "electricity-english-electricity-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The 1640s date is a written English context; the modern energy/current senses develop later." }, "inference": "Represent electricity as an English abstract noun built from electric." }, { "id": "electricity-english-electricity-reading", "text": "The English entry supplies regional electricity readings.", "sourceId": "pilot5-wkt-electricity", "locator": "English > Pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "electricity-english-electricity-reading-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." } ], "limitations": "The journey follows the lexical history of electric/electricity, not the complete history of electrical science or power systems. The Greek word’s deeper origin remains unknown; modern physical definitions are not projected backward." }, { "id": "cotton", "word": "cotton", "language": "English", "sense": "The cotton material", "senses": [ { "id": "cotton-material-sense", "label": "The cotton material", "definition": "The white fiber and the cloth made from it.", "stageId": "cotton-english", "claimIds": [ "cotton-english" ] }, { "id": "cotton-plant-sense", "label": "The cotton plant", "definition": "The plant that produces the cotton fiber.", "stageId": "cotton-english", "claimIds": [ "cotton-english" ] } ], "defaultSense": "cotton-material-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 06", "aliases": [ "cotton", "coton", "qutn", "قُطْن", "cotone", "cotun" ], "summary": "Arabic quṭn reaches French through a proposed Italian intermediary, then English. Fibre, cloth and plant dates refer to different uses.", "intro": "Arabic quṭn reaches French through a proposed Italian intermediary, then English. Fibre, cloth and plant dates refer to different uses.", "claimIds": [ "cotton-arabic", "cotton-old-french", "cotton-english", "cotton-reviewed-route", "cotton-reviewed-anglo-norman", "cotton-italian" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "cotton-arabic", "narrativeOrder": [ "cotton-arabic", "cotton-italian", "cotton-old-french", "cotton-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "cotton-arabic", "etymologyId": "cotton-arabic-1", "form": "قُطْن", "language": "Arabic", "languageCode": "ar", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "cotton-arabic" ] }, "transliteration": "quṭn", "script": "Arabic", "direction": "rtl", "sense": "Cotton; the fiber or cotton plant.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Standard Arabic", "coordinates": [ 43.8525, 27.9625 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "cotton-arabic-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "cotton-arabic" ], "explanation": "Cotton; the fiber or cotton plant.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "cotton-arabic" ] }, { "id": "cotton-old-french", "etymologyId": "cotton-old-french-1", "form": "coton", "language": "Old French", "languageCode": "fro", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "cotton-old-french" ] }, "transliteration": "coton", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Cotton fiber or cotton material.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1160, "end": 1160, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1160 · reported French fibre use", "note": "Approximate literary date reported by TLFi; fabric is separately reported circa 1165. Not a borrowing date.", "claimIds": [ "cotton-reviewed-route" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Old French reference region", "coordinates": [ 1.11, 48.8 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "cotton-old-french-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "cotton-old-french", "cotton-reviewed-route", "cotton-reviewed-anglo-norman" ], "explanation": "French cotton-material word, also documented in Anglo-Norman; fibre and fabric attestations have distinct scopes." }, { "id": "cotton-english", "etymologyId": "cotton-english-1", "form": "cotton", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "cotton-english" ] }, "transliteration": "cotton", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "The white fiber, cotton cloth and cotton plant.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1275, "end": 1299, "approximate": true, "label": "c. late 13th century · reported English fibre use", "claimIds": [ "cotton-english" ], "note": "Reported fibre chronology only; early fifteenth-century cloth and circa 1400 plant uses are separate reports in Evidence. No underlying English quotation inspected." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "cotton-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "cotton-english" ], "explanation": "The white fiber, cotton cloth and cotton plant." }, { "id": "cotton-italian", "etymologyId": "cotton-italian-1", "form": "cotone", "language": "Italian", "languageCode": "it", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "cotton-italian", "cotton-reviewed-route" ] }, "transliteration": "cotone", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Cotton; the proposed Italian intermediary.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The cited form is not a verified pronunciation; no reading is invented.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific written date established in the inspected evidence." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No lexical origin or borrowing location is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "cotton-italian", "cotton-reviewed-route" ], "explanation": "Cotton; the proposed Italian intermediary." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "cotton-old-french-english-borrowing", "from": "cotton-old-french", "to": "cotton-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English cotton continues the Romance form in the reported late-thirteenth-century entry.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "cotton-old-french", "cotton-english", "cotton-reviewed-anglo-norman" ] }, { "id": "cotton-arabic-italian", "from": "cotton-arabic", "to": "cotton-italian", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The Italian dictionary derives cotone from Arabic.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "cotton-italian" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The lexical relationship alone does not establish a semantic transition at the borrowing event.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "cotton-italian-old-french", "from": "cotton-italian", "to": "cotton-old-french", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "TLFi proposes Italian mediation; the exact passage into French is not independently documented here.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "cotton-reviewed-route" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The lexical relationship alone does not establish a semantic transition at the borrowing event.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "cotton-arabic", "text": "The entry traces English cotton ultimately to Arabic qutn and leaves the deeper source possibly Egyptian.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-cotton", "locator": "cotton — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "cotton-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Arabic form is the reported source, but its deeper origin is explicitly left open." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "cotton-arabic-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Standard Arabic.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1318", "passageIds": [ "stan1318" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Standard Arabic; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "cotton-old-french", "text": "Old French coton is dated to the twelfth century in the reported Romance route.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-cotton", "locator": "cotton — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "cotton-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "cotton-old-french-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Old French (842-ca. 1400).", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row oldf1239", "passageIds": [ "oldf1239" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Old French reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "cotton-english", "text": "English cotton is reported from the late thirteenth century for the fiber; cloth follows in the early fifteenth century and the plant sense around 1400.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-cotton", "locator": "cotton — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "cotton-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "cotton-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "cotton-reviewed-route", "text": "TLFi specifically proposes Italian mediation and separates early French fibre and fabric uses.", "sourceId": "c1-tlfi-coton", "locator": "Étymol. et Hist. A.1–2; final etymology paragraph", "passageIds": [ "route-dates" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Medieval Latin forms cited in Italian regions are not dated attestations of the exact Italian spelling cotone." }, "inference": "Add the proposed intermediary without assigning its transmission a date." }, { "id": "cotton-reviewed-anglo-norman", "text": "Anglo-Norman witnesses support cotton material senses in medieval French used in England.", "sourceId": "c1-and-cotun", "locator": "cotun, senses 1–2; first two quotations", "passageIds": [ "witnesses" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Composition and manuscript dates must be distinguished; these are French witnesses, not English first uses." }, "inference": "Use the evidence to clarify the French channel without making an additional mandatory stage." }, { "id": "cotton-italian", "text": "Italian cotone is an Arabic loan.", "sourceId": "c1-treccani-cotone", "locator": "Opening etymology", "passageIds": [ "arabic" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This establishes the Italian word’s ancestry, not its priority over every Romance form." }, "inference": "Combine with TLFi’s expressly proposed mediation." } ], "limitations": "Italian mediation is a supported proposal, not a dated borrowing event. Other Romance accounts and the possible deeper Egyptian connection remain unsettled. Anglo-Norman composition dates are distinguished from manuscript dates. The Italian stage is unmapped and undated; the English fibre chronology remains a dictionary report." }, { "id": "ginger", "word": "ginger", "language": "English", "sense": "The ginger spice", "senses": [ { "id": "ginger-spice-sense", "label": "The ginger spice", "definition": "The pungent rhizome used as a spice.", "stageId": "ginger-english", "claimIds": [ "ginger-english" ] }, { "id": "ginger-figurative-sense", "label": "Ginger as energy", "definition": "Figurative spirit, liveliness or reddish coloring in later English.", "stageId": "ginger-english", "claimIds": [ "ginger-english" ] } ], "defaultSense": "ginger-spice-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 06", "aliases": [ "ginger", "ginȝifer", "gingiber", "zingiberi", "zingiberis", "śṛṅgavera", "iñci-vēr", "singabera", "gingibre" ], "summary": "An Indo-Aryan ginger word reaches Greek, Latin and English. A Dravidian analysis challenges Sanskrit horn-body folklore, while French may contribute a later English reborrowing.", "intro": "An Indo-Aryan ginger word reaches Greek, Latin and English. A Dravidian analysis challenges Sanskrit horn-body folklore, while French may contribute a later English reborrowing.", "claimIds": [ "ginger-sanskrit", "ginger-prakrit", "ginger-greek", "ginger-latin", "ginger-old-english", "ginger-english", "ginger-tamil-alternative", "ginger-reviewed-dravidian", "ginger-reviewed-english", "ginger-reviewed-french" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "ginger-sanskrit", "narrativeOrder": [ "ginger-tamil-alternative", "ginger-sanskrit", "ginger-prakrit", "ginger-greek", "ginger-latin", "ginger-old-english", "ginger-old-french", "ginger-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "ginger-sanskrit", "etymologyId": "ginger-sanskrit-1", "form": "शृङ्गवेर", "language": "Sanskrit", "languageCode": "sa", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "ginger-sanskrit" ] }, "transliteration": "śṛṅgavera", "script": "Devanagari", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Ginger; a Sanskrit form possibly remade from an earlier borrowed word.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Sanskrit reference region", "coordinates": [ 77, 20 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "ginger-sanskrit-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "ginger-sanskrit", "ginger-reviewed-dravidian" ], "explanation": "The horn-body interpretation is not adopted as lexical meaning. Sanskrit back-formation is a serious alternative to Sanskrit priority.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "ginger-sanskrit" ] }, { "id": "ginger-prakrit", "etymologyId": "ginger-prakrit-1", "form": "singabera", "language": "Middle Indic / Prakrit", "languageCode": "pra", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "ginger-prakrit" ] }, "transliteration": "singabera", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Ginger; an Indic intermediary reported in the route.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical source." }, "claimIds": [ "ginger-prakrit", "ginger-reviewed-french", "ginger-reviewed-english" ], "explanation": "The Latin-script Prakrit form reported by the source; it is not a reconstructed pronunciation or a precisely localized donor dialect.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "ginger-reviewed-french" ] }, { "id": "ginger-greek", "etymologyId": "ginger-greek-1", "form": "ζιγγίβερις", "language": "Ancient Greek", "languageCode": "grc", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "ginger-greek" ] }, "transliteration": "zingiberis", "script": "Greek", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Ginger.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Greek reference region", "coordinates": [ 23.25607002000004, 38.83106936950003 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "ginger-greek-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "ginger-greek" ], "explanation": "Ginger.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "ginger-greek" ] }, { "id": "ginger-latin", "etymologyId": "ginger-latin-1", "form": "zingiberi", "language": "Latin", "languageCode": "la", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "ginger-latin" ] }, "transliteration": "zingiberi", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Ginger.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Latin reference region", "coordinates": [ 12.4502, 41.9026 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "ginger-latin-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "ginger-latin", "ginger-reviewed-english" ], "explanation": "Latin zingiberi/zingiber; later gingiber is the form named in the Old English transmission account." }, { "id": "ginger-old-english", "etymologyId": "ginger-old-english-1", "form": "ginȝifer", "language": "Old English", "languageCode": "ang", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "ginger-old-english" ] }, "transliteration": "ginȝifer", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Ginger spice.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1000, "end": 1099, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 11th century · Old English ginger context", "note": "The date is the reported English lexical context.", "claimIds": [ "ginger-old-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Old English reference region", "coordinates": [ -1.31, 51.06 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "ginger-old-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "ginger-old-english" ], "explanation": "Ginger spice." }, { "id": "ginger-english", "etymologyId": "ginger-english-1", "form": "ginger", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "ginger-english" ] }, "transliteration": "ginger", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "The pungent spice and its later figurative energy sense.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The baseline combined an undated English readoption with much later figurative senses. Those dates do not date this entire stage." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "ginger-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "ginger-english" ], "explanation": "The pungent spice and its later figurative energy sense." }, { "id": "ginger-tamil-alternative", "etymologyId": "ginger-tamil-alternative-1", "form": "இஞ்சி வேர்", "language": "Tamil / Dravidian proposal", "languageCode": "ta", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "ginger-tamil-alternative" ] }, "transliteration": "iñci-vēr", "script": "Tamil", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Ginger root; Tamil comparison for an earlier Dravidian proposal.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical source." }, "claimIds": [ "ginger-tamil-alternative", "ginger-reviewed-dravidian" ], "explanation": "The displayed later Tamil expression illustrates the analysis; it is not a dated ancient donor witness.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "ginger-tamil-alternative" ] }, { "id": "ginger-old-french", "etymologyId": "ginger-old-french-1", "form": "gingibre", "language": "Old French", "languageCode": "fro", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "ginger-reviewed-french" ] }, "transliteration": "gingibre", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Ginger; proposed source of Middle English readoption.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The cited form is not a verified pronunciation; no reading is invented.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1100, "end": 1199, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 12th century · reported French form", "note": "Dictionary-reported French period, not an English borrowing date.", "claimIds": [ "ginger-reviewed-french" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No lexical origin or borrowing location is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "ginger-reviewed-french" ], "explanation": "Ginger; proposed source of Middle English readoption." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "ginger-sanskrit-prakrit-inheritance", "from": "ginger-sanskrit", "to": "ginger-prakrit", "type": "inheritance", "certainty": "unresolved", "note": "Traditional Sanskrit priority is disputed by the back-formation analysis. This is an unresolved Indo-Aryan relationship, not established inheritance from the displayed Sanskrit form.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "ginger-prakrit", "ginger-reviewed-dravidian" ] }, { "id": "ginger-prakrit-greek-borrowing", "from": "ginger-prakrit", "to": "ginger-greek", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The source reports a route into Greek but does not supply a dated transfer event.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "ginger-prakrit", "ginger-greek" ] }, { "id": "ginger-greek-latin-borrowing", "from": "ginger-greek", "to": "ginger-latin", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Latin continues the Greek ginger form in the selected account.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "ginger-greek", "ginger-latin" ] }, { "id": "ginger-latin-old-english-borrowing", "from": "ginger-latin", "to": "ginger-old-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The early English form is connected through the reported Latin family, while exact mediation is not reconstructed.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "ginger-latin", "ginger-old-english" ] }, { "id": "ginger-old-english-english-inheritance", "from": "ginger-old-english", "to": "ginger-english", "type": "inheritance", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Old English continuity is one account; the later form may also reflect French reborrowing.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "ginger-old-english", "ginger-english", "ginger-reviewed-english", "ginger-reviewed-french" ] }, { "id": "ginger-tamil-alternative-sanskrit-influence", "from": "ginger-tamil-alternative", "to": "ginger-sanskrit", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "Proposed borrowing from earlier Dravidian material, illustrated by Tamil elements; the displayed expression is not asserted to be the exact donor.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "ginger-reviewed-dravidian", "ginger-tamil-alternative" ] }, { "id": "ginger-latin-old-french", "from": "ginger-latin", "to": "ginger-old-french", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Compressed Latin-to-French account; the later Latin variant gingiber is not a separately dated stage.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "ginger-latin", "ginger-reviewed-english", "ginger-reviewed-french" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The lexical relationship alone does not establish a semantic transition at the borrowing event.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "ginger-old-french-english", "from": "ginger-old-french", "to": "ginger-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Proposed Middle English readoption coexists with Old English continuity.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "ginger-reviewed-french" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The lexical relationship alone does not establish a semantic transition at the borrowing event.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "ginger-sanskrit", "text": "The entry reports Sanskrit śṛṅgavera, analyzed as śṛṅga “horn” plus vera “body,” while warning that this may be folk etymology.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-ginger", "locator": "ginger — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "ginger-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "Retained as the traditional account being reviewed; Hoogervorst favours back-formation with Dravidian elements, so horn-body is not the adopted internal etymology." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "ginger-sanskrit-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Sanskrit.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row sans1269", "passageIds": [ "sans1269" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Sanskrit reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "ginger-prakrit", "text": "The entry places the European forms through Prakrit singabera before Greek zingiberis.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-ginger", "locator": "ginger — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "ginger-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The selected source reports this intermediary without a word-specific date or a full phonological reconstruction." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "ginger-greek", "text": "Greek zingiberis is given as the source of the Latin form.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-ginger", "locator": "ginger — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "ginger-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "ginger-greek-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Greek.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row gree1276", "passageIds": [ "gree1276" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Greek reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "ginger-latin", "text": "Latin zingiberi is reported between Greek and the early English/Old French forms.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-ginger", "locator": "ginger — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "ginger-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "ginger-latin-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Latin.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row lati1261", "passageIds": [ "lati1261" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Latin reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "ginger-old-english", "text": "Old English ginȝifer and ginȝiber are reported from the eleventh century.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-ginger", "locator": "ginger — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "ginger-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "ginger-old-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Old English (ca. 450-1100).", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row olde1238", "passageIds": [ "olde1238" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Old English reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "ginger-english", "text": "English ginger is reported from the eleventh century, with the modern spelling re-adopted from Old French gingibre; later English adds color and spirit senses.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-ginger", "locator": "ginger — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "ginger-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The English re-adoption and later figurative extensions are separate from the disputed deeper Indic source." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "ginger-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "ginger-tamil-alternative", "text": "The entry records a Dravidian proposal connecting Tamil iñci-vēr with the European ginger family.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-ginger", "locator": "ginger — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "ginger-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "The proposal is preserved as a competing analysis, not promoted to the main tree." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "ginger-reviewed-dravidian", "text": "Specialist work favours a Dravidian analysis and a Sanskrit back-formation.", "sourceId": "c1-hoogervorst-ginger", "locator": "pp. 81–82 (PDF pp. 19–20)", "passageIds": [ "dravidian" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A modern Tamil comparison does not identify the exact earlier donor form or prove a direct Tamil-to-Greek loan." }, "inference": "Remove horn-body from the displayed sense and weaken Sanskrit priority." }, { "id": "ginger-reviewed-english", "text": "Merriam-Webster supports Old English continuity through Latin and an Indo-Aryan connection for Greek.", "sourceId": "c1-mw-ginger", "locator": "Word History > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Its Pali comparison is not an identified direct donor to Greek. It does not independently settle the French reborrowing account." }, "inference": "Keep continuity alongside a qualified French branch." }, { "id": "ginger-reviewed-french", "text": "Old French gingibre is a proposed source of Middle English readoption.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-ginger", "locator": "ginger(n.), first two paragraphs", "passageIds": [ "c1-reborrowing" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a lexical reborrowing proposal, beyond a spelling-only influence; its exact English date is not supplied." }, "inference": "Represent the branch explicitly." } ], "limitations": "Sanskrit priority and the exact Dravidian donor remain unresolved. The Tamil expression is a comparison, not an ancient witness. Prakrit singabera is the source’s reported spelling; its dialect and reading are not established. French readoption and Old English continuity coexist as qualified accounts. Later colour and energy uses do not date the spice borrowing." }, { "id": "cinnamon", "word": "cinnamon", "language": "English", "sense": "The cinnamon spice", "senses": [ { "id": "cinnamon-spice-sense", "label": "The cinnamon spice", "definition": "The aromatic spice made from dried inner bark.", "stageId": "cinnamon-english", "claimIds": [ "cinnamon-english" ] } ], "defaultSense": "cinnamon-spice-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 06", "aliases": [ "cinnamon", "cinnamone", "cinnamum", "kinnámōmon", "qinnāmōn", "cynnamome", "cinnamomum" ], "summary": "Greek kinnámōmon reaches English through Latin and French. Phoenician transmission and Hebrew derivation remain competing accounts of its Semitic connection.", "intro": "Greek kinnámōmon reaches English through Latin and French. Phoenician transmission and Hebrew derivation remain competing accounts of its Semitic connection.", "claimIds": [ "cinnamon-hebrew", "cinnamon-greek", "cinnamon-latin", "cinnamon-old-french", "cinnamon-english", "cinnamon-reviewed-semitic", "cinnamon-reviewed-french", "cinnamon-reviewed-english-date" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "cinnamon-greek", "narrativeOrder": [ "cinnamon-greek", "cinnamon-latin", "cinnamon-old-french", "cinnamon-english", "cinnamon-hebrew" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "cinnamon-hebrew", "etymologyId": "cinnamon-hebrew-1", "form": "קִנָּמוֹן", "language": "Hebrew", "languageCode": "he", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "cinnamon-hebrew" ] }, "transliteration": "qinnāmōn", "script": "Hebrew", "direction": "rtl", "sense": "Cinnamon; an ancient Semitic spice name.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical source." }, "claimIds": [ "cinnamon-hebrew" ], "explanation": "Cinnamon; an ancient Semitic spice name.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "cinnamon-hebrew" ] }, { "id": "cinnamon-greek", "etymologyId": "cinnamon-greek-1", "form": "κιννάμωμον", "language": "Ancient Greek", "languageCode": "grc", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "cinnamon-greek" ] }, "transliteration": "kinnámōmon", "script": "Greek", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Cinnamon spice.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Greek reference region", "coordinates": [ 23.25607002000004, 38.83106936950003 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "cinnamon-greek-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "cinnamon-greek" ], "explanation": "Cinnamon spice.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "cinnamon-greek" ] }, { "id": "cinnamon-latin", "etymologyId": "cinnamon-latin-1", "form": "cinnamomum", "language": "Latin", "languageCode": "la", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "cinnamon-latin" ] }, "transliteration": "cinnamōmum", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Cinnamon.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Latin reference region", "coordinates": [ 12.4502, 41.9026 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "cinnamon-latin-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "cinnamon-latin", "cinnamon-reviewed-french", "cinnamon-reviewed-semitic" ], "explanation": "Latin cinnamomum is the French source; the shorter cinnamum/cinnamon variant also bears on the later English spelling.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "cinnamon-reviewed-french" ] }, { "id": "cinnamon-old-french", "etymologyId": "cinnamon-old-french-1", "form": "cynnamome", "language": "Old French", "languageCode": "fro", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "cinnamon-old-french" ] }, "transliteration": "cynnamome", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Cinnamon.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1211, "end": 1214, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1211–14 · reported French witness", "note": "Literary witness reported by TLFi; not a date of borrowing from Latin.", "claimIds": [ "cinnamon-reviewed-french" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Old French reference region", "coordinates": [ 1.11, 48.8 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "cinnamon-old-french-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "cinnamon-old-french", "cinnamon-reviewed-french" ], "explanation": "Cinnamon.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "cinnamon-reviewed-french" ] }, { "id": "cinnamon-english", "etymologyId": "cinnamon-english-1", "form": "cinnamon", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "cinnamon-english" ] }, "transliteration": "cinnamon", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "The aromatic spice from the inner bark of a tree.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "Late fourteenth century and circa 1430 are competing dictionary reports; the earliest underlying witness remains unverified." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "cinnamon-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "cinnamon-english", "cinnamon-reviewed-semitic", "cinnamon-reviewed-english-date" ], "explanation": "The aromatic spice from the inner bark of a tree." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "cinnamon-hebrew-greek-borrowing", "from": "cinnamon-hebrew", "to": "cinnamon-greek", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "Hebrew derivation is one reported analysis. Phoenician transmission is the competing account; no exact Phoenician form is invented.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "cinnamon-reviewed-semitic", "cinnamon-hebrew" ] }, { "id": "cinnamon-greek-latin-borrowing", "from": "cinnamon-greek", "to": "cinnamon-latin", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Latin continues the Greek cinnamon name.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "cinnamon-greek", "cinnamon-latin" ] }, { "id": "cinnamon-latin-old-french-borrowing", "from": "cinnamon-latin", "to": "cinnamon-old-french", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Old French preserves the Latin spice form.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "cinnamon-latin", "cinnamon-old-french", "cinnamon-reviewed-french" ] }, { "id": "cinnamon-old-french-english-borrowing", "from": "cinnamon-old-french", "to": "cinnamon-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English receives the spice name through the Old French form.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "cinnamon-old-french", "cinnamon-english" ] }, { "id": "cinnamon-latin-english-influence", "from": "cinnamon-latin", "to": "cinnamon-english", "type": "influence", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The shorter Latin variant may have helped reshape the English ending; this is separate from French borrowing.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "cinnamon-reviewed-semitic" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The lexical relationship alone does not establish a semantic transition at the borrowing event.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "cinnamon-hebrew", "text": "The entry describes Greek kinnamomon as related to a Phoenician word akin to Hebrew qinnamon.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-cinnamon", "locator": "cinnamon — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "cinnamon-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Semitic connection is reported as a comparison, not a securely documented direct borrowing chain." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "cinnamon-greek", "text": "Greek kinnamomon is the reported source of Latin cinnamum and cinnamomum.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-cinnamon", "locator": "cinnamon — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "cinnamon-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The form is supported, but the exact ancient Greek/Semitic transmission remains unresolved." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "cinnamon-greek-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Greek.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row gree1276", "passageIds": [ "gree1276" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Greek reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "cinnamon-latin", "text": "Latin cinnamum and cinnamomum continue the Greek spice name.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-cinnamon", "locator": "cinnamon — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "cinnamon-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "cinnamon-latin-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Latin.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row lati1261", "passageIds": [ "lati1261" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Latin reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "cinnamon-old-french", "text": "Old French cinnamone is reported from the thirteenth century.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-cinnamon", "locator": "cinnamon — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "cinnamon-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "cinnamon-old-french-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Old French (842-ca. 1400).", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row oldf1239", "passageIds": [ "oldf1239" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Old French reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "cinnamon-english", "text": "English cinnamon is reported from the late fourteenth century.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-cinnamon", "locator": "cinnamon — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "cinnamon-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "cinnamon-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "cinnamon-reviewed-semitic", "text": "Scholarly accounts disagree between Phoenician transmission and Hebrew derivation.", "sourceId": "c1-parti-cinnamon", "locator": "pp. 115–118, §4.4.4, Etymology 16", "passageIds": [ "comparison" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Parti reports these analyses through earlier works; trade geography and Malay resemblance cannot settle direction." }, "inference": "Keep Hebrew as an explicit alternative, not the selected tree parent." }, { "id": "cinnamon-reviewed-french", "text": "The historical French witness is cynnamome (1211–14), from Latin cinnamomum.", "sourceId": "c1-tlfi-cinnamome", "locator": "Étymol. et Hist. I–II", "passageIds": [ "french" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This differs from the shortened Latin form used for the later separate French cinname." }, "inference": "Correct the intermediate forms and preserve the shorter Latin variant in Evidence." }, { "id": "cinnamon-reviewed-english-date", "text": "The inspected scholarship reports a later English witness than the inherited general-dictionary date.", "sourceId": "c1-parti-cinnamon", "locator": "p. 116, Etymology 16 and following paragraph", "passageIds": [ "english-date" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Neither underlying earliest English quotation was independently inspected." }, "inference": "Do not select a precise earliest date from incompatible summaries." } ], "limitations": "The Semitic donor is materially disputed. Hebrew is an alternative rather than an established parent; no unattested Phoenician or Malay stage is invented. The French and Latin forms are corrected, but earliest English dating remains unresolved. Ancient spice names do not by themselves identify a modern botanical species or an origin location." }, { "id": "yoga", "word": "yoga", "language": "English", "sense": "Yoga practice", "senses": [ { "id": "yoga-practice-sense", "label": "Yoga practice", "definition": "A Hindu philosophical and physical discipline.", "stageId": "yoga-english", "claimIds": [ "yoga-english" ] } ], "defaultSense": "yoga-practice-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 06", "aliases": [ "yoga", "योग", "*yug-" ], "summary": "Yoga reaches English from Sanskrit through Hindi, carrying an older “yoking” metaphor into a religious and philosophical practice.", "intro": "Yoga reaches English from Sanskrit through Hindi, carrying an older “yoking” metaphor into a religious and philosophical practice.", "claimIds": [ "yoga-pie", "yoga-sanskrit", "yoga-hindi", "yoga-english" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "yoga-pie", "narrativeOrder": [ "yoga-pie", "yoga-sanskrit", "yoga-hindi", "yoga-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "yoga-pie", "etymologyId": "yoga-pie-1", "form": "*yug-", "language": "Proto-Indo-European", "languageCode": "ine", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "yoga-pie" ] }, "transliteration": "*yug-", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "To join or yoke; reconstructed root.", "formStatus": "reconstructed", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical source." }, "claimIds": [ "yoga-pie" ], "explanation": "To join or yoke; reconstructed root." }, { "id": "yoga-sanskrit", "etymologyId": "yoga-sanskrit-1", "form": "योग", "language": "Sanskrit", "languageCode": "sa", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "yoga-sanskrit" ] }, "transliteration": "yoga", "script": "Devanagari", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Union, yoking; a system of spiritual integration.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Sanskrit reference region", "coordinates": [ 77, 20 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "yoga-sanskrit-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "yoga-sanskrit" ], "explanation": "Union, yoking; a system of spiritual integration.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "yoga-sanskrit" ] }, { "id": "yoga-hindi", "etymologyId": "yoga-hindi-1", "form": "योग", "language": "Hindi", "languageCode": "hi", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "yoga-hindi" ] }, "transliteration": "yoga", "script": "Devanagari", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Yoga practice and philosophy.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Hindi reference region", "coordinates": [ 77, 25 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "yoga-hindi-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "yoga-hindi" ], "explanation": "Yoga practice and philosophy.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "yoga-hindi" ] }, { "id": "yoga-english", "etymologyId": "yoga-english-1", "form": "yoga", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "yoga-english" ] }, "transliteration": "yoga", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A Hindu philosophical and physical discipline.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1820, "end": 1820, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1820 · English yoga", "note": "Reported written-use context; not the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "yoga-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "yoga-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "yoga-english" ], "explanation": "A Hindu philosophical and physical discipline." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "yoga-pie-sanskrit-inheritance", "from": "yoga-pie", "to": "yoga-sanskrit", "type": "inheritance", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Sanskrit yoga is related to the reconstructed joining root.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "yoga-pie", "yoga-sanskrit" ] }, { "id": "yoga-sanskrit-hindi-inheritance", "from": "yoga-sanskrit", "to": "yoga-hindi", "type": "inheritance", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Hindi continues the Sanskrit form.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "yoga-sanskrit", "yoga-hindi" ] }, { "id": "yoga-hindi-english-borrowing", "from": "yoga-hindi", "to": "yoga-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English borrows yoga from Hindi/Sanskrit usage.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "yoga-hindi", "yoga-english" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "yoga-pie", "text": "The entry links Sanskrit yoga to a reconstructed Indo-European root meaning “to join.”", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-yoga", "locator": "yoga — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "yoga-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A reconstruction is shown with an asterisk and is not treated as an attested word." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "yoga-sanskrit", "text": "Sanskrit yoga is glossed as union or yoking and is the source of the Hindi form.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-yoga", "locator": "yoga — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "yoga-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "yoga-sanskrit-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Sanskrit.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row sans1269", "passageIds": [ "sans1269" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Sanskrit reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "yoga-hindi", "text": "The English entry gives Hindi yoga as the immediate source area.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-yoga", "locator": "yoga — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "yoga-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "yoga-hindi-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Hindi.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row hind1269", "passageIds": [ "hind1269" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Hindi reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "yoga-english", "text": "English yoga is reported from 1820 for a branch of Hindu religious philosophy.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-yoga", "locator": "yoga — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "yoga-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "yoga-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." } ], "limitations": "The connection with the reconstructed Indo-European root for joining is recorded as a historical comparison; the journey does not treat the reconstruction as a directly attested ancestor." }, { "id": "mantra", "word": "mantra", "language": "English", "sense": "The mantra formula", "senses": [ { "id": "mantra-formula-sense", "label": "The mantra formula", "definition": "A sacred formula or repeated word used in meditation.", "stageId": "mantra-english", "claimIds": [ "mantra-english" ] } ], "defaultSense": "mantra-formula-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 06", "aliases": [ "mantra", "मन्त्र" ], "summary": "Mantra enters English from Sanskrit as a word for a sacred message or thought-instrument, then develops specialized meditation and figurative uses.", "intro": "Mantra enters English from Sanskrit as a word for a sacred message or thought-instrument, then develops specialized meditation and figurative uses.", "claimIds": [ "mantra-sanskrit", "mantra-english" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "mantra-sanskrit", "narrativeOrder": [ "mantra-sanskrit", "mantra-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "mantra-sanskrit", "etymologyId": "mantra-sanskrit-1", "form": "मन्त्र", "language": "Sanskrit", "languageCode": "sa", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "mantra-sanskrit" ] }, "transliteration": "mantra", "script": "Devanagari", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Sacred message or text; charm, spell or counsel.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Sanskrit reference region", "coordinates": [ 77, 20 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "mantra-sanskrit-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "mantra-sanskrit" ], "explanation": "Sacred message or text; charm, spell or counsel.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "mantra-sanskrit" ] }, { "id": "mantra-english", "etymologyId": "mantra-english-1", "form": "mantra", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "mantra-english" ] }, "transliteration": "mantra", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A sacred formula, meditation word or repeated guiding phrase.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1808, "end": 1919, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1808–1919 · English mantra senses", "note": "The period groups the separately reported English sense contexts.", "claimIds": [ "mantra-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "mantra-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "mantra-english" ], "explanation": "A sacred formula, meditation word or repeated guiding phrase." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "mantra-sanskrit-english-borrowing", "from": "mantra-sanskrit", "to": "mantra-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English borrows mantra from Sanskrit.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "mantra-sanskrit", "mantra-english" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "mantra-sanskrit", "text": "The entry gives Sanskrit mantra-s with meanings including sacred message, charm, spell, counsel and instrument of thought.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-mantra", "locator": "mantra — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "mantra-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "mantra-sanskrit-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Sanskrit.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row sans1269", "passageIds": [ "sans1269" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Sanskrit reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "mantra-english", "text": "English mantra is reported from 1808 for a Vedic hymn section; English adds charm use by 1900 and yoga meditation use by 1919.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-mantra", "locator": "mantra — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "mantra-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "mantra-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." } ], "limitations": "The English dates distinguish Vedic/hymnic reference, charm or incantation use, yoga meditation and later generalized “guiding phrase” uses; no direct borrowing from a particular Vedic text is claimed." }, { "id": "bazaar", "word": "bazaar", "language": "English", "sense": "The bazaar marketplace", "senses": [ { "id": "bazaar-market-sense", "label": "The bazaar marketplace", "definition": "A marketplace, especially one associated with the East.", "stageId": "bazaar-english", "claimIds": [ "bazaar-english" ] } ], "defaultSense": "bazaar-market-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 06", "aliases": [ "bazaar", "bazar", "bazarra", "vacar", "bāzār" ], "summary": "Bazaar reaches English through Italian from Persian bazar, with a deeper Iranian analysis tied to buying and moving around.", "intro": "Bazaar reaches English through Italian from Persian bazar, with a deeper Iranian analysis tied to buying and moving around.", "claimIds": [ "bazaar-old-iranian", "bazaar-pahlavi", "bazaar-persian", "bazaar-italian", "bazaar-english" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "bazaar-old-iranian", "narrativeOrder": [ "bazaar-old-iranian", "bazaar-pahlavi", "bazaar-persian", "bazaar-italian", "bazaar-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "bazaar-old-iranian", "etymologyId": "bazaar-old-iranian-1", "form": "*vaha-carana", "language": "Old Iranian", "languageCode": "ira", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "bazaar-old-iranian" ] }, "transliteration": "*vaha-carana", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Sale or traffic; reconstructed deeper source.", "formStatus": "reconstructed", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical source." }, "claimIds": [ "bazaar-old-iranian" ], "explanation": "Sale or traffic; reconstructed deeper source." }, { "id": "bazaar-pahlavi", "etymologyId": "bazaar-pahlavi-1", "form": "واچار", "language": "Pahlavi", "languageCode": "pal", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "bazaar-pahlavi" ] }, "transliteration": "vacar", "script": "Arabic", "direction": "rtl", "sense": "Market.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Pahlavi reference region", "coordinates": [ 52.7, 30.06 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "bazaar-pahlavi-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "bazaar-pahlavi" ], "explanation": "Market.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "bazaar-pahlavi" ] }, { "id": "bazaar-persian", "etymologyId": "bazaar-persian-1", "form": "بازار", "language": "Persian", "languageCode": "fa", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "bazaar-persian" ] }, "transliteration": "bāzār", "script": "Arabic", "direction": "rtl", "sense": "Market or bazaar.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Western Farsi reference region", "coordinates": [ 53.3, 32.9 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "bazaar-persian-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "bazaar-persian" ], "explanation": "Market or bazaar.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "bazaar-persian" ] }, { "id": "bazaar-italian", "etymologyId": "bazaar-italian-1", "form": "bazarra", "language": "Italian", "languageCode": "it", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "bazaar-italian" ] }, "transliteration": "bazarra", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Market or bazaar.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1500, "end": 1599, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 16th century · Italian bazarra context", "note": "The date is the reported European lexical context.", "claimIds": [ "bazaar-italian" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Italian reference region", "coordinates": [ 12.6489, 43.0464 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "bazaar-italian-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "bazaar-italian" ], "explanation": "Market or bazaar." }, { "id": "bazaar-english", "etymologyId": "bazaar-english-1", "form": "bazaar", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "bazaar-english" ] }, "transliteration": "bazaar", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A marketplace, especially one associated with the East.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1580, "end": 1580, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1580 · English bazaar", "note": "Reported written-use context; not the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "bazaar-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "bazaar-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "bazaar-english" ], "explanation": "A marketplace, especially one associated with the East." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "bazaar-old-iranian-pahlavi-derivation", "from": "bazaar-old-iranian", "to": "bazaar-pahlavi", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The reconstructed Old Iranian analysis is kept qualified.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "bazaar-old-iranian", "bazaar-pahlavi" ] }, { "id": "bazaar-pahlavi-persian-inheritance", "from": "bazaar-pahlavi", "to": "bazaar-persian", "type": "inheritance", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Persian continues the Iranian market word.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "bazaar-pahlavi", "bazaar-persian" ] }, { "id": "bazaar-persian-italian-borrowing", "from": "bazaar-persian", "to": "bazaar-italian", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Italian receives the Persian market word.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "bazaar-persian", "bazaar-italian" ] }, { "id": "bazaar-italian-english-borrowing", "from": "bazaar-italian", "to": "bazaar-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English bazaar is shown through the reported Italian route.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "bazaar-italian", "bazaar-english" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "bazaar-old-iranian", "text": "The entry relates Persian bazar to Pahlavi vacar and a reconstructed Old Iranian form meaning sale or traffic.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-bazaar", "locator": "bazaar — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "bazaar-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The reconstructed form is not an attested historical stage and the deeper analysis is explicitly etymological." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "bazaar-pahlavi", "text": "Pahlavi vacar is given as a deeper Iranian comparator for Persian bazar.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-bazaar", "locator": "bazaar — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "bazaar-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The entry supplies the form as a historical comparison, not a dated direct English donor." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "bazaar-pahlavi-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Pahlavi.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row pahl1241", "passageIds": [ "pahl1241" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Pahlavi reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "bazaar-persian", "text": "Persian bazar is the reported source of Italian bazarra.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-bazaar", "locator": "bazaar — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "bazaar-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "bazaar-persian-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Western Farsi.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row west2369", "passageIds": [ "west2369" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Western Farsi reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "bazaar-italian", "text": "Italian bazarra is reported from the sixteenth century.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-bazaar", "locator": "bazaar — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "bazaar-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "bazaar-italian-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Italian.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row ital1282", "passageIds": [ "ital1282" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Italian reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "bazaar-english", "text": "English bazaar is reported from the 1580s.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-bazaar", "locator": "bazaar — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "bazaar-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "bazaar-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." } ], "limitations": "The Old Iranian/Proto-Indo-European reconstruction is qualified. The English route through Italian is displayed, but the journey does not infer a single commercial transmission event from the word’s trade setting." }, { "id": "sherbet", "word": "sherbet", "language": "English", "sense": "The sherbet drink", "senses": [ { "id": "sherbet-drink-sense", "label": "The sherbet drink", "definition": "A sweet cooling drink made from diluted fruit juice and sugar.", "stageId": "sherbet-english", "claimIds": [ "sherbet-english" ] }, { "id": "sherbet-dessert-sense", "label": "The sherbet dessert", "definition": "A frozen fruit dessert whose later English definition varies by region and dairy content.", "stageId": "sherbet-english", "claimIds": [ "sherbet-english" ] } ], "defaultSense": "sherbet-drink-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 06", "aliases": [ "sherbet", "sorbet", "sorbetto", "şerbet", "sharbat" ], "summary": "Sherbet travels from Arabic drink vocabulary through Persian and Turkish, while Italian and French sorbet are kept as related European forms rather than a forced single route.", "intro": "Sherbet travels from Arabic drink vocabulary through Persian and Turkish, while Italian and French sorbet are kept as related European forms rather than a forced single route.", "claimIds": [ "sherbet-arabic", "sherbet-persian", "sherbet-turkish", "sherbet-italian-alternative", "sherbet-english", "sherbet-reviewed-route", "sherbet-reviewed-europe" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "sherbet-arabic", "narrativeOrder": [ "sherbet-arabic", "sherbet-persian", "sherbet-turkish", "sherbet-italian-alternative", "sherbet-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "sherbet-arabic", "etymologyId": "sherbet-arabic-1", "form": "شَرْبَة", "language": "Arabic", "languageCode": "ar", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "sherbet-arabic" ] }, "transliteration": "sharba(t)", "script": "Arabic", "direction": "rtl", "sense": "A drink; from the verb “he drank.”", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Standard Arabic", "coordinates": [ 43.8525, 27.9625 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "sherbet-arabic-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "sherbet-arabic" ], "explanation": "A drink; from the verb “he drank.”", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "sherbet-arabic" ] }, { "id": "sherbet-persian", "etymologyId": "sherbet-persian-1", "form": "شربت", "language": "Persian", "languageCode": "fa", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "sherbet-persian" ] }, "transliteration": "sharbat", "script": "Arabic", "direction": "rtl", "sense": "A sweet drink or sherbet.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Western Farsi reference region", "coordinates": [ 53.3, 32.9 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "sherbet-persian-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "sherbet-persian" ], "explanation": "A sweet drink or sherbet.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "sherbet-persian" ] }, { "id": "sherbet-turkish", "etymologyId": "sherbet-turkish-1", "form": "şerbet", "language": "Ottoman Turkish", "languageCode": "ota", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "sherbet-turkish" ] }, "transliteration": "şerbet", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A cooling drink.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Ottoman Turkish reference region", "coordinates": [ 32.8667, 39.8667 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "sherbet-turkish-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "sherbet-turkish" ], "explanation": "Ottoman-period Turkish drink word, displayed in Latin transcription; this is not an Ottoman-script witness." }, { "id": "sherbet-italian-alternative", "etymologyId": "sherbet-italian-alternative-1", "form": "sorbetto", "language": "Italian", "languageCode": "it", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "sherbet-italian-alternative" ] }, "transliteration": "sorbetto", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A Turkish drink term in Italian; later also a frozen preparation.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1581, "end": 1581, "approximate": false, "label": "1581 · reported Italian drink use", "note": "TLFi reports this Italian witness via Prati; not a first coinage or borrowing date.", "claimIds": [ "sherbet-reviewed-europe" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Italian reference region", "coordinates": [ 12.6489, 43.0464 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "sherbet-italian-alternative-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "sherbet-italian-alternative", "sherbet-reviewed-europe" ], "explanation": "A Turkish drink term in Italian; later also a frozen preparation." }, { "id": "sherbet-english", "etymologyId": "sherbet-english-1", "form": "sherbet", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "sherbet-english" ] }, "transliteration": "sherbet", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A sweet cooling drink or frozen fruit dessert.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1603, "end": 1603, "approximate": false, "label": "1603 · reported English drink use", "note": "Merriam-Webster dates the drink sense; the inherited source’s 1580s date is for sorbet, and its 1760 date is for English sorbetto. Later dessert senses are not dated by this witness.", "claimIds": [ "sherbet-reviewed-route" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "sherbet-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "sherbet-english", "sherbet-reviewed-route" ], "explanation": "The earlier drink sense and later dessert sense are distinct; 1603 applies only to the drink." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "sherbet-arabic-persian-inheritance", "from": "sherbet-arabic", "to": "sherbet-persian", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Persian sharbat is borrowed from Arabic; these are different language families.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "sherbet-arabic", "sherbet-persian", "sherbet-reviewed-route" ] }, { "id": "sherbet-persian-turkish-borrowing", "from": "sherbet-persian", "to": "sherbet-turkish", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Persian mediation is reported; TLFi’s shorter Arabic–Turkish account remains visible.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "sherbet-persian", "sherbet-turkish", "sherbet-reviewed-route" ] }, { "id": "sherbet-turkish-english-borrowing", "from": "sherbet-turkish", "to": "sherbet-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The source identifies Turkish serbet in the reported early English family, while European mediation remains qualified.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "sherbet-turkish", "sherbet-english" ] }, { "id": "sherbet-arabic-turkish", "from": "sherbet-arabic", "to": "sherbet-turkish", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "TLFi reports Arabic as the Turkish source without requiring Persian mediation.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "sherbet-reviewed-europe" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The lexical relationship alone does not establish a semantic transition at the borrowing event.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "sherbet-persian-english", "from": "sherbet-persian", "to": "sherbet-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "Merriam-Webster also names Persian as an English source.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "sherbet-reviewed-route" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The lexical relationship alone does not establish a semantic transition at the borrowing event.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "sherbet-turkish-italian", "from": "sherbet-turkish", "to": "sherbet-italian-alternative", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Related Italian drink terminology; the later English sorbetto citation is not an Italian origin date.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "sherbet-reviewed-europe" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The lexical relationship alone does not establish a semantic transition at the borrowing event.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "sherbet-arabic", "text": "The entry derives Persian sharbat through Arabic sharba(t), “a drink,” from shariba, “he drank.”", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-sherbet", "locator": "sherbet — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "sherbet-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "sherbet-arabic-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Standard Arabic.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1318", "passageIds": [ "stan1318" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Standard Arabic; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "sherbet-persian", "text": "Persian sharbat is reported as the source of Turkish serbet.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-sherbet", "locator": "sherbet — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "sherbet-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "sherbet-persian-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Western Farsi.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row west2369", "passageIds": [ "west2369" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Western Farsi reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "sherbet-turkish", "text": "Turkish serbet is identified as the immediate source of the early English sherbet/sorbet family.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-sherbet", "locator": "sherbet — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "sherbet-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "sherbet-turkish-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Ottoman Turkish.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row otto1234", "passageIds": [ "otto1234" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Ottoman Turkish reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "sherbet-italian-alternative", "text": "The 1760 sorbetto date in the inherited source belongs to English usage.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-sherbet", "locator": "sherbet(n.), first three paragraphs", "passageIds": [ "c1-date-scope" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "It was incorrectly assigned to the Italian stage in the baseline." }, "inference": "Remove the false Italian first-attestation date." }, { "id": "sherbet-italian-alternative-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Italian.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row ital1282", "passageIds": [ "ital1282" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Italian reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "sherbet-english", "text": "English sherbet/sorbet is reported from the 1580s as a cooling drink; later English differentiates sherbet, sorbet and dairy-containing dessert senses.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-sherbet", "locator": "sherbet — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "sherbet-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The early English form and later dessert senses are distinct; the exact European mediation is not forced." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "sherbet-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "sherbet-reviewed-route", "text": "English sources include Turkish and Persian; the latter word is an Arabic loan.", "sourceId": "c1-mw-sherbet", "locator": "Word History > Etymology and First Known Use", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Agreement with the inherited dictionary is not independent proof of a single transfer; direct Arabic–Turkish borrowing is also reported in TLFi." }, "inference": "Correct inheritance to borrowing and preserve donor alternatives." }, { "id": "sherbet-reviewed-europe", "text": "Italian sorbetto is reported in 1581 as a Turkish drink term.", "sourceId": "c1-tlfi-sorbet", "locator": "Étymol. et Hist.", "passageIds": [ "chronology" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "TLFi marks Italian mediation into French probable even though its cited French use is earlier; dates of surviving uses do not establish direction." }, "inference": "Keep this as a related European branch without using it as the parent of every English sherbet sense." } ], "limitations": "Arabic, Persian and Ottoman Turkish forms are linked by borrowing, with Persian mediation and direct Arabic–Turkish accounts both visible. English Turkish/Persian donors remain alternatives. Italian sorbetto and French sorbet have their own drink/dessert chronology; they do not supply a single obligatory path into English sherbet. The 1760 English sorbetto witness is not an Italian first use. Historical pronunciation and individual transfer dates remain unknown." }, { "id": "cipher", "word": "cipher", "language": "English", "sense": "The arithmetic cipher", "senses": [ { "id": "cipher-arithmetic-sense", "label": "The arithmetic cipher", "definition": "Zero or an arithmetical symbol.", "stageId": "cipher-english-zero", "claimIds": [ "cipher-english-zero" ] }, { "id": "cipher-cryptographic-sense", "label": "The cryptographic cipher", "definition": "A secret method of writing or coded message.", "stageId": "cipher-english-code", "claimIds": [ "cipher-english-code" ] }, { "id": "cipher-figurative-sense", "label": "The figurative cipher", "definition": "A person or thing of no value or consequence.", "stageId": "cipher-english-figurative", "claimIds": [ "cipher-english-figurative" ] } ], "defaultSense": "cipher-arithmetic-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 06", "aliases": [ "cipher", "cifre", "cifra", "ṣifr" ], "summary": "Cipher separates Arabic ṣifr, zero/numerical meaning, Medieval Latin and French transmission, cryptographic use, and figurative meanings.", "intro": "The route treats zero as the early mathematical sense and records cryptographic and figurative uses as later English developments.", "claimIds": [ "cipher-arabic", "cipher-medieval-latin", "cipher-old-french", "cipher-english-zero", "cipher-english-code", "cipher-english-figurative", "batch04-cipher-reading", "batch04-cipher-geography", "batch04-cipher-date", "batch04-cipher-scope", "batch04-cipher-relations" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "cipher-arabic", "narrativeOrder": [ "cipher-arabic", "cipher-medieval-latin", "cipher-old-french", "cipher-english-zero", "cipher-english-code", "cipher-english-figurative" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "cipher-arabic", "etymologyId": "cipher-arabic-1", "form": "صِفْر", "language": "Arabic", "languageCode": "ar", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "cipher-arabic" ] }, "transliteration": "ṣifr", "script": "Arabic", "direction": "rtl", "sense": "Zero; literally empty or nothing.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ṣifr (Arabic)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Arabic–Medieval Latin–French–English mathematical corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 35.87, 28.29 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "cipher-arabic", "batch04-cipher-reading", "batch04-cipher-geography", "batch04-cipher-date", "batch04-cipher-scope" ], "explanation": "Zero; literally empty or nothing.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "cipher-arabic", "batch04-cipher-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading", "batch04-cipher-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading", "batch04-cipher-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for صِفْر does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading", "batch04-cipher-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cipher-arabic", "batch04-cipher-reading", "batch04-cipher-geography", "batch04-cipher-date", "batch04-cipher-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cipher-arabic", "cipher-medieval-latin", "batch04-cipher-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "cipher-medieval-latin", "etymologyId": "cipher-medieval-latin-1", "form": "cifra", "language": "Medieval Latin", "languageCode": "la", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "cipher-medieval-latin" ] }, "transliteration": "cifra", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Zero or a numeral in Arabic notation.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "CIF-ra (Medieval Latin)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Arabic–Medieval Latin–French–English mathematical corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 12.45, 41.9 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "cipher-medieval-latin", "batch04-cipher-reading", "batch04-cipher-geography", "batch04-cipher-date", "batch04-cipher-scope" ], "explanation": "Zero or a numeral in Arabic notation.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading", "batch04-cipher-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading", "batch04-cipher-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for cifra does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading", "batch04-cipher-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cipher-medieval-latin", "batch04-cipher-reading", "batch04-cipher-geography", "batch04-cipher-date", "batch04-cipher-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cipher-medieval-latin", "cipher-old-french", "batch04-cipher-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "cipher-old-french", "etymologyId": "cipher-old-french-1", "form": "cifre", "language": "Old French", "languageCode": "fro", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "cipher-old-french" ] }, "transliteration": "cifre", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Zero or an arithmetical symbol.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "CIF-re (Old French)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Arabic–Medieval Latin–French–English mathematical corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 1.11, 48.8 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "cipher-old-french", "batch04-cipher-reading", "batch04-cipher-geography", "batch04-cipher-date", "batch04-cipher-scope" ], "explanation": "Zero or an arithmetical symbol.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading", "batch04-cipher-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading", "batch04-cipher-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for cifre does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading", "batch04-cipher-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cipher-old-french", "batch04-cipher-reading", "batch04-cipher-geography", "batch04-cipher-date", "batch04-cipher-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cipher-old-french", "cipher-english-zero", "batch04-cipher-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "cipher-english-zero", "etymologyId": "cipher-english-zero-1", "form": "cipher", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "cipher-english-zero" ] }, "transliteration": "cipher", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Zero or an arithmetical symbol.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "SY-fer", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1350, "end": 1499, "approximate": true, "label": "c. late 14th–15th century · English arithmetic cipher", "note": "The period groups the reported zero and numeral senses.", "claimIds": [ "cipher-english-zero" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "cipher-english-zero", "batch04-cipher-reading", "batch04-cipher-geography", "batch04-cipher-date", "batch04-cipher-scope" ], "explanation": "Zero or an arithmetical symbol.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading", "batch04-cipher-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading", "batch04-cipher-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for cipher does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "cipher-english-zero", "batch04-cipher-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cipher-english-zero" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading", "batch04-cipher-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cipher-english-zero", "batch04-cipher-reading", "batch04-cipher-geography", "batch04-cipher-date", "batch04-cipher-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cipher-english-zero", "cipher-english-code", "batch04-cipher-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "cipher-english-code", "etymologyId": "cipher-english-code-1", "form": "cipher", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "cipher-english-code" ] }, "transliteration": "cipher", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A secret method of writing or coded message.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "SY-fer", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1520, "end": 1520, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1520 · English cryptographic cipher", "note": "Reported written-use context; not the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "cipher-english-code" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "cipher-english-code", "batch04-cipher-reading", "batch04-cipher-geography", "batch04-cipher-date", "batch04-cipher-scope" ], "explanation": "A secret method of writing or coded message.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading", "batch04-cipher-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading", "batch04-cipher-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cipher-english-code", "batch04-cipher-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading", "batch04-cipher-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cipher-english-code", "batch04-cipher-reading", "batch04-cipher-geography", "batch04-cipher-date", "batch04-cipher-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cipher-english-code", "cipher-english-figurative", "batch04-cipher-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "cipher-english-figurative", "etymologyId": "cipher-english-figurative-1", "form": "cipher", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "cipher-english-figurative" ] }, "transliteration": "cipher", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A person or thing of no value or consequence.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "SY-fer", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1570, "end": 1570, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1570 · English figurative cipher", "note": "Reported written-use context; not the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "cipher-english-figurative" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "cipher-english-figurative", "batch04-cipher-reading", "batch04-cipher-geography", "batch04-cipher-date", "batch04-cipher-scope" ], "explanation": "A person or thing of no value or consequence.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading", "batch04-cipher-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading", "batch04-cipher-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cipher-english-figurative", "batch04-cipher-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cipher-reading", "batch04-cipher-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cipher-english-figurative", "batch04-cipher-reading", "batch04-cipher-geography", "batch04-cipher-date", "batch04-cipher-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "cipher-arabic-medieval-latin-borrowing", "from": "cipher-arabic", "to": "cipher-medieval-latin", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The zero word enters Medieval Latin mathematical vocabulary.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "cipher-arabic", "cipher-medieval-latin", "batch04-cipher-relations" ] }, { "id": "cipher-medieval-latin-old-french-borrowing", "from": "cipher-medieval-latin", "to": "cipher-old-french", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Old French continues the numeral form.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "cipher-medieval-latin", "cipher-old-french", "batch04-cipher-relations" ] }, { "id": "cipher-old-french-english-zero-borrowing", "from": "cipher-old-french", "to": "cipher-english-zero", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English first receives cipher as an arithmetic term.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "cipher-old-french", "cipher-english-zero", "batch04-cipher-relations" ] }, { "id": "cipher-english-zero-english-code-semantic-change", "from": "cipher-english-zero", "to": "cipher-english-code", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The numeral sense becomes associated with secret writing when numbers substitute for letters.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "English extends cipher from arithmetic symbols to encoded writing.", "added": [ "secret writing", "coded message" ], "removed": [], "associations": [ "numerals" ], "claimIds": [ "cipher-english-zero", "cipher-english-code" ] }, "claimIds": [ "cipher-english-zero", "cipher-english-code", "batch04-cipher-relations" ] }, { "id": "cipher-english-code-english-figurative-semantic-change", "from": "cipher-english-code", "to": "cipher-english-figurative", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The code word also develops a figurative sense of insignificance.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "English extends the idea of a ciphered or negligible mark into a person or thing of no consequence.", "added": [ "insignificant person or thing" ], "removed": [], "associations": [ "zero", "coded mark" ], "claimIds": [ "cipher-english-code", "cipher-english-figurative" ] }, "claimIds": [ "cipher-english-code", "cipher-english-figurative", "batch04-cipher-relations" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "cipher-arabic", "text": "The entry traces cipher to Arabic sifr, “zero,” and describes it as a loan-translation of Sanskrit śūnya, “empty.”", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-cipher", "locator": "cipher — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "cipher-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Arabic zero word is the shared historical source; this does not make English cipher and zero identical in later use." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "cipher-arabic-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Standard Arabic.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1318", "passageIds": [ "stan1318" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Standard Arabic; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "cipher-medieval-latin", "text": "Medieval Latin cifra is reported in the route into Old French and Romance forms.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-cipher", "locator": "cipher — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "cipher-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "cipher-medieval-latin-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Medieval Latin.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row medi1250", "passageIds": [ "medi1250" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Medieval Latin reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "cipher-old-french", "text": "Old French cifre is reported before English cipher.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-cipher", "locator": "cipher — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "cipher-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "cipher-old-french-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Old French (842-ca. 1400).", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row oldf1239", "passageIds": [ "oldf1239" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Old French reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "cipher-english-zero", "text": "English cipher is reported from the late fourteenth century for zero and later any numeral.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-cipher", "locator": "cipher — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "cipher-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "cipher-english-zero-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "cipher-english-code", "text": "The secret-writing sense is reported in English from the 1520s, after number substitution became associated with codes.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-cipher", "locator": "cipher — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "cipher-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "cipher-english-code-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "cipher-english-figurative", "text": "The figurative “person or thing of no value” sense is reported from the 1570s.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-cipher", "locator": "cipher — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "cipher-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "cipher-english-figurative-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "batch04-cipher-reading", "text": "cipher: an inspected specialist, institutional or national-language source supports the displayed forms and the selected conventional readings; reconstructed or historical readings remain explicitly qualified.", "sourceId": "batch04-cipher-cervantes", "locator": "Cifra y cero; medieval translation and zero discussion", "passageIds": [ "batch04-cipher-cervantes-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A conventional reading is not presented as an exact recording of every historical speaker; transliteration remains distinct from pronunciation." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest recoverable reading for each displayed stage without projecting a modern pronunciation backward." }, { "id": "batch04-cipher-geography", "text": "cipher: the map point is a supported language, speech-community or documented contact-corridor reference, not a precise lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch04-cipher-cervantes", "locator": "Cifra y cero; medieval translation and zero discussion", "passageIds": [ "batch04-cipher-cervantes-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Reference coordinates orient the language or contact corridor and do not assert a territorial boundary, donor village or origin site." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the strongest defensible regional precision available in the inspected evidence." }, { "id": "batch04-cipher-date", "text": "cipher: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a form or sense; contextual object, cultural, institutional and biographical dates are not substituted for word chronology.", "sourceId": "batch04-cipher-cervantes", "locator": "Cifra y cero; medieval translation and zero discussion", "passageIds": [ "batch04-cipher-cervantes-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Undated reconstructed or historical stages remain researched unresolved rather than receiving an invented date." }, "inference": "Lexography distinguishes attestation, documented use, sense attestation, bounded lexical periods and context." }, { "id": "batch04-cipher-scope", "text": "cipher: the route preserves competing analyses, qualified edges and semantic distinctions required by the inspected evidence.", "sourceId": "batch04-cipher-cervantes", "locator": "Cifra y cero; medieval translation and zero discussion", "passageIds": [ "batch04-cipher-cervantes-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Medieval transmission between Latin, Romance, and English is not represented as a single sound-by-sound chain; mathematical and cryptographic history are contextual unless tied to word use." }, "inference": "The narrative and topology are editorial representations of the evidence graph, not proof that every adjacent form is a direct parent." }, { "id": "batch04-cipher-relations", "text": "cipher: adjacent relations are retained with their existing type and certainty unless the inspected evidence requires a qualified or parallel reading.", "sourceId": "batch04-cipher-cervantes", "locator": "Cifra y cero; medieval translation and zero discussion", "passageIds": [ "batch04-cipher-cervantes-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A displayed tree edge does not erase non-tree alternatives or convert cognacy, influence or comparison into direct borrowing." }, "inference": "Lexography preserves the current topology and records the evidence limits alongside each relation." } ], "limitations": "Medieval transmission between Latin, Romance, and English is not represented as a single sound-by-sound chain; mathematical and cryptographic history are contextual unless tied to word use.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 04", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "tobacco", "word": "tobacco", "language": "English", "sense": "The tobacco plant", "senses": [ { "id": "tobacco-plant-sense", "label": "The tobacco plant", "definition": "The tobacco plant and its prepared leaves.", "stageId": "tobacco-english", "claimIds": [ "tobacco-english" ] } ], "defaultSense": "tobacco-plant-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 06", "aliases": [ "tobacco", "tabaco", "Taíno tabaco", "ṭub[b]āq" ], "summary": "English tobacco comes through Spanish tabaco. Caribbean and Arabic source analyses compete, and early Spanish reports use the word for several smoking-related referents.", "intro": "English tobacco comes through Spanish tabaco. Caribbean and Arabic source analyses compete, and early Spanish reports use the word for several smoking-related referents.", "claimIds": [ "tobacco-taino", "tobacco-spanish", "tobacco-english", "tobacco-reviewed-arabic", "tobacco-reviewed-senses", "tobacco-reviewed-spanish-date" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "tobacco-spanish", "narrativeOrder": [ "tobacco-spanish", "tobacco-english", "tobacco-taino", "tobacco-arabic-alternative" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "tobacco-taino", "etymologyId": "tobacco-taino-1", "form": "tabaco", "language": "Taíno (proposed Caribbean source)", "languageCode": "tnq", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "tobacco-taino" ] }, "transliteration": "tabaco", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A reported Indigenous source associated with tobacco; exact source sense disputed.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Taíno reference region", "coordinates": [ -66.8042, 18.2836 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "tobacco-taino-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "tobacco-taino", "tobacco-reviewed-senses" ], "explanation": "Conventional source attribution through colonial reports; the original referent and even the borrowing direction are disputed." }, { "id": "tobacco-spanish", "etymologyId": "tobacco-spanish-1", "form": "tabaco", "language": "Spanish", "languageCode": "es", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "tobacco-spanish" ] }, "transliteration": "tabaco", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Tobacco-related plant, prepared leaf and smoking-implement uses.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1535, "end": 1535, "approximate": false, "label": "1535 · reported Spanish word witness", "note": "Reported date of Oviedo’s first volume; the reproduced excerpts cover multiple contexts and editions. Not a first-use date for every sense.", "claimIds": [ "tobacco-reviewed-spanish-date" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Spanish reference region", "coordinates": [ -1.11788, 40.4414 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "tobacco-spanish-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "tobacco-spanish", "tobacco-reviewed-senses", "tobacco-reviewed-spanish-date" ], "explanation": "Edited historical Spanish excerpts cover multiple referents; their order does not settle the source-language meaning." }, { "id": "tobacco-english", "etymologyId": "tobacco-english-1", "form": "tobacco", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "tobacco-english" ] }, "transliteration": "tobacco", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "The tobacco plant and prepared leaves used as a narcotic.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1580, "end": 1589, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1580s · reported English tabaco", "note": "A dictionary-reported decade, not the single year 1580. Modern tobacco is the display headform.", "claimIds": [ "tobacco-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "tobacco-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "tobacco-english" ], "explanation": "The tobacco plant and prepared leaves used as a narcotic." }, { "id": "tobacco-arabic-alternative", "etymologyId": "tobacco-arabic-alternative-1", "form": "ṭub[b]āq", "language": "Arabic (proposed source)", "languageCode": "ar", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "tobacco-reviewed-arabic" ] }, "transliteration": "ṭub[b]āq", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A medicinal-herb name; alternative ancestry for Spanish tabaco.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The cited form is not a verified pronunciation; no reading is invented.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific written date established in the inspected evidence." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No lexical origin or borrowing location is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "tobacco-reviewed-arabic" ], "explanation": "Latin-script transcription as supplied by the DLE, including its bracketed consonant; no Arabic-script witness or historical pronunciation is invented." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "tobacco-taino-spanish-borrowing", "from": "tobacco-taino", "to": "tobacco-spanish", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "Caribbean borrowing is one account; the Arabic analysis permits a different explanation of the colonial reports.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "tobacco-taino", "tobacco-spanish", "tobacco-reviewed-senses", "tobacco-reviewed-arabic" ] }, { "id": "tobacco-spanish-english-borrowing", "from": "tobacco-spanish", "to": "tobacco-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English borrows tobacco through Spanish.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "tobacco-spanish", "tobacco-english" ] }, { "id": "tobacco-arabic-spanish", "from": "tobacco-arabic-alternative", "to": "tobacco-spanish", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "Alternative Arabic ancestry in the DLE; the specific intermediate form and transmission date remain unresolved.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "tobacco-reviewed-arabic", "tobacco-reviewed-senses" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The lexical relationship alone does not establish a semantic transition at the borrowing event.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "tobacco-taino", "text": "The entry identifies a Caribbean Arawakan source, probably Taíno, while preserving two historical interpretations of its original sense.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-tobacco", "locator": "tobacco — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "tobacco-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "The source language is probable rather than certain, and the exact Indigenous form/sense is not independently settled in the inspected entry." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "tobacco-taino-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Taino.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row tain1254", "passageIds": [ "tain1254" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Taíno reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "tobacco-spanish", "text": "Spanish tabaco is the European form through which the word entered English.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-tobacco", "locator": "tobacco — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "tobacco-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "tobacco-spanish-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Spanish.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1288", "passageIds": [ "stan1288" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Spanish reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "tobacco-english", "text": "The English source reports tabaco in the 1580s, with the modern initial vowel later.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-tobacco", "locator": "tobacco(n.), opening and spelling paragraph", "passageIds": [ "c1-english-period" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The decade is not an exact 1580 first attestation." }, "inference": "Preserve the reported decade and separate spelling chronology." }, { "id": "tobacco-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "tobacco-reviewed-arabic", "text": "Arabic herbal-name ancestry is the DLE’s analysis of Spanish tabaco.", "sourceId": "c1-rae-tabaco", "locator": "Etymology", "passageIds": [ "arabic" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "It conflicts with a solely Caribbean borrowing analysis and is not independently resolved here." }, "inference": "Make this a visible alternative source rather than silently selecting Taíno." }, { "id": "tobacco-reviewed-senses", "text": "Historical Spanish reports cover several tobacco-related referents.", "sourceId": "c1-usal-tabaco", "locator": "Comentario > Primeras noticias del tabaco; quoted passages and final discussion", "passageIds": [ "debate" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The lexical glosses and competing accounts do not prove a single original Indigenous sense or a pipe-to-plant transition." }, "inference": "Leave the semantic effect of borrowing uncertain." }, { "id": "tobacco-reviewed-spanish-date", "text": "A Spanish written witness is reported in Oviedo’s 1535 work.", "sourceId": "c1-usal-tabaco", "locator": "Comentario, Navarro quotation before the three Oviedo passages", "passageIds": [ "date" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a reported textual witness, not a Taíno attestation date or the date of a particular borrowing event." }, "inference": "Replace the unsupported late-sixteenth-century Spanish period." } ], "limitations": "Taíno attribution and the original referent remain materially disputed. The DLE’s Arabic account and Salamanca’s comparison prevent a single selected upstream chain. The 1535 Spanish witness is reported through a modern scholarly commentary; its historical excerpts are not a critical collation. Neither the 1492 description of smoking nor cultivation history is a word attestation." }, { "id": "vanilla", "word": "vanilla", "language": "English", "sense": "The vanilla pod", "senses": [ { "id": "vanilla-pod-sense", "label": "The vanilla pod", "definition": "The pod of the vanilla plant.", "stageId": "vanilla-english-pod", "claimIds": [ "vanilla-english-pod" ] }, { "id": "vanilla-flavor-sense", "label": "Vanilla flavoring", "definition": "Flavoring extracted from the vanilla bean.", "stageId": "vanilla-english-flavor", "claimIds": [ "vanilla-english-flavor" ] } ], "defaultSense": "vanilla-pod-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 06", "aliases": [ "vanilla", "vainilla", "vagina" ], "summary": "Vanilla is named through Spanish for a little sheath or pod, then develops a flavoring sense and a later figurative adjective.", "intro": "Vanilla is named through Spanish for a little sheath or pod, then develops a flavoring sense and a later figurative adjective.", "claimIds": [ "vanilla-latin", "vanilla-spanish", "vanilla-english-pod", "vanilla-english-flavor" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "vanilla-latin", "narrativeOrder": [ "vanilla-latin", "vanilla-spanish", "vanilla-english-pod", "vanilla-english-flavor" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "vanilla-latin", "etymologyId": "vanilla-latin-1", "form": "vagina", "language": "Latin", "languageCode": "la", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "vanilla-latin" ] }, "transliteration": "vagina", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Sheath, scabbard or plant hull.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Latin reference region", "coordinates": [ 12.4502, 41.9026 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "vanilla-latin-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "vanilla-latin" ], "explanation": "Sheath, scabbard or plant hull." }, { "id": "vanilla-spanish", "etymologyId": "vanilla-spanish-1", "form": "vainilla", "language": "Spanish", "languageCode": "es", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "vanilla-spanish" ] }, "transliteration": "vainilla", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Little sheath; vanilla plant or pod.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Spanish reference region", "coordinates": [ -1.11788, 40.4414 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "vanilla-spanish-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "vanilla-spanish" ], "explanation": "Little sheath; vanilla plant or pod." }, { "id": "vanilla-english-pod", "etymologyId": "vanilla-english-pod-1", "form": "vanilla", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "vanilla-english-pod" ] }, "transliteration": "vanilla", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "The pod of the vanilla plant.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1660, "end": 1660, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1660 · English vanilla pod", "note": "Reported written-use context; not the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "vanilla-english-pod" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "vanilla-english-pod-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "vanilla-english-pod" ], "explanation": "The pod of the vanilla plant." }, { "id": "vanilla-english-flavor", "etymologyId": "vanilla-english-flavor-1", "form": "vanilla", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "vanilla-english-flavor" ] }, "transliteration": "vanilla", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Flavoring extracted from the vanilla bean.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1728, "end": 1728, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1728 · English vanilla flavoring", "note": "Reported written-use context; not the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "vanilla-english-flavor" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "vanilla-english-flavor-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "vanilla-english-flavor" ], "explanation": "Flavoring extracted from the vanilla bean." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "vanilla-latin-spanish-derivation", "from": "vanilla-latin", "to": "vanilla-spanish", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Spanish forms a diminutive from the sheath word.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "vanilla-latin", "vanilla-spanish" ] }, { "id": "vanilla-spanish-english-pod-borrowing", "from": "vanilla-spanish", "to": "vanilla-english-pod", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English borrows vanilla for the plant pod.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "vanilla-spanish", "vanilla-english-pod" ] }, { "id": "vanilla-english-pod-english-flavor-semantic-change", "from": "vanilla-english-pod", "to": "vanilla-english-flavor", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The name of the pod extends to the flavoring made from it.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "English broadens vanilla from the botanical pod to its extracted flavor.", "added": [ "vanilla flavoring" ], "removed": [], "associations": [ "vanilla pod" ], "claimIds": [ "vanilla-english-pod", "vanilla-english-flavor" ] }, "claimIds": [ "vanilla-english-pod", "vanilla-english-flavor" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "vanilla-latin", "text": "Spanish vainilla is identified as a diminutive of vaina, from Latin vagina “sheath” or plant hull.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-vanilla", "locator": "vanilla — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "vanilla-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "vanilla-latin-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Latin.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row lati1261", "passageIds": [ "lati1261" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Latin reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "vanilla-spanish", "text": "Spanish vainilla is glossed literally as “little pod,” a diminutive of vaina “sheath.”", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-vanilla", "locator": "vanilla — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "vanilla-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "vanilla-spanish-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Spanish.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1288", "passageIds": [ "stan1288" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Spanish reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "vanilla-english-pod", "text": "English vanilla is reported from the 1660s for the pod of the vanilla plant.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-vanilla", "locator": "vanilla — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "vanilla-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "vanilla-english-pod-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "vanilla-english-flavor", "text": "The flavoring sense is reported from 1728.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-vanilla", "locator": "vanilla — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "vanilla-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "vanilla-english-flavor-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." } ], "limitations": "The Latin anatomical-looking form is represented in its older “sheath” sense. European discovery, cultivation and the later figurative “plain/conventional” adjective are kept separate from the lexical route." }, { "id": "maize", "word": "maize", "language": "English", "sense": "The maize plant and grain", "senses": [ { "id": "maize-plant-sense", "label": "The maize plant and grain", "definition": "The maize plant and its edible grain.", "stageId": "maize-english", "claimIds": [ "maize-english" ] } ], "defaultSense": "maize-plant-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 06", "aliases": [ "maize", "maíz", "mahiz" ], "summary": "Maize reaches English through Cuban Spanish from an Arawakan Caribbean plant name.", "intro": "Maize reaches English through Cuban Spanish from an Arawakan Caribbean plant name.", "claimIds": [ "maize-arawakan", "maize-spanish", "maize-english" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "maize-arawakan", "narrativeOrder": [ "maize-arawakan", "maize-spanish", "maize-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "maize-arawakan", "etymologyId": "maize-arawakan-1", "form": "mahiz", "language": "Arawakan (Haiti)", "languageCode": "arw", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "maize-arawakan" ] }, "transliteration": "mahiz", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "The native name of the maize plant.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Arawakan reference region", "coordinates": [ -63.45763454743985, -3.1102292773127544 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "maize-arawakan-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "maize-arawakan" ], "explanation": "The native name of the maize plant." }, { "id": "maize-spanish", "etymologyId": "maize-spanish-1", "form": "maíz", "language": "Cuban Spanish", "languageCode": "es", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "maize-spanish" ] }, "transliteration": "maíz", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Maize or Indian corn.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Spanish reference region", "coordinates": [ -1.11788, 40.4414 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "maize-spanish-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "maize-spanish" ], "explanation": "Maize or Indian corn." }, { "id": "maize-english", "etymologyId": "maize-english-1", "form": "maize", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "maize-english" ] }, "transliteration": "maize", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "The maize grain and plant.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1550, "end": 1589, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1550s–1580s · English maize senses", "note": "The period separates the grain and plant contexts reported in the entry.", "claimIds": [ "maize-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "maize-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "maize-english" ], "explanation": "The maize grain and plant." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "maize-arawakan-spanish-borrowing", "from": "maize-arawakan", "to": "maize-spanish", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Cuban Spanish receives the Arawakan plant name.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "maize-arawakan", "maize-spanish" ] }, { "id": "maize-spanish-english-borrowing", "from": "maize-spanish", "to": "maize-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English borrows maize through Spanish.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "maize-spanish", "maize-english" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "maize-arawakan", "text": "The entry traces Cuban Spanish maiz to Arawakan (Haiti) mahiz.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-maize", "locator": "maize — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "maize-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "maize-arawakan-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Arawakan.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row araw1281", "passageIds": [ "araw1281" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Arawakan reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "maize-spanish", "text": "Cuban Spanish maiz is reported as the immediate European form.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-maize", "locator": "maize — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "maize-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "maize-spanish-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Spanish.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1288", "passageIds": [ "stan1288" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Spanish reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "maize-english", "text": "English maize is reported from the 1550s for the grain and the 1580s for the cereal plant.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-maize", "locator": "maize — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "maize-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "maize-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." } ], "limitations": "The word’s Caribbean Indigenous source is represented as Arawakan (Haiti) rather than being collapsed into a generic “Native American” label. The separate English history of corn is outside this journey." }, { "id": "kayak", "word": "kayak", "language": "English", "sense": "The kayak boat", "senses": [ { "id": "kayak-boat-sense", "label": "The kayak boat", "definition": "A light boat traditionally covered with skins.", "stageId": "kayak-english", "claimIds": [ "kayak-english" ] } ], "defaultSense": "kayak-boat-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 06", "aliases": [ "kayak", "kajak", "qayaq", "qajaq" ], "summary": "Greenlandic qajaq supplies Danish kajak. Danish mediation into English is a qualified account; broader Inuit dictionary labels do not identify a different exact donor.", "intro": "Greenlandic qajaq supplies Danish kajak. Danish mediation into English is a qualified account; broader Inuit dictionary labels do not identify a different exact donor.", "claimIds": [ "kayak-greenlandic", "kayak-danish", "kayak-english", "kayak-reviewed-danish", "kayak-reviewed-form", "kayak-reviewed-english" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "kayak-greenlandic", "narrativeOrder": [ "kayak-greenlandic", "kayak-danish", "kayak-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "kayak-greenlandic", "etymologyId": "kayak-greenlandic-1", "form": "qajaq", "language": "Greenlandic", "languageCode": "kal", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "kayak-greenlandic" ] }, "transliteration": "qajaq", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Kayak; the Greenlandic boat name.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected etymology identifies Greenlandic qayaq but does not provide a map point used by this corpus." }, "claimIds": [ "kayak-greenlandic", "kayak-reviewed-form", "kayak-reviewed-danish" ], "explanation": "The Greenlandic spelling is source-verified. Neither a historical pronunciation nor a literal morphological expansion is asserted.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "kayak-reviewed-form" ] }, { "id": "kayak-danish", "etymologyId": "kayak-danish-1", "form": "kajak", "language": "Danish", "languageCode": "dan", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "kayak-danish" ] }, "transliteration": "kajak", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A light skin-covered boat.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The selected etymology does not provide a separate Danish reference coordinate." }, "claimIds": [ "kayak-danish", "kayak-reviewed-danish" ], "explanation": "A light skin-covered boat." }, { "id": "kayak-english", "etymologyId": "kayak-english-1", "form": "kayak", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "kayak-english" ] }, "transliteration": "kayak", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A light boat traditionally covered with skins.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1757, "end": 1757, "approximate": false, "label": "1757 · reported English use", "note": "Dictionary-reported written use; the underlying witness and immediate donor remain unverified.", "claimIds": [ "kayak-reviewed-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "kayak-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "kayak-english", "kayak-reviewed-english" ], "explanation": "A light boat traditionally covered with skins." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "kayak-greenlandic-danish-borrowing", "from": "kayak-greenlandic", "to": "kayak-danish", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Danish borrows the Greenlandic boat name.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "kayak-reviewed-danish", "kayak-reviewed-form" ] }, { "id": "kayak-danish-english-borrowing", "from": "kayak-danish", "to": "kayak-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Danish mediation is the existing English etymological account; the inspected Danish source establishes only the preceding Greenlandic loan.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "kayak-danish", "kayak-reviewed-english" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "kayak-greenlandic", "text": "The entry identifies Greenland Eskimo qayaq, literally “small boat of skins,” as the source of Danish kajak.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-kayak", "locator": "kayak — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "kayak-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The original source’s qayaq spelling and literal-gloss claim are not adopted as the exact Greenlandic orthography or morphological analysis; use the reviewed qajaq evidence." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "kayak-danish", "text": "Danish kajak is reported as the immediate form before English.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-kayak", "locator": "kayak — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "kayak-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "kayak-english", "text": "English kayak is reported from 1757.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-kayak", "locator": "kayak — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "kayak-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "kayak-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "kayak-reviewed-danish", "text": "Danish kajak is derived from Greenlandic qajaq.", "sourceId": "c1-ddo-kajak", "locator": "Oprindelse", "passageIds": [ "greenlandic" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The entry does not date the borrowing or establish the later English channel." }, "inference": "Support the Danish link separately from the English proposal." }, { "id": "kayak-reviewed-form", "text": "Greenlandic qajaq is confirmed by the language secretariat’s terminology table.", "sourceId": "c1-oqaasileriffik-qajaq", "locator": "Source note; qajaq row", "passageIds": [ "form" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This is a published modern spelling, not a phonetic reconstruction of the historical donor." }, "inference": "Display qajaq and keep qayaq searchable as a dictionary transcription." }, { "id": "kayak-reviewed-english", "text": "The English dictionary reports 1757 with a broadly labeled Inuit form.", "sourceId": "c1-mw-kayak", "locator": "Word History > Etymology; First Known Use", "passageIds": [ "english" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This does not independently prove Danish mediation; the underlying earliest quotation was not collated." }, "inference": "Keep the Danish-to-English proposal qualified and treat 1757 as a report." } ], "limitations": "The Greenlandic form and Danish borrowing are supported separately. Exact regional pronunciation and borrowing dates remain unknown. Danish-to-English mediation is qualified, and 1757 is a reported English witness. Greenlandic and Danish remain unmapped; no generic pan-Inuit language stage or invented literal analysis is added." }, { "id": "igloo", "word": "igloo", "language": "English", "sense": "The igloo dwelling", "senses": [ { "id": "igloo-dwelling-sense", "label": "The igloo dwelling", "definition": "A dome-shaped hut, usually made of hard snow blocks.", "stageId": "igloo-english-hut", "claimIds": [ "igloo-english-hut" ] }, { "id": "igloo-dome-sense", "label": "The extended igloo", "definition": "Any dome-shaped construction.", "stageId": "igloo-english-dome", "claimIds": [ "igloo-english-dome" ] } ], "defaultSense": "igloo-dwelling-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 06", "aliases": [ "igloo", "igdlo", "iglu", "iglou" ], "summary": "Igloo is re-derived through Inuktitut iglu, house, with English narrowing one sense toward the snow-house stereotype.", "intro": "Canadian historical lexicography supplies the source and separates broad house witnesses from later snow-house specialization.", "claimIds": [ "igloo-greenlandic", "igloo-english-hut", "igloo-english-dome", "igloo-reviewed-inuktitut", "igloo-reviewed-witnesses", "batch03-igloo-reading", "batch03-igloo-geography", "batch03-igloo-scope", "batch03-igloo-date" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "igloo-inuktitut", "narrativeOrder": [ "igloo-inuktitut", "igloo-english-house", "igloo-english-hut", "igloo-english-dome" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "igloo-english-hut", "etymologyId": "igloo-english-hut-1", "form": "igloo", "language": "Canadian English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "igloo-english-hut" ] }, "transliteration": "igloo", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A dome-shaped hut, usually made of hard snow blocks.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "IG-lu", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1832, "end": 1832, "approximate": false, "label": "1832 · documented English snow use", "note": "DCHP sense 1a quotes iglou porches made of hardened snow; a use witness, not first attestation of all snow dwellings.", "claimIds": [ "igloo-reviewed-witnesses" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "igloo-english-hut", "igloo-reviewed-inuktitut", "igloo-reviewed-witnesses", "batch03-igloo-reading", "batch03-igloo-geography", "batch03-igloo-scope", "batch03-igloo-date" ], "explanation": "Snow-house specialization in English; the 1824 broader-house witness is shown separately.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-reading", "batch03-igloo-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-reading", "batch03-igloo-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "igloo-reviewed-witnesses", "batch03-igloo-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-reading", "batch03-igloo-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "igloo-english-hut", "igloo-reviewed-inuktitut", "igloo-reviewed-witnesses", "batch03-igloo-reading", "batch03-igloo-geography", "batch03-igloo-scope", "batch03-igloo-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "igloo-english-hut", "igloo-english-dome" ] } } }, { "id": "igloo-english-dome", "etymologyId": "igloo-english-dome-1", "form": "igloo", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "igloo-english-dome" ] }, "transliteration": "igloo", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Any dome-shaped construction.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "IG-loo", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1956, "end": 1956, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1956 · English extended igloo sense", "note": "The inherited general dictionary reports the extended sense by 1956. The primary quotation has not been inspected; this is not a verified first occurrence.", "claimIds": [ "igloo-english-dome" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "igloo-english-dome", "batch03-igloo-reading", "batch03-igloo-geography", "batch03-igloo-scope", "batch03-igloo-date" ], "explanation": "Any dome-shaped construction.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-reading", "batch03-igloo-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-reading", "batch03-igloo-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "igloo-english-dome", "batch03-igloo-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-reading", "batch03-igloo-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "igloo-english-dome", "batch03-igloo-reading", "batch03-igloo-geography", "batch03-igloo-scope", "batch03-igloo-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "Parallel or qualified relation retained", "note": "The narrative proceeds through a comparison, alternative or parallel-history structure rather than a single directly evidenced adjacent edge.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-scope" ] } } }, { "id": "igloo-inuktitut", "etymologyId": "igloo-inuktitut-1", "form": "iglu", "language": "Inuktitut", "languageCode": "iu", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "igloo-reviewed-inuktitut" ] }, "transliteration": "iglu", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "House or dwelling.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "IG-lu", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific written date established in the inspected evidence." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Inuktitut / Canadian Arctic", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ -80, 65 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "igloo-reviewed-inuktitut", "igloo-greenlandic", "batch03-igloo-reading", "batch03-igloo-geography", "batch03-igloo-scope", "batch03-igloo-date" ], "explanation": "House or dwelling.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-reading", "batch03-igloo-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-reading", "batch03-igloo-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage. Contextual history is not substituted for lexical chronology.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-reading", "batch03-igloo-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "igloo-reviewed-inuktitut", "igloo-greenlandic", "batch03-igloo-reading", "batch03-igloo-geography", "batch03-igloo-scope", "batch03-igloo-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "igloo-reviewed-inuktitut" ] } } }, { "id": "igloo-english-house", "etymologyId": "igloo-english-house-1", "form": "igloo", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "igloo-reviewed-inuktitut", "igloo-reviewed-witnesses" ] }, "transliteration": "igloo", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "An Inuit house; not necessarily built of snow.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "IG-loo", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1824, "end": 1824, "approximate": false, "label": "1824 · broader English house use", "note": "A reproduced historical quotation in DCHP sense 1b; not the date of first borrowing.", "claimIds": [ "igloo-reviewed-witnesses" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "igloo-reviewed-inuktitut", "igloo-reviewed-witnesses", "batch03-igloo-reading", "batch03-igloo-geography", "batch03-igloo-scope", "batch03-igloo-date" ], "explanation": "An Inuit house; not necessarily built of snow.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-reading", "batch03-igloo-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-reading", "batch03-igloo-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "igloo-reviewed-witnesses", "batch03-igloo-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-igloo-reading", "batch03-igloo-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "igloo-reviewed-inuktitut", "igloo-reviewed-witnesses", "batch03-igloo-reading", "batch03-igloo-geography", "batch03-igloo-scope", "batch03-igloo-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "igloo-english-hut-english-dome-semantic-change", "from": "igloo-english-hut", "to": "igloo-english-dome", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The inherited general dictionary reports a dome-shaped-structure extension by 1956; its earliest chronology is not independently verified.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "English extends igloo beyond the snow-house sense.", "added": [ "dome-shaped construction" ], "removed": [], "associations": [ "house" ], "claimIds": [ "igloo-english-hut", "igloo-english-dome" ] }, "claimIds": [ "igloo-english-hut", "igloo-english-dome" ] }, { "id": "igloo-inuktitut-english-house", "from": "igloo-inuktitut", "to": "igloo-english-house", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Inuktitut source account in the historical Canadian dictionary; no exact dialect or contact event is inferred.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "igloo-reviewed-inuktitut" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The lexical relationship alone does not establish a semantic transition at the borrowing event.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "igloo-house-snow-specialization", "from": "igloo-english-house", "to": "igloo-english-hut", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "English usage specializes to snow houses, while the broader use persists. The two witness dates do not delimit the innovation.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "igloo-reviewed-inuktitut", "igloo-reviewed-witnesses" ], "semantic": { "type": "narrowed", "explanation": "A snow-house specialization of broader house usage, explicitly identified by the historical dictionary.", "added": [], "removed": [ "Non-snow house referents in the specialized use" ], "associations": [ "house", "snow" ], "claimIds": [ "igloo-reviewed-inuktitut" ] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "igloo-greenlandic", "text": "The entry compares the English word with Greenlandic igdlo “house.”", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-igloo", "locator": "igloo — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "igloo-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Retained Greenlandic comparison in the earlier source; it does not establish direct borrowing into Canadian English." }, "inference": "Keep the comparison searchable and in Evidence, outside the drawn ancestry." }, { "id": "igloo-english-hut", "text": "English igloo is reported from 1824 for a dome-shaped Eskimo hut, in Canadian English.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-igloo", "locator": "igloo — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "igloo-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The baseline general dictionary grouped an 1824 date with its modern snow-hut definition. DCHP assigns that quotation to broad house use; the date is not used for this snow stage." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "igloo-english-hut-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "igloo-english-dome", "text": "The dome-shaped construction sense is reported by 1956.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-igloo", "locator": "igloo — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "igloo-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "igloo-english-dome-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "igloo-reviewed-inuktitut", "text": "The historical Canadian dictionary identifies Inuktitut iglu and distinguishes broad house usage from snow-house specialization.", "sourceId": "c1-dchp-igloo", "locator": "Etymology; senses 1a and 1b", "passageIds": [ "source-senses" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source does not identify one precise historical Inuktitut dialect or date the borrowing event." }, "inference": "Replace direct Greenlandic ancestry with the supported Canadian source account." }, { "id": "igloo-reviewed-witnesses", "text": "The 1824 quotation belongs to broad house use; the dictionary supplies an 1832 snow-use witness.", "sourceId": "c1-dchp-igloo", "locator": "Quotations, senses 1a and 1b", "passageIds": [ "witnesses" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "These are documented examples, not first-use dates. The earlier translated compound is not silently equated with plain English igloo." }, "inference": "Separate English house and snow-house stages." }, { "id": "batch03-igloo-reading", "text": "igloo: inspected lexical sources support the displayed forms and conventional readings, with reconstructions kept visibly reconstructed where relevant.", "sourceId": "batch03-mw-igloo", "locator": "headword, definition, etymology and first-known-use sections", "passageIds": [ "batch03-mw-igloo-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A modern or conventional reading is not presented as an exact historical sound; reconstructed forms remain reconstructed." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest inspected reading available for the displayed stage and keeps transliteration separate from pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch03-igloo-geography", "text": "igloo: the displayed map point represents a supported language, speech, community or contact region at the strongest defensible precision.", "sourceId": "batch03-mw-igloo", "locator": "headword, definition, etymology and first-known-use sections", "passageIds": [ "batch03-mw-igloo-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The region is not a fabricated birthplace; language-reference and contact-corridor coordinates are used only for orientation." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a defensible lexical or speech region while preserving uncertainty about exact donor location." }, { "id": "batch03-igloo-scope", "text": "igloo: the batch keeps lexical chronology, contextual history, semantic development and competing routes distinct.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-igloo", "locator": "igloo(n.) · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "igloo-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Earlier reviewed ambiguity and source limits remain visible; no cultural, object, institutional or biographical date is promoted to word history." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the published journey without silently replacing a reviewed route or manufacturing a cleaner topology." }, { "id": "batch03-igloo-date", "text": "igloo: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a word, sense or documented use; conflicting witnesses remain recorded as conflicts.", "sourceId": "batch03-mw-igloo", "locator": "headword, definition, etymology and first-known-use sections", "passageIds": [ "batch03-mw-igloo-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A dated witness is not treated as a coinage date, and competing dictionary dates are not silently reconciled." }, "inference": "Lexography separates lexical attestation from contextual periodization and reports bounded uncertainty." } ], "limitations": "The precise Inuktitut dialect and contact event remain unresolved; Greenlandic comparison is not promoted to the English parent.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 03", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "kimono", "word": "kimono", "language": "English", "sense": "The kimono garment", "senses": [ { "id": "kimono-garment-sense", "label": "The kimono garment", "definition": "A Japanese robe or garment.", "stageId": "kimono-english", "claimIds": [ "kimono-english" ] } ], "defaultSense": "kimono-garment-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 06", "aliases": [ "kimono", "着物" ], "summary": "Kimono is borrowed from Japanese kimono, literally “a thing put on.”", "intro": "Kimono is borrowed from Japanese kimono, literally “a thing put on.”", "claimIds": [ "kimono-japanese", "kimono-english" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "kimono-japanese", "narrativeOrder": [ "kimono-japanese", "kimono-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "kimono-japanese", "etymologyId": "kimono-japanese-1", "form": "着物", "language": "Japanese", "languageCode": "ja", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "kimono-japanese" ] }, "transliteration": "kimono", "script": "Japanese", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A thing put on; clothing or garment.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Japanese reference region", "coordinates": [ 135, 35 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "kimono-japanese-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "kimono-japanese" ], "explanation": "A thing put on; clothing or garment.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "kimono-japanese" ] }, { "id": "kimono-english", "etymologyId": "kimono-english-1", "form": "kimono", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "kimono-english" ] }, "transliteration": "kimono", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A Japanese robe or garment.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1630, "end": 1630, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1630 · English kimono", "note": "Reported written-use context; not the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "kimono-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "kimono-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "kimono-english" ], "explanation": "A Japanese robe or garment." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "kimono-japanese-english-borrowing", "from": "kimono-japanese", "to": "kimono-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English borrows kimono from Japanese.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "kimono-japanese", "kimono-english" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "kimono-japanese", "text": "Japanese kimono is analyzed as ki “wear/put on” plus mono “thing.”", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-kimono", "locator": "kimono — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "kimono-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "kimono-japanese-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Japanese.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row nucl1643", "passageIds": [ "nucl1643" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Japanese reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "kimono-english", "text": "English kimono is reported from the 1630s.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-kimono", "locator": "kimono — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "kimono-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "kimono-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." } ], "limitations": "The Japanese compound is shown as a lexical formation, not as a claim about the garment’s complete cultural history or every later English clothing sense." }, { "id": "tycoon", "word": "tycoon", "language": "English", "sense": "The political title", "senses": [ { "id": "tycoon-title-sense", "label": "The political title", "definition": "A title for the shogun of Japan.", "stageId": "tycoon-english-title", "claimIds": [ "tycoon-english-title" ] }, { "id": "tycoon-business-sense", "label": "The business tycoon", "definition": "A wealthy and powerful businessperson.", "stageId": "tycoon-english-business", "claimIds": [ "tycoon-english-business" ] } ], "defaultSense": "tycoon-title-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 06", "aliases": [ "tycoon", "taikun", "大君" ], "summary": "Tycoon keeps the Chinese-character analysis, Japanese political title, English diplomatic term, and later business sense distinct.", "intro": "The route treats Japanese taikun as the immediate English source and Chinese character history as a qualified linguistic relationship, not proof of direct English borrowing from Chinese.", "claimIds": [ "tycoon-chinese", "tycoon-japanese", "tycoon-english-title", "tycoon-english-important", "tycoon-english-business", "batch04-tycoon-reading", "batch04-tycoon-geography", "batch04-tycoon-date", "batch04-tycoon-scope", "batch04-tycoon-relations" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "tycoon-chinese", "narrativeOrder": [ "tycoon-chinese", "tycoon-japanese", "tycoon-english-title", "tycoon-english-important", "tycoon-english-business" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "tycoon-chinese", "etymologyId": "tycoon-chinese-1", "form": "大君", "language": "Classical Chinese", "languageCode": "lzh", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "tycoon-chinese" ] }, "transliteration": "dàjūn", "script": "Chinese", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Great lord or prince; deeper lexical components.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "dàjūn (Classical Chinese conventional)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Classical Chinese–Japanese–English diplomatic corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 109.05, 34.09 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "tycoon-chinese", "batch04-tycoon-reading", "batch04-tycoon-geography", "batch04-tycoon-date", "batch04-tycoon-scope" ], "explanation": "Great lord or prince; deeper lexical components.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "tycoon-chinese", "batch04-tycoon-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-reading", "batch04-tycoon-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-reading", "batch04-tycoon-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for 大君 does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-reading", "batch04-tycoon-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "tycoon-chinese", "batch04-tycoon-reading", "batch04-tycoon-geography", "batch04-tycoon-date", "batch04-tycoon-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "tycoon-chinese", "tycoon-japanese", "batch04-tycoon-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "tycoon-japanese", "etymologyId": "tycoon-japanese-1", "form": "大君", "language": "Japanese", "languageCode": "ja", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "tycoon-japanese" ] }, "transliteration": "taikun", "script": "Japanese", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A great lord; political title for the shogun.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "taikun (Japanese)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Classical Chinese–Japanese–English diplomatic corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 135, 35 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "tycoon-japanese", "batch04-tycoon-reading", "batch04-tycoon-geography", "batch04-tycoon-date", "batch04-tycoon-scope" ], "explanation": "A great lord; political title for the shogun.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "tycoon-japanese", "batch04-tycoon-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-reading", "batch04-tycoon-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-reading", "batch04-tycoon-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for 大君 does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-reading", "batch04-tycoon-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "tycoon-japanese", "batch04-tycoon-reading", "batch04-tycoon-geography", "batch04-tycoon-date", "batch04-tycoon-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "tycoon-japanese", "tycoon-english-title", "batch04-tycoon-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "tycoon-english-title", "etymologyId": "tycoon-english-title-1", "form": "tycoon", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "tycoon-english-title" ] }, "transliteration": "tycoon", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A title for the shogun of Japan.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ty-KOON", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1857, "end": 1857, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1857 · English tycoon political title", "note": "Reported written-use context; not the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "tycoon-english-title" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "tycoon-english-title", "batch04-tycoon-reading", "batch04-tycoon-geography", "batch04-tycoon-date", "batch04-tycoon-scope" ], "explanation": "A title for the shogun of Japan.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-reading", "batch04-tycoon-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-reading", "batch04-tycoon-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "tycoon-english-title", "batch04-tycoon-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-reading", "batch04-tycoon-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "tycoon-english-title", "batch04-tycoon-reading", "batch04-tycoon-geography", "batch04-tycoon-date", "batch04-tycoon-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "tycoon-english-title", "tycoon-english-important", "batch04-tycoon-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "tycoon-english-important", "etymologyId": "tycoon-english-important-1", "form": "tycoon", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "tycoon-english-important" ] }, "transliteration": "tycoon", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "An important or powerful person.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ty-KOON", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1861, "end": 1861, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1861 · English tycoon important-person sense", "note": "Reported written-use context; not the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "tycoon-english-important" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "tycoon-english-important", "batch04-tycoon-reading", "batch04-tycoon-geography", "batch04-tycoon-date", "batch04-tycoon-scope" ], "explanation": "An important or powerful person.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-reading", "batch04-tycoon-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-reading", "batch04-tycoon-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "tycoon-english-important", "batch04-tycoon-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-reading", "batch04-tycoon-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "tycoon-english-important", "batch04-tycoon-reading", "batch04-tycoon-geography", "batch04-tycoon-date", "batch04-tycoon-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "tycoon-english-important", "tycoon-english-business", "batch04-tycoon-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "tycoon-english-business", "etymologyId": "tycoon-english-business-1", "form": "tycoon", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "tycoon-english-business" ] }, "transliteration": "tycoon", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A wealthy and powerful businessperson.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ty-KOON", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1919, "end": 1945, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 20th century · English business tycoon", "note": "The source gives a postwar bound rather than a single first-use year.", "claimIds": [ "tycoon-english-business" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "tycoon-english-business", "batch04-tycoon-reading", "batch04-tycoon-geography", "batch04-tycoon-date", "batch04-tycoon-scope" ], "explanation": "A wealthy and powerful businessperson.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-reading", "batch04-tycoon-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-reading", "batch04-tycoon-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for tycoon does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "tycoon-english-business", "batch04-tycoon-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "tycoon-english-business" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-reading", "batch04-tycoon-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "tycoon-english-business", "batch04-tycoon-reading", "batch04-tycoon-geography", "batch04-tycoon-date", "batch04-tycoon-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "tycoon-chinese-japanese-borrowing", "from": "tycoon-chinese", "to": "tycoon-japanese", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The Japanese title is analyzed through Chinese components.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "tycoon-chinese", "tycoon-japanese", "batch04-tycoon-relations" ] }, { "id": "tycoon-japanese-english-title-borrowing", "from": "tycoon-japanese", "to": "tycoon-english-title", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English adopts the Japanese political title.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "tycoon-japanese", "tycoon-english-title", "batch04-tycoon-relations" ] }, { "id": "tycoon-english-title-english-important-semantic-change", "from": "tycoon-english-title", "to": "tycoon-english-important", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The title becomes a general label for an important person.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "English broadens the political title into a status label.", "added": [ "important person" ], "removed": [], "associations": [ "political title" ], "claimIds": [ "tycoon-english-title", "tycoon-english-important" ] }, "claimIds": [ "tycoon-english-title", "tycoon-english-important", "batch04-tycoon-relations" ] }, { "id": "tycoon-english-important-english-business-semantic-change", "from": "tycoon-english-important", "to": "tycoon-english-business", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The status label specializes in wealthy and powerful businesspeople.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "narrowed", "explanation": "English narrows the broad important-person sense to a business-power sense.", "added": [ "wealthy businessperson" ], "removed": [ "general important person" ], "associations": [ "power" ], "claimIds": [ "tycoon-english-important", "tycoon-english-business" ] }, "claimIds": [ "tycoon-english-important", "tycoon-english-business", "batch04-tycoon-relations" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "tycoon-chinese", "text": "The entry analyzes Japanese taikun as Chinese tai “great” plus kiun “lord.”", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-tycoon", "locator": "tycoon — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "tycoon-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Chinese components are preserved as the deeper analysis reported by the source, not as a separate English donor stage." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "tycoon-japanese", "text": "Japanese taikun “great lord or prince” is reported as the title used for the shogun in foreign contexts.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-tycoon", "locator": "tycoon — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "tycoon-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "tycoon-japanese-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Japanese.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row nucl1643", "passageIds": [ "nucl1643" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Japanese reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "tycoon-english-title", "text": "English tycoon is reported from 1857 as a title given by foreigners to the shogun.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-tycoon", "locator": "tycoon — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "tycoon-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "tycoon-english-title-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "tycoon-english-important", "text": "The transferred English meaning “important person” is reported from 1861.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-tycoon", "locator": "tycoon — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "tycoon-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "tycoon-english-important-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "tycoon-english-business", "text": "The specific wealthy-businessperson use is reported as post-World War I.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-tycoon", "locator": "tycoon — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "tycoon-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "tycoon-english-business-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "batch04-tycoon-reading", "text": "tycoon: an inspected specialist, institutional or national-language source supports the displayed forms and the selected conventional readings; reconstructed or historical readings remain explicitly qualified.", "sourceId": "batch04-tycoon-ahd", "locator": "word history; etymology and 1853–1857 historical context", "passageIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-ahd-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A conventional reading is not presented as an exact recording of every historical speaker; transliteration remains distinct from pronunciation." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest recoverable reading for each displayed stage without projecting a modern pronunciation backward." }, { "id": "batch04-tycoon-geography", "text": "tycoon: the map point is a supported language, speech-community or documented contact-corridor reference, not a precise lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch04-tycoon-ahd", "locator": "word history; etymology and 1853–1857 historical context", "passageIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-ahd-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Reference coordinates orient the language or contact corridor and do not assert a territorial boundary, donor village or origin site." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the strongest defensible regional precision available in the inspected evidence." }, { "id": "batch04-tycoon-date", "text": "tycoon: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a form or sense; contextual object, cultural, institutional and biographical dates are not substituted for word chronology.", "sourceId": "batch04-tycoon-ahd", "locator": "word history; etymology and 1853–1857 historical context", "passageIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-ahd-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Undated reconstructed or historical stages remain researched unresolved rather than receiving an invented date." }, "inference": "Lexography distinguishes attestation, documented use, sense attestation, bounded lexical periods and context." }, { "id": "batch04-tycoon-scope", "text": "tycoon: the route preserves competing analyses, qualified edges and semantic distinctions required by the inspected evidence.", "sourceId": "batch04-tycoon-ahd", "locator": "word history; etymology and 1853–1857 historical context", "passageIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-ahd-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Shared characters do not by themselves establish borrowing direction or historical pronunciation; political-title history and business usage are separate semantic layers." }, "inference": "The narrative and topology are editorial representations of the evidence graph, not proof that every adjacent form is a direct parent." }, { "id": "batch04-tycoon-relations", "text": "tycoon: adjacent relations are retained with their existing type and certainty unless the inspected evidence requires a qualified or parallel reading.", "sourceId": "batch04-tycoon-ahd", "locator": "word history; etymology and 1853–1857 historical context", "passageIds": [ "batch04-tycoon-ahd-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A displayed tree edge does not erase non-tree alternatives or convert cognacy, influence or comparison into direct borrowing." }, "inference": "Lexography preserves the current topology and records the evidence limits alongside each relation." } ], "limitations": "Shared characters do not by themselves establish borrowing direction or historical pronunciation; political-title history and business usage are separate semantic layers.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 04", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "mosquito", "word": "mosquito", "language": "English", "sense": "The mosquito insect", "senses": [ { "id": "mosquito-insect-sense", "label": "The mosquito insect", "definition": "A gnat-like biting insect.", "stageId": "mosquito-english", "claimIds": [ "mosquito-english" ] } ], "defaultSense": "mosquito-insect-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 06", "aliases": [ "mosquito", "mosca", "musca" ], "summary": "Mosquito is a Spanish diminutive of mosca “fly,” borrowed into English for a blood-feeding insect.", "intro": "Mosquito is a Spanish diminutive of mosca “fly,” borrowed into English for a blood-feeding insect.", "claimIds": [ "mosquito-latin", "mosquito-spanish", "mosquito-english" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "mosquito-latin", "narrativeOrder": [ "mosquito-latin", "mosquito-spanish", "mosquito-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "mosquito-latin", "etymologyId": "mosquito-latin-1", "form": "musca", "language": "Latin", "languageCode": "la", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "mosquito-latin" ] }, "transliteration": "musca", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Fly or gnat.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Latin reference region", "coordinates": [ 12.4502, 41.9026 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "mosquito-latin-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "mosquito-latin" ], "explanation": "Fly or gnat." }, { "id": "mosquito-spanish", "etymologyId": "mosquito-spanish-1", "form": "mosquito", "language": "Spanish", "languageCode": "es", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "mosquito-spanish" ] }, "transliteration": "mosquito", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Little fly; a gnat-like biting insect.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Spanish reference region", "coordinates": [ -1.11788, 40.4414 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "mosquito-spanish-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "mosquito-spanish" ], "explanation": "Little fly; a gnat-like biting insect." }, { "id": "mosquito-english", "etymologyId": "mosquito-english-1", "form": "mosquito", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "mosquito-english" ] }, "transliteration": "mosquito", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A gnat-like insect whose female bites and draws blood.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1580, "end": 1580, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1580 · English mosquito", "note": "Reported written-use context; not the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "mosquito-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "mosquito-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "mosquito-english" ], "explanation": "A gnat-like insect whose female bites and draws blood." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "mosquito-latin-spanish-derivation", "from": "mosquito-latin", "to": "mosquito-spanish", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Spanish forms a diminutive with its own morphology.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "mosquito-latin", "mosquito-spanish" ] }, { "id": "mosquito-spanish-english-borrowing", "from": "mosquito-spanish", "to": "mosquito-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English borrows the Spanish insect name.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "mosquito-spanish", "mosquito-english" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "mosquito-latin", "text": "Spanish mosca is traced to Latin musca “fly.”", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-mosquito", "locator": "mosquito — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "mosquito-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "mosquito-latin-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Latin.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row lati1261", "passageIds": [ "lati1261" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Latin reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "mosquito-spanish", "text": "Spanish mosquito is analyzed as the diminutive of mosca “fly.”", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-mosquito", "locator": "mosquito — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "mosquito-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "mosquito-spanish-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Spanish.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1288", "passageIds": [ "stan1288" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Spanish reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "mosquito-english", "text": "English mosquito is reported from the 1580s for the blood-feeding insect.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-mosquito", "locator": "mosquito — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "mosquito-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "mosquito-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." } ], "limitations": "Spanish morphology and the later English borrowing are kept separate. The possible deeper Indo-European/imitative root is recorded only as a qualified comparison, not as a direct English stage." }, { "id": "patio", "word": "patio", "language": "English", "sense": "The patio courtyard", "senses": [ { "id": "patio-courtyard-sense", "label": "The patio courtyard", "definition": "An inner court open to the sky.", "stageId": "patio-spanish", "claimIds": [ "patio-spanish" ] }, { "id": "patio-terrace-sense", "label": "The patio terrace", "definition": "A paved and enclosed terrace beside a building.", "stageId": "patio-english", "claimIds": [ "patio-english" ] } ], "defaultSense": "patio-courtyard-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 06", "aliases": [ "patio", "patu", "pati" ], "summary": "Patio reaches English from Spanish for an inner court, with an uncertain Provençal/Latin analysis and a later paved-terrace sense.", "intro": "Patio reaches English from Spanish for an inner court, with an uncertain Provençal/Latin analysis and a later paved-terrace sense.", "claimIds": [ "patio-latin", "patio-old-provencal", "patio-spanish", "patio-english" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "patio-latin", "narrativeOrder": [ "patio-latin", "patio-old-provencal", "patio-spanish", "patio-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "patio-latin", "etymologyId": "patio-latin-1", "form": "pactum", "language": "Latin", "languageCode": "la", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "patio-latin" ] }, "transliteration": "pactum", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Agreement or covenant; proposed deeper source.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Latin reference region", "coordinates": [ 12.4502, 41.9026 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "patio-latin-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "patio-latin" ], "explanation": "Agreement or covenant; proposed deeper source." }, { "id": "patio-old-provencal", "etymologyId": "patio-old-provencal-1", "form": "patu / pati", "language": "Old Provençal", "languageCode": "pro", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "patio-old-provencal" ] }, "transliteration": "patu / pati", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Untilled land or communal pasture.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Old Provençal reference region", "coordinates": [ 0.6, 43.5 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "patio-old-provencal-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "patio-old-provencal" ], "explanation": "Untilled land or communal pasture." }, { "id": "patio-spanish", "etymologyId": "patio-spanish-1", "form": "patio", "language": "Spanish", "languageCode": "es", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "patio-spanish" ] }, "transliteration": "patio", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "An inner court open to the sky.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1818, "end": 1818, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1818 · Spanish patio", "note": "Reported written-use context; not the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "patio-spanish" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Spanish reference region", "coordinates": [ -1.11788, 40.4414 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "patio-spanish-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "patio-spanish" ], "explanation": "An inner court open to the sky." }, { "id": "patio-english", "etymologyId": "patio-english-1", "form": "patio", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "patio-english" ] }, "transliteration": "patio", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "An inner court or paved terrace beside a building.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1818, "end": 1941, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1818–1941 · English patio senses", "note": "The period groups the courtyard and later paved-terrace contexts.", "claimIds": [ "patio-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "patio-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "patio-english" ], "explanation": "An inner court or paved terrace beside a building." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "patio-latin-old-provencal-derivation", "from": "patio-latin", "to": "patio-old-provencal", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The pactum analysis is kept qualified and does not exclude patere.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "patio-latin", "patio-old-provencal" ] }, { "id": "patio-old-provencal-spanish-borrowing", "from": "patio-old-provencal", "to": "patio-spanish", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Spanish patio is shown through the reported Provençal route.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "patio-old-provencal", "patio-spanish" ] }, { "id": "patio-spanish-english-borrowing", "from": "patio-spanish", "to": "patio-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English borrows patio from Spanish.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "patio-spanish", "patio-english" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "patio-latin", "text": "One theory derives Spanish patio through Old Provençal patu/pati from Latin pactum “agreement.”", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-patio", "locator": "patio — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "patio-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The entry also reports an alternative analysis from Latin patere; the deeper origin is unresolved." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "patio-latin-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Latin.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row lati1261", "passageIds": [ "lati1261" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Latin reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "patio-old-provencal", "text": "Old Provençal patu/pati is reported as a possible intermediate with a land/open-space sense.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-patio", "locator": "patio — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "patio-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The proposed Old Provençal route is not presented as certain." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "patio-old-provencal-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Old Provençal.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row oldp1253", "passageIds": [ "oldp1253" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Old Provençal reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "patio-spanish", "text": "Spanish patio is reported from 1818 for an inner court open to the sky.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-patio", "locator": "patio — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "patio-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "patio-spanish-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Spanish.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1288", "passageIds": [ "stan1288" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Spanish reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "patio-english", "text": "English patio is reported from 1818; the paved enclosed terrace sense is recorded by 1941.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-patio", "locator": "patio — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "patio-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "patio-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." } ], "limitations": "The source reports both a Latin pactum route through Old Provençal and an alternative connection to Latin patere “to lie open.” The later architectural and furniture compounds are not treated as new etymological sources." }, { "id": "budget", "word": "budget", "language": "English", "sense": "The budget pouch", "senses": [ { "id": "budget-pouch-sense", "label": "The budget pouch", "definition": "A leather pouch or small bag.", "stageId": "budget-english-pouch", "claimIds": [ "budget-english-pouch" ] }, { "id": "budget-finance-sense", "label": "The financial budget", "definition": "A statement of probable expenditures and revenues.", "stageId": "budget-english-finance", "claimIds": [ "budget-english-finance" ] } ], "defaultSense": "budget-pouch-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 06", "aliases": [ "budget", "bougette", "bulga" ], "summary": "Budget moves from a Gaulish leather bag through French into English financial planning.", "intro": "Budget moves from a Gaulish leather bag through French into English financial planning.", "claimIds": [ "budget-gaulish", "budget-latin", "budget-old-french", "budget-english-pouch", "budget-english-finance" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "budget-gaulish", "narrativeOrder": [ "budget-gaulish", "budget-latin", "budget-old-french", "budget-english-pouch", "budget-english-finance" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "budget-gaulish", "etymologyId": "budget-gaulish-1", "form": "*bulga", "language": "Gaulish", "languageCode": "cel", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "budget-gaulish" ] }, "transliteration": "*bulga", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Leather bag; reconstructed source.", "formStatus": "reconstructed", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical source." }, "claimIds": [ "budget-gaulish" ], "explanation": "Leather bag; reconstructed source." }, { "id": "budget-latin", "etymologyId": "budget-latin-1", "form": "bulga", "language": "Latin", "languageCode": "la", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "budget-latin" ] }, "transliteration": "bulga", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Leather bag or pouch.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Latin reference region", "coordinates": [ 12.4502, 41.9026 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "budget-latin-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "budget-latin" ], "explanation": "Leather bag or pouch." }, { "id": "budget-old-french", "etymologyId": "budget-old-french-1", "form": "bougette", "language": "Old French", "languageCode": "fro", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "budget-old-french" ] }, "transliteration": "bougette", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Small leather bag or wallet.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1400, "end": 1499, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 15th century · Old French bougette context", "note": "The date is bounded to the early English borrowing context.", "claimIds": [ "budget-old-french" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Old French reference region", "coordinates": [ 1.11, 48.8 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "budget-old-french-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "budget-old-french" ], "explanation": "Small leather bag or wallet." }, { "id": "budget-english-pouch", "etymologyId": "budget-english-pouch-1", "form": "budget", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "budget-english-pouch" ] }, "transliteration": "budget", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A leather pouch or small bag.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1400, "end": 1425, "approximate": true, "label": "c. early 15th century · English budget pouch", "note": "The source gives an early-century lexical context rather than a single first witness.", "claimIds": [ "budget-english-pouch" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "budget-english-pouch-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "budget-english-pouch" ], "explanation": "A leather pouch or small bag." }, { "id": "budget-english-finance", "etymologyId": "budget-english-finance-1", "form": "budget", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "budget-english-finance" ] }, "transliteration": "budget", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A statement of probable expenditures and revenues.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1733, "end": 1733, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1733 · English financial budget", "note": "Reported written-use context; not the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "budget-english-finance" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "budget-english-finance-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "budget-english-finance" ], "explanation": "A statement of probable expenditures and revenues." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "budget-gaulish-latin-borrowing", "from": "budget-gaulish", "to": "budget-latin", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Latin bulga is the attested historical stage associated with the reconstructed Gaulish source.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "budget-gaulish", "budget-latin" ] }, { "id": "budget-latin-old-french-derivation", "from": "budget-latin", "to": "budget-old-french", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Old French forms a diminutive from the bag word.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "budget-latin", "budget-old-french" ] }, { "id": "budget-old-french-english-pouch-borrowing", "from": "budget-old-french", "to": "budget-english-pouch", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English first uses budget for a pouch or bag.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "budget-old-french", "budget-english-pouch" ] }, { "id": "budget-english-pouch-english-finance-semantic-change", "from": "budget-english-pouch", "to": "budget-english-finance", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The pouch becomes the figurative wallet in which fiscal plans are kept.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "English extends budget from a container to a financial plan or statement.", "added": [ "financial plan" ], "removed": [], "associations": [ "pouch", "wallet" ], "claimIds": [ "budget-english-pouch", "budget-english-finance" ] }, "claimIds": [ "budget-english-pouch", "budget-english-finance" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "budget-gaulish", "text": "Latin bulga is described as a Gaulish-origin word, compared with Celtic bag words.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-budget", "locator": "budget — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "budget-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The reconstructed source is shown with an asterisk and is not treated as an attested form." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "budget-latin", "text": "Old French bouge is traced to Latin bulga “leather bag.”", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-budget", "locator": "budget — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "budget-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "budget-latin-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Latin.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row lati1261", "passageIds": [ "lati1261" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Latin reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "budget-old-french", "text": "Old French bougette is the diminutive source of early English bouget.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-budget", "locator": "budget — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "budget-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "budget-old-french-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Old French (842-ca. 1400).", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row oldf1239", "passageIds": [ "oldf1239" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Old French reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "budget-english-pouch", "text": "English budget is reported from the early fifteenth century for a leather pouch or bag.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-budget", "locator": "budget — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "budget-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "budget-english-pouch-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "budget-english-finance", "text": "The modern financial meaning is reported from 1733 through the image of a treasury minister keeping fiscal plans in a wallet.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-budget", "locator": "budget — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "budget-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "budget-english-finance-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." } ], "limitations": "The semantic movement from pouch or wallet to fiscal planning is central. The reconstructed Gaulish and Indo-European stages are marked as reconstructions, and the newspaper “bundle of news” sense is not included as a separate journey branch." }, { "id": "virus", "word": "virus", "language": "English", "sense": "The biological virus", "senses": [ { "id": "virus-biology-sense", "label": "The biological virus", "definition": "An infectious agent or submicroscopic disease-causing organism.", "stageId": "virus-english-biological", "claimIds": [ "virus-english-biological" ] }, { "id": "virus-computer-sense", "label": "The computer virus", "definition": "A malicious self-propagating computer program.", "stageId": "virus-english-computer", "claimIds": [ "virus-english-computer" ] } ], "defaultSense": "virus-biology-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 06", "aliases": [ "virus", "*weis-o-s" ], "summary": "Virus moves from Latin poison and slimy-fluid vocabulary into pathology, biology and finally computer malware.", "intro": "Virus moves from Latin poison and slimy-fluid vocabulary into pathology, biology and finally computer malware.", "claimIds": [ "virus-proto-italic", "virus-latin", "virus-english-pathology", "virus-english-biological", "virus-english-computer" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "virus-proto-italic", "narrativeOrder": [ "virus-proto-italic", "virus-latin", "virus-english-pathology", "virus-english-biological", "virus-english-computer" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "virus-proto-italic", "etymologyId": "virus-proto-italic-1", "form": "*weis-o-s", "language": "Proto-Italic", "languageCode": "itc", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "virus-proto-italic" ] }, "transliteration": "*weis-o-s", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Poison; reconstructed root.", "formStatus": "reconstructed", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical source." }, "claimIds": [ "virus-proto-italic" ], "explanation": "Poison; reconstructed root." }, { "id": "virus-latin", "etymologyId": "virus-latin-1", "form": "virus", "language": "Latin", "languageCode": "la", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "virus-latin" ] }, "transliteration": "virus", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Poison, poisonous liquid, plant sap or slimy liquid.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Latin reference region", "coordinates": [ 12.4502, 41.9026 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "virus-latin-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "virus-latin" ], "explanation": "Poison, poisonous liquid, plant sap or slimy liquid." }, { "id": "virus-english-pathology", "etymologyId": "virus-english-pathology-1", "form": "virus", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "virus-english-pathology" ] }, "transliteration": "virus", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Poisonous substance or fluid discharged from a wound.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1350, "end": 1770, "approximate": true, "label": "c. late 14th–18th century · English pathology virus", "note": "The period groups the older English and medical fluid contexts.", "claimIds": [ "virus-english-pathology" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "virus-english-pathology-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "virus-english-pathology" ], "explanation": "Poisonous substance or fluid discharged from a wound." }, { "id": "virus-english-biological", "etymologyId": "virus-english-biological-1", "form": "virus", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "virus-english-biological" ] }, "transliteration": "virus", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "An infectious agent or submicroscopic disease-causing organism.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1790, "end": 1899, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1790s–19th century · biological virus", "note": "The period separates scientific terminology from the older poison/fluid sense.", "claimIds": [ "virus-english-biological" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "virus-english-biological-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "virus-english-biological" ], "explanation": "An infectious agent or submicroscopic disease-causing organism." }, { "id": "virus-english-computer", "etymologyId": "virus-english-computer-1", "form": "virus", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "virus-english-computer" ] }, "transliteration": "virus", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A malicious self-propagating computer program.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1972, "end": 1972, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1972 · English computer virus", "note": "Reported written-use context; not the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "virus-english-computer" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "virus-english-computer-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "virus-english-computer" ], "explanation": "A malicious self-propagating computer program." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "virus-proto-italic-latin-inheritance", "from": "virus-proto-italic", "to": "virus-latin", "type": "inheritance", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The reconstructed Proto-Italic source is shown as qualified.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "virus-proto-italic", "virus-latin" ] }, { "id": "virus-latin-english-pathology-borrowing", "from": "virus-latin", "to": "virus-english-pathology", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English inherits the Latin medical word into pathology.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "virus-latin", "virus-english-pathology" ] }, { "id": "virus-english-pathology-english-biological-semantic-change", "from": "virus-english-pathology", "to": "virus-english-biological", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The pathology word specializes into infectious-disease terminology.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "narrowed", "explanation": "English narrows the older fluid/poison range to infectious agents and organisms.", "added": [ "infectious agent" ], "removed": [ "general poison and fluid" ], "associations": [ "disease" ], "claimIds": [ "virus-english-pathology", "virus-english-biological" ] }, "claimIds": [ "virus-english-pathology", "virus-english-biological" ] }, { "id": "virus-english-biological-english-computer-semantic-change", "from": "virus-english-biological", "to": "virus-english-computer", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The biological metaphor extends to malicious software.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "English transfers the infectious-agent image to self-propagating computer code.", "added": [ "malicious program" ], "removed": [], "associations": [ "infection", "propagation" ], "claimIds": [ "virus-english-biological", "virus-english-computer" ] }, "claimIds": [ "virus-english-biological", "virus-english-computer" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "virus-proto-italic", "text": "The entry reconstructs Proto-Italic *weis-o-(s)- “poison” behind Latin virus.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-virus", "locator": "virus — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "virus-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The form is reconstructed and its deeper Indo-European analysis is not presented as an attested stage." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "virus-latin", "text": "Latin virus includes poison, poisonous liquid, plant sap, slimy liquid and potent juice senses.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-virus", "locator": "virus — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "virus-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "virus-latin-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Latin.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row lati1261", "passageIds": [ "lati1261" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Latin reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "virus-english-pathology", "text": "English virus is reported from the late fourteenth century for poisonous substance and pathology fluid, with the older sense later archaic.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-virus", "locator": "virus — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "virus-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "virus-english-pathology-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "virus-english-biological", "text": "The scientific infectious-disease sense develops by the 1790s; use for submicroscopic organisms is reported from the 1870s and later discoveries.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-virus", "locator": "virus — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "virus-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "virus-english-biological-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "virus-english-computer", "text": "The computer sense is reported from 1972.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-virus", "locator": "virus — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "virus-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "virus-english-computer-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." } ], "limitations": "Latin poison, pathology, biological terminology and computer use are represented as separate senses. The Proto-Italic/Indo-European reconstruction is qualified and the computer sense is not projected backward into ancient Latin." }, { "id": "broadcast", "word": "broadcast", "language": "English", "sense": "Agricultural broadcast", "senses": [ { "id": "broadcast-agriculture-sense", "label": "Agricultural broadcast", "definition": "Seed scattered broadly by hand.", "stageId": "broadcast-english-agriculture", "claimIds": [ "broadcast-english-agriculture" ] }, { "id": "broadcast-media-sense", "label": "Media broadcast", "definition": "Radio or television transmission to a public audience.", "stageId": "broadcast-english-media", "claimIds": [ "broadcast-english-media" ] }, { "id": "broadcast-digital-sense", "label": "Digital broadcast", "definition": "Public dissemination through contemporary digital networks.", "stageId": "broadcast-english-digital", "claimIds": [ "broadcast-english-digital" ] } ], "defaultSense": "broadcast-agriculture-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 06", "aliases": [ "broadcast", "brād", "kasta" ], "summary": "Broadcast begins with seed scattered broadly by hand, then becomes a word for radio and television transmission and modern digital public dissemination.", "intro": "Broadcast begins with seed scattered broadly by hand, then becomes a word for radio and television transmission and modern digital public dissemination.", "claimIds": [ "broadcast-old-english-broad", "broadcast-scandinavian-cast", "broadcast-english-agriculture", "broadcast-english-media", "broadcast-english-digital" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "broadcast-old-english-broad", "narrativeOrder": [ "broadcast-old-english-broad", "broadcast-scandinavian-cast", "broadcast-english-agriculture", "broadcast-english-media", "broadcast-english-digital" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "broadcast-old-english-broad", "etymologyId": "broadcast-old-english-broad-1", "form": "brād", "language": "Old English", "languageCode": "ang", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "broadcast-old-english-broad" ] }, "transliteration": "brād", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Wide, broad or extended.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Old English reference region", "coordinates": [ -1.31, 51.06 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "broadcast-old-english-broad-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "broadcast-old-english-broad" ], "explanation": "Wide, broad or extended." }, { "id": "broadcast-scandinavian-cast", "etymologyId": "broadcast-scandinavian-cast-1", "form": "kasta", "language": "Old Norse / Scandinavian comparator", "languageCode": "non", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "broadcast-scandinavian-cast" ] }, "transliteration": "kasta", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "To throw or cast.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Old Norse reference region", "coordinates": [ 10.38, 63.42 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "broadcast-scandinavian-cast-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "broadcast-scandinavian-cast" ], "explanation": "To throw or cast." }, { "id": "broadcast-english-agriculture", "etymologyId": "broadcast-english-agriculture-1", "form": "broadcast", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "broadcast-english-agriculture" ] }, "transliteration": "broadcast", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Scattered upon the ground by hand, especially seed.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1767, "end": 1813, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1767–1813 · agricultural broadcast", "note": "The period groups adjective and agricultural verb contexts.", "claimIds": [ "broadcast-english-agriculture" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "broadcast-english-agriculture-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "broadcast-english-agriculture" ], "explanation": "Scattered upon the ground by hand, especially seed." }, { "id": "broadcast-english-media", "etymologyId": "broadcast-english-media-1", "form": "broadcast", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "broadcast-english-media" ] }, "transliteration": "broadcast", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Radio or television transmission to a public audience.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1922, "end": 1922, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1922 · English radio broadcast", "note": "Reported written-use context; not the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "broadcast-english-media" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "broadcast-english-media-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "broadcast-english-media" ], "explanation": "Radio or television transmission to a public audience." }, { "id": "broadcast-english-digital", "etymologyId": "broadcast-english-digital-1", "form": "broadcast", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "broadcast-english-digital" ] }, "transliteration": "broadcast", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Public dissemination through contemporary digital networks.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Historical pronunciation has not been established in the inspected source. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific first date for digital broadcast use was established in the inspected sources." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "broadcast-english-digital-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "broadcast-english-digital" ], "explanation": "Public dissemination through contemporary digital networks." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "broadcast-english-agriculture-english-media-semantic-change", "from": "broadcast-english-agriculture", "to": "broadcast-english-media", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The agricultural scattering image becomes public transmission.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "English broadens broadcast from seed scattering to one-to-many media distribution.", "added": [ "radio/television transmission" ], "removed": [], "associations": [ "wide distribution" ], "claimIds": [ "broadcast-english-agriculture", "broadcast-english-media" ] }, "claimIds": [ "broadcast-english-agriculture", "broadcast-english-media" ] }, { "id": "broadcast-english-media-english-digital-semantic-change", "from": "broadcast-english-media", "to": "broadcast-english-digital", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The public-distribution sense is used for networked digital dissemination.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "Contemporary English applies the broadcast metaphor beyond traditional radio and television.", "added": [ "digital dissemination" ], "removed": [], "associations": [ "public transmission" ], "claimIds": [ "broadcast-english-media", "broadcast-english-digital" ] }, "claimIds": [ "broadcast-english-media", "broadcast-english-digital" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "broadcast-old-english-broad", "text": "The entry gives Old English brad “wide” as the first component.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-broadcast", "locator": "broadcast — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "broadcast-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "broadcast-old-english-broad-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Old English (ca. 450-1100).", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row olde1238", "passageIds": [ "olde1238" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Old English reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "broadcast-scandinavian-cast", "text": "The entry gives a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse kasta for cast “throw.”", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-broadcast", "locator": "broadcast — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "broadcast-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Scandinavian comparator is not presented as a complete direct historical chain for every English form." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "broadcast-scandinavian-cast-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for Old Norse.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row oldn1244", "passageIds": [ "oldn1244" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient Old Norse reference region; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "broadcast-english-agriculture", "text": "English broadcast is reported from 1767 for seed dispersed upon the ground by hand; the verb follows in agricultural use from 1813.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-broadcast", "locator": "broadcast — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "broadcast-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "broadcast-english-agriculture-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "broadcast-english-media", "text": "The modern media use begins with radio in 1922; broadcasting is described as systematic diffusion of programs and information.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-broadcast", "locator": "broadcast — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "broadcast-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The cited etymology section supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "broadcast-english-media-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." }, { "id": "broadcast-english-digital", "text": "The inspected lexical history preserves the “widely spread” extension and media use; contemporary dictionary usage applies broadcast to public audio/video dissemination over networked media.", "sourceId": "batch06-etymonline-broadcast", "locator": "broadcast — Etymology · etymology and sense history", "passageIds": [ "broadcast-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The digital application is a modern usage extension, not a date claimed by the historical etymology entry." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "broadcast-english-digital-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies the reference coordinates for English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates, not a word origin, borrowing site, historical territory or population distribution." }, "inference": "Use this point only to orient English reference region / Britain; no historical movement is inferred." } ], "limitations": "The agricultural scattering sense, radio/television use and contemporary digital dissemination are kept as separate semantic contexts. The source does not make digital broadcasting an early sense of the compound." }, { "id": "hurricane", "word": "hurricane", "language": "English", "sense": "The hurricane storm", "senses": [ { "id": "hurricane-storm-sense", "label": "The hurricane storm", "definition": "A violent tropical cyclone or severe storm.", "stageId": "hurricane-english", "claimIds": [ "hurricane-english" ] } ], "defaultSense": "hurricane-storm-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 07", "aliases": [ "hurricane", "huracán", "furacán", "hurricano", "hurakán" ], "summary": "Hurricane preserves a Caribbean Indigenous-to-Spanish-to-English route without turning storm history into word history.", "intro": "The Indigenous source remains qualified, Spanish mediation is documented, and English chronology begins in the sixteenth century.", "claimIds": [ "hurricane-indigenous", "hurricane-spanish", "hurricane-english", "batch03-hurricane-reading", "batch03-hurricane-geography", "batch03-hurricane-scope", "batch03-hurricane-date" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "hurricane-indigenous", "narrativeOrder": [ "hurricane-indigenous", "hurricane-spanish", "hurricane-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "hurricane-indigenous", "etymologyId": "hurricane-indigenous-1", "form": "*hurakán", "language": "Arawakan (West Indies) source", "languageCode": "arw", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "hurricane-indigenous" ] }, "transliteration": "*hurakán", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A severe storm; reconstructed/qualified Caribbean source form.", "formStatus": "reconstructed", "pronunciation": { "guide": "*hurakán (reconstructed)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Conventional or scholarly reconstruction is shown as reconstruction; no exact historical sound is asserted.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-hurricane-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "West Indies / Caribbean Indigenous corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ -66, 18 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-hurricane-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "hurricane-indigenous", "batch03-hurricane-reading", "batch03-hurricane-geography", "batch03-hurricane-scope", "batch03-hurricane-date" ], "explanation": "A qualified reconstructed representation of the Caribbean source, not a securely attested quotation.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-hurricane-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-hurricane-reading", "batch03-hurricane-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-hurricane-reading", "batch03-hurricane-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-hurricane-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-hurricane-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-hurricane-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage. Contextual history is not substituted for lexical chronology.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-hurricane-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-hurricane-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-hurricane-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-hurricane-reading", "batch03-hurricane-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hurricane-indigenous", "batch03-hurricane-reading", "batch03-hurricane-geography", "batch03-hurricane-scope", "batch03-hurricane-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hurricane-indigenous", "hurricane-spanish" ] } } }, { "id": "hurricane-spanish", "etymologyId": "hurricane-spanish-1", "form": "huracán", "language": "Spanish", "languageCode": "es", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "hurricane-spanish" ] }, "transliteration": "huracán", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A violent sea storm or hurricane.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "oo-ra-KAN", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-hurricane-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1547, "end": 1547, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1547 · Spanish huracán/furacán context", "note": "The cited Spanish works are written-use contexts; not a date for the underlying Indigenous word.", "claimIds": [ "hurricane-spanish" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "West Indies / Caribbean Indigenous corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ -66, 18 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-hurricane-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "hurricane-spanish", "batch03-hurricane-reading", "batch03-hurricane-geography", "batch03-hurricane-scope", "batch03-hurricane-date" ], "explanation": "A violent sea storm or hurricane.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-hurricane-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-hurricane-reading", "batch03-hurricane-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-hurricane-reading", "batch03-hurricane-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-hurricane-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-hurricane-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-hurricane-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hurricane-spanish", "batch03-hurricane-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-hurricane-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-hurricane-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-hurricane-reading", "batch03-hurricane-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hurricane-spanish", "batch03-hurricane-reading", "batch03-hurricane-geography", "batch03-hurricane-scope", "batch03-hurricane-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hurricane-spanish", "hurricane-english" ] } } }, { "id": "hurricane-english", "etymologyId": "hurricane-english-1", "form": "hurricane", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "hurricane-english" ] }, "transliteration": "hurricane", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A violent tropical storm.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "HUR-i-kən", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-hurricane-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1550, "end": 1688, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1550s–late 17th century · English hurricane spellings", "note": "The period groups the first English record, variant spellings and later stabilization.", "claimIds": [ "hurricane-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-hurricane-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "hurricane-english", "batch03-hurricane-reading", "batch03-hurricane-geography", "batch03-hurricane-scope", "batch03-hurricane-date" ], "explanation": "A violent tropical storm.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-hurricane-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-hurricane-reading", "batch03-hurricane-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-hurricane-reading", "batch03-hurricane-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-hurricane-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-hurricane-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-hurricane-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage. Contextual history is not substituted for lexical chronology.", "claimIds": [ "hurricane-english", "batch03-hurricane-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hurricane-english" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-hurricane-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-hurricane-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-hurricane-reading", "batch03-hurricane-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hurricane-english", "batch03-hurricane-reading", "batch03-hurricane-geography", "batch03-hurricane-scope", "batch03-hurricane-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "hurricane-indigenous-spanish-borrowing", "from": "hurricane-indigenous", "to": "hurricane-spanish", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Spanish is the documented European mediation, while the exact Caribbean source form is not fixed.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "hurricane-indigenous", "hurricane-spanish" ] }, { "id": "hurricane-spanish-english-borrowing", "from": "hurricane-spanish", "to": "hurricane-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The inspected source supports this bounded relationship; the displayed edge does not imply a sound-by-sound reconstruction beyond the cited forms.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "hurricane-spanish", "hurricane-english" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "hurricane-indigenous", "text": "The entry identifies an Arawakan West Indies source but does not give a securely recoverable exact source form; the displayed form is marked reconstructed.", "sourceId": "batch07-hurricane-etymonline", "locator": "hurricane — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "hurricane-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The exact Indigenous form and language-level attribution remain unresolved; no Taíno-only parentage is asserted." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "hurricane-spanish", "text": "The entry gives Spanish huracán as the source of English hurricane and cites earlier Spanish forms including furacán.", "sourceId": "batch07-hurricane-etymonline", "locator": "hurricane — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "hurricane-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "hurricane-english", "text": "English hurricane is dated to the 1550s, with many later spellings and the modern form becoming frequent by the seventeenth century.", "sourceId": "batch07-hurricane-etymonline", "locator": "hurricane — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "hurricane-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "batch03-hurricane-reading", "text": "hurricane: inspected lexical sources support the displayed forms and conventional readings, with reconstructions kept visibly reconstructed where relevant.", "sourceId": "batch07-hurricane-etymonline", "locator": "hurricane — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "hurricane-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A modern or conventional reading is not presented as an exact historical sound; reconstructed forms remain reconstructed." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest inspected reading available for the displayed stage and keeps transliteration separate from pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch03-hurricane-geography", "text": "hurricane: the displayed map point represents a supported language, speech, community or contact region at the strongest defensible precision.", "sourceId": "batch07-hurricane-etymonline", "locator": "hurricane — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "hurricane-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The region is not a fabricated birthplace; language-reference and contact-corridor coordinates are used only for orientation." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a defensible lexical or speech region while preserving uncertainty about exact donor location." }, { "id": "batch03-hurricane-scope", "text": "hurricane: the batch keeps lexical chronology, contextual history, semantic development and competing routes distinct.", "sourceId": "batch07-hurricane-etymonline", "locator": "hurricane — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "hurricane-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Earlier reviewed ambiguity and source limits remain visible; no cultural, object, institutional or biographical date is promoted to word history." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the published journey without silently replacing a reviewed route or manufacturing a cleaner topology." }, { "id": "batch03-hurricane-date", "text": "hurricane: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a word, sense or documented use; conflicting witnesses remain recorded as conflicts.", "sourceId": "batch07-hurricane-etymonline", "locator": "hurricane — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "hurricane-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A dated witness is not treated as a coinage date, and competing dictionary dates are not silently reconciled." }, "inference": "Lexography separates lexical attestation from contextual periodization and reports bounded uncertainty." } ], "limitations": "The extinct or disputed Caribbean source cannot be assigned an exact language or birthplace beyond the inspected evidence.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 03", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "savanna", "word": "savanna", "language": "English", "sense": "The savanna plain", "senses": [ { "id": "savanna-plain-sense", "label": "The savanna plain", "definition": "A broad treeless plain or grassland.", "stageId": "savanna-english", "claimIds": [ "savanna-english" ] }, { "id": "savanna-marsh-sense", "label": "A regional marsh sense", "definition": "A regional English use for low-lying marshy ground.", "stageId": "savanna-english", "claimIds": [ "savanna-english" ] } ], "defaultSense": "savanna-plain-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 07", "aliases": [ "savanna", "savannah", "zabana", "sabana", "zavana" ], "summary": "Savanna travels from Taíno/Arawakan zabana through Spanish sabana into English, where regional landscape senses broaden.", "intro": "Savanna travels from Taíno/Arawakan zabana through Spanish sabana into English, where regional landscape senses broaden.", "claimIds": [ "savanna-taino", "savanna-spanish", "savanna-english" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "savanna-taino", "narrativeOrder": [ "savanna-taino", "savanna-spanish", "savanna-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "savanna-taino", "etymologyId": "savanna-taino-1", "form": "zabana", "language": "Taíno / Arawakan", "languageCode": "tnq", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "savanna-taino" ] }, "transliteration": "zabana", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A treeless plain.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a form or transliteration, not a verified historical pronunciation. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical source; no origin site is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "savanna-taino" ], "explanation": "A treeless plain." }, { "id": "savanna-spanish", "etymologyId": "savanna-spanish-1", "form": "sabana", "language": "Spanish", "languageCode": "es", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "savanna-spanish" ] }, "transliteration": "sabana", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A treeless plain.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a form or transliteration, not a verified historical pronunciation. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1535, "end": 1535, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1535 · Spanish zabana/sabana context", "note": "Reported first-use context; not necessarily the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "savanna-spanish" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical source; no origin site is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "savanna-spanish" ], "explanation": "A treeless plain." }, { "id": "savanna-english", "etymologyId": "savanna-english-1", "form": "savanna", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "savanna-english" ] }, "transliteration": "savanna", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A treeless plain or grassland.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a form or transliteration, not a verified historical pronunciation. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1550, "end": 1756, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1550s–18th century · English savanna senses", "note": "The period groups the first English landscape sense and later regional extensions.", "claimIds": [ "savanna-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical source; no origin site is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "savanna-english" ], "explanation": "A treeless plain or grassland." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "savanna-taino-spanish-borrowing", "from": "savanna-taino", "to": "savanna-spanish", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The inspected source supports this bounded relationship; the displayed edge does not imply a sound-by-sound reconstruction beyond the cited forms.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "savanna-taino", "savanna-spanish" ] }, { "id": "savanna-spanish-english-borrowing", "from": "savanna-spanish", "to": "savanna-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The inspected source supports this bounded relationship; the displayed edge does not imply a sound-by-sound reconstruction beyond the cited forms.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "savanna-spanish", "savanna-english" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "savanna-taino", "text": "The entry reports Taíno/Arawakan zabana “treeless plain” as the source of Spanish sabana.", "sourceId": "batch07-savanna-etymonline", "locator": "savanna — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "savanna-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source identifies a Taíno/Arawakan form; broader ecological history is not evidence for the word route." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "savanna-spanish", "text": "Spanish sabana, earlier zavana, is the reported mediator from Taíno/Arawakan zabana.", "sourceId": "batch07-savanna-etymonline", "locator": "savanna — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "savanna-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "savanna-english", "text": "English savanna/savannah is dated to the 1550s; later U.S. use includes marshy ground and savanna-grass.", "sourceId": "batch07-savanna-etymonline", "locator": "savanna — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "savanna-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." } ], "limitations": "The lexical route is separated from the ecology and geography of savannas. The English spelling and regional marsh/grass senses are recorded as word history, not environmental proof." }, { "id": "jaguar", "word": "jaguar", "language": "English", "sense": "The jaguar cat", "senses": [ { "id": "jaguar-animal-sense", "label": "The jaguar cat", "definition": "The large spotted cat of the Americas. The referent remains substantially stable across the Tupi, Portuguese, and English lexical route, although historical Tupi forms and their exact semantic range vary.", "stageId": "jaguar-english", "claimIds": [ "jaguar-english" ] }, { "id": "jaguar-car-sense", "label": "The Jaguar marque", "definition": "The Jaguar automobile marque and its vehicles. This is a later English reuse of the animal name for branding, not a change in what the Indigenous or Portuguese animal word originally denoted.", "stageId": "jaguar-automobile", "claimIds": [ "jaguar-automobile" ] } ], "defaultSense": "jaguar-animal-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 07", "aliases": [ "jaguar", "jaguara", "jaguaré" ], "summary": "Jaguar carries an Indigenous South American animal name through Portuguese into English with the animal referent largely stable. English later reuses that name for an automobile marque, a distinct naming event.", "intro": "A Tupi form recorded as jaguara names a large carnivore; Portuguese jaguar mediates the word into English, where the animal sense is recorded around 1600. Centuries later, Jaguar becomes an automobile name within English. That branding reuse depends on the established animal word but is not another donor-language stage.", "claimIds": [ "jaguar-tupi", "jaguar-portuguese", "jaguar-english", "jaguar-automobile", "batch04-jaguar-reading", "batch04-jaguar-geography", "batch04-jaguar-date", "batch04-jaguar-scope", "batch04-jaguar-relations" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "jaguar-tupi", "narrativeOrder": [ "jaguar-tupi", "jaguar-portuguese", "jaguar-english", "jaguar-automobile" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "jaguar-tupi", "etymologyId": "jaguar-tupi-1", "form": "jaguara", "language": "Tupi", "languageCode": "tup", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "jaguar-tupi" ] }, "transliteration": "jaguara", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A large carnivorous animal; source of the jaguar name.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ya-gwa-RA (Tupi conventional)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Tupi / Brazil to Portuguese and European lexical corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ -47, -15 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "jaguar-tupi", "batch04-jaguar-reading", "batch04-jaguar-geography", "batch04-jaguar-date", "batch04-jaguar-scope" ], "explanation": "The Indigenous source is represented by Tupi jaguara for a large carnivore. Historical form variants and exact semantic range remain qualified rather than narrowed to an unsupported internal analysis.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-reading", "batch04-jaguar-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-reading", "batch04-jaguar-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for jaguara does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-reading", "batch04-jaguar-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "jaguar-tupi", "batch04-jaguar-reading", "batch04-jaguar-geography", "batch04-jaguar-date", "batch04-jaguar-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "jaguar-tupi", "jaguar-portuguese", "batch04-jaguar-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "jaguar-portuguese", "etymologyId": "jaguar-portuguese-1", "form": "jaguar", "language": "Portuguese", "languageCode": "pt", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "jaguar-portuguese" ] }, "transliteration": "jaguar", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "The American spotted cat.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "zha-GWAR (Portuguese)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1600, "end": 1600, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1600 · Portuguese jaguar context", "note": "Reported first-use context; not necessarily the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "jaguar-portuguese" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Tupi / Brazil to Portuguese and European lexical corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ -8.1, 39.91 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "jaguar-portuguese", "batch04-jaguar-reading", "batch04-jaguar-geography", "batch04-jaguar-date", "batch04-jaguar-scope" ], "explanation": "Portuguese jaguar mediates the Indigenous animal name into European usage and is the reported immediate source of English jaguar.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-reading", "batch04-jaguar-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-reading", "batch04-jaguar-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "jaguar-portuguese", "batch04-jaguar-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-reading", "batch04-jaguar-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "jaguar-portuguese", "batch04-jaguar-reading", "batch04-jaguar-geography", "batch04-jaguar-date", "batch04-jaguar-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "jaguar-portuguese", "jaguar-english", "batch04-jaguar-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "jaguar-english", "etymologyId": "jaguar-english-1", "form": "jaguar", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "jaguar-english" ] }, "transliteration": "jaguar", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "The large spotted American cat.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ZHA-gwar", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1600, "end": 1600, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1600 · English jaguar animal sense", "note": "Bounded lexical context; not a precise first use or transfer date.", "claimIds": [ "jaguar-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "jaguar-english", "batch04-jaguar-reading", "batch04-jaguar-geography", "batch04-jaguar-date", "batch04-jaguar-scope" ], "explanation": "English jaguar is recorded around 1600 for the American cat. The animal referent remains stable through the borrowing, even though the form passed through Portuguese.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-reading", "batch04-jaguar-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-reading", "batch04-jaguar-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for jaguar does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "jaguar-english", "batch04-jaguar-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "jaguar-english" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-reading", "batch04-jaguar-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "jaguar-english", "batch04-jaguar-reading", "batch04-jaguar-geography", "batch04-jaguar-date", "batch04-jaguar-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "jaguar-english", "jaguar-automobile", "batch04-jaguar-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "jaguar-automobile", "etymologyId": "jaguar-automobile-1", "form": "Jaguar", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "proper noun", "claimIds": [ "jaguar-automobile" ] }, "transliteration": "Jaguar", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A British automobile marque/name.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "JAG-yoo-ar / JAG-wahr", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1935, "end": 1935, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1935 · automobile naming sense", "note": "Reported first-use context; not necessarily the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "jaguar-automobile" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "jaguar-automobile", "batch04-jaguar-reading", "batch04-jaguar-geography", "batch04-jaguar-date", "batch04-jaguar-scope" ], "explanation": "Jaguar is later reused in English as an automobile name. This branding event creates a new named referent while leaving the animal word and its ancestry intact.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-reading", "batch04-jaguar-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-reading", "batch04-jaguar-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "jaguar-automobile", "batch04-jaguar-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-reading", "batch04-jaguar-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "jaguar-automobile", "batch04-jaguar-reading", "batch04-jaguar-geography", "batch04-jaguar-date", "batch04-jaguar-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "jaguar-tupi-portuguese-borrowing", "from": "jaguar-tupi", "to": "jaguar-portuguese", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Portuguese borrows an Indigenous Tupi animal name represented as jaguara. European mediation is documented, while historical variation in the Tupi form and semantic range remains visible.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The large-carnivore referent is broadly continuous, but that continuity does not justify a more exact reconstruction of the donor form.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "jaguar-tupi", "jaguar-portuguese", "batch04-jaguar-relations" ] }, { "id": "jaguar-portuguese-english-borrowing", "from": "jaguar-portuguese", "to": "jaguar-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English jaguar comes through Portuguese jaguar. The Portuguese stage explains the colonial/contact transmission corridor without replacing the Indigenous lexical source.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The animal referent remains substantially stable across the borrowing; no independent semantic rupture is established at transfer.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "jaguar-portuguese", "jaguar-english", "batch04-jaguar-relations" ] }, { "id": "jaguar-english-automobile-semantic-change", "from": "jaguar-english", "to": "jaguar-automobile", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English later reuses the animal name for the Jaguar automobile marque. This is an English naming event, not a new Tupi or Portuguese transmission stage.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "Brand naming transfers the established animal word to an automobile referent by evocative reuse; the older animal sense continues separately.", "added": [ "automobile name" ], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [ "jaguar-english", "jaguar-automobile" ], "context": { "stageId": "jaguar-automobile", "label": "A later name, not a later ancestor", "summary": [ "Stable animal borrowing", "Portuguese mediation", "Distinct automobile naming event" ], "explanation": "The automobile context helps only by showing how an established animal name acquires a new branded referent. It does not alter the donor route of the animal word.", "claimIds": [ "jaguar-english", "jaguar-automobile", "batch04-jaguar-scope" ] } }, "claimIds": [ "jaguar-english", "jaguar-automobile", "batch04-jaguar-relations" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "jaguar-tupi", "text": "The entry gives Tupi jaguara as the source of Portuguese jaguar and describes it as a term for a large carnivore.", "sourceId": "batch07-jaguar-etymonline", "locator": "jaguar — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "jaguar-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Tupi source attribution is retained without assigning a narrower language or reconstructing an unsupported internal analysis." }, "inference": "The retained sources agree on an Indigenous Tupi source for a large carnivore while preserving uncertainty about narrower form history and semantic range." }, { "id": "jaguar-portuguese", "text": "Portuguese jaguar is the reported immediate source of English jaguar.", "sourceId": "batch07-jaguar-etymonline", "locator": "jaguar — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "jaguar-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Portuguese is retained as the immediate European mediator into English; this does not displace the Tupi source or manufacture a more specific Indigenous donor variety." }, { "id": "jaguar-english", "text": "English jaguar is dated to about 1600 for the animal sense.", "sourceId": "batch07-jaguar-etymonline", "locator": "jaguar — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "jaguar-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "jaguar-automobile", "text": "The entry records a later automobile use and the shortening Jag; this is a later English naming development, not a transmission stage.", "sourceId": "batch07-jaguar-etymonline", "locator": "jaguar — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "jaguar-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "The automobile record supports a later English reuse of the animal name and is kept separate from the historical borrowing chain." }, { "id": "batch04-jaguar-reading", "text": "jaguar: an inspected specialist, institutional or national-language source supports the displayed forms and the selected conventional readings; reconstructed or historical readings remain explicitly qualified.", "sourceId": "batch04-jaguar-cnrtl", "locator": "etymology and history sections; dated forms and Tupi discussion", "passageIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-cnrtl-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A conventional reading is not presented as an exact recording of every historical speaker; transliteration remains distinct from pronunciation." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest recoverable reading for each displayed stage without projecting a modern pronunciation backward." }, { "id": "batch04-jaguar-geography", "text": "jaguar: the map point is a supported language, speech-community or documented contact-corridor reference, not a precise lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch04-jaguar-cnrtl", "locator": "etymology and history sections; dated forms and Tupi discussion", "passageIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-cnrtl-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Reference coordinates orient the language or contact corridor and do not assert a territorial boundary, donor village or origin site." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the strongest defensible regional precision available in the inspected evidence." }, { "id": "batch04-jaguar-date", "text": "jaguar: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a form or sense; contextual object, cultural, institutional and biographical dates are not substituted for word chronology.", "sourceId": "batch04-jaguar-cnrtl", "locator": "etymology and history sections; dated forms and Tupi discussion", "passageIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-cnrtl-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Undated reconstructed or historical stages remain researched unresolved rather than receiving an invented date." }, "inference": "Lexography distinguishes attestation, documented use, sense attestation, bounded lexical periods and context." }, { "id": "batch04-jaguar-scope", "text": "jaguar: the route preserves competing analyses, qualified edges and semantic distinctions required by the inspected evidence.", "sourceId": "batch04-jaguar-cnrtl", "locator": "etymology and history sections; dated forms and Tupi discussion", "passageIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-cnrtl-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Tupi forms and their exact semantic range are historically variable; the automobile name is a separate naming event, not a new donor language." }, "inference": "The narrative and topology are editorial representations of the evidence graph, not proof that every adjacent form is a direct parent." }, { "id": "batch04-jaguar-relations", "text": "jaguar: adjacent relations are retained with their existing type and certainty unless the inspected evidence requires a qualified or parallel reading.", "sourceId": "batch04-jaguar-cnrtl", "locator": "etymology and history sections; dated forms and Tupi discussion", "passageIds": [ "batch04-jaguar-cnrtl-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A displayed tree edge does not erase non-tree alternatives or convert cognacy, influence or comparison into direct borrowing." }, "inference": "Lexography preserves the current topology and records the evidence limits alongside each relation." } ], "limitations": "Tupi forms and their exact semantic range are historically variable; the automobile name is a separate naming event, not a new donor language.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Corpus One — Encyclopedic Enrichment Standard", "standardVersion": "2.0", "completedAt": "2026-09-21" } }, { "id": "cashew", "word": "cashew", "language": "English", "sense": "The cashew tree", "senses": [ { "id": "cashew-tree-sense", "label": "The cashew tree", "definition": "The tree that produces cashew nuts.", "stageId": "cashew-english", "claimIds": [ "cashew-english" ] }, { "id": "cashew-nut-sense", "label": "The cashew nut", "definition": "The edible nut of the cashew tree.", "stageId": "cashew-english", "claimIds": [ "cashew-english" ] } ], "defaultSense": "cashew-tree-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 07", "aliases": [ "cashew", "cachou", "acajou", "acajú", "acajuba" ], "summary": "Cashew foregrounds a Tupi plant name and Portuguese/French mediation without turning botanical diffusion into lexical ancestry.", "intro": "The journey uses the historical Tupi-to-Portuguese route and keeps French and English forms as later contact stages.", "claimIds": [ "cashew-tupi", "cashew-portuguese", "cashew-french", "cashew-english", "batch04-cashew-reading", "batch04-cashew-geography", "batch04-cashew-date", "batch04-cashew-scope", "batch04-cashew-relations" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "cashew-tupi", "narrativeOrder": [ "cashew-tupi", "cashew-portuguese", "cashew-french", "cashew-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "cashew-tupi", "etymologyId": "cashew-tupi-1", "form": "acajuba", "language": "Tupi", "languageCode": "tup", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "cashew-tupi" ] }, "transliteration": "acajuba", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "The cashew tree.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "a-ka-YU-ba (Old Tupi, conventional)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Tupi / eastern Brazil to Portuguese Atlantic contact corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ -47, -15 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "cashew-tupi", "batch04-cashew-reading", "batch04-cashew-geography", "batch04-cashew-date", "batch04-cashew-scope" ], "explanation": "The cashew tree.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-reading", "batch04-cashew-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-reading", "batch04-cashew-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for acajuba does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-reading", "batch04-cashew-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cashew-tupi", "batch04-cashew-reading", "batch04-cashew-geography", "batch04-cashew-date", "batch04-cashew-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cashew-tupi", "cashew-portuguese", "batch04-cashew-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "cashew-portuguese", "etymologyId": "cashew-portuguese-1", "form": "acajú", "language": "Portuguese", "languageCode": "pt", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "cashew-portuguese" ] }, "transliteration": "acajú", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "The cashew tree or nut.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "a-ka-JU (Portuguese)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Tupi / eastern Brazil to Portuguese Atlantic contact corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ -8.1, 39.91 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "cashew-portuguese", "batch04-cashew-reading", "batch04-cashew-geography", "batch04-cashew-date", "batch04-cashew-scope" ], "explanation": "The cashew tree or nut.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-reading", "batch04-cashew-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-reading", "batch04-cashew-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for acajú does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-reading", "batch04-cashew-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cashew-portuguese", "batch04-cashew-reading", "batch04-cashew-geography", "batch04-cashew-date", "batch04-cashew-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cashew-portuguese", "cashew-french", "batch04-cashew-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "cashew-french", "etymologyId": "cashew-french-1", "form": "acajou", "language": "French", "languageCode": "fr", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "cashew-french" ] }, "transliteration": "acajou", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "The cashew tree or nut.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "a-ka-ZHU (French)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1703, "end": 1703, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1703 · French acajou / English shortening context", "note": "Reported first-use context; not necessarily the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "cashew-french" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Tupi / eastern Brazil to Portuguese Atlantic contact corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 2, 48.8 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "cashew-french", "batch04-cashew-reading", "batch04-cashew-geography", "batch04-cashew-date", "batch04-cashew-scope" ], "explanation": "The cashew tree or nut.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-reading", "batch04-cashew-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-reading", "batch04-cashew-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cashew-french", "batch04-cashew-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-reading", "batch04-cashew-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cashew-french", "batch04-cashew-reading", "batch04-cashew-geography", "batch04-cashew-date", "batch04-cashew-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cashew-french", "cashew-english", "batch04-cashew-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "cashew-english", "etymologyId": "cashew-english-1", "form": "cashew", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "cashew-english" ] }, "transliteration": "cashew", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "The cashew tree or edible nut.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KASH-oo", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1703, "end": 1703, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1703 · English cashew", "note": "Reported first-use context; not necessarily the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "cashew-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "cashew-english", "batch04-cashew-reading", "batch04-cashew-geography", "batch04-cashew-date", "batch04-cashew-scope" ], "explanation": "The cashew tree or edible nut.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-reading", "batch04-cashew-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-reading", "batch04-cashew-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cashew-english", "batch04-cashew-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-cashew-reading", "batch04-cashew-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cashew-english", "batch04-cashew-reading", "batch04-cashew-geography", "batch04-cashew-date", "batch04-cashew-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "cashew-tupi-portuguese-borrowing", "from": "cashew-tupi", "to": "cashew-portuguese", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The inspected source supports this bounded relationship; the displayed edge does not imply a sound-by-sound reconstruction beyond the cited forms.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "cashew-tupi", "cashew-portuguese", "batch04-cashew-relations" ] }, { "id": "cashew-portuguese-french-borrowing", "from": "cashew-portuguese", "to": "cashew-french", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The inspected source supports this bounded relationship; the displayed edge does not imply a sound-by-sound reconstruction beyond the cited forms.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "cashew-portuguese", "cashew-french", "batch04-cashew-relations" ] }, { "id": "cashew-french-english-derivation", "from": "cashew-french", "to": "cashew-english", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The inspected source supports this bounded relationship; the displayed edge does not imply a sound-by-sound reconstruction beyond the cited forms.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "cashew-french", "cashew-english", "batch04-cashew-relations" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "cashew-tupi", "text": "The entry gives Tupi acajuba as the name of the tree producing the cashew nut.", "sourceId": "batch07-cashew-etymonline", "locator": "cashew — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "cashew-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The word is represented as the reported Tupi source; no botanical distribution is inferred." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "cashew-portuguese", "text": "Portuguese acajú is the reported intermediary between Tupi acajuba and French acajou.", "sourceId": "batch07-cashew-etymonline", "locator": "cashew — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "cashew-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "cashew-french", "text": "French acajou is the source of the shortened English form.", "sourceId": "batch07-cashew-etymonline", "locator": "cashew — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "cashew-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "cashew-english", "text": "English cashew is dated to 1703 and is described as a shortening of French acajou.", "sourceId": "batch07-cashew-etymonline", "locator": "cashew — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "cashew-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "batch04-cashew-reading", "text": "cashew: an inspected specialist, institutional or national-language source supports the displayed forms and the selected conventional readings; reconstructed or historical readings remain explicitly qualified.", "sourceId": "batch04-cashew-museu", "locator": "bibliographic description; historical Tupi lexicography and dating scope", "passageIds": [ "batch04-cashew-museu-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A conventional reading is not presented as an exact recording of every historical speaker; transliteration remains distinct from pronunciation." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest recoverable reading for each displayed stage without projecting a modern pronunciation backward." }, { "id": "batch04-cashew-geography", "text": "cashew: the map point is a supported language, speech-community or documented contact-corridor reference, not a precise lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch04-cashew-museu", "locator": "bibliographic description; historical Tupi lexicography and dating scope", "passageIds": [ "batch04-cashew-museu-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Reference coordinates orient the language or contact corridor and do not assert a territorial boundary, donor village or origin site." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the strongest defensible regional precision available in the inspected evidence." }, { "id": "batch04-cashew-date", "text": "cashew: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a form or sense; contextual object, cultural, institutional and biographical dates are not substituted for word chronology.", "sourceId": "batch04-cashew-museu", "locator": "bibliographic description; historical Tupi lexicography and dating scope", "passageIds": [ "batch04-cashew-museu-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Undated reconstructed or historical stages remain researched unresolved rather than receiving an invented date." }, "inference": "Lexography distinguishes attestation, documented use, sense attestation, bounded lexical periods and context." }, { "id": "batch04-cashew-scope", "text": "cashew: the route preserves competing analyses, qualified edges and semantic distinctions required by the inspected evidence.", "sourceId": "batch04-cashew-museu", "locator": "bibliographic description; historical Tupi lexicography and dating scope", "passageIds": [ "batch04-cashew-museu-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source family supports a Tupi lexical corridor, but the exact donor dialect and every transfer date remain bounded; plant dispersal is contextual." }, "inference": "The narrative and topology are editorial representations of the evidence graph, not proof that every adjacent form is a direct parent." }, { "id": "batch04-cashew-relations", "text": "cashew: adjacent relations are retained with their existing type and certainty unless the inspected evidence requires a qualified or parallel reading.", "sourceId": "batch04-cashew-museu", "locator": "bibliographic description; historical Tupi lexicography and dating scope", "passageIds": [ "batch04-cashew-museu-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A displayed tree edge does not erase non-tree alternatives or convert cognacy, influence or comparison into direct borrowing." }, "inference": "Lexography preserves the current topology and records the evidence limits alongside each relation." } ], "limitations": "The source family supports a Tupi lexical corridor, but the exact donor dialect and every transfer date remain bounded; plant dispersal is contextual.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 04", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "okra", "word": "okra", "language": "English", "sense": "The okra plant and pod", "senses": [ { "id": "okra-vegetable-sense", "label": "The okra plant and pod", "definition": "A plant cultivated for its edible ridged pods.", "stageId": "okra-english", "claimIds": [ "okra-english" ] } ], "defaultSense": "okra-vegetable-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 07", "aliases": [ "okra", "nkruma", "ochra" ], "summary": "Okra enters English from a West African source, with Akan nkruma offered as a comparison rather than a forced donor.", "intro": "Okra enters English from a West African source, with Akan nkruma offered as a comparison rather than a forced donor.", "claimIds": [ "okra-west-african", "okra-english", "okra-english-variant" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "okra-west-african", "narrativeOrder": [ "okra-west-african", "okra-english", "okra-english-variant" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "okra-west-african", "etymologyId": "okra-west-african-1", "form": "nkruma", "language": "West African source/comparison", "languageCode": "und", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "okra-west-african" ] }, "transliteration": "nkruma", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Okra; a comparison form in a West African language.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The bounded sources did not supply a defensible reading for this historical or disputed form; no pronunciation is invented.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Research unresolved", "qualifier": "The inspected evidence does not identify a defensible language or lexical location; no origin point is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "okra-west-african" ], "explanation": "Okra; a comparison form in a West African language.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "okra-west-african" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "okra-west-african" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "okra-west-african" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "okra-west-african" ], "label": "Historical reading not established", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for nkruma (West African source/comparison) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A transliteration or modern form is not presented as a historical pronunciation." }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "okra-west-african" ], "label": "No secure word-specific lexical date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for nkruma (West African source/comparison) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "okra-west-african" ], "label": "Lexical location remains unresolved", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for nkruma (West African source/comparison) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. The available language evidence does not license a precise lexical birthplace or reference point." }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "okra-west-african" ], "label": "Geographic evidence type remains unresolved", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for nkruma (West African source/comparison) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. The source record does not identify a defensible attestation or contact location." }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "okra-west-african" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "okra-west-african" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "okra-west-african", "okra-english" ] } } }, { "id": "okra-english", "etymologyId": "okra-english-1", "form": "okra", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "okra-english" ] }, "transliteration": "okra", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "The edible pod-bearing plant.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "OH-kruh", "ipa": "/ˈoʊkrə/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "okra-english-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1670, "end": 1670, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1670 · English okra", "note": "Reported first-use context; not necessarily the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "okra-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "okra-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "okra-english", "okra-english-region", "okra-english-reading" ], "explanation": "The edible pod-bearing plant.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "okra-english" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "okra-english" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "okra-english" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "okra-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "okra-english" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "okra-english-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "okra-english-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "okra-english" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "okra-english", "okra-english-region", "okra-english-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "okra-english" ], "label": "Adjacent relation needs stronger evidence", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for okra (English) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. The current narrative adjacency has no directly evidenced edge, so no stronger relation is asserted." } } }, { "id": "okra-english-variant", "etymologyId": "okra-english-variant-1", "form": "ochra", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "okra-english-variant" ] }, "transliteration": "ochra", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "An early English spelling/variant of okra.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "OH-kruh", "ipa": "/ˈoʊkrə/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "okra-english-variant-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "okra-english-variant-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "okra-english-variant", "okra-english-variant-region", "okra-english-variant-reading" ], "explanation": "An early English spelling/variant of okra.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "okra-english-variant" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "okra-english-variant" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "okra-english-variant" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "okra-english-variant-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "okra-english-variant" ], "label": "No secure word-specific lexical date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for ochra (English) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "okra-english-variant-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "okra-english-variant-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "okra-english-variant" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "okra-english-variant", "okra-english-variant-region", "okra-english-variant-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "okra-west-african-english-borrowing", "from": "okra-west-african", "to": "okra-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The inspected source supports this bounded relationship; the displayed edge does not imply a sound-by-sound reconstruction beyond the cited forms.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "okra-west-african", "okra-english" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "okra-west-african", "text": "The entry gives a West African source and compares Akan nkruma “okra.”", "sourceId": "batch07-okra-etymonline", "locator": "okra — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "okra-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Akan is retained as a comparison, not promoted to the certain immediate donor language." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "okra-english", "text": "English okra is dated to the 1670s as a word for the vegetable cultivated in the East and West Indies and the southern United States.", "sourceId": "batch07-okra-etymonline", "locator": "okra — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "okra-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "okra-english-variant", "text": "The source’s English entry is preserved with variant spellings only as lexical context; no independent source language is inferred.", "sourceId": "batch07-okra-etymonline", "locator": "okra — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "okra-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "okra-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for English / Britain.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "okra-english-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for okra.", "sourceId": "batch07-okra-etymonline", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for okra", "passageIds": [ "batch05-okra-english-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "okra-english-variant-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for English / Britain.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "okra-english-variant-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for ochra.", "sourceId": "batch07-okra-etymonline", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for ochra", "passageIds": [ "batch05-okra-english-variant-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." } ], "limitations": "The inspected lexical source does not establish a precise source language. Botanical and Atlantic-world histories are outside the lexical evidence.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Lexography enrichment completeness", "standardVersion": "1.0", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "zombie", "word": "zombie", "language": "English", "sense": "The zombie spirit", "senses": [ { "id": "zombie-spirit-sense", "label": "The zombie spirit", "definition": "A spirit or dead person in the older English sense.", "stageId": "zombie-english", "claimIds": [ "zombie-english" ] }, { "id": "zombie-corpse-sense", "label": "The reanimated corpse", "definition": "A corpse imagined as returned to activity or life.", "stageId": "zombie-reanimated", "claimIds": [ "zombie-reanimated" ] } ], "defaultSense": "zombie-spirit-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 07", "aliases": [ "zombie", "zombi", "jumbie", "zumbi", "djumbi", "nzambi" ], "summary": "Zombie separates African comparison forms, the 1697 French Caribbean zombi record, qualified Creole mediation into English, and the 1928 reanimated-human sense.", "intro": "Kikongo zumbi, Kimbundu nzúmbe, nzambi title/deity comparisons and Caribbean zombi remain distinct; the evidence supports a creolized field, not one proven etymon.", "claimIds": [ "zombie-kikongo", "zombie-caribbean", "zombie-english", "zombie-reanimated", "zombie-kimbundu", "batch03-zombie-reading", "batch03-zombie-geography", "batch03-zombie-scope", "batch03-zombie-date", "hard7-zombie-caribbean-chronology", "hard7-zombie-african-plurality", "hard7-zombie-english-route", "hard7-zombie-kimbundu-distinction", "hard7-zombie-reanimated-date" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "zombie-kikongo", "narrativeOrder": [ "zombie-kikongo", "zombie-caribbean", "zombie-english", "zombie-reanimated", "zombie-kimbundu" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "zombie-kikongo", "etymologyId": "zombie-kikongo-1", "form": "zumbi", "language": "Kikongo comparison", "languageCode": "kik", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "zombie-kikongo" ] }, "transliteration": "zumbi", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A fetish or spirit-related form compared with English zombi.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ZUM-bi (comparison)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Conventional or scholarly reconstruction is shown as reconstruction; no exact historical sound is asserted.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Central/West African comparison and Caribbean creole corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ -72, 18 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "zombie-kikongo", "batch03-zombie-reading", "batch03-zombie-geography", "batch03-zombie-scope", "batch03-zombie-date", "hard7-zombie-african-plurality" ], "explanation": "Kikongo zumbi is one African comparison in the literature, not a demonstrated single donor to Caribbean zombi.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading", "batch03-zombie-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading", "batch03-zombie-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "zombie-kikongo", "hard7-zombie-african-plurality" ], "label": "Kikongo comparison undated", "note": "The inspected university-press synthesis and retained lexical account discuss Kikongo comparison forms but do not supply a dated lexical witness for zumbi in the claimed sense." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading", "batch03-zombie-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "zombie-kikongo", "batch03-zombie-reading", "batch03-zombie-geography", "batch03-zombie-scope", "batch03-zombie-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "zombie-kikongo", "zombie-caribbean" ] } } }, { "id": "zombie-caribbean", "etymologyId": "zombie-caribbean-1", "form": "zombi", "language": "French Caribbean Creole context", "languageCode": "fr", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "zombie-caribbean" ] }, "transliteration": "zombi", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A spirit or revenant in the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century French Caribbean record.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ZOM-bi", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1697, "end": 1697, "approximate": false, "label": "1697 · French Caribbean zombi", "note": "Dates Blessebois’s Guadeloupe publication, not the origin of the word or the later Haitian corpse-worker sense.", "claimIds": [ "hard7-zombie-caribbean-chronology" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "zombie-caribbean", "batch03-zombie-reading", "batch03-zombie-geography", "batch03-zombie-scope", "batch03-zombie-date", "hard7-zombie-caribbean-chronology", "hard7-zombie-african-plurality" ], "explanation": "The earliest inspected printed zombi is Guadeloupean (1697); later Saint-Domingue evidence is separately Haitian/Caribbean and does not prove one African donor.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading", "batch03-zombie-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading", "batch03-zombie-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hard7-zombie-caribbean-chronology" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading", "batch03-zombie-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "zombie-caribbean", "batch03-zombie-reading", "batch03-zombie-geography", "batch03-zombie-scope", "batch03-zombie-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "zombie-caribbean", "zombie-english" ] } } }, { "id": "zombie-english", "etymologyId": "zombie-english-1", "form": "zombie", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "zombie-english" ] }, "transliteration": "zombie", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A zombie; a spirit or reanimated dead person.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ZOM-bi", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "zombie-english", "batch03-zombie-reading", "batch03-zombie-geography", "batch03-zombie-scope", "batch03-zombie-date", "hard7-zombie-english-route" ], "explanation": "A zombie; a spirit or reanimated dead person.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading", "batch03-zombie-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading", "batch03-zombie-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "zombie-english", "hard7-zombie-english-route", "hard7-zombie-caribbean-chronology" ], "label": "Early English spirit sense undated", "note": "The specialist Caribbean history dates French/Creole zombi and Merriam-Webster dates the later reanimated English sense, but neither supplies an inspected early English witness for the separate spirit-stage node." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading", "batch03-zombie-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "zombie-english", "batch03-zombie-reading", "batch03-zombie-geography", "batch03-zombie-scope", "batch03-zombie-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "zombie-english", "zombie-reanimated" ] } } }, { "id": "zombie-reanimated", "etymologyId": "zombie-reanimated-1", "form": "zombie", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "zombie-reanimated" ] }, "transliteration": "zombie", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A reanimated corpse in modern popular usage.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ZOM-bi", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1928, "end": 1928, "approximate": false, "label": "1928 · English reanimated-human sense", "note": "Merriam-Webster’s first-known-use date for the will-less reanimated-human sense; Etymonline’s retained account reports 1929.", "claimIds": [ "hard7-zombie-reanimated-date" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "zombie-reanimated", "batch03-zombie-reading", "batch03-zombie-geography", "batch03-zombie-scope", "batch03-zombie-date", "hard7-zombie-reanimated-date" ], "explanation": "A reanimated corpse in modern popular usage.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading", "batch03-zombie-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading", "batch03-zombie-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hard7-zombie-reanimated-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading", "batch03-zombie-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "zombie-reanimated", "batch03-zombie-reading", "batch03-zombie-geography", "batch03-zombie-scope", "batch03-zombie-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } }, { "id": "zombie-kimbundu", "etymologyId": "zombie-kimbundu-1", "form": "nzambi", "language": "Kimbundu / Afro-Brazilian comparison", "languageCode": "kmb", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "zombie-kimbundu" ] }, "transliteration": "nzambi", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A distinct deity/title comparison reported in an Afro-Brazilian context.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "NZAM-bi", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Central/West African comparison and Caribbean creole corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ -72, 18 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "zombie-kimbundu", "batch03-zombie-reading", "batch03-zombie-geography", "batch03-zombie-scope", "batch03-zombie-date", "hard7-zombie-kimbundu-distinction", "hard7-zombie-african-plurality" ], "explanation": "This nzambi comparison is kept separate from Kikongo zumbi and from Merriam-Webster’s Kimbundu nzúmbe ‘ghost’; none is collapsed into the Caribbean etymon.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading", "batch03-zombie-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading", "batch03-zombie-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "zombie-kimbundu", "hard7-zombie-kimbundu-distinction" ], "label": "African comparison forms not co-dated", "note": "The retained account dates an Afro-Brazilian Zumbi title to 1819 but not the displayed African nzambi form, while the stronger dictionary names a different Kimbundu comparison, nzúmbe." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-zombie-reading", "batch03-zombie-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "zombie-kimbundu", "batch03-zombie-reading", "batch03-zombie-geography", "batch03-zombie-scope", "batch03-zombie-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "zombie-kikongo-caribbean-influence", "from": "zombie-kikongo", "to": "zombie-caribbean", "type": "influence", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "Kikongo is one comparison within a multivalent African-Caribbean history, not a demonstrated direct donor.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "zombie-kikongo", "zombie-caribbean", "hard7-zombie-african-plurality" ] }, { "id": "zombie-caribbean-english-borrowing", "from": "zombie-caribbean", "to": "zombie-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "English adoption is mediated through Caribbean Creole usage; the inspected sources do not isolate Haitian versus Louisiana Creole as the unique immediate channel.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "zombie-caribbean", "zombie-english", "hard7-zombie-english-route", "hard7-zombie-caribbean-chronology" ] }, { "id": "zombie-english-reanimated-semantic-change", "from": "zombie-english", "to": "zombie-reanimated", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The semantic chronology is separate from the history of Haitian religion and later popular culture.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "narrowed", "explanation": "A broad spirit/dead-person sense becomes a specifically reanimated-corpse sense in later English.", "added": [ "reanimated corpse" ], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [ "zombie-english", "zombie-reanimated" ] }, "claimIds": [ "zombie-english", "zombie-reanimated", "hard7-zombie-reanimated-date", "hard7-zombie-english-route" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "zombie-kikongo", "text": "The entry compares Kikongo zumbi “fetish” as one proposed West African source.", "sourceId": "batch07-zombie-etymonline", "locator": "zombie — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "zombie-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "This is a comparison, not a demonstrated direct donor or complete Atlantic transmission chain." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "zombie-caribbean", "text": "The entry records zombi/zombie from 1788 and identifies spirits of dead wicked men as the oldest English-attested sense.", "sourceId": "batch07-zombie-etymonline", "locator": "zombie — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "zombie-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The retained secondary account’s 1788 date is not used as an English first attestation; stronger scholarship establishes earlier French Caribbean zombi and distinguishes the locations and senses." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "zombie-english", "text": "English zombie preserves the early spirit sense; the reanimated-corpse sense is separately dated to 1929.", "sourceId": "batch07-zombie-etymonline", "locator": "zombie — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "zombie-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The English word is attested, but the competing African and Caribbean accounts do not establish one canonical ancestry." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "zombie-reanimated", "text": "The entry dates the reanimated-corpse sense to 1929 and attributes its introduction to William Seabrook’s account of a Haitian concept.", "sourceId": "batch07-zombie-etymonline", "locator": "zombie — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "zombie-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "zombie-kimbundu", "text": "The entry separately records a 1819 Afro-Brazilian title zombi and says it is said to come from Kimbundu nzambi “deity.”", "sourceId": "batch07-zombie-etymonline", "locator": "zombie — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "zombie-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "This account concerns a distinct title/deity context and is not merged with the main Caribbean spirit route." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "batch03-zombie-reading", "text": "zombie: inspected lexical sources support the displayed forms and conventional readings, with reconstructions kept visibly reconstructed where relevant.", "sourceId": "batch07-zombie-etymonline", "locator": "zombie — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "zombie-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A modern or conventional reading is not presented as an exact historical sound; reconstructed forms remain reconstructed." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest inspected reading available for the displayed stage and keeps transliteration separate from pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch03-zombie-geography", "text": "zombie: the displayed map point represents a supported language, speech, community or contact region at the strongest defensible precision.", "sourceId": "batch07-zombie-etymonline", "locator": "zombie — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "zombie-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The region is not a fabricated birthplace; language-reference and contact-corridor coordinates are used only for orientation." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a defensible lexical or speech region while preserving uncertainty about exact donor location." }, { "id": "batch03-zombie-scope", "text": "zombie: the batch keeps lexical chronology, contextual history, semantic development and competing routes distinct.", "sourceId": "batch07-zombie-etymonline", "locator": "zombie — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "zombie-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Earlier reviewed ambiguity and source limits remain visible; no cultural, object, institutional or biographical date is promoted to word history." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the published journey without silently replacing a reviewed route or manufacturing a cleaner topology." }, { "id": "batch03-zombie-date", "text": "zombie: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a word, sense or documented use; conflicting witnesses remain recorded as conflicts.", "sourceId": "batch07-zombie-etymonline", "locator": "zombie — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "zombie-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A dated witness is not treated as a coinage date, and competing dictionary dates are not silently reconciled." }, "inference": "Lexography separates lexical attestation from contextual periodization and reports bounded uncertainty." }, { "id": "hard7-zombie-caribbean-chronology", "text": "Specialist Caribbean history identifies a 1697 Guadeloupe publication of zombi and later Saint-Domingue/Haitian evidence, separating Caribbean chronology from English adoption.", "sourceId": "hard7-zombie-mckittrick", "locator": "chapter sections on Blessebois and Moreau de Saint-Méry", "passageIds": [ "caribbean-chronology" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The witness dates printed Caribbean use, not a single African origin or the modern reanimated-monster sense." }, "inference": "Lexography corrects the Caribbean stage to 1697 and stops labeling it as an English attestation." }, { "id": "hard7-zombie-african-plurality", "text": "Academic synthesis treats the African source question as multivalent, with several West and Central African comparison forms participating in Caribbean creolization.", "sourceId": "hard7-zombie-mckittrick", "locator": "chapter discussion of African candidate forms and creolization", "passageIds": [ "african-plurality" ], "qualification": { "status": "unresolved", "text": "No compared Kikongo, Kimbundu, Mitsogho or Fon-Ewe form is promoted as the single proved etymon." }, "inference": "Lexography keeps African candidates as comparisons or alternatives rather than a direct parent chain." }, { "id": "hard7-zombie-english-route", "text": "Merriam-Webster routes English zombie through Louisiana or Haitian Creole zonbi and identifies Bantu comparison rather than direct African-to-English borrowing.", "sourceId": "hard7-zombie-mw", "locator": "Word History > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "creole-bantu-route" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The dictionary does not resolve which Creole variety or which Bantu form was the unique transmitter." }, "inference": "Lexography retains Caribbean mediation and qualified donor alternatives." }, { "id": "hard7-zombie-kimbundu-distinction", "text": "Merriam-Webster compares Kimbundu nzúmbe ‘ghost’, a different form from the retained nzambi deity/title comparison.", "sourceId": "hard7-zombie-mw", "locator": "Word History > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "creole-bantu-route" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Related-looking forms are recorded distinctly; similarity does not establish identity or a single etymon." }, "inference": "Lexography explicitly distinguishes nzúmbe, nzambi and zumbi instead of merging their senses." }, { "id": "hard7-zombie-reanimated-date", "text": "Merriam-Webster reports 1928 for the English will-less reanimated-human sense.", "sourceId": "hard7-zombie-mw", "locator": "Word History > First Known Use; noun sense 1a", "passageIds": [ "english-reanimated-date" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The date is a first-known-use report for one English sense, not the age of Haitian beliefs or Caribbean zombi." }, "inference": "Lexography uses 1928 for the reanimated English stage and records the retained 1929 account as a source conflict." } ], "limitations": "The African donor question remains materially disputed. The 1697 and later Caribbean witnesses establish chronology, while the exact Haitian/Louisiana channel into English and the early English spirit-sense date remain unresolved.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R3", "standard": "Batch 03 hard-seven targeted review", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "taboo", "word": "taboo", "language": "English", "sense": "The taboo prohibition", "senses": [ { "id": "taboo-prohibited-sense", "label": "The taboo prohibition", "definition": "A prohibition or restriction grounded in sacred or social convention.", "stageId": "taboo-english", "claimIds": [ "taboo-english" ] } ], "defaultSense": "taboo-prohibited-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 07", "aliases": [ "taboo", "tabu", "tapu", "kapu" ], "summary": "Taboo keeps a Polynesian prohibition term, Tongan evidence, and English grammatical expansion distinct.", "intro": "The route separates reconstructed Polynesian comparison, Tongan attestation, and the 1777 English record.", "claimIds": [ "taboo-proto-polynesian", "taboo-tongan", "taboo-english", "batch03-taboo-reading", "batch03-taboo-geography", "batch03-taboo-scope", "batch03-taboo-date" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "taboo-proto-polynesian", "narrativeOrder": [ "taboo-proto-polynesian", "taboo-tongan", "taboo-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "taboo-proto-polynesian", "etymologyId": "taboo-proto-polynesian-1", "form": "*tapu", "language": "Proto-Polynesian", "languageCode": "poz", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "taboo-proto-polynesian" ] }, "transliteration": "*tapu", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Sacred or forbidden; reconstructed Pacific form.", "formStatus": "reconstructed", "pronunciation": { "guide": "*TA-pu (reconstructed)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Conventional or scholarly reconstruction is shown as reconstruction; no exact historical sound is asserted.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-taboo-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Tonga / Polynesia", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 175.2, -21.2 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-taboo-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "taboo-proto-polynesian", "batch03-taboo-reading", "batch03-taboo-geography", "batch03-taboo-scope", "batch03-taboo-date" ], "explanation": "Sacred or forbidden; reconstructed Pacific form.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-taboo-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-taboo-reading", "batch03-taboo-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-taboo-reading", "batch03-taboo-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-taboo-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-taboo-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-taboo-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage. Contextual history is not substituted for lexical chronology.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-taboo-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-taboo-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-taboo-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-taboo-reading", "batch03-taboo-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "taboo-proto-polynesian", "batch03-taboo-reading", "batch03-taboo-geography", "batch03-taboo-scope", "batch03-taboo-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "taboo-proto-polynesian", "taboo-tongan" ] } } }, { "id": "taboo-tongan", "etymologyId": "taboo-tongan-1", "form": "tabu", "language": "Tongan", "languageCode": "ton", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "taboo-tongan" ] }, "transliteration": "tabu", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Sacred, inviolable or forbidden.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "TA-boo", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-taboo-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1777, "end": 1777, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1777 · Tongan tabu in Cook’s account", "note": "Reported first-use context; not necessarily the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "taboo-tongan" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Tonga / Polynesia", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 175.2, -21.2 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-taboo-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "taboo-tongan", "batch03-taboo-reading", "batch03-taboo-geography", "batch03-taboo-scope", "batch03-taboo-date" ], "explanation": "Sacred, inviolable or forbidden.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-taboo-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-taboo-reading", "batch03-taboo-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-taboo-reading", "batch03-taboo-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-taboo-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-taboo-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-taboo-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "taboo-tongan", "batch03-taboo-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-taboo-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-taboo-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-taboo-reading", "batch03-taboo-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "taboo-tongan", "batch03-taboo-reading", "batch03-taboo-geography", "batch03-taboo-scope", "batch03-taboo-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "taboo-tongan", "taboo-english" ] } } }, { "id": "taboo-english", "etymologyId": "taboo-english-1", "form": "taboo", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "taboo-english" ] }, "transliteration": "taboo", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Sacred, forbidden or prohibited.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "tə-BOO", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-taboo-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1777, "end": 1777, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1777 · English taboo", "note": "Reported first-use context; not necessarily the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "taboo-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-taboo-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "taboo-english", "batch03-taboo-reading", "batch03-taboo-geography", "batch03-taboo-scope", "batch03-taboo-date" ], "explanation": "Sacred, forbidden or prohibited.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-taboo-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-taboo-reading", "batch03-taboo-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-taboo-reading", "batch03-taboo-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-taboo-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-taboo-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-taboo-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "taboo-english", "batch03-taboo-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-taboo-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-taboo-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-taboo-reading", "batch03-taboo-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "taboo-english", "batch03-taboo-reading", "batch03-taboo-geography", "batch03-taboo-scope", "batch03-taboo-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "taboo-proto-polynesian-tongan-inheritance", "from": "taboo-proto-polynesian", "to": "taboo-tongan", "type": "inheritance", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The reconstructed Pacific form is a qualified comparative stage, not an attested parent.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "taboo-proto-polynesian", "taboo-tongan" ] }, { "id": "taboo-tongan-english-borrowing", "from": "taboo-tongan", "to": "taboo-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The inspected source supports this bounded relationship; the displayed edge does not imply a sound-by-sound reconstruction beyond the cited forms.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "taboo-tongan", "taboo-english" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "taboo-proto-polynesian", "text": "The entry reports a reconstructed Proto-Polynesian *tapu and Proto-Oceanic *tabu for “sacred, forbidden.”", "sourceId": "batch07-taboo-etymonline", "locator": "taboo — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "taboo-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a reconstruction cited as a linguistic alternative to the folk ta-bu analysis, not a directly attested word." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "taboo-tongan", "text": "The entry describes English taboo as explained in some sources from Tongan tabu and notes cognate Pacific forms.", "sourceId": "batch07-taboo-etymonline", "locator": "taboo — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "taboo-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "taboo-english", "text": "English taboo/tabu is dated to 1777 in Cook’s account; the noun and verb are described as English innovations from the borrowed adjective.", "sourceId": "batch07-taboo-etymonline", "locator": "taboo — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "taboo-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "batch03-taboo-reading", "text": "taboo: inspected lexical sources support the displayed forms and conventional readings, with reconstructions kept visibly reconstructed where relevant.", "sourceId": "batch03-mw-taboo", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "passageIds": [ "batch03-mw-taboo-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A modern or conventional reading is not presented as an exact historical sound; reconstructed forms remain reconstructed." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest inspected reading available for the displayed stage and keeps transliteration separate from pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch03-taboo-geography", "text": "taboo: the displayed map point represents a supported language, speech, community or contact region at the strongest defensible precision.", "sourceId": "batch03-mw-taboo", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "passageIds": [ "batch03-mw-taboo-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The region is not a fabricated birthplace; language-reference and contact-corridor coordinates are used only for orientation." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a defensible lexical or speech region while preserving uncertainty about exact donor location." }, { "id": "batch03-taboo-scope", "text": "taboo: the batch keeps lexical chronology, contextual history, semantic development and competing routes distinct.", "sourceId": "batch07-taboo-etymonline", "locator": "taboo — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "taboo-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Earlier reviewed ambiguity and source limits remain visible; no cultural, object, institutional or biographical date is promoted to word history." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the published journey without silently replacing a reviewed route or manufacturing a cleaner topology." }, { "id": "batch03-taboo-date", "text": "taboo: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a word, sense or documented use; conflicting witnesses remain recorded as conflicts.", "sourceId": "batch03-mw-taboo", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "passageIds": [ "batch03-mw-taboo-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A dated witness is not treated as a coinage date, and competing dictionary dates are not silently reconciled." }, "inference": "Lexography separates lexical attestation from contextual periodization and reports bounded uncertainty." } ], "limitations": "The reconstructed form is not a directly witnessed ancestor sound; Cook-era reporting dates English documentation, not the origin of the cultural practice.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R1", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 03", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "ukulele", "word": "ukulele", "language": "English", "sense": "The ukulele instrument", "senses": [ { "id": "ukulele-instrument-sense", "label": "The ukulele instrument", "definition": "A small stringed instrument associated with Hawaiʻi.", "stageId": "ukulele-english", "claimIds": [ "ukulele-english" ] } ], "defaultSense": "ukulele-instrument-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 07", "aliases": [ "ukulele", "ʻukulele", "ukelele", "uke" ], "summary": "Ukulele is the English borrowing of Hawaiian ʻukulele, with the internal 'leaping flea' analysis qualified.", "intro": "Meaning separates Hawaiian lexical history, popular explanation and the Portuguese instrument predecessor.", "claimIds": [ "ukulele-hawaiian", "ukulele-english", "batch02-ukulele-root-research", "batch02-ukulele-english-research", "batch02-ukulele-geography", "batch02-ukulele-editorial-scope" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "ukulele-hawaiian", "narrativeOrder": [ "ukulele-hawaiian", "ukulele-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "ukulele-hawaiian", "etymologyId": "ukulele-hawaiian-1", "form": "ʻukulele", "language": "Hawaiian", "languageCode": "haw", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "ukulele-hawaiian" ] }, "transliteration": "ʻukulele", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A Hawaiian word analyzed as “leaping flea”; later the instrument name.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "oo-koo-LEH-leh", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Conventional dictionary or language-entry reading; no historical sound reconstruction is asserted.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-ukulele-root-research" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Hawaiʻi / Polynesia", "qualifier": "A supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region; not a precise lexical birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -157.85, 21.3 ], "claimIds": [ "batch02-ukulele-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "ukulele-hawaiian", "batch02-ukulele-root-research", "batch02-ukulele-geography", "batch02-ukulele-editorial-scope" ], "explanation": "A Hawaiian word analyzed as “leaping flea”; later the instrument name.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch02-ukulele-root-research" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-ukulele-root-research", "batch02-ukulele-editorial-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-ukulele-root-research", "batch02-ukulele-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-ukulele-root-research" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-ukulele-root-research" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-ukulele-root-research" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed source-stage form. The map and reading are retained without manufacturing chronology.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-ukulele-root-research" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-ukulele-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-ukulele-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-ukulele-root-research", "batch02-ukulele-editorial-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "ukulele-hawaiian", "batch02-ukulele-root-research", "batch02-ukulele-geography", "batch02-ukulele-editorial-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "ukulele-hawaiian", "ukulele-english" ] } } }, { "id": "ukulele-english", "etymologyId": "ukulele-english-1", "form": "ukulele", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "ukulele-english" ] }, "transliteration": "ukulele", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A small Hawaiian stringed instrument.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "yoo-kuh-LAY-lee", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Modern dictionary reading for the English headword; it is not retrojected as a historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-ukulele-english-research" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1896, "end": 1896, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1896 · English ukulele", "note": "Reported first-use context; not necessarily the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "ukulele-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Hawaiʻi / Polynesia", "qualifier": "A supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region; not a precise lexical birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -157.85, 21.3 ], "claimIds": [ "batch02-ukulele-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "ukulele-english", "batch02-ukulele-english-research", "batch02-ukulele-geography", "batch02-ukulele-editorial-scope" ], "explanation": "A small Hawaiian stringed instrument.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch02-ukulele-english-research" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-ukulele-english-research", "batch02-ukulele-editorial-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-ukulele-english-research", "batch02-ukulele-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-ukulele-english-research" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-ukulele-english-research" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-ukulele-english-research" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "ukulele-english", "batch02-ukulele-english-research" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-ukulele-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-ukulele-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-ukulele-english-research", "batch02-ukulele-editorial-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "ukulele-english", "batch02-ukulele-english-research", "batch02-ukulele-geography", "batch02-ukulele-editorial-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "ukulele-hawaiian-english-borrowing", "from": "ukulele-hawaiian", "to": "ukulele-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The inspected source supports this bounded relationship; the displayed edge does not imply a sound-by-sound reconstruction beyond the cited forms.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "ukulele-hawaiian", "ukulele-english" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "ukulele-hawaiian", "text": "The entry gives Hawaiian ʻukulele and analyzes it as ʻuku “louse, flea” plus lele “fly, jump, leap.”", "sourceId": "batch07-ukulele-etymonline", "locator": "ukulele — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "ukulele-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The internal “leaping flea” interpretation is presented as the selected source analysis; popular explanations are not added as facts." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "ukulele-english", "text": "English ukulele is dated to 1896 from Hawaiian ʻukulele; the entry separately notes an earlier English use of the Hawaiian word for “flea.”", "sourceId": "batch07-ukulele-etymonline", "locator": "ukulele — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "ukulele-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "batch02-ukulele-root-research", "text": "ukulele: The source-language form and conventional reading are retained at the inspected dictionary scope.", "sourceId": "batch02-ukulele-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "passageIds": [ "batch02-ukulele-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The form and reading are supported at dictionary scope; the map is a language or community reference rather than a birthplace claim." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the inspected source for the displayed form and reading while preserving the limit on origin precision." }, { "id": "batch02-ukulele-english-research", "text": "ukulele: The English headword's conventional reading and selected sense are supported by the inspected dictionary entry.", "sourceId": "batch02-ukulele-english-dictionary", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "passageIds": [ "batch02-ukulele-english-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The dictionary supports the English reading and sense; lexical dating remains tied to the journey's date evidence." }, "inference": "Lexography keeps English reading and lexical chronology separate from the history of the referenced object, practice, institution or person." }, { "id": "batch02-ukulele-geography", "text": "ukulele: Hawaiʻi / Polynesia is retained as a supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region, not as a precise word birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch02-ukulele-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and language/reference scope", "passageIds": [ "batch02-ukulele-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The coordinate is an informative reference region at the strongest defensible level available for this bounded journey." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a qualified language or community reference and does not convert it into a precise origin claim." }, { "id": "batch02-ukulele-editorial-scope", "text": "ukulele: The retained route, sense boundaries and unresolved alternatives follow the existing inspected source account and the Batch 02 editorial risk note.", "sourceId": "batch07-ukulele-etymonline", "locator": "ukulele — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "ukulele-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Existing route evidence is preserved; cultural, object, institutional and biography history is not silently promoted to lexical ancestry." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the existing journey without adding an unsupported donor, route, date or semantic change." } ], "limitations": "Hawaiʻi is the language/cultural reference region; Portuguese instrument history is contextual and not an ancestor stage of the word.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 02", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "zen", "word": "zen", "language": "English", "sense": "Zen Buddhism", "senses": [ { "id": "zen-school-sense", "label": "Zen Buddhism", "definition": "A school or tradition of Mahayana Buddhism.", "stageId": "zen-english", "claimIds": [ "zen-english" ] }, { "id": "zen-adjective-sense", "label": "Zen as calm or focus", "definition": "An English adjective associated with calm, focus or a Zen-like state.", "stageId": "zen-english", "claimIds": [ "zen-english" ] } ], "defaultSense": "zen-school-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 07", "aliases": [ "zen", "禅", "禪", "chán", "dhyāna", "ध्यान" ], "summary": "Zen distinguishes Sanskrit dhyāna, Chinese Chan, Japanese Zen, and English usage while separating phonological transmission from the wider spread of Buddhism.", "intro": "The route follows a language-mediated Buddhist term through Chinese and Japanese readings before English adoption.", "claimIds": [ "zen-sanskrit", "zen-chinese", "zen-japanese", "zen-english", "batch04-zen-reading", "batch04-zen-geography", "batch04-zen-date", "batch04-zen-scope", "batch04-zen-relations" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "zen-sanskrit", "narrativeOrder": [ "zen-sanskrit", "zen-chinese", "zen-japanese", "zen-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "zen-sanskrit", "etymologyId": "zen-sanskrit-1", "form": "ध्यान", "language": "Sanskrit", "languageCode": "sa", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "zen-sanskrit" ] }, "transliteration": "dhyāna", "script": "Devanagari", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Thought or meditation.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "dhyā-na (Sanskrit)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "South Asia–China–Japan–English Buddhist lexical corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 77, 20 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "zen-sanskrit", "batch04-zen-reading", "batch04-zen-geography", "batch04-zen-date", "batch04-zen-scope" ], "explanation": "Thought or meditation.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "zen-sanskrit", "batch04-zen-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-reading", "batch04-zen-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-reading", "batch04-zen-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for ध्यान does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-reading", "batch04-zen-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "zen-sanskrit", "batch04-zen-reading", "batch04-zen-geography", "batch04-zen-date", "batch04-zen-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "zen-sanskrit", "zen-chinese", "batch04-zen-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "zen-chinese", "etymologyId": "zen-chinese-1", "form": "禪", "language": "Chinese", "languageCode": "zh", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "zen-chinese" ] }, "transliteration": "Chán", "script": "Traditional Chinese", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "The Buddhist school/name represented by Chán.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "chán (Chinese)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "South Asia–China–Japan–English Buddhist lexical corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 112, 30 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "zen-chinese", "batch04-zen-reading", "batch04-zen-geography", "batch04-zen-date", "batch04-zen-scope" ], "explanation": "The Buddhist school/name represented by Chán.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "zen-chinese", "batch04-zen-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-reading", "batch04-zen-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-reading", "batch04-zen-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for 禪 does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-reading", "batch04-zen-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "zen-chinese", "batch04-zen-reading", "batch04-zen-geography", "batch04-zen-date", "batch04-zen-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "zen-chinese", "zen-japanese", "batch04-zen-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "zen-japanese", "etymologyId": "zen-japanese-1", "form": "禅", "language": "Japanese", "languageCode": "ja", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "zen-japanese" ] }, "transliteration": "Zen", "script": "Japanese", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Zen Buddhism.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "zen (Japanese)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "South Asia–China–Japan–English Buddhist lexical corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 135, 35 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "zen-japanese", "batch04-zen-reading", "batch04-zen-geography", "batch04-zen-date", "batch04-zen-scope" ], "explanation": "Zen Buddhism.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "zen-japanese", "batch04-zen-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-reading", "batch04-zen-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-reading", "batch04-zen-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for 禅 does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-reading", "batch04-zen-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "zen-japanese", "batch04-zen-reading", "batch04-zen-geography", "batch04-zen-date", "batch04-zen-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "zen-japanese", "zen-english", "batch04-zen-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "zen-english", "etymologyId": "zen-english-1", "form": "Zen", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "zen-english" ] }, "transliteration": "Zen", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A Mahayana Buddhist school; later a state of calm or focus.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ZEN", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1727, "end": 1881, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1727–1881 · English Zen school and adjective", "note": "The period separates the English school noun from the later adjective.", "claimIds": [ "zen-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "zen-english", "batch04-zen-reading", "batch04-zen-geography", "batch04-zen-date", "batch04-zen-scope" ], "explanation": "A Mahayana Buddhist school; later a state of calm or focus.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-zen-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-reading", "batch04-zen-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-reading", "batch04-zen-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for Zen does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "zen-english", "batch04-zen-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "zen-english" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-zen-reading", "batch04-zen-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "zen-english", "batch04-zen-reading", "batch04-zen-geography", "batch04-zen-date", "batch04-zen-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "zen-sanskrit-chinese-borrowing", "from": "zen-sanskrit", "to": "zen-chinese", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The inspected source supports this bounded relationship; the displayed edge does not imply a sound-by-sound reconstruction beyond the cited forms.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "zen-sanskrit", "zen-chinese", "batch04-zen-relations" ] }, { "id": "zen-chinese-japanese-borrowing", "from": "zen-chinese", "to": "zen-japanese", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The inspected source supports this bounded relationship; the displayed edge does not imply a sound-by-sound reconstruction beyond the cited forms.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "zen-chinese", "zen-japanese", "batch04-zen-relations" ] }, { "id": "zen-japanese-english-borrowing", "from": "zen-japanese", "to": "zen-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The inspected source supports this bounded relationship; the displayed edge does not imply a sound-by-sound reconstruction beyond the cited forms.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "zen-japanese", "zen-english", "batch04-zen-relations" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "zen-sanskrit", "text": "The entry gives Sanskrit dhyāna “thought, meditation” as the ultimate source in the supported sequence.", "sourceId": "batch07-zen-etymonline", "locator": "zen — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "zen-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The transliteration is preserved as a lexical representation, not a verified pronunciation." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "zen-chinese", "text": "The entry places Chinese ch’an between Sanskrit dhyāna and Japanese Zen.", "sourceId": "batch07-zen-etymonline", "locator": "zen — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "zen-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The character and transliteration identify the lexical form; historical pronunciation is not reconstructed." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "zen-japanese", "text": "The entry gives Japanese Zen as the immediate source of English Zen.", "sourceId": "batch07-zen-etymonline", "locator": "zen — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "zen-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "zen-english", "text": "English Zen is dated to about 1727 for the Buddhist school; the adjective is recorded from 1881.", "sourceId": "batch07-zen-etymonline", "locator": "zen — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "zen-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "batch04-zen-reading", "text": "zen: an inspected specialist, institutional or national-language source supports the displayed forms and the selected conventional readings; reconstructed or historical readings remain explicitly qualified.", "sourceId": "batch04-zen-oxford", "locator": "book abstract; transmission and transformation overview", "passageIds": [ "batch04-zen-oxford-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A conventional reading is not presented as an exact recording of every historical speaker; transliteration remains distinct from pronunciation." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest recoverable reading for each displayed stage without projecting a modern pronunciation backward." }, { "id": "batch04-zen-geography", "text": "zen: the map point is a supported language, speech-community or documented contact-corridor reference, not a precise lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch04-zen-oxford", "locator": "book abstract; transmission and transformation overview", "passageIds": [ "batch04-zen-oxford-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Reference coordinates orient the language or contact corridor and do not assert a territorial boundary, donor village or origin site." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the strongest defensible regional precision available in the inspected evidence." }, { "id": "batch04-zen-date", "text": "zen: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a form or sense; contextual object, cultural, institutional and biographical dates are not substituted for word chronology.", "sourceId": "batch04-zen-oxford", "locator": "book abstract; transmission and transformation overview", "passageIds": [ "batch04-zen-oxford-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Undated reconstructed or historical stages remain researched unresolved rather than receiving an invented date." }, "inference": "Lexography distinguishes attestation, documented use, sense attestation, bounded lexical periods and context." }, { "id": "batch04-zen-scope", "text": "zen: the route preserves competing analyses, qualified edges and semantic distinctions required by the inspected evidence.", "sourceId": "batch04-zen-oxford", "locator": "book abstract; transmission and transformation overview", "passageIds": [ "batch04-zen-oxford-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The religious history is context for the lexical route; the readings are conventional language readings, not claims that every historical stage sounded like the modern guide." }, "inference": "The narrative and topology are editorial representations of the evidence graph, not proof that every adjacent form is a direct parent." }, { "id": "batch04-zen-relations", "text": "zen: adjacent relations are retained with their existing type and certainty unless the inspected evidence requires a qualified or parallel reading.", "sourceId": "batch04-zen-oxford", "locator": "book abstract; transmission and transformation overview", "passageIds": [ "batch04-zen-oxford-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A displayed tree edge does not erase non-tree alternatives or convert cognacy, influence or comparison into direct borrowing." }, "inference": "Lexography preserves the current topology and records the evidence limits alongside each relation." } ], "limitations": "The religious history is context for the lexical route; the readings are conventional language readings, not claims that every historical stage sounded like the modern guide.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 04", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "bonsai", "word": "bonsai", "language": "English", "sense": "The bonsai tree", "senses": [ { "id": "bonsai-tree-sense", "label": "The bonsai tree", "definition": "An intentionally dwarfed tree grown in a pot.", "stageId": "bonsai-english", "claimIds": [ "bonsai-english" ] } ], "defaultSense": "bonsai-tree-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 07", "aliases": [ "bonsai", "盆栽", "penzai", "penjing", "盆景" ], "summary": "Bonsai is a Japanese compound written with inherited Chinese characters and specialized in English for the art and plant.", "intro": "Meaning keeps Chinese character history, Japanese compound reading, and English horticultural usage in separate layers.", "claimIds": [ "bonsai-chinese", "bonsai-japanese", "bonsai-english", "batch03-bonsai-reading", "batch03-bonsai-geography", "batch03-bonsai-scope", "batch03-bonsai-date" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "bonsai-chinese", "narrativeOrder": [ "bonsai-chinese", "bonsai-japanese", "bonsai-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "bonsai-chinese", "etymologyId": "bonsai-chinese-1", "form": "盆栽", "language": "Chinese", "languageCode": "zh", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "bonsai-chinese" ] }, "transliteration": "pénzāi", "script": "Chinese", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A potted plant/tree; related terminology.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "pénzāi (Mandarin)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-bonsai-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Japan / East Asia", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 135, 35 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-bonsai-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "bonsai-chinese", "batch03-bonsai-reading", "batch03-bonsai-geography", "batch03-bonsai-scope", "batch03-bonsai-date" ], "explanation": "A potted plant/tree; related terminology.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "bonsai-chinese", "batch03-bonsai-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-bonsai-reading", "batch03-bonsai-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-bonsai-reading", "batch03-bonsai-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-bonsai-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-bonsai-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-bonsai-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage. Contextual history is not substituted for lexical chronology.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-bonsai-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-bonsai-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-bonsai-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-bonsai-reading", "batch03-bonsai-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bonsai-chinese", "batch03-bonsai-reading", "batch03-bonsai-geography", "batch03-bonsai-scope", "batch03-bonsai-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bonsai-chinese", "bonsai-japanese" ] } } }, { "id": "bonsai-japanese", "etymologyId": "bonsai-japanese-1", "form": "盆栽", "language": "Japanese", "languageCode": "ja", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "bonsai-japanese" ] }, "transliteration": "bonsai", "script": "Japanese", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "An intentionally dwarfed potted tree.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "BON-sai", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-bonsai-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1914, "end": 1914, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1914 · English bonsai from Japanese", "note": "Reported first-use context; not necessarily the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "bonsai-japanese" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Japan / East Asia", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 135, 35 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-bonsai-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "bonsai-japanese", "batch03-bonsai-reading", "batch03-bonsai-geography", "batch03-bonsai-scope", "batch03-bonsai-date" ], "explanation": "An intentionally dwarfed potted tree.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "bonsai-japanese", "batch03-bonsai-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-bonsai-reading", "batch03-bonsai-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-bonsai-reading", "batch03-bonsai-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-bonsai-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-bonsai-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-bonsai-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bonsai-japanese", "batch03-bonsai-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-bonsai-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-bonsai-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-bonsai-reading", "batch03-bonsai-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bonsai-japanese", "batch03-bonsai-reading", "batch03-bonsai-geography", "batch03-bonsai-scope", "batch03-bonsai-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bonsai-japanese", "bonsai-english" ] } } }, { "id": "bonsai-english", "etymologyId": "bonsai-english-1", "form": "bonsai", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "bonsai-english" ] }, "transliteration": "bonsai", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "An intentionally dwarfed potted tree.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "BON-sy", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-bonsai-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1914, "end": 1914, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1914 · English bonsai", "note": "Reported first-use context; not necessarily the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "bonsai-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-bonsai-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "bonsai-english", "batch03-bonsai-reading", "batch03-bonsai-geography", "batch03-bonsai-scope", "batch03-bonsai-date" ], "explanation": "An intentionally dwarfed potted tree.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-bonsai-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-bonsai-reading", "batch03-bonsai-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-bonsai-reading", "batch03-bonsai-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-bonsai-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-bonsai-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-bonsai-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bonsai-english", "batch03-bonsai-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-bonsai-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-bonsai-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-bonsai-reading", "batch03-bonsai-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bonsai-english", "batch03-bonsai-reading", "batch03-bonsai-geography", "batch03-bonsai-scope", "batch03-bonsai-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "bonsai-chinese-japanese-influence", "from": "bonsai-chinese", "to": "bonsai-japanese", "type": "influence", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Related Chinese terminology is shown as contextual influence, not a direct lexical parent.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "bonsai-chinese", "bonsai-japanese" ] }, { "id": "bonsai-japanese-english-borrowing", "from": "bonsai-japanese", "to": "bonsai-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The inspected source supports this bounded relationship; the displayed edge does not imply a sound-by-sound reconstruction beyond the cited forms.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "bonsai-japanese", "bonsai-english" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "bonsai-chinese", "text": "Chinese 盆栽 pénzāi is retained as related terminology for the Japanese form; the source does not establish it as the direct parent of the English borrowing.", "sourceId": "batch07-bonsai-etymonline", "locator": "bonsai — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "bonsai-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Cultural and lexical relationship is represented as influence/context, not as unsupported direct parentage." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "bonsai-japanese", "text": "The entry gives Japanese bonsai and analyzes bon “basin, pot” plus sai “to plant.”", "sourceId": "batch07-bonsai-etymonline", "locator": "bonsai — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "bonsai-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "bonsai-english", "text": "English bonsai is dated to 1914 from Japanese bonsai.", "sourceId": "batch07-bonsai-etymonline", "locator": "bonsai — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "bonsai-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "batch03-bonsai-reading", "text": "bonsai: inspected lexical sources support the displayed forms and conventional readings, with reconstructions kept visibly reconstructed where relevant.", "sourceId": "batch03-mw-bonsai", "locator": "headword, definition, etymology and first-known-use sections", "passageIds": [ "batch03-mw-bonsai-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A modern or conventional reading is not presented as an exact historical sound; reconstructed forms remain reconstructed." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest inspected reading available for the displayed stage and keeps transliteration separate from pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch03-bonsai-geography", "text": "bonsai: the displayed map point represents a supported language, speech, community or contact region at the strongest defensible precision.", "sourceId": "batch03-mw-bonsai", "locator": "headword, definition, etymology and first-known-use sections", "passageIds": [ "batch03-mw-bonsai-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The region is not a fabricated birthplace; language-reference and contact-corridor coordinates are used only for orientation." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a defensible lexical or speech region while preserving uncertainty about exact donor location." }, { "id": "batch03-bonsai-scope", "text": "bonsai: the batch keeps lexical chronology, contextual history, semantic development and competing routes distinct.", "sourceId": "batch07-bonsai-etymonline", "locator": "bonsai — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "bonsai-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Earlier reviewed ambiguity and source limits remain visible; no cultural, object, institutional or biographical date is promoted to word history." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the published journey without silently replacing a reviewed route or manufacturing a cleaner topology." }, { "id": "batch03-bonsai-date", "text": "bonsai: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a word, sense or documented use; conflicting witnesses remain recorded as conflicts.", "sourceId": "batch03-mw-bonsai", "locator": "headword, definition, etymology and first-known-use sections", "passageIds": [ "batch03-mw-bonsai-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A dated witness is not treated as a coinage date, and competing dictionary dates are not silently reconciled." }, "inference": "Lexography separates lexical attestation from contextual periodization and reports bounded uncertainty." } ], "limitations": "Chinese 盆栽 is related lexical and cultural context; the English route is represented through Japanese, and a modern reading is not retrojected into older stages.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 03", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "paprika", "word": "paprika", "language": "English", "sense": "The paprika condiment", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 01 · Slice 1", "aliases": [ "piper", "papar", "paprika" ], "summary": "Paprika’s route runs from a wider pepper family through South Slavic papar and Hungarian paprika into English, while the New World plant’s arrival remains a separate historical thread.", "intro": "Follow paprika through Latin comparison, South Slavic papar and Hungarian paprika into English; the repaired timeline distinguishes the word’s attestations from Capsicum cultivation in Hungary.", "claimIds": [ "paprika-route-enriched", "paprika-hungarian-date", "paprika-english-date", "paprika-english-reading" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 01 Slice 1", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" }, "defaultStage": "paprika-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "paprika-latin", "paprika-south-slavic", "paprika-hungarian", "paprika-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "paprika-latin", "etymologyId": "la-paprika-latin", "form": "piper", "language": "Latin", "languageCode": "la", "transliteration": "piper", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "paprika-route-enriched", "paprika-latin-reading" ], "sense": "pepper; wider comparative family", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "No stage-specific date", "note": "The Latin form is retained as a wider lexical comparison; no word-specific date is asserted for this displayed stage.", "claimIds": [ "paprika-route-enriched" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "id": "geo-latin", "label": "Italy · Latin reference region", "coordinates": [ 12.4502, 41.9026 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point, not a word origin or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "paprika-latin-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "paprika-route-enriched", "paprika-latin-reading", "paprika-latin-geo" ], "explanation": "Latin piper is a comparative member of the pepper family, not a direct parent selected for Hungarian paprika.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "PEE-per", "ipa": "/ˈpiː.per/", "status": "verified", "note": "Conventional scholarly Latin reading used for the comparative form; the route does not require a single historical phonology.", "claimIds": [ "paprika-latin-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "paprika-route-enriched" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-route-enriched", "paprika-latin-reading", "paprika-latin-geo" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-route-enriched", "paprika-latin-reading", "paprika-latin-geo" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-route-enriched", "paprika-latin-reading", "paprika-latin-geo" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-latin-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-route-enriched", "paprika-latin-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but they do not supply a secure dated witness for this stage’s displayed form.", "claimIds": [ "paprika-route-enriched" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-latin-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-latin-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-route-enriched", "paprika-latin-reading", "paprika-latin-geo" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-route-enriched", "paprika-latin-reading", "paprika-latin-geo" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-route-enriched" ] } } }, { "id": "paprika-south-slavic", "etymologyId": "sla-paprika-south-slavic", "form": "papar", "language": "South Slavic / Serbo-Croatian", "languageCode": "hbs", "transliteration": "papar", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "paprika-south-slavic-form", "paprika-south-slavic-reading" ], "sense": "pepper", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected sources establish the South Slavic form and route but do not provide a dated witness for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "paprika-south-slavic-form" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "id": "geo-south-slavic", "label": "Western Balkans · South Slavic reference corridor", "coordinates": [ 19, 44 ], "qualifier": "Broad language/contact reference coordinate, not a lexical birthplace or a single borrowing site.", "claimIds": [ "paprika-south-slavic-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "paprika-route-enriched", "paprika-south-slavic-form", "paprika-south-slavic-reading", "paprika-south-slavic-geo" ], "explanation": "South Slavic papar supplies the immediate base in the selected Hungarian route; the corridor is broader than one modern national language or city.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "PAH-par", "ipa": "/ˈpǎpar/", "status": "verified", "note": "Conventional modern South Slavic guide; regional accent and historical variation are not collapsed.", "claimIds": [ "paprika-south-slavic-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "paprika-south-slavic-form" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-route-enriched", "paprika-south-slavic-form", "paprika-south-slavic-reading", "paprika-south-slavic-geo" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-route-enriched", "paprika-south-slavic-form", "paprika-south-slavic-reading", "paprika-south-slavic-geo" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-route-enriched", "paprika-south-slavic-form", "paprika-south-slavic-reading", "paprika-south-slavic-geo" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-south-slavic-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-south-slavic-form", "paprika-south-slavic-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but they do not supply a secure dated witness for this stage’s displayed form.", "claimIds": [ "paprika-south-slavic-form" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-south-slavic-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-south-slavic-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-route-enriched", "paprika-south-slavic-form", "paprika-south-slavic-reading", "paprika-south-slavic-geo" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-route-enriched", "paprika-south-slavic-form", "paprika-south-slavic-reading", "paprika-south-slavic-geo" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-route-enriched" ] } } }, { "id": "paprika-hungarian", "etymologyId": "hu-paprika-hungarian", "form": "paprika", "language": "Hungarian", "languageCode": "hu", "transliteration": "paprika", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "paprika-hungarian-date", "paprika-hungarian-reading" ], "sense": "pepper; the Capsicum plant and spice", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1775, "end": 1775, "label": "1775 · Hungarian herbarium context", "approximate": false, "note": "The retained 1775 date is the inspected herbarium/name context. The earlier 1569 record concerns the plant under ‘red Turkish pepper’, not the word paprika.", "claimIds": [ "paprika-hungarian-date" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "id": "geo-hungarian", "label": "Hungary · Hungarian reference region", "coordinates": [ 19.4, 47.2 ], "qualifier": "Broad Glottolog language reference coordinate, not a lexical birthplace or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "paprika-hungarian-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "paprika-route-enriched", "paprika-hungarian-date", "paprika-hungarian-reading", "paprika-hungarian-geo", "paprika-plant-context" ], "explanation": "Hungarian paprika names pepper and later the characteristic dried pepper spice; the word chronology is kept separate from the New World plant’s arrival and cultivation.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "PAW-pri-kaw", "ipa": "/ˈpɒprikɒ/", "status": "verified", "note": "Hungarian dictionary-style reading with first-syllable stress; English readings differ.", "claimIds": [ "paprika-hungarian-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "paprika-route-enriched", "paprika-hungarian-date" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-route-enriched", "paprika-hungarian-date", "paprika-hungarian-reading", "paprika-hungarian-geo", "paprika-plant-context" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-route-enriched", "paprika-hungarian-date", "paprika-hungarian-reading", "paprika-hungarian-geo", "paprika-plant-context" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-route-enriched", "paprika-hungarian-date", "paprika-hungarian-reading", "paprika-hungarian-geo", "paprika-plant-context" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-hungarian-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-hungarian-date", "paprika-hungarian-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-hungarian-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-hungarian-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-hungarian-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-route-enriched", "paprika-hungarian-date", "paprika-hungarian-reading", "paprika-hungarian-geo", "paprika-plant-context" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-route-enriched", "paprika-hungarian-date", "paprika-hungarian-reading", "paprika-hungarian-geo", "paprika-plant-context" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-route-enriched" ] } } }, { "id": "paprika-english", "etymologyId": "en-paprika-english", "form": "paprika", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "paprika", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "paprika-english-date", "paprika-english-reading" ], "sense": "a red powder used as a spice", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1839, "end": 1839, "label": "c. 1839 · English condiment sense", "approximate": true, "note": "Online Etymology Dictionary dates the English condiment sense to 1839; the date is a lexical-history citation, not necessarily the first surviving quotation.", "claimIds": [ "paprika-english-date" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "id": "geo-english", "label": "Britain · English reference region", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point, not a word origin or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "paprika-english-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "paprika-route-enriched", "paprika-english-date", "paprika-english-reading", "paprika-english-geo" ], "explanation": "English specializes paprika chiefly as the dried ground spice, even though Hungarian and related languages also use the word for the pepper plant or fruit.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "puh-PREE-kuh", "ipa": "/pəˈpriːkə/", "status": "verified", "note": "Oxford’s English reading; the American PAP-rih-kuh variant is also recorded.", "claimIds": [ "paprika-english-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "paprika-route-enriched", "paprika-english-date" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-route-enriched", "paprika-english-date", "paprika-english-reading", "paprika-english-geo" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-route-enriched", "paprika-english-date", "paprika-english-reading", "paprika-english-geo" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-route-enriched", "paprika-english-date", "paprika-english-reading", "paprika-english-geo" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-english-date", "paprika-english-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-english-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-english-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-english-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-route-enriched", "paprika-english-date", "paprika-english-reading", "paprika-english-geo" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "paprika-route-enriched", "paprika-english-date", "paprika-english-reading", "paprika-english-geo" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "paprika-latin-south-slavic-cognacy", "from": "paprika-latin", "to": "paprika-south-slavic", "type": "cognacy", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "Latin piper is a wider pepper-family comparison; it is not displayed as a direct borrowing parent of South Slavic papar.", "claimIds": [ "paprika-route-enriched" ], "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The sources connect the forms through a wider pepper family but do not establish a direct transmission event from Latin into the displayed South Slavic stage.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [ "paprika-latin-reading" ], "claimIds": [ "paprika-route-enriched" ] } }, { "id": "paprika-south-slavic-hungarian-derivation", "from": "paprika-south-slavic", "to": "paprika-hungarian", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The inspected history presents Hungarian paprika as a diminutive related to South Slavic papar; sound-by-sound historical development is not reconstructed here.", "claimIds": [ "paprika-route-enriched", "paprika-hungarian-date" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The sources establish a lexical connection but do not date a semantic change on the transfer edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "paprika-hungarian-english-borrowing", "from": "paprika-hungarian", "to": "paprika-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The English word is traced from Hungarian paprika.", "claimIds": [ "paprika-route-enriched", "paprika-english-date" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "narrowed", "explanation": "English mainly uses paprika for the dried ground spice, while Hungarian uses the word across pepper/plant/spice senses; the sources do not date the narrowing at the borrowing edge.", "added": [ "dried ground spice" ], "removed": [], "associations": [ "paprika-plant-context" ], "claimIds": [ "paprika-hungarian-date", "paprika-english-date" ] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "paprika-route-enriched", "text": "The selected route is Hungarian paprika from South Slavic papar ‘pepper’, with Latin piper retained as a wider cognate comparison rather than a direct parent of Hungarian.", "sourceId": "enrichment-01-paprika-etymonline", "locator": "paprika — etymology and history", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports the bounded claim but does not establish a stronger or more precise history." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source scope and does not infer more than the passage establishes." }, { "id": "paprika-hungarian-date", "text": "The Hungarian word’s retained chronology is corrected to a 1775 herbarium context for the name and peasant use; the 1569 evidence concerns the Capsicum plant under an earlier ‘red Turkish pepper’ name, not the word paprika itself.", "sourceId": "enrichment-01-paprika-hungary", "locator": "PDF p. 8, note 40", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports the bounded claim but does not establish a stronger or more precise history." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source scope and does not infer more than the passage establishes." }, { "id": "paprika-english-date", "text": "The inspected English lexical history dates paprika as a condiment to 1839; an earlier 1830 report is recorded as an unresolved secondary lead rather than silently promoted without an inspectable primary passage.", "sourceId": "enrichment-01-paprika-etymonline", "locator": "paprika — etymology and history", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports the bounded claim but does not establish a stronger or more precise history." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source scope and does not infer more than the passage establishes." }, { "id": "paprika-south-slavic-form", "text": "The South Slavic base is represented as papar ‘pepper’; the English historical entry gives the related Serbian/Croatian form as pàpar.", "sourceId": "enrichment-01-paprika-dictionarycom", "locator": "pronunciation and Origin of paprika", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Supported by the inspected passage at the stated scope." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source scope and does not infer more than the passage establishes." }, { "id": "paprika-hungarian-reading", "text": "The Hungarian reading is approximately [ˈpɒprikɒ], with stress on the first syllable.", "sourceId": "hu-paprika-wiktionary", "locator": "Hungarian pronunciation", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Supported by the inspected passage at the stated scope." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source scope and does not infer more than the passage establishes." }, { "id": "paprika-south-slavic-reading", "text": "The South Slavic guide is approximately PAH-par; accent notation and regional variation make this a conventional modern reading, not a reconstructed historical sound.", "sourceId": "enrichment-01-paprika-dictionarycom", "locator": "pronunciation and Origin of paprika", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports the bounded claim but does not establish a stronger or more precise history." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source scope and does not infer more than the passage establishes." }, { "id": "paprika-english-reading", "text": "Oxford records /pəˈpriːkə/ and /ˈpæprɪkə/ for English paprika.", "sourceId": "enrichment-01-paprika-oxford", "locator": "Definition, pronunciation and Word Origin", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Supported by the inspected passage at the stated scope." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source scope and does not infer more than the passage establishes." }, { "id": "paprika-latin-reading", "text": "Latin piper is retained as a conventional scholarly reading ‘PEE-per’ in the wider pepper-family comparison.", "sourceId": "enrichment-01-paprika-etymonline", "locator": "paprika — etymology and history", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports the bounded claim but does not establish a stronger or more precise history." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source scope and does not infer more than the passage establishes." }, { "id": "paprika-latin-geo", "text": "Latin is represented with the existing Glottolog Latin reference point.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row lati1261; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "lati1261" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports the bounded claim but does not establish a stronger or more precise history." }, "inference": "The point orients the language and is not a word-origin claim." }, { "id": "paprika-south-slavic-geo", "text": "The South Slavic stage is represented with a broad Balkan reference corridor.", "sourceId": "enrichment-01-regions", "locator": "Language reference maps and country listings", "passageIds": [ "south-slavic" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports the bounded claim but does not establish a stronger or more precise history." }, "inference": "The corridor is not a single lexical birthplace or transmission site." }, { "id": "paprika-hungarian-geo", "text": "Hungarian is represented with a broad Hungary reference region.", "sourceId": "enrichment-01-regions", "locator": "Hungarian languoid record and map", "passageIds": [ "hungarian" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports the bounded claim but does not establish a stronger or more precise history." }, "inference": "The point orients the language and is not a word-origin claim." }, { "id": "paprika-english-geo", "text": "English is represented with the existing Glottolog English reference point.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports the bounded claim but does not establish a stronger or more precise history." }, "inference": "The point orients the language and is not a word-origin claim." }, { "id": "paprika-plant-context", "text": "The Capsicum plant reached Hungarian gardens by the sixteenth century through a Turkish/Balkan corridor, but that object and cultivation history is not the lexical first attestation of paprika.", "sourceId": "enrichment-01-paprika-hungary", "locator": "PDF p. 8, note 40", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports the bounded claim but does not establish a stronger or more precise history." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source scope and does not infer more than the passage establishes." } ], "limitations": "The canonical c. 1569 value is corrected: it dates an early Hungarian Capsicum-plant context under another name, not the word paprika. The retained lexical chronology is 1775 for the Hungarian herbarium/name context and c. 1839 for the English condiment sense; a reported 1830 English citation remains an unresolved secondary lead because the primary page was not inspectable in this run.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "paprika-condiment-sense", "label": "The paprika condiment", "definition": "A seasoning made from dried, ground red peppers.", "stageId": "paprika-english", "claimIds": [ "paprika-english-date", "paprika-english-reading" ] } ], "defaultSense": "paprika-condiment-sense" }, { "id": "vampire", "word": "vampire", "language": "English", "sense": "The vampire creature", "senses": [ { "id": "vampire-creature-sense", "label": "The vampire creature", "definition": "A spectral being associated with the dead and blood-drinking.", "stageId": "vampire-english", "claimIds": [ "vampire-english" ] }, { "id": "vampire-figurative-sense", "label": "The figurative vampire", "definition": "A person described as preying on or exploiting others.", "stageId": "vampire-modern", "claimIds": [ "vampire-modern" ] } ], "defaultSense": "vampire-creature-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 07", "aliases": [ "vampire", "vampyre", "vampir", "ǫpiri", "ǫpyri", "uper" ], "summary": "Vampire follows the supported Serbian–German–French diffusion while keeping French and German as qualified English channels and deeper ancestry unresolved.", "intro": "Hungarian is no longer shown as a parent: the reviewed chronology makes it a later German-mediated loan, while English’s immediate western donor remains uncertain.", "claimIds": [ "vampire-slavic", "vampire-hungarian", "vampire-french", "vampire-german", "vampire-english", "vampire-modern", "batch03-vampire-reading", "batch03-vampire-geography", "batch03-vampire-scope", "batch03-vampire-date", "hard7-vampire-route", "hard7-vampire-chronology", "hard7-vampire-hungarian-review", "hard7-vampire-deep-dispute", "hard7-vampire-french-route" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "vampire-serbian", "narrativeOrder": [ "vampire-serbian", "vampire-german", "vampire-french", "vampire-english", "vampire-modern" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "vampire-serbian", "etymologyId": "vampire-serbian-1", "form": "vampir", "language": "Serbian", "languageCode": "sr", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "vampire-slavic", "hard7-vampire-route" ] }, "transliteration": "vampir", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "The South Slavic vampire term transmitted into the German-language reports.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ǫ-pi-ri (orthographic comparison)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Conventional or scholarly reconstruction is shown as reconstruction; no exact historical sound is asserted.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1725, "end": 1725, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1725 · Serbian report context", "note": "Dates the investigated Serbian context reported into German, not the creation of the Serbian word.", "claimIds": [ "hard7-vampire-chronology" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Serbian–Habsburg contact corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 22, 47 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "vampire-slavic", "batch03-vampire-reading", "batch03-vampire-geography", "batch03-vampire-scope", "batch03-vampire-date", "hard7-vampire-route", "hard7-vampire-chronology", "hard7-vampire-deep-dispute" ], "explanation": "Specialist histories identify Serbian vampir as the western European transmitter; deeper Slavic and Turkic analyses remain disputed.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-reading", "hard7-vampire-route" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hard7-vampire-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hard7-vampire-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hard7-vampire-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hard7-vampire-route" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hard7-vampire-chronology" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hard7-vampire-route" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hard7-vampire-route", "hard7-vampire-chronology" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hard7-vampire-route" ] } } }, { "id": "vampire-french", "etymologyId": "vampire-french-1", "form": "vampire", "language": "French", "languageCode": "fr", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "vampire-french" ] }, "transliteration": "vampire", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A vampire.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "van-PEER", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1737, "end": 1737, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1737 · standard French dictionary chronology", "note": "Most dictionaries use 1737, while specialist history records French reports in 1693–1694; the label does not claim an absolute first occurrence.", "claimIds": [ "hard7-vampire-chronology", "hard7-vampire-french-route" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Eastern European lexical corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 22, 47 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "vampire-french", "batch03-vampire-reading", "batch03-vampire-geography", "batch03-vampire-scope", "batch03-vampire-date", "hard7-vampire-route", "hard7-vampire-chronology", "hard7-vampire-french-route" ], "explanation": "A vampire.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-reading", "batch03-vampire-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-reading", "batch03-vampire-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hard7-vampire-chronology", "hard7-vampire-french-route" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-reading", "batch03-vampire-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "vampire-french", "batch03-vampire-reading", "batch03-vampire-geography", "batch03-vampire-scope", "batch03-vampire-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "hard7-vampire-chronology", "vampire-french", "vampire-german" ], "label": "French or German immediate channel", "note": "Academic word-history, a national French dictionary and the retained English etymology agree on western European mediation but do not establish whether English took the creature word immediately from French, German, or overlapping 1730s reporting." } } }, { "id": "vampire-german", "etymologyId": "vampire-german-1", "form": "Vampir", "language": "German", "languageCode": "de", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "vampire-german" ] }, "transliteration": "Vampir", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A vampire.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "VAM-peer", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1725, "end": 1725, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1725 · German vernacular reports", "note": "Dates reported German vernacular circulation around the Serbian investigation; it is not a coinage date.", "claimIds": [ "hard7-vampire-chronology" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Eastern European lexical corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 22, 47 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "vampire-german", "batch03-vampire-reading", "batch03-vampire-geography", "batch03-vampire-scope", "batch03-vampire-date", "hard7-vampire-route", "hard7-vampire-chronology" ], "explanation": "A vampire.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-reading", "batch03-vampire-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-reading", "batch03-vampire-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hard7-vampire-chronology" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-reading", "batch03-vampire-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "vampire-german", "batch03-vampire-reading", "batch03-vampire-geography", "batch03-vampire-scope", "batch03-vampire-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hard7-vampire-route", "hard7-vampire-french-route" ] } } }, { "id": "vampire-english", "etymologyId": "vampire-english-1", "form": "vampyre", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "vampire-english" ] }, "transliteration": "vampyre", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A spectral being said to leave the grave and drink blood.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "VAM-pire", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1732, "end": 1732, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1732 · English vampyre/vampire", "note": "Reported first-use context; not necessarily the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "vampire-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "vampire-english", "batch03-vampire-reading", "batch03-vampire-geography", "batch03-vampire-scope", "batch03-vampire-date", "hard7-vampire-chronology" ], "explanation": "A spectral being said to leave the grave and drink blood.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-reading", "batch03-vampire-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-reading", "batch03-vampire-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "vampire-english", "batch03-vampire-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-reading", "batch03-vampire-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "vampire-english", "batch03-vampire-reading", "batch03-vampire-geography", "batch03-vampire-scope", "batch03-vampire-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "vampire-english", "vampire-modern" ] } } }, { "id": "vampire-modern", "etymologyId": "vampire-modern-1", "form": "vampire", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "vampire-modern" ] }, "transliteration": "vampire", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A vampire; later a figurative predatory person.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "VAM-pire", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1741, "end": 1741, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1741 · figurative vampire sense", "note": "Reported first-use context; not necessarily the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "vampire-modern" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "vampire-modern", "batch03-vampire-reading", "batch03-vampire-geography", "batch03-vampire-scope", "batch03-vampire-date" ], "explanation": "A vampire; later a figurative predatory person.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-reading", "batch03-vampire-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-reading", "batch03-vampire-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "vampire-modern", "batch03-vampire-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-vampire-reading", "batch03-vampire-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "vampire-modern", "batch03-vampire-reading", "batch03-vampire-geography", "batch03-vampire-scope", "batch03-vampire-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "vampire-serbian-german-borrowing", "from": "vampire-serbian", "to": "vampire-german", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The western European reporting route begins with Serbian vampir entering German-language accounts.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The lexical transfer is supported; this edge does not claim that every folklore detail was retained.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "hard7-vampire-route", "hard7-vampire-chronology" ] }, { "id": "vampire-german-french-borrowing", "from": "vampire-german", "to": "vampire-french", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The French national dictionary and specialist history identify German mediation from the Serbian form.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The borrowing is supported; the exact timing among early press witnesses remains historically uneven.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "hard7-vampire-route", "hard7-vampire-french-route" ] }, { "id": "vampire-french-english-borrowing", "from": "vampire-french", "to": "vampire-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "French remains a plausible immediate English channel, but overlapping German and English reports prevent a unique donor claim.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The sources do not isolate a single immediate channel into English.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "vampire-french", "hard7-vampire-chronology" ] }, { "id": "vampire-german-english-borrowing", "from": "vampire-german", "to": "vampire-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "German remains a competing immediate channel into English rather than a second step after French.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The source record supports an alternative route, not a proven second parent.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "vampire-german", "hard7-vampire-chronology" ] }, { "id": "vampire-english-modern-semantic-change", "from": "vampire-english", "to": "vampire-modern", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The figurative extension is kept separate from folklore history.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "The supernatural creature sense extends to a person who preys on others.", "added": [ "predatory person" ], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [ "vampire-english", "vampire-modern" ] }, "claimIds": [ "vampire-english", "vampire-modern" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "vampire-slavic", "text": "The entry gives Old Church Slavonic ǫpiri/ǫpyri as the reported source family for Hungarian vampir and related Slavic forms.", "sourceId": "batch07-vampire-etymonline", "locator": "vampire — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "vampire-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "unresolved", "text": "Retained as a secondary deeper-comparison report; stronger review does not establish Old Church Slavonic ǫpiri as a direct parent of Serbian vampir." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "vampire-hungarian", "text": "The entry gives Hungarian vampir in the reported Eastern European route.", "sourceId": "batch07-vampire-etymonline", "locator": "vampire — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "vampire-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "unresolved", "text": "Retained as the earlier secondary-source report only; specialist historical chronology places Hungarian vampir in 1786 via German, so it is excluded from the displayed ancestry." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "vampire-french", "text": "French vampire is recorded as a possible immediate channel into English.", "sourceId": "batch07-vampire-etymonline", "locator": "vampire — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "vampire-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "French mediation is retained as a competing route rather than treated as the uniquely established donor." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "vampire-german", "text": "German Vampir is recorded as another possible immediate channel in the 1732 reporting.", "sourceId": "batch07-vampire-etymonline", "locator": "vampire — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "vampire-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "German mediation is an alternative to the French channel in the inspected chronology." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "vampire-english", "text": "English vampyre/vampire is dated to 1732 in the reported account of Hungarian vampires.", "sourceId": "batch07-vampire-etymonline", "locator": "vampire — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "vampire-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "vampire-modern", "text": "The source records a figurative “person who preys on others” sense from 1741 and later metaphorical uses.", "sourceId": "batch07-vampire-etymonline", "locator": "vampire — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "vampire-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "batch03-vampire-reading", "text": "vampire: inspected lexical sources support the displayed forms and conventional readings, with reconstructions kept visibly reconstructed where relevant.", "sourceId": "batch07-vampire-etymonline", "locator": "vampire — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "vampire-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A modern or conventional reading is not presented as an exact historical sound; reconstructed forms remain reconstructed." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest inspected reading available for the displayed stage and keeps transliteration separate from pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch03-vampire-geography", "text": "vampire: the displayed map point represents a supported language, speech, community or contact region at the strongest defensible precision.", "sourceId": "batch07-vampire-etymonline", "locator": "vampire — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "vampire-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The region is not a fabricated birthplace; language-reference and contact-corridor coordinates are used only for orientation." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a defensible lexical or speech region while preserving uncertainty about exact donor location." }, { "id": "batch03-vampire-scope", "text": "vampire: the batch keeps lexical chronology, contextual history, semantic development and competing routes distinct.", "sourceId": "batch07-vampire-etymonline", "locator": "vampire — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "vampire-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Earlier reviewed ambiguity and source limits remain visible; no cultural, object, institutional or biographical date is promoted to word history." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the published journey without silently replacing a reviewed route or manufacturing a cleaner topology." }, { "id": "batch03-vampire-date", "text": "vampire: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a word, sense or documented use; conflicting witnesses remain recorded as conflicts.", "sourceId": "batch07-vampire-etymonline", "locator": "vampire — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "vampire-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A dated witness is not treated as a coinage date, and competing dictionary dates are not silently reconciled." }, "inference": "Lexography separates lexical attestation from contextual periodization and reports bounded uncertainty." }, { "id": "hard7-vampire-route", "text": "Specialist philological history supports Serbian vampir as the transmitter into German and then French in the eighteenth-century western European route.", "sourceId": "hard7-vampire-ragagnin", "locator": "p. 61, introduction", "passageIds": [ "serbian-german-french" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This route describes documented western diffusion; the word’s deeper Slavic/Turkic etymology remains contested." }, "inference": "Lexography draws Serbian → German → French while keeping deeper ancestry outside the proved borrowing chain." }, { "id": "hard7-vampire-chronology", "text": "German reports are documented from the 1725 Serbian investigation; standard French dating is 1737 with earlier French reports; exact European transmission remains disputed.", "sourceId": "hard7-vampire-wilson", "locator": "pp. 579–580, European-language chronology", "passageIds": [ "european-chronology" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The dates are documentary witnesses and do not by themselves identify English’s immediate donor." }, "inference": "Lexography dates displayed western stages to defensible witnesses and leaves the English donor unresolved." }, { "id": "hard7-vampire-hungarian-review", "text": "The historical survey dates Hungarian vampir to 1786 and reports borrowing through the German press, so Hungarian is not retained as the parent of the earlier German, French or English forms.", "sourceId": "hard7-vampire-wilson", "locator": "p. 583, Hungarian chronology", "passageIds": [ "hungarian-late-loan" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This corrects the displayed direction without claiming that every Hungarian regional vampire term is late." }, "inference": "Lexography removes Hungarian from the central ancestry and records it as a later excluded comparison." }, { "id": "hard7-vampire-deep-dispute", "text": "Slavic specialists disagree over the deeper relation among Serbian vampir and upir/upyr forms, while a modern study also advances a Turkic proposal.", "sourceId": "hard7-vampire-wilson", "locator": "pp. 577–579, etymological survey", "passageIds": [ "slavic-dispute" ], "qualification": { "status": "unresolved", "text": "No Old Church Slavonic form is retained as a demonstrated direct parent of Serbian vampir." }, "inference": "Lexography begins the displayed borrowing route at Serbian and states the deeper question as unresolved residue." }, { "id": "hard7-vampire-french-route", "text": "The Académie française derives French vampire through German Vampir from Serbo-Croatian vampir.", "sourceId": "hard7-vampire-academie", "locator": "VAMPIRE, étymologie", "passageIds": [ "french-route" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The national dictionary supports the French route but does not decide English’s immediate donor." }, "inference": "Lexography treats German → French as supported and French/German → English as qualified alternatives." } ], "limitations": "Serbian vampir is the defensible start of the displayed borrowing route; its relation to older upir/upyr forms and any Turkic source remains disputed, and French versus German mediation into English is unresolved.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R3", "standard": "Batch 03 hard-seven targeted review", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "mammoth", "word": "mammoth", "language": "English", "sense": "The mammoth animal", "senses": [ { "id": "mammoth-animal-sense", "label": "The mammoth animal", "definition": "An extinct shaggy elephant of northern latitudes.", "stageId": "mammoth-english", "claimIds": [ "mammoth-english" ] }, { "id": "mammoth-size-sense", "label": "Mammoth as gigantic", "definition": "Extremely large in size or scale.", "stageId": "mammoth-gigantic", "claimIds": [ "mammoth-gigantic" ] } ], "defaultSense": "mammoth-animal-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 07", "aliases": [ "mammoth", "мамонт", "mammot’", "mammot" ], "summary": "Mammoth keeps the Russian loan and English adjective separate from the genuinely unresolved Uralic/Ostyak proposal and from fossil history.", "intro": "The route presents Russian мамонт as the first secure displayed parent and leaves the deeper Uralic analysis investigatory rather than proven.", "claimIds": [ "mammoth-ostyak", "mammoth-russian", "mammoth-english", "mammoth-gigantic", "batch04-mammoth-reading", "batch04-mammoth-geography", "batch04-mammoth-date", "batch04-mammoth-scope", "batch04-mammoth-relations" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "mammoth-ostyak", "narrativeOrder": [ "mammoth-ostyak", "mammoth-russian", "mammoth-english", "mammoth-gigantic" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "mammoth-ostyak", "etymologyId": "mammoth-ostyak-1", "form": "mammot’", "language": "Ostyak / Finno-Ugric proposal", "languageCode": "und", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "mammoth-ostyak" ] }, "transliteration": "mammot’", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "The proposed source form for mammoth.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "mam-motʲ (Russian loan form)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional or scholarly reconstruction is shown as reconstruction; no exact historical sound is asserted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Northern Eurasian / Uralic–Russian–English corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 68, 62 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "mammoth-ostyak", "batch04-mammoth-reading", "batch04-mammoth-geography", "batch04-mammoth-date", "batch04-mammoth-scope" ], "explanation": "The proposed source form for mammoth.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-reading", "batch04-mammoth-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-reading", "batch04-mammoth-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for mammot’ does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-reading", "batch04-mammoth-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mammoth-ostyak", "batch04-mammoth-reading", "batch04-mammoth-geography", "batch04-mammoth-date", "batch04-mammoth-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mammoth-ostyak", "mammoth-russian", "batch04-mammoth-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "mammoth-russian", "etymologyId": "mammoth-russian-1", "form": "мамонт", "language": "Russian", "languageCode": "ru", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "mammoth-russian" ] }, "transliteration": "mammot", "script": "Cyrillic", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "The extinct shaggy elephant.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ma-MONT", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Northern Eurasian / Uralic–Russian–English corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 37.6, 55.75 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "mammoth-russian", "batch04-mammoth-reading", "batch04-mammoth-geography", "batch04-mammoth-date", "batch04-mammoth-scope" ], "explanation": "The extinct shaggy elephant.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "mammoth-russian", "batch04-mammoth-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-reading", "batch04-mammoth-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-reading", "batch04-mammoth-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for мамонт does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-reading", "batch04-mammoth-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mammoth-russian", "batch04-mammoth-reading", "batch04-mammoth-geography", "batch04-mammoth-date", "batch04-mammoth-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mammoth-russian", "mammoth-english", "batch04-mammoth-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "mammoth-english", "etymologyId": "mammoth-english-1", "form": "mammoth", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "mammoth-english" ] }, "transliteration": "mammoth", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "An extinct shaggy elephant of northern regions.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "MAM-əth", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1706, "end": 1706, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1706 · English mammoth", "note": "Reported first-use context; not necessarily the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "mammoth-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "mammoth-english", "batch04-mammoth-reading", "batch04-mammoth-geography", "batch04-mammoth-date", "batch04-mammoth-scope" ], "explanation": "An extinct shaggy elephant of northern regions.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-reading", "batch04-mammoth-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-reading", "batch04-mammoth-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mammoth-english", "batch04-mammoth-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-reading", "batch04-mammoth-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mammoth-english", "batch04-mammoth-reading", "batch04-mammoth-geography", "batch04-mammoth-date", "batch04-mammoth-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mammoth-english", "mammoth-gigantic", "batch04-mammoth-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "mammoth-gigantic", "etymologyId": "mammoth-gigantic-1", "form": "mammoth", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "mammoth-gigantic" ] }, "transliteration": "mammoth", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Gigantic or unusually large.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "MAM-əth", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1802, "end": 1802, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1802 · gigantic adjective sense", "note": "Reported first-use context; not necessarily the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "mammoth-gigantic" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "mammoth-gigantic", "batch04-mammoth-reading", "batch04-mammoth-geography", "batch04-mammoth-date", "batch04-mammoth-scope" ], "explanation": "Gigantic or unusually large.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-reading", "batch04-mammoth-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-reading", "batch04-mammoth-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mammoth-gigantic", "batch04-mammoth-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-reading", "batch04-mammoth-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mammoth-gigantic", "batch04-mammoth-reading", "batch04-mammoth-geography", "batch04-mammoth-date", "batch04-mammoth-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "mammoth-ostyak-russian-borrowing", "from": "mammoth-ostyak", "to": "mammoth-russian", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The inspected source supports this bounded relationship; the displayed edge does not imply a sound-by-sound reconstruction beyond the cited forms.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "mammoth-ostyak", "mammoth-russian", "batch04-mammoth-relations" ] }, { "id": "mammoth-russian-english-borrowing", "from": "mammoth-russian", "to": "mammoth-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The inspected source supports this bounded relationship; the displayed edge does not imply a sound-by-sound reconstruction beyond the cited forms.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "mammoth-russian", "mammoth-english", "batch04-mammoth-relations" ] }, { "id": "mammoth-english-gigantic-semantic-change", "from": "mammoth-english", "to": "mammoth-gigantic", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The semantic extension is separate from paleontological and fossil history.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "The animal name becomes an English adjective for very great size.", "added": [ "gigantic" ], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [ "mammoth-english", "mammoth-gigantic" ] }, "claimIds": [ "mammoth-english", "mammoth-gigantic", "batch04-mammoth-relations" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "mammoth-ostyak", "text": "The entry says Russian mammot’ probably comes from an Ostyak, a Finno-Ugric language of northern Russia.", "sourceId": "batch07-mammoth-etymonline", "locator": "mammoth — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "mammoth-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source gives a probable deeper source but does not establish a precise language form or a wider Siberian etymology." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "mammoth-russian", "text": "Russian мамонт is the reported source of English mammoth.", "sourceId": "batch07-mammoth-etymonline", "locator": "mammoth — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "mammoth-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "mammoth-english", "text": "English mammoth is dated to 1706 for the extinct animal.", "sourceId": "batch07-mammoth-etymonline", "locator": "mammoth — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "mammoth-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "mammoth-gigantic", "text": "The English adjective “gigantic” is recorded from 1802, initially in an American context.", "sourceId": "batch07-mammoth-etymonline", "locator": "mammoth — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "mammoth-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "batch04-mammoth-reading", "text": "mammoth: an inspected specialist, institutional or national-language source supports the displayed forms and the selected conventional readings; reconstructed or historical readings remain explicitly qualified.", "sourceId": "batch04-mammoth-opole", "locator": "historical English/Russian dictionary discussion", "passageIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-opole-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A conventional reading is not presented as an exact recording of every historical speaker; transliteration remains distinct from pronunciation." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest recoverable reading for each displayed stage without projecting a modern pronunciation backward." }, { "id": "batch04-mammoth-geography", "text": "mammoth: the map point is a supported language, speech-community or documented contact-corridor reference, not a precise lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch04-mammoth-opole", "locator": "historical English/Russian dictionary discussion", "passageIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-opole-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Reference coordinates orient the language or contact corridor and do not assert a territorial boundary, donor village or origin site." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the strongest defensible regional precision available in the inspected evidence." }, { "id": "batch04-mammoth-date", "text": "mammoth: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a form or sense; contextual object, cultural, institutional and biographical dates are not substituted for word chronology.", "sourceId": "batch04-mammoth-opole", "locator": "historical English/Russian dictionary discussion", "passageIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-opole-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Undated reconstructed or historical stages remain researched unresolved rather than receiving an invented date." }, "inference": "Lexography distinguishes attestation, documented use, sense attestation, bounded lexical periods and context." }, { "id": "batch04-mammoth-scope", "text": "mammoth: the route preserves competing analyses, qualified edges and semantic distinctions required by the inspected evidence.", "sourceId": "batch04-mammoth-opole", "locator": "historical English/Russian dictionary discussion", "passageIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-opole-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Uralic/Ostyak source remains disputed; paleontology supplies object history, not a lexical attestation date." }, "inference": "The narrative and topology are editorial representations of the evidence graph, not proof that every adjacent form is a direct parent." }, { "id": "batch04-mammoth-relations", "text": "mammoth: adjacent relations are retained with their existing type and certainty unless the inspected evidence requires a qualified or parallel reading.", "sourceId": "batch04-mammoth-opole", "locator": "historical English/Russian dictionary discussion", "passageIds": [ "batch04-mammoth-opole-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A displayed tree edge does not erase non-tree alternatives or convert cognacy, influence or comparison into direct borrowing." }, "inference": "Lexography preserves the current topology and records the evidence limits alongside each relation." } ], "limitations": "The Uralic/Ostyak source remains disputed; paleontology supplies object history, not a lexical attestation date.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R3", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 04", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "cobalt", "word": "cobalt", "language": "English", "sense": "The cobalt element", "senses": [ { "id": "cobalt-element-sense", "label": "The cobalt element", "definition": "A steel-gray metallic chemical element.", "stageId": "cobalt-english", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-english" ] }, { "id": "cobalt-color-sense", "label": "Cobalt blue", "definition": "A blue color associated with cobalt compounds.", "stageId": "cobalt-blue", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-blue" ] } ], "defaultSense": "cobalt-element-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 07", "aliases": [ "cobalt", "Kobalt", "Kobold", "cobaltic" ], "summary": "Cobalt is a mining term from German Kobold/Kobalt, later the element and a blue-color name.", "intro": "Cobalt is a mining term from German Kobold/Kobalt, later the element and a blue-color name.", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-german-goblin", "cobalt-mining", "cobalt-english", "cobalt-blue" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "cobalt-german-goblin", "narrativeOrder": [ "cobalt-german-goblin", "cobalt-mining", "cobalt-english", "cobalt-blue" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "cobalt-german-goblin", "etymologyId": "cobalt-german-goblin-1", "form": "Kobold", "language": "German", "languageCode": "de", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-german-goblin" ] }, "transliteration": "Kobold", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A household goblin or troublesome being.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KO-bolt", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-german-goblin-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "German reference region", "coordinates": [ 10.4, 51.1 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-german-goblin-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "cobalt-german-goblin", "cobalt-german-goblin-region", "cobalt-german-goblin-reading" ], "explanation": "A household goblin or troublesome being.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-german-goblin" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-german-goblin" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-german-goblin" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-german-goblin-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-german-goblin" ], "label": "No secure word-specific lexical date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for Kobold (German) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-german-goblin-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-german-goblin-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-german-goblin" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-german-goblin", "cobalt-german-goblin-region", "cobalt-german-goblin-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-german-goblin", "cobalt-mining" ] } } }, { "id": "cobalt-mining", "etymologyId": "cobalt-mining-1", "form": "Kobalt", "language": "German", "languageCode": "de", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-mining" ] }, "transliteration": "Kobalt", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A mining term for troublesome arsenic- and sulfur-bearing rock.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ko-BALT", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-mining-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "German reference region", "coordinates": [ 10.4, 51.1 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-mining-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "cobalt-mining", "cobalt-mining-region", "cobalt-mining-reading" ], "explanation": "A mining term for troublesome arsenic- and sulfur-bearing rock.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-mining" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-mining" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-mining" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-mining-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-mining" ], "label": "No secure word-specific lexical date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for Kobalt (German) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-mining-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-mining-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-mining" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-mining", "cobalt-mining-region", "cobalt-mining-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-mining", "cobalt-english" ] } } }, { "id": "cobalt-english", "etymologyId": "cobalt-english-1", "form": "cobalt", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-english" ] }, "transliteration": "cobalt", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "The steel-gray metallic element.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KO-balt", "ipa": "/ˈkoʊbɔːlt/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-english-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1680, "end": 1680, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1680 · English cobalt metal term", "note": "Reported first-use context; not necessarily the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "cobalt-english", "cobalt-english-region", "cobalt-english-reading" ], "explanation": "The steel-gray metallic element.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-english" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-english" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-english" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-english" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-english-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-english-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-english" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-english", "cobalt-english-region", "cobalt-english-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-english", "cobalt-blue" ] } } }, { "id": "cobalt-blue", "etymologyId": "cobalt-blue-1", "form": "cobalt", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-blue" ] }, "transliteration": "cobalt", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A blue color associated with cobalt compounds.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KO-balt", "ipa": "/ˈkoʊbɔːlt/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-blue-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1835, "end": 1835, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1835 · cobalt blue color sense", "note": "Reported first-use context; not necessarily the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-blue" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-blue-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "cobalt-blue", "cobalt-blue-region", "cobalt-blue-reading" ], "explanation": "A blue color associated with cobalt compounds.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-blue" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-blue" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-blue" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-blue-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-blue" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-blue-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-blue-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-blue" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cobalt-blue", "cobalt-blue-region", "cobalt-blue-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "cobalt-german-goblin-mining-derivation", "from": "cobalt-german-goblin", "to": "cobalt-mining", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The inspected source supports this bounded relationship; the displayed edge does not imply a sound-by-sound reconstruction beyond the cited forms.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "cobalt-german-goblin", "cobalt-mining" ] }, { "id": "cobalt-mining-english-borrowing", "from": "cobalt-mining", "to": "cobalt-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The inspected source supports this bounded relationship; the displayed edge does not imply a sound-by-sound reconstruction beyond the cited forms.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "cobalt-mining", "cobalt-english" ] }, { "id": "cobalt-english-blue-semantic-change", "from": "cobalt-english", "to": "cobalt-blue", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The color extension is separate from the history of pigments and glass.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "The element name becomes a color term for cobalt blue.", "added": [ "blue color" ], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [ "cobalt-english", "cobalt-blue" ] }, "claimIds": [ "cobalt-english", "cobalt-blue" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "cobalt-german-goblin", "text": "The entry gives German kobold “household goblin” as the source of the mining term.", "sourceId": "batch07-cobalt-etymonline", "locator": "cobalt — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "cobalt-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "cobalt-mining", "text": "The entry says Kobold became a Harz Mountains miners’ term for rock that degraded ore and made miners ill.", "sourceId": "batch07-cobalt-etymonline", "locator": "cobalt — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "cobalt-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The reason for the miners’ term is reported as a mining explanation; folklore is not treated as literal lexical derivation." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "cobalt-english", "text": "English cobalt is dated to the 1680s as the name of the metal type derived from German mining terminology.", "sourceId": "batch07-cobalt-etymonline", "locator": "cobalt — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "cobalt-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "cobalt-blue", "text": "The source records the color use from 1835.", "sourceId": "batch07-cobalt-etymonline", "locator": "cobalt — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "cobalt-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "cobalt-german-goblin-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for German.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable reference row for German", "passageIds": [ "batch05-german-reference" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "cobalt-german-goblin-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for Kobold.", "sourceId": "batch07-cobalt-etymonline", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for Kobold", "passageIds": [ "batch05-cobalt-german-goblin-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "cobalt-mining-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for German.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable reference row for German", "passageIds": [ "batch05-german-reference" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "cobalt-mining-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for Kobalt.", "sourceId": "batch07-cobalt-etymonline", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for Kobalt", "passageIds": [ "batch05-cobalt-mining-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "cobalt-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for English / Britain.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "cobalt-english-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for cobalt.", "sourceId": "batch07-cobalt-etymonline", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for cobalt", "passageIds": [ "batch05-cobalt-english-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "cobalt-blue-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for English / Britain.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "cobalt-blue-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for cobalt.", "sourceId": "batch07-cobalt-etymonline", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for cobalt", "passageIds": [ "batch05-cobalt-blue-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." } ], "limitations": "The mining term’s folklore is contextual only. The journey does not turn the history of extraction or the element’s discovery into lexical ancestry.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Lexography enrichment completeness", "standardVersion": "1.0", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "piano", "word": "piano", "language": "English", "sense": "The piano instrument", "senses": [ { "id": "piano-instrument-sense", "label": "The piano instrument", "definition": "A keyboard instrument in which hammers strike stretched strings.", "stageId": "piano-english", "claimIds": [ "piano-english" ] } ], "defaultSense": "piano-instrument-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 07", "aliases": [ "piano", "pianoforte", "fortepiano", "gravicembalo col piano e forte" ], "summary": "Piano is shortened through French and Italian from pianoforte, whose name contrasts soft and loud playing.", "intro": "Piano is shortened through French and Italian from pianoforte, whose name contrasts soft and loud playing.", "claimIds": [ "piano-italian-long", "piano-pianoforte", "piano-french", "piano-english" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "piano-italian-long", "narrativeOrder": [ "piano-italian-long", "piano-pianoforte", "piano-french", "piano-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "piano-italian-long", "etymologyId": "piano-italian-long-1", "form": "gravicembalo col piano e forte", "language": "Italian", "languageCode": "it", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "piano-italian-long" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "“Harpsichord with soft and loud”; the longer instrument designation.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "gra-vee-CHEM-ba-lo col PYA-no e FOR-te", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "piano-italian-long-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Italian reference region", "coordinates": [ 12.6489, 43.0464 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "piano-italian-long-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "piano-italian-long", "piano-italian-long-region", "piano-italian-long-reading", "piano-italian-long-reading" ], "explanation": "“Harpsichord with soft and loud”; the longer instrument designation.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piano-italian-long" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piano-italian-long" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piano-italian-long" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piano-italian-long-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "piano-italian-long" ], "label": "No secure word-specific lexical date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for gravicembalo col piano e forte (Italian) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piano-italian-long-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piano-italian-long-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piano-italian-long" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piano-italian-long", "piano-italian-long-region", "piano-italian-long-reading", "piano-italian-long-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piano-italian-long", "piano-pianoforte" ] } }, "transliteration": "gravicembalo col piano e forte" }, { "id": "piano-pianoforte", "etymologyId": "piano-pianoforte-1", "form": "pianoforte", "language": "Italian", "languageCode": "it", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "piano-pianoforte" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "The instrument later shortened to piano.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "pya-no-FOR-te", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "piano-pianoforte-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1767, "end": 1767, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1767 · Italian pianoforte", "note": "Reported first-use context; not necessarily the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "piano-pianoforte" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Italian reference region", "coordinates": [ 12.6489, 43.0464 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "piano-pianoforte-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "piano-pianoforte", "piano-pianoforte-region", "piano-pianoforte-reading", "piano-pianoforte-reading" ], "explanation": "The instrument later shortened to piano.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piano-pianoforte" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piano-pianoforte" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piano-pianoforte" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piano-pianoforte-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piano-pianoforte" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piano-pianoforte-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piano-pianoforte-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piano-pianoforte" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piano-pianoforte", "piano-pianoforte-region", "piano-pianoforte-reading", "piano-pianoforte-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piano-pianoforte", "piano-french" ] } }, "transliteration": "pianoforte" }, { "id": "piano-french", "etymologyId": "piano-french-1", "form": "piano", "language": "French", "languageCode": "fr", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "piano-french" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "The shortened instrument name.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "pya-NO", "ipa": "/pja.no/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "piano-french-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "French reference region", "coordinates": [ 2, 48 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "piano-french-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "piano-french", "piano-french-region", "piano-french-reading", "piano-french-reading" ], "explanation": "The shortened instrument name.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piano-french" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piano-french" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piano-french" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piano-french-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "piano-french" ], "label": "No secure word-specific lexical date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for piano (French) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piano-french-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piano-french-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piano-french" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piano-french", "piano-french-region", "piano-french-reading", "piano-french-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piano-french", "piano-english" ] } }, "transliteration": "piano" }, { "id": "piano-english", "etymologyId": "piano-english-1", "form": "piano", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "piano-english" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A keyboard instrument whose strings are struck by hammers.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "pee-AN-oh", "ipa": "/piˈænoʊ/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "piano-english-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1803, "end": 1803, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1803 · English piano instrument", "note": "Reported first-use context; not necessarily the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "piano-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "piano-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "piano-english", "piano-english-region", "piano-english-reading", "piano-english-reading" ], "explanation": "A keyboard instrument whose strings are struck by hammers.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piano-english" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piano-english" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piano-english" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piano-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piano-english" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piano-english-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piano-english-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piano-english" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piano-english", "piano-english-region", "piano-english-reading", "piano-english-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } }, "transliteration": "piano" } ], "relations": [ { "id": "piano-italian-long-pianoforte-derivation", "from": "piano-italian-long", "to": "piano-pianoforte", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The inspected source supports this bounded relationship; the displayed edge does not imply a sound-by-sound reconstruction beyond the cited forms.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "piano-italian-long", "piano-pianoforte" ] }, { "id": "piano-pianoforte-french-borrowing", "from": "piano-pianoforte", "to": "piano-french", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The inspected source supports this bounded relationship; the displayed edge does not imply a sound-by-sound reconstruction beyond the cited forms.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "piano-pianoforte", "piano-french" ] }, { "id": "piano-french-english-borrowing", "from": "piano-french", "to": "piano-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The inspected source supports this bounded relationship; the displayed edge does not imply a sound-by-sound reconstruction beyond the cited forms.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "piano-french", "piano-english" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "piano-italian-long", "text": "The entry gives the full Italian designation and explains that it named the instrument’s ability to vary tone.", "sourceId": "batch07-piano-etymonline", "locator": "piano — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "piano-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The longer designation is lexical context for the later noun; instrument-development history is not added as word ancestry." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "piano-pianoforte", "text": "The entry dates pianoforte to 1767 and gives it as the source of the shortened instrument noun.", "sourceId": "batch07-piano-etymonline", "locator": "piano — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "piano-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "piano-french", "text": "The entry says English piano comes through French piano from Italian piano/pianoforte.", "sourceId": "batch07-piano-etymonline", "locator": "piano — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "piano-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The French stage is retained as reported mediation without assigning a separate French first-use date." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "piano-english", "text": "English piano is dated to 1803 as the shortened instrument noun.", "sourceId": "batch07-piano-etymonline", "locator": "piano — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "piano-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "piano-italian-long-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for Italian.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row ital1282; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "ital1282" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "piano-italian-long-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for gravicembalo col piano e forte.", "sourceId": "batch07-piano-etymonline", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for gravicembalo col piano e forte", "passageIds": [ "batch05-piano-italian-long-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "piano-pianoforte-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for Italian.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row ital1282; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "ital1282" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "piano-pianoforte-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for pianoforte.", "sourceId": "batch07-piano-etymonline", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for pianoforte", "passageIds": [ "batch05-piano-pianoforte-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "piano-french-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for French.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1290; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1290" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "piano-french-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for piano.", "sourceId": "batch07-piano-etymonline", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for piano", "passageIds": [ "batch05-piano-french-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "piano-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for English / Britain.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "piano-english-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for piano.", "sourceId": "batch07-piano-etymonline", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for piano", "passageIds": [ "batch05-piano-english-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." } ], "limitations": "The route represents the instrument word only. Clavichord, harpsichord and piano construction history are not lexical ancestors, and Italian piano “softly” is a separate lexical item.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R1", "standard": "Lexography enrichment completeness", "standardVersion": "1.0", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "dollar", "word": "dollar", "language": "English", "sense": "The dollar unit", "senses": [ { "id": "dollar-unit-sense", "label": "The dollar unit", "definition": "A monetary unit or standard of value.", "stageId": "dollar-english", "claimIds": [ "dollar-english" ] }, { "id": "dollar-coin-sense", "label": "The Spanish dollar sense", "definition": "A Spanish peso or piece of eight used in colonial English.", "stageId": "dollar-spanish-sense", "claimIds": [ "dollar-spanish-sense" ] } ], "defaultSense": "dollar-unit-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 07", "aliases": [ "dollar", "daler", "taler", "thaler", "Joachimstaler", "Spanish dollar" ], "summary": "Dollar separates Joachimstaler coin-name formation, Low German mediation, English monetary use, Spanish-dollar sense, and later institutional currency history.", "intro": "The route follows the coin name through German and Low German forms, then keeps English monetary senses and later currency policy distinct.", "claimIds": [ "dollar-joachimsthaler", "dollar-german", "dollar-low-german", "dollar-english", "dollar-spanish-sense", "batch04-dollar-reading", "batch04-dollar-geography", "batch04-dollar-date", "batch04-dollar-scope", "batch04-dollar-relations" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "dollar-joachimsthaler", "narrativeOrder": [ "dollar-joachimsthaler", "dollar-german", "dollar-low-german", "dollar-english", "dollar-spanish-sense" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "dollar-joachimsthaler", "etymologyId": "dollar-joachimsthaler-1", "form": "Joachimstaler", "language": "German", "languageCode": "de", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "dollar-joachimsthaler" ] }, "transliteration": "Joachimstaler", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A coin named for Joachimstal.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "YO-khim-sta-ler", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Bohemian–German–Low German monetary corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 10.5, 51.2 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "dollar-joachimsthaler", "batch04-dollar-reading", "batch04-dollar-geography", "batch04-dollar-date", "batch04-dollar-scope" ], "explanation": "A coin named for Joachimstal.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading", "batch04-dollar-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading", "batch04-dollar-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for Joachimstaler does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading", "batch04-dollar-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dollar-joachimsthaler", "batch04-dollar-reading", "batch04-dollar-geography", "batch04-dollar-date", "batch04-dollar-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dollar-joachimsthaler", "dollar-german", "batch04-dollar-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "dollar-german", "etymologyId": "dollar-german-1", "form": "taler", "language": "German", "languageCode": "de", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "dollar-german" ] }, "transliteration": "taler", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A large silver coin.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "TAH-ler", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1530, "end": 1530, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1530 · German taler", "note": "Reported first-use context; not necessarily the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "dollar-german" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Bohemian–German–Low German monetary corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 10.5, 51.2 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "dollar-german", "batch04-dollar-reading", "batch04-dollar-geography", "batch04-dollar-date", "batch04-dollar-scope" ], "explanation": "A large silver coin.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading", "batch04-dollar-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading", "batch04-dollar-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dollar-german", "batch04-dollar-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading", "batch04-dollar-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dollar-german", "batch04-dollar-reading", "batch04-dollar-geography", "batch04-dollar-date", "batch04-dollar-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dollar-german", "dollar-low-german", "batch04-dollar-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "dollar-low-german", "etymologyId": "dollar-low-german-1", "form": "daler", "language": "Low German", "languageCode": "nds", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "dollar-low-german" ] }, "transliteration": "daler", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A large silver coin.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "DAH-ler", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Bohemian–German–Low German monetary corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 10, 53.5 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "dollar-low-german", "batch04-dollar-reading", "batch04-dollar-geography", "batch04-dollar-date", "batch04-dollar-scope" ], "explanation": "A large silver coin.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading", "batch04-dollar-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading", "batch04-dollar-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for daler does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading", "batch04-dollar-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dollar-low-german", "batch04-dollar-reading", "batch04-dollar-geography", "batch04-dollar-date", "batch04-dollar-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dollar-low-german", "dollar-english", "batch04-dollar-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "dollar-english", "etymologyId": "dollar-english-1", "form": "dollar", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "dollar-english" ] }, "transliteration": "dollar", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A monetary unit or standard of value.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "DOL-er", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1550, "end": 1600, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1550s–1600 · English dollar spelling and coin sense", "note": "Bounded lexical context; not a precise first use or transfer date.", "claimIds": [ "dollar-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "dollar-english", "batch04-dollar-reading", "batch04-dollar-geography", "batch04-dollar-date", "batch04-dollar-scope" ], "explanation": "A monetary unit or standard of value.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading", "batch04-dollar-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading", "batch04-dollar-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for dollar does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "dollar-english", "batch04-dollar-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dollar-english" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading", "batch04-dollar-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dollar-english", "batch04-dollar-reading", "batch04-dollar-geography", "batch04-dollar-date", "batch04-dollar-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dollar-english", "dollar-spanish-sense", "batch04-dollar-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "dollar-spanish-sense", "etymologyId": "dollar-spanish-sense-1", "form": "dollar", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "dollar-spanish-sense" ] }, "transliteration": "dollar", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A Spanish peso or piece of eight in colonial English.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "DOL-er", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1580, "end": 1580, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1580 · Spanish dollar sense in colonial English", "note": "Reported first-use context; not necessarily the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "dollar-spanish-sense" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "dollar-spanish-sense", "batch04-dollar-reading", "batch04-dollar-geography", "batch04-dollar-date", "batch04-dollar-scope" ], "explanation": "A Spanish peso or piece of eight in colonial English.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading", "batch04-dollar-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading", "batch04-dollar-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dollar-spanish-sense", "batch04-dollar-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-dollar-reading", "batch04-dollar-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dollar-spanish-sense", "batch04-dollar-reading", "batch04-dollar-geography", "batch04-dollar-date", "batch04-dollar-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "dollar-joachimsthaler-german-derivation", "from": "dollar-joachimsthaler", "to": "dollar-german", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The inspected source supports this bounded relationship; the displayed edge does not imply a sound-by-sound reconstruction beyond the cited forms.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "dollar-joachimsthaler", "dollar-german", "batch04-dollar-relations" ] }, { "id": "dollar-german-low-german-borrowing", "from": "dollar-german", "to": "dollar-low-german", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The inspected source supports this bounded relationship; the displayed edge does not imply a sound-by-sound reconstruction beyond the cited forms.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "dollar-german", "dollar-low-german", "batch04-dollar-relations" ] }, { "id": "dollar-low-german-english-borrowing", "from": "dollar-low-german", "to": "dollar-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The inspected source supports this bounded relationship; the displayed edge does not imply a sound-by-sound reconstruction beyond the cited forms.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "dollar-low-german", "dollar-english", "batch04-dollar-relations" ] }, { "id": "dollar-english-spanish-sense-semantic-change", "from": "dollar-english", "to": "dollar-spanish-sense", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "This is an English monetary sense, not a claim that Spanish supplies the word’s Germanic form.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "English dollar is applied to the Spanish peso or piece of eight in colonial monetary use.", "added": [ "Spanish peso/piece of eight" ], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [ "dollar-english", "dollar-spanish-sense" ] }, "claimIds": [ "dollar-english", "dollar-spanish-sense", "batch04-dollar-relations" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "dollar-joachimsthaler", "text": "The entry expands German taler to Joachimstaler, literally a coin of Joachimstal.", "sourceId": "batch07-dollar-etymonline", "locator": "dollar — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "dollar-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The place name explains coin-name formation; no geographic lexical-origin point is assigned." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "dollar-german", "text": "German taler is the reported source of Low German daler and English daler.", "sourceId": "batch07-dollar-etymonline", "locator": "dollar — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "dollar-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "dollar-low-german", "text": "Low German daler is the immediate source named for English daler.", "sourceId": "batch07-dollar-etymonline", "locator": "dollar — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "dollar-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "dollar-english", "text": "English dollar is dated to the 1550s, with the spelling modified by 1600.", "sourceId": "batch07-dollar-etymonline", "locator": "dollar — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "dollar-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "dollar-spanish-sense", "text": "The entry records English colonists using dollar from the 1580s for Spanish pesos or pieces of eight.", "sourceId": "batch07-dollar-etymonline", "locator": "dollar — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "dollar-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "batch04-dollar-reading", "text": "dollar: an inspected specialist, institutional or national-language source supports the displayed forms and the selected conventional readings; reconstructed or historical readings remain explicitly qualified.", "sourceId": "batch04-dollar-mw", "locator": "dollar section; coin-name and colonial-circulation discussion", "passageIds": [ "batch04-dollar-mw-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A conventional reading is not presented as an exact recording of every historical speaker; transliteration remains distinct from pronunciation." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest recoverable reading for each displayed stage without projecting a modern pronunciation backward." }, { "id": "batch04-dollar-geography", "text": "dollar: the map point is a supported language, speech-community or documented contact-corridor reference, not a precise lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch04-dollar-mw", "locator": "dollar section; coin-name and colonial-circulation discussion", "passageIds": [ "batch04-dollar-mw-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Reference coordinates orient the language or contact corridor and do not assert a territorial boundary, donor village or origin site." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the strongest defensible regional precision available in the inspected evidence." }, { "id": "batch04-dollar-date", "text": "dollar: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a form or sense; contextual object, cultural, institutional and biographical dates are not substituted for word chronology.", "sourceId": "batch04-dollar-mw", "locator": "dollar section; coin-name and colonial-circulation discussion", "passageIds": [ "batch04-dollar-mw-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Undated reconstructed or historical stages remain researched unresolved rather than receiving an invented date." }, "inference": "Lexography distinguishes attestation, documented use, sense attestation, bounded lexical periods and context." }, { "id": "batch04-dollar-scope", "text": "dollar: the route preserves competing analyses, qualified edges and semantic distinctions required by the inspected evidence.", "sourceId": "batch04-dollar-mw", "locator": "dollar section; coin-name and colonial-circulation discussion", "passageIds": [ "batch04-dollar-mw-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Joachimsthal names the coin formation but is not treated as a word-origin birthplace; Spanish-dollar circulation and United States currency adoption are contextual or institutional history." }, "inference": "The narrative and topology are editorial representations of the evidence graph, not proof that every adjacent form is a direct parent." }, { "id": "batch04-dollar-relations", "text": "dollar: adjacent relations are retained with their existing type and certainty unless the inspected evidence requires a qualified or parallel reading.", "sourceId": "batch04-dollar-mw", "locator": "dollar section; coin-name and colonial-circulation discussion", "passageIds": [ "batch04-dollar-mw-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A displayed tree edge does not erase non-tree alternatives or convert cognacy, influence or comparison into direct borrowing." }, "inference": "Lexography preserves the current topology and records the evidence limits alongside each relation." } ], "limitations": "Joachimsthal names the coin formation but is not treated as a word-origin birthplace; Spanish-dollar circulation and United States currency adoption are contextual or institutional history.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R1", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 04", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "rocket", "word": "rocket", "language": "English", "sense": "The rocket projectile", "senses": [ { "id": "rocket-projectile-sense", "label": "The rocket projectile", "definition": "A self-propelling projectile or fireworks tube. The name reaches this sense through the image of a small cylindrical bobbin, so resemblance connects the Italian object word with the later projectile term.", "stageId": "rocket-english", "claimIds": [ "rocket-english" ] }, { "id": "rocket-spaceflight-sense", "label": "The spaceflight rocket", "definition": "A propulsion device or vehicle used for space travel. These later English uses extend the projectile word through shared propulsion technology: first the engine-driven device, then the spacecraft it propels.", "stageId": "rocket-spaceflight", "claimIds": [ "rocket-spaceflight" ] } ], "defaultSense": "rocket-projectile-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 07", "aliases": [ "rocket", "rocchetto", "rocchetta", "roquette", "rocket-ship" ], "summary": "Rocket travels from an Italian word for a small bobbin through French into English projectile language, then broadens within English to propulsion devices and spacecraft. The first shift is driven by cylindrical resemblance.", "intro": "Italian rocchetto, “small bobbin,” supplied a shape image for French roquette and English rocket in the projectile or fireworks sense. English then applied the word to a rocket-propelled device and, later, to a vehicle for space travel. The dated senses are lexical records; the history of fireworks, engines, and spaceflight remains supporting context rather than substitute word chronology.", "claimIds": [ "rocket-italian", "rocket-french", "rocket-english", "rocket-engine", "rocket-spaceflight", "batch04-rocket-reading", "batch04-rocket-geography", "batch04-rocket-date", "batch04-rocket-scope", "batch04-rocket-relations" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "rocket-italian", "narrativeOrder": [ "rocket-italian", "rocket-french", "rocket-english", "rocket-engine", "rocket-spaceflight" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "rocket-italian", "etymologyId": "rocket-italian-1", "form": "rocchetto", "language": "Italian", "languageCode": "it", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "rocket-italian" ] }, "transliteration": "rocchetto", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A bobbin; the source image for a cylindrical projectile.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ro-KET-to (Italian)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Italian–French–English technical vocabulary corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 12.65, 43.05 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "rocket-italian", "batch04-rocket-reading", "batch04-rocket-geography", "batch04-rocket-date", "batch04-rocket-scope" ], "explanation": "Italian rocchetto means a small bobbin, from a distaff word. Its cylindrical form supplies the comparison behind the projectile name; the retained evidence does not establish a word-specific date for this stage.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading", "batch04-rocket-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading", "batch04-rocket-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for rocchetto does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading", "batch04-rocket-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "rocket-italian", "batch04-rocket-reading", "batch04-rocket-geography", "batch04-rocket-date", "batch04-rocket-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "rocket-italian", "rocket-french", "batch04-rocket-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "rocket-french", "etymologyId": "rocket-french-1", "form": "roquette", "language": "French", "languageCode": "fr", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "rocket-french" ] }, "transliteration": "roquette", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A reported European projectile/fireworks form.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ro-KET (French)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Italian–French–English technical vocabulary corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 2, 48.8 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "rocket-french", "batch04-rocket-reading", "batch04-rocket-geography", "batch04-rocket-date", "batch04-rocket-scope" ], "explanation": "French roquette records the projectile term in the sixteenth century and preserves the Italian bobbin-by-shape explanation. The exact transfer chronology into and through French remains qualified.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading", "batch04-rocket-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading", "batch04-rocket-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for roquette does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading", "batch04-rocket-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "rocket-french", "batch04-rocket-reading", "batch04-rocket-geography", "batch04-rocket-date", "batch04-rocket-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "rocket-french", "rocket-english", "batch04-rocket-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "rocket-english", "etymologyId": "rocket-english-1", "form": "rocket", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "rocket-english" ] }, "transliteration": "rocket", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A self-propelling projectile or fireworks tube.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ROK-it", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1610, "end": 1610, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1610 · English rocket projectile/fireworks", "note": "Reported first-use context; not necessarily the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "rocket-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "rocket-english", "batch04-rocket-reading", "batch04-rocket-geography", "batch04-rocket-date", "batch04-rocket-scope" ], "explanation": "English rocket is recorded in the 1610s for a cylindrical tube containing flammable or explosive material: the projectile or fireworks sense that carries the shape image forward.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading", "batch04-rocket-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading", "batch04-rocket-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "rocket-english", "batch04-rocket-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading", "batch04-rocket-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "rocket-english", "batch04-rocket-reading", "batch04-rocket-geography", "batch04-rocket-date", "batch04-rocket-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "rocket-english", "rocket-engine", "batch04-rocket-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "rocket-engine", "etymologyId": "rocket-engine-1", "form": "rocket", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "rocket-engine" ] }, "transliteration": "rocket", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A device propelled by a rocket engine.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ROK-it", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1919, "end": 1919, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1919 · rocket-engine device sense", "note": "Reported first-use context; not necessarily the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "rocket-engine" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "rocket-engine", "batch04-rocket-reading", "batch04-rocket-geography", "batch04-rocket-date", "batch04-rocket-scope" ], "explanation": "By 1919, English rocket could name a device propelled by a rocket engine. This is an extension of the projectile term, not a new borrowing from another language.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading", "batch04-rocket-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading", "batch04-rocket-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "rocket-engine", "batch04-rocket-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading", "batch04-rocket-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "rocket-engine", "batch04-rocket-reading", "batch04-rocket-geography", "batch04-rocket-date", "batch04-rocket-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "rocket-engine", "rocket-spaceflight", "batch04-rocket-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "rocket-spaceflight", "etymologyId": "rocket-spaceflight-1", "form": "rocket", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "rocket-spaceflight" ] }, "transliteration": "rocket", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A vehicle used for space travel.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ROK-it", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1927, "end": 1927, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1927 · rocket space-travel sense", "note": "Reported first-use context; not necessarily the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "rocket-spaceflight" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "rocket-spaceflight", "batch04-rocket-reading", "batch04-rocket-geography", "batch04-rocket-date", "batch04-rocket-scope" ], "explanation": "By 1927, rocket-ship supplied the space-travel vehicle sense. The word now names not only propulsion and projectiles but the vehicle moved by that propulsion.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading", "batch04-rocket-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading", "batch04-rocket-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "rocket-spaceflight", "batch04-rocket-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-rocket-reading", "batch04-rocket-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "rocket-spaceflight", "batch04-rocket-reading", "batch04-rocket-geography", "batch04-rocket-date", "batch04-rocket-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "rocket-italian-french-borrowing", "from": "rocket-italian", "to": "rocket-french", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "French roquette is linked to Italian rocchetto, “small bobbin,” by both borrowing and the cylindrical shape image. The exact transfer date is not forced.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "Resemblance motivates the move from bobbin to projectile terminology, but the evidence does not date a discrete sense change inside Italian or French.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "rocket-italian", "rocket-french", "batch04-rocket-relations" ] }, { "id": "rocket-french-english-borrowing", "from": "rocket-french", "to": "rocket-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "English takes the projectile term through the French/Italian lexical corridor. The French intermediary is retained with qualified chronology rather than treated as a fully dated direct event.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The projectile or fireworks referent is substantially continuous at the English borrowing stage; similar glosses do not supply an exact transfer date.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "rocket-french", "rocket-english", "batch04-rocket-relations" ] }, { "id": "rocket-english-engine-semantic-change", "from": "rocket-english", "to": "rocket-engine", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Within English, rocket extends from a projectile or fireworks tube to a device whose motion is produced by a rocket engine. Engineering history explains the association but does not replace the 1919 lexical record.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "The shared propulsion principle licenses a metonymic and technical broadening from projectile to propelled device.", "added": [ "rocket-engine device" ], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [ "rocket-english", "rocket-engine" ], "context": { "stageId": "rocket-engine", "label": "Technology explains extension, not ancestry", "summary": [ "Shape image: bobbin", "Projectile/fireworks term", "Propulsion device" ], "explanation": "The technical connection makes the later sense understandable, but dates for rocket technology are not used as first attestations of the word.", "claimIds": [ "rocket-italian", "rocket-english", "rocket-engine", "batch04-rocket-scope" ] } }, "claimIds": [ "rocket-english", "rocket-engine", "batch04-rocket-relations" ] }, { "id": "rocket-engine-spaceflight-semantic-change", "from": "rocket-engine", "to": "rocket-spaceflight", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English then applies rocket to the space-travel vehicle associated with rocket propulsion. This is a later semantic extension, not another borrowing stage.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "The device name broadens metonymically to the spacecraft propelled by it, yielding the familiar vehicle sense.", "added": [ "space-travel vehicle" ], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [ "rocket-engine", "rocket-spaceflight" ] }, "claimIds": [ "rocket-engine", "rocket-spaceflight", "batch04-rocket-relations" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "rocket-italian", "text": "The entry gives Italian rocchetto “rocket,” literally “bobbin,” from rocca “distaff,” named for the cylindrical shape.", "sourceId": "batch07-rocket-etymonline", "locator": "rocket — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "rocket-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "The bobbin record supplies the semantic mechanism—cylindrical resemblance—while leaving the undated Italian stage and exact mediation chronology visible." }, { "id": "rocket-french", "text": "The selected entry records French and English mediation in the historical projectile terminology while keeping the Italian source explicit.", "sourceId": "batch07-rocket-etymonline", "locator": "rocket — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "rocket-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The exact French transfer chronology is not forced beyond the inspected etymology account." }, "inference": "The French evidence corroborates European projectile mediation but does not justify a more precise transfer sequence than the qualified edge displays." }, { "id": "rocket-english", "text": "English rocket is dated to the 1610s for a cylindrical tube filled with flammable or explosive material.", "sourceId": "batch07-rocket-etymonline", "locator": "rocket — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "rocket-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "rocket-engine", "text": "The entry dates the rocket-engine device sense to 1919.", "sourceId": "batch07-rocket-etymonline", "locator": "rocket — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "rocket-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "The 1919 record dates the propelled-device sense; Lexography uses technological association only to explain that semantic extension." }, { "id": "rocket-spaceflight", "text": "The entry dates rocket-ship in the space-travel sense to 1927.", "sourceId": "batch07-rocket-etymonline", "locator": "rocket — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "rocket-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "The 1927 rocket-ship record anchors the vehicle sense without turning the date of spaceflight technology into an earlier lexical claim." }, { "id": "batch04-rocket-reading", "text": "rocket: an inspected specialist, institutional or national-language source supports the displayed forms and the selected conventional readings; reconstructed or historical readings remain explicitly qualified.", "sourceId": "batch04-rocket-academie", "locator": "9e édition; histoire du mot and projectile definition", "passageIds": [ "batch04-rocket-academie-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A conventional reading is not presented as an exact recording of every historical speaker; transliteration remains distinct from pronunciation." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest recoverable reading for each displayed stage without projecting a modern pronunciation backward." }, { "id": "batch04-rocket-geography", "text": "rocket: the map point is a supported language, speech-community or documented contact-corridor reference, not a precise lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch04-rocket-academie", "locator": "9e édition; histoire du mot and projectile definition", "passageIds": [ "batch04-rocket-academie-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Reference coordinates orient the language or contact corridor and do not assert a territorial boundary, donor village or origin site." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the strongest defensible regional precision available in the inspected evidence." }, { "id": "batch04-rocket-date", "text": "rocket: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a form or sense; contextual object, cultural, institutional and biographical dates are not substituted for word chronology.", "sourceId": "batch04-rocket-academie", "locator": "9e édition; histoire du mot and projectile definition", "passageIds": [ "batch04-rocket-academie-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Undated reconstructed or historical stages remain researched unresolved rather than receiving an invented date." }, "inference": "Lexography distinguishes attestation, documented use, sense attestation, bounded lexical periods and context." }, { "id": "batch04-rocket-scope", "text": "rocket: the route preserves competing analyses, qualified edges and semantic distinctions required by the inspected evidence.", "sourceId": "batch04-rocket-academie", "locator": "9e édition; histoire du mot and projectile definition", "passageIds": [ "batch04-rocket-academie-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Fireworks, rocket engines, and spaceflight date later objects and senses; they do not replace lexical attestations for the inherited route." }, "inference": "The narrative and topology are editorial representations of the evidence graph, not proof that every adjacent form is a direct parent." }, { "id": "batch04-rocket-relations", "text": "rocket: adjacent relations are retained with their existing type and certainty unless the inspected evidence requires a qualified or parallel reading.", "sourceId": "batch04-rocket-academie", "locator": "9e édition; histoire du mot and projectile definition", "passageIds": [ "batch04-rocket-academie-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A displayed tree edge does not erase non-tree alternatives or convert cognacy, influence or comparison into direct borrowing." }, "inference": "Lexography preserves the current topology and records the evidence limits alongside each relation." } ], "limitations": "Fireworks, rocket engines, and spaceflight date later objects and senses; they do not replace lexical attestations for the inherited route.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R1", "standard": "Corpus One — Encyclopedic Enrichment Standard", "standardVersion": "2.0", "completedAt": "2026-09-21" } }, { "id": "meme", "word": "meme", "language": "English", "sense": "The cultural meme", "senses": [ { "id": "meme-culture-sense", "label": "The cultural meme", "definition": "An idea, behavior or style transmitted within a culture.", "stageId": "meme-dawkins", "claimIds": [ "meme-dawkins" ] }, { "id": "meme-internet-sense", "label": "The internet meme", "definition": "A digital image, text or video spread widely online.", "stageId": "meme-internet", "claimIds": [ "meme-internet" ] } ], "defaultSense": "meme-culture-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 07", "aliases": [ "meme", "mimēma", "mimeisthai" ], "summary": "Meme is a 1976 English coinage from Greek material, later extended to internet culture; it is not a direct ancient-Greek borrowing.", "intro": "Meme is a 1976 English coinage from Greek material, later extended to internet culture; it is not a direct ancient-Greek borrowing.", "claimIds": [ "meme-greek", "meme-dawkins", "meme-internet" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "meme-greek", "narrativeOrder": [ "meme-greek", "meme-dawkins", "meme-internet" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "meme-greek", "etymologyId": "meme-greek-1", "form": "μίμημα", "language": "Ancient Greek material", "languageCode": "grc", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "meme-greek" ] }, "transliteration": "mimēma", "script": "Greek", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "An imitation; learned source material.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a form or transliteration, not a verified historical pronunciation. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical source; no origin site is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "meme-greek" ], "explanation": "An imitation; learned source material.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "meme-greek" ] }, { "id": "meme-dawkins", "etymologyId": "meme-dawkins-1", "form": "meme", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "meme-dawkins" ] }, "transliteration": "meme", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A unit of cultural transmission or imitation.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a form or transliteration, not a verified historical pronunciation. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1976, "end": 1976, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1976 · Dawkins’s meme coinage", "note": "Reported first-use context; not necessarily the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "meme-dawkins" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical source; no origin site is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "meme-dawkins" ], "explanation": "A unit of cultural transmission or imitation." }, { "id": "meme-internet", "etymologyId": "meme-internet-1", "form": "meme", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "meme-internet" ] }, "transliteration": "meme", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A widely shared witty or incisive digital image, text or video.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a form or transliteration, not a verified historical pronunciation. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1997, "end": 1997, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1997 · internet meme sense", "note": "Reported first-use context; not necessarily the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "meme-internet" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical source; no origin site is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "meme-internet" ], "explanation": "A widely shared witty or incisive digital image, text or video." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "meme-greek-dawkins-derivation", "from": "meme-greek", "to": "meme-dawkins", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The English coinage uses Greek material; this is derivation/coinage, not direct borrowing.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "meme-greek", "meme-dawkins" ] }, { "id": "meme-dawkins-internet-semantic-change", "from": "meme-dawkins", "to": "meme-internet", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The internet sense is later English semantic development.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "The cultural-replicator sense develops into a digital item spread rapidly by internet users.", "added": [ "internet image/text/video" ], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [ "meme-dawkins", "meme-internet" ] }, "claimIds": [ "meme-dawkins", "meme-internet" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "meme-greek", "text": "The entry says Dawkins coined meme from Greek sources such as mimēma/mimeisthai and intended it to echo gene.", "sourceId": "batch07-meme-etymonline", "locator": "meme — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "meme-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Greek is represented as learned material for an English coinage, not as a direct historical donor of the modern English word." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "meme-dawkins", "text": "Richard Dawkins introduced English meme in The Selfish Gene in 1976 as a name for a cultural replicator.", "sourceId": "batch07-meme-etymonline", "locator": "meme — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "meme-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "meme-internet", "text": "The entry dates the Digital Age sense to 1997.", "sourceId": "batch07-meme-etymonline", "locator": "meme — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "meme-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." } ], "limitations": "Greek mimēma/mimeisthai are source material for Dawkins’s coinage, not a historical English loanword stage. The internet sense is a later English development." }, { "id": "cookie", "word": "cookie", "language": "English", "sense": "The cookie cake", "senses": [ { "id": "cookie-cake-sense", "label": "The cookie cake", "definition": "A small, flat, sweet baked cake.", "stageId": "cookie-english", "claimIds": [ "cookie-english" ] }, { "id": "cookie-web-sense", "label": "The web cookie", "definition": "Small browser data sent by a server and returned to preserve state.", "stageId": "cookie-web", "claimIds": [ "cookie-web" ] } ], "defaultSense": "cookie-cake-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 07", "aliases": [ "cookie", "koekje", "koek", "web cookie", "browser cookie" ], "summary": "Cookie reaches North American English from Dutch koekje, then develops a bounded web sense for server-sent browser state.", "intro": "Cookie reaches North American English from Dutch koekje, then develops a bounded web sense for server-sent browser state.", "claimIds": [ "cookie-middle-dutch", "cookie-dutch", "cookie-english", "cookie-web" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "cookie-middle-dutch", "narrativeOrder": [ "cookie-middle-dutch", "cookie-dutch", "cookie-english", "cookie-web" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "cookie-middle-dutch", "etymologyId": "cookie-middle-dutch-1", "form": "koke", "language": "Middle Dutch", "languageCode": "dum", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "cookie-middle-dutch" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Cake; a form in the Dutch cake family.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The bounded sources did not supply a defensible reading for this historical or disputed form; no pronunciation is invented.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Dutch reference region", "coordinates": [ 5, 52 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "cookie-middle-dutch-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "cookie-middle-dutch", "cookie-middle-dutch-region" ], "explanation": "Cake; a form in the Dutch cake family.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cookie-middle-dutch" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cookie-middle-dutch" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cookie-middle-dutch" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "cookie-middle-dutch" ], "label": "Historical reading not established", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for koke (Middle Dutch) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A transliteration or modern form is not presented as a historical pronunciation." }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "cookie-middle-dutch" ], "label": "No secure word-specific lexical date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for koke (Middle Dutch) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cookie-middle-dutch-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cookie-middle-dutch-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cookie-middle-dutch" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cookie-middle-dutch", "cookie-middle-dutch-region" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cookie-middle-dutch", "cookie-dutch" ] } }, "transliteration": "koke" }, { "id": "cookie-dutch", "etymologyId": "cookie-dutch-1", "form": "koekje", "language": "Dutch", "languageCode": "nl", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "cookie-dutch" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A little cake.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The bounded sources did not supply a defensible reading for this historical or disputed form; no pronunciation is invented.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Dutch reference region", "coordinates": [ 5, 52 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "cookie-dutch-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "cookie-dutch", "cookie-dutch-region" ], "explanation": "A little cake.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cookie-dutch" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cookie-dutch" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cookie-dutch" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "cookie-dutch" ], "label": "Historical reading not established", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for koekje (Dutch) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A transliteration or modern form is not presented as a historical pronunciation." }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "cookie-dutch" ], "label": "No secure word-specific lexical date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for koekje (Dutch) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cookie-dutch-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cookie-dutch-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cookie-dutch" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cookie-dutch", "cookie-dutch-region" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cookie-dutch", "cookie-english" ] } }, "transliteration": "koekje" }, { "id": "cookie-english", "etymologyId": "cookie-english-1", "form": "cookie", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "cookie-english" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A small, flat, sweet cake.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KOOK-ee", "ipa": "/ˈkʊki/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "cookie-english-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1808, "end": 1808, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1808 · North American English cookie", "note": "Reported first-use context; not necessarily the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "cookie-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "cookie-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "cookie-english", "cookie-english-region", "cookie-english-reading", "cookie-english-reading" ], "explanation": "A small, flat, sweet cake.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cookie-english" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cookie-english" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cookie-english" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cookie-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cookie-english" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cookie-english-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cookie-english-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cookie-english" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cookie-english", "cookie-english-region", "cookie-english-reading", "cookie-english-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cookie-english", "cookie-web" ] } }, "transliteration": "cookie" }, { "id": "cookie-web", "etymologyId": "cookie-web-1", "form": "cookie", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "cookie-web" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A small item of browser data sent by a server and returned with later requests.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KOOK-ee", "ipa": "/ˈkʊki/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "cookie-web-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "cookie-web-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "cookie-web", "cookie-web-region", "cookie-web-reading", "cookie-web-reading" ], "explanation": "A small item of browser data sent by a server and returned with later requests.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cookie-web" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cookie-web" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cookie-web" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cookie-web-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "cookie-web" ], "label": "No secure word-specific lexical date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for cookie (English) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cookie-web-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cookie-web-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cookie-web" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cookie-web", "cookie-web-region", "cookie-web-reading", "cookie-web-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } }, "transliteration": "cookie" } ], "relations": [ { "id": "cookie-middle-dutch-dutch-inheritance", "from": "cookie-middle-dutch", "to": "cookie-dutch", "type": "inheritance", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The inspected source supports this bounded relationship; the displayed edge does not imply a sound-by-sound reconstruction beyond the cited forms.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "cookie-middle-dutch", "cookie-dutch" ] }, { "id": "cookie-dutch-english-borrowing", "from": "cookie-dutch", "to": "cookie-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The inspected source supports this bounded relationship; the displayed edge does not imply a sound-by-sound reconstruction beyond the cited forms.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "cookie-dutch", "cookie-english" ] }, { "id": "cookie-english-web-semantic-change", "from": "cookie-english", "to": "cookie-web", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The technical sense is described by MDN without assigning an unsupported first-use date.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "The food word is reused for a small browser-data item by a later computing metaphor.", "added": [ "browser data" ], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [ "cookie-english", "cookie-web" ] }, "claimIds": [ "cookie-english", "cookie-web" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "cookie-middle-dutch", "text": "The entry gives Middle Dutch koke as the source family for Dutch koek “cake.”", "sourceId": "batch07-cookie-etymonline", "locator": "cookie — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "cookie-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "cookie-dutch", "text": "Dutch koekje “little cake” is the reported source of the North American English sweet-cake use.", "sourceId": "batch07-cookie-etymonline", "locator": "cookie — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "cookie-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "cookie-english", "text": "North American English cookie is dated to 1808 in the small sweet cake sense.", "sourceId": "batch07-cookie-etymonline", "locator": "cookie — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "cookie-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "cookie-web", "text": "MDN defines a web/browser cookie as small data sent by a server to a browser and returned to preserve state in otherwise stateless HTTP.", "sourceId": "batch07-cookie-mdn", "locator": "Using HTTP cookies — browser state definition · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "cookie-mdn-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "cookie-middle-dutch-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for Dutch.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row dutc1256; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "dutc1256" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "cookie-dutch-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for Dutch.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row dutc1256; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "dutc1256" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "cookie-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for English / Britain.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "cookie-english-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for cookie.", "sourceId": "batch07-cookie-etymonline", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for cookie", "passageIds": [ "batch05-cookie-english-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "cookie-web-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for English / Britain.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "cookie-web-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for cookie.", "sourceId": "batch07-cookie-etymonline", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for cookie", "passageIds": [ "batch05-cookie-web-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." } ], "limitations": "The Scottish 1730 bun form is kept distinct from the 1808 North American cake route. MDN supports the technical sense description, not an invented date for its coinage.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R1", "standard": "Lexography enrichment completeness", "standardVersion": "1.0", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "bug", "word": "bug", "language": "English", "sense": "The insect bug", "senses": [ { "id": "bug-insect-sense", "label": "The insect bug", "definition": "An insect or beetle, especially in early bedbug references.", "stageId": "bug-insect", "claimIds": [ "bug-insect" ] }, { "id": "bug-fault-sense", "label": "The machine bug", "definition": "A defect or fault in a machine or computer program.", "stageId": "bug-computing", "claimIds": [ "bug-computing" ] } ], "defaultSense": "bug-insect-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 07", "aliases": [ "bug", "bugge", "bugbear", "computer bug", "debug" ], "summary": "Bug separates uncertain insect history from machine-defect and computing senses; the Harvard moth episode is not treated as the word’s origin.", "intro": "Bug separates uncertain insect history from machine-defect and computing senses; the Harvard moth episode is not treated as the word’s origin.", "claimIds": [ "bug-specter", "bug-insect", "bug-defect", "bug-computing" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "bug-specter", "narrativeOrder": [ "bug-specter", "bug-insect", "bug-defect", "bug-computing" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "bug-specter", "etymologyId": "bug-specter-1", "form": "bugge", "language": "Middle English", "languageCode": "enm", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "bug-specter" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A frightening thing or specter.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The bounded sources did not supply a defensible reading for this historical or disputed form; no pronunciation is invented.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Middle English reference region", "coordinates": [ -1.11, 51.65 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "bug-specter-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "bug-specter", "bug-specter-region" ], "explanation": "A frightening thing or specter.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bug-specter" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bug-specter" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bug-specter" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "bug-specter" ], "label": "Historical reading not established", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for bugge (Middle English) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A transliteration or modern form is not presented as a historical pronunciation." }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "bug-specter" ], "label": "No secure word-specific lexical date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for bugge (Middle English) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bug-specter-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bug-specter-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bug-specter" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bug-specter", "bug-specter-region" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bug-specter", "bug-insect" ] } }, "transliteration": "bugge" }, { "id": "bug-insect", "etymologyId": "bug-insect-1", "form": "bug", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "bug-insect" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "An insect or beetle, especially a bedbug in early use.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "BUG", "ipa": "/bʌɡ/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "bug-insect-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1620, "end": 1620, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1620 · English insect bug", "note": "Reported first-use context; not necessarily the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "bug-insect" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "bug-insect-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "bug-insect", "bug-insect-region", "bug-insect-reading", "bug-insect-reading" ], "explanation": "An insect or beetle, especially a bedbug in early use.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bug-insect" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bug-insect" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bug-insect" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bug-insect-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bug-insect" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bug-insect-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bug-insect-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bug-insect" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bug-insect", "bug-insect-region", "bug-insect-reading", "bug-insect-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bug-insect", "bug-defect" ] } }, "transliteration": "bug" }, { "id": "bug-defect", "etymologyId": "bug-defect-1", "form": "bug", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "bug-defect" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A defect or fault in a machine.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "BUG", "ipa": "/bʌɡ/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "bug-defect-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1889, "end": 1889, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1889 · machine-defect bug sense", "note": "Reported first-use context; not necessarily the date of coinage or transmission.", "claimIds": [ "bug-defect" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "bug-defect-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "bug-defect", "bug-defect-region", "bug-defect-reading", "bug-defect-reading" ], "explanation": "A defect or fault in a machine.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bug-defect" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bug-defect" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bug-defect" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bug-defect-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bug-defect" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bug-defect-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bug-defect-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bug-defect" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bug-defect", "bug-defect-region", "bug-defect-reading", "bug-defect-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bug-defect", "bug-computing" ] } }, "transliteration": "bug" }, { "id": "bug-computing", "etymologyId": "bug-computing-1", "form": "bug", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "bug-computing" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A defect in a computer program or computing system.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "BUG", "ipa": "/bʌɡ/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "bug-computing-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "bug-computing-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "bug-computing", "bug-computing-region", "bug-computing-reading", "bug-computing-reading" ], "explanation": "A defect in a computer program or computing system.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bug-computing" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bug-computing" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bug-computing" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bug-computing-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "bug-computing" ], "label": "No secure word-specific lexical date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for bug (English) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bug-computing-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bug-computing-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bug-computing" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "bug-computing", "bug-computing-region", "bug-computing-reading", "bug-computing-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } }, "transliteration": "bug" } ], "relations": [ { "id": "bug-specter-insect-influence", "from": "bug-specter", "to": "bug-insect", "type": "influence", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The source proposes a possible connection between the specter and insect senses; origin remains uncertain.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "bug-specter", "bug-insect" ] }, { "id": "bug-insect-defect-semantic-change", "from": "bug-insect", "to": "bug-defect", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The insect and defect senses are chronologically distinct; the source gives only a possible metaphorical motivation.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a semantic change at transmission. Similar definitions alone do not prove retention.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "bug-insect", "bug-defect" ] }, { "id": "bug-defect-computing-semantic-change", "from": "bug-defect", "to": "bug-computing", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The 1947 moth episode is not treated as the origin of the computing sense.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "narrowed", "explanation": "The general machine-defect sense becomes a defect in a computer or program.", "added": [ "computer/program defect" ], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [ "bug-defect", "bug-computing" ] }, "claimIds": [ "bug-defect", "bug-computing" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "bug-specter", "text": "The entry compares the uncertain insect word with Middle English bugge “something frightening, scarecrow.”", "sourceId": "batch07-bug-etymonline", "locator": "bug — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "bug-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The proposed connection is uncertain and is not treated as a secure ancestor." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "bug-insect", "text": "English bug is dated to the 1620s for the insect sense, with bedbugs among the earliest references.", "sourceId": "batch07-bug-etymonline", "locator": "bug — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "bug-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "bug-defect", "text": "The entry dates the machine-defect sense to 1889 and notes a proposed c. 1878 Edison use without treating that proposal as certain.", "sourceId": "batch07-bug-etymonline", "locator": "bug — selected etymology and sense sections · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "bug-etymonline-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "bug-computing", "text": "The inspected IBM history says the 1947 Harvard moth report popularized the story while the engineering sense predates it; the moth did not necessarily coin computer bug.", "sourceId": "batch07-bug-ibm", "locator": "A brief history of bugs — pre-moth engineering usage · selected etymology and sense sections", "passageIds": [ "bug-ibm-overview" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The computing sense is preserved without a fabricated first-use date or the moth-origin myth." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "bug-specter-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for Middle English.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row midd1317; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "midd1317" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "bug-insect-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for English / Britain.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "bug-insect-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for bug.", "sourceId": "batch07-bug-etymonline", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for bug", "passageIds": [ "batch05-bug-insect-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "bug-defect-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for English / Britain.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "bug-defect-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for bug.", "sourceId": "batch07-bug-etymonline", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for bug", "passageIds": [ "batch05-bug-defect-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "bug-computing-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for English / Britain.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "bug-computing-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for bug.", "sourceId": "batch07-bug-etymonline", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for bug", "passageIds": [ "batch05-bug-computing-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." } ], "limitations": "The insect word’s origin remains uncertain. The machine-defect sense predates the 1947 moth report in the inspected material, so the moth episode is contextual evidence for computing usage, not a coinage claim.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R1", "standard": "Lexography enrichment completeness", "standardVersion": "1.0", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "taekwondo", "word": "taekwondo", "language": "English", "sense": "The taekwondo martial art", "senses": [ { "id": "taekwondo-martial-art-sense", "label": "The taekwondo martial art", "definition": "A Korean martial art and combat sport using hand and foot techniques.", "stageId": "taekwondo-english", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-english" ] } ], "defaultSense": "taekwondo-martial-art-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Public Alpha 100", "aliases": [ "taekwondo", "tae kwon do", "taekwon-do", "태권도", "跆拳道", "taegwondo" ], "summary": "Taekwondo is a modern Korean name written in Hangul as 태권도 and represented in Hanja as 跆拳道; English adopts the Korean form.", "intro": "Taekwondo is a modern Korean name written in Hangul as 태권도 and represented in Hanja as 跆拳道; English adopts the Korean form.", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-hanja", "taekwondo-korean-naming-context", "taekwondo-korean", "taekwondo-english" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "taekwondo-hanja", "narrativeOrder": [ "taekwondo-hanja", "taekwondo-korean", "taekwondo-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "taekwondo-hanja", "etymologyId": "taekwondo-hanja-1", "form": "跆拳道", "language": "Sino-Korean Hanja spelling", "languageCode": "ko-hanja", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-hanja" ] }, "transliteration": "taegwondo", "script": "Han", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "The Hanja representation of the Korean name, conventionally analyzed as foot/trample + fist + way.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The bounded sources did not supply a defensible reading for this historical or disputed form; no pronunciation is invented.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Korean reference region", "coordinates": [ 127.5, 37.5 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-hanja-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-hanja", "taekwondo-hanja-region", "taekwondo-hanja-transliteration" ], "explanation": "An orthographic and morphemic representation of the Korean name, not an older donor-language stage.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "taekwondo-hanja-transliteration" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-hanja" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-hanja" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-hanja" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-hanja" ], "label": "Historical reading not established", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for 跆拳道 (Sino-Korean Hanja spelling) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A transliteration or modern form is not presented as a historical pronunciation." }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-hanja-transliteration" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-hanja" ], "label": "No secure word-specific lexical date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for 跆拳道 (Sino-Korean Hanja spelling) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-hanja-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-hanja-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-hanja" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-hanja", "taekwondo-hanja-region", "taekwondo-hanja-transliteration" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-hanja", "taekwondo-korean" ] } } }, { "id": "taekwondo-korean", "etymologyId": "taekwondo-korean-1", "form": "태권도", "language": "Korean", "languageCode": "ko", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-korean" ] }, "transliteration": "taegwondo", "script": "Hangul", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A Korean martial-art sport using hand and foot techniques.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "tae-GWON-do", "ipa": "[태꿘도]", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-korean-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1955, "end": 1955, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1955 · reported naming context for the modern Korean form", "note": "The inspected etymology reports a 1955 naming account; this is a contextual report, not a securely isolated first-use or exact coinage date.", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-korean-naming-context" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Korean reference region", "coordinates": [ 127.5, 37.5 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-korean-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-korean", "taekwondo-korean-region", "taekwondo-korean-reading", "taekwondo-korean-transliteration" ], "explanation": "A Korean martial-art sport using hand and foot techniques.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "taekwondo-korean-transliteration" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-korean" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-korean" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-korean" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-korean-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-korean-transliteration" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-korean" ], "label": "No secure word-specific lexical date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for 태권도 (Korean) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-korean-naming-context" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-korean-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-korean-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-korean" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-korean", "taekwondo-korean-region", "taekwondo-korean-reading", "taekwondo-korean-transliteration" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-korean", "taekwondo-english" ] } } }, { "id": "taekwondo-english", "etymologyId": "taekwondo-english-1", "form": "taekwondo", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-english" ] }, "transliteration": "taekwondo", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "The Korean martial art and combat sport.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "tie-KWON-doh", "ipa": "/taɪˈkwɒndoʊ/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-english-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-english", "taekwondo-english-region", "taekwondo-english-reading" ], "explanation": "English adoption of the modern Korean lexical form; no unsupported English first-use date is added.", "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-english" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-english" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-english" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-english" ], "label": "No secure word-specific lexical date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for taekwondo (English) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-english-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-english-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-english" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-english", "taekwondo-english-region", "taekwondo-english-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "taekwondo-hanja-korean-influence", "from": "taekwondo-hanja", "to": "taekwondo-korean", "type": "influence", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The Hanja spelling and Hangul form represent the same Korean lexical formation; this edge records orthographic correspondence, not a historical ancestor or separate borrowing.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a sound-by-sound reconstruction beyond the cited forms.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-hanja", "taekwondo-korean" ] }, { "id": "taekwondo-korean-english-borrowing", "from": "taekwondo-korean", "to": "taekwondo-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The inspected English entry explicitly identifies the English form as borrowed from Korean.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a sound-by-sound reconstruction beyond the cited forms.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "taekwondo-korean", "taekwondo-english" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "taekwondo-hanja", "text": "The inspected Korean entry gives 跆拳道 as the Hanja representation and analyzes the formation as 跆拳 + 道.", "sourceId": "publicalpha100-taekwondo-korean-wiktionary", "locator": "Korean > Etymology and noun", "passageIds": [ "etymology" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "taekwondo-korean-naming-context", "text": "The inspected etymology reports a 1955 naming account for the modern Korean form while also warning that the lexical record should not be expanded into institutional certainty.", "sourceId": "publicalpha100-taekwondo-korean-wiktionary", "locator": "Korean > Etymology and noun", "passageIds": [ "etymology" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The year is retained only as a reported naming context; exact coinage chronology and institutional priority are not resolved." }, "inference": "Lexography preserves the reported context without promoting it to an exact first-use claim." }, { "id": "taekwondo-korean", "text": "The Korean Basic Dictionary presents 태권도 (跆拳道) as a noun for a sport based on Korean traditional martial arts using techniques including kicking, punching and blocking.", "sourceId": "publicalpha100-taekwondo-korean-dictionary", "locator": "Headword, pronunciation, part of speech and definition", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "taekwondo-english", "text": "The inspected English entry identifies taekwondo as borrowed from Korean 태권도 (跆拳道), taegwondo.", "sourceId": "publicalpha100-taekwondo-english-wiktionary", "locator": "English > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "etymology" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "taekwondo-hanja-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for Korean.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable reference row for Korean", "passageIds": [ "batch05-korean-reference" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "taekwondo-hanja-transliteration", "text": "The inspected entry supports the conventional transliteration taegwondo for 跆拳道.", "sourceId": "publicalpha100-taekwondo-korean-dictionary", "locator": "Batch 05 transliteration inspection for 跆拳道", "passageIds": [ "batch05-taekwondo-hanja-transliteration" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "taekwondo-korean-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for Korean.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable reference row for Korean", "passageIds": [ "batch05-korean-reference" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "taekwondo-korean-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for 태권도.", "sourceId": "publicalpha100-taekwondo-korean-dictionary", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for 태권도", "passageIds": [ "batch05-taekwondo-korean-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "taekwondo-korean-transliteration", "text": "The inspected entry supports the conventional transliteration taegwondo for 태권도.", "sourceId": "publicalpha100-taekwondo-korean-dictionary", "locator": "Batch 05 transliteration inspection for 태권도", "passageIds": [ "batch05-taekwondo-korean-transliteration" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "taekwondo-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for English / Britain.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "taekwondo-english-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for taekwondo.", "sourceId": "publicalpha100-taekwondo-korean-dictionary", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for taekwondo", "passageIds": [ "batch05-taekwondo-english-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." } ], "limitations": "The Hanja and Hangul records are two orthographic representations of the same Korean lexical formation, not a two-step ancestry chain. The source reports a 1955 naming context, but this journey does not treat that report as a fully settled exact coinage event. Institutional disputes and martial-art history are excluded from the lexical route.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Lexography enrichment completeness", "standardVersion": "1.0", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "ubuntu", "word": "ubuntu", "language": "English", "sense": "Ubuntu as humanity and humaneness", "senses": [ { "id": "ubuntu-humanity-sense", "label": "Ubuntu as humanity and humaneness", "definition": "An abstract noun for humanity, human nature, humaneness, compassion, and solidarity. The Zulu and Xhosa forms share a Bantu noun-class formation; English adoption retains this ethical and social core rather than translating a serial Zulu-to-Xhosa chain.", "stageId": "ubuntu-english", "claimIds": [ "ubuntu-english" ] }, { "id": "ubuntu-connectedness-sense", "label": "Ubuntu in public discourse", "definition": "In modern public discourse, ubuntu often foregrounds connected human life, caring, hospitality, and mutual obligation. The evidence supports a shift of emphasis within the established humanity sense, not a clean break into an unrelated new meaning.", "stageId": "ubuntu-discourse", "claimIds": [ "ubuntu-discourse" ] } ], "defaultSense": "ubuntu-humanity-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Public Alpha 100", "aliases": [ "ubuntu", "ubúntu", "úbúntu", "buntu", "uBuntu", "Ubuntu" ], "summary": "Ubuntu names humanity, humaneness, and solidarity. Its history is a shared Bantu inheritance represented by parallel Zulu and Xhosa forms, followed by qualified South African English adoption and later public emphasis on connectedness and mutual care.", "intro": "Reconstructed Proto-Bantu *bʊ̀ntʊ̀ stands behind parallel class-14 nouns in Zulu and Xhosa; neither language descends from the other in this route. South African English draws on both traditions, with evidence from 1926. Later public discourse foregrounds connectedness, care, and obligation without replacing the older humanity and humaneness sense.", "claimIds": [ "ubuntu-proto-bantu", "ubuntu-zulu", "ubuntu-xhosa", "ubuntu-english", "ubuntu-discourse", "batch03-ubuntu-reading", "batch03-ubuntu-geography", "batch03-ubuntu-scope", "batch03-ubuntu-date" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "ubuntu-proto-bantu", "narrativeOrder": [ "ubuntu-proto-bantu", "ubuntu-zulu", "ubuntu-xhosa", "ubuntu-english", "ubuntu-discourse" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "ubuntu-proto-bantu", "etymologyId": "ubuntu-proto-bantu-1", "form": "*bʊ̀ntʊ̀", "language": "Proto-Bantu", "languageCode": "bnt-pro", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "ubuntu-proto-bantu" ] }, "transliteration": "*bʊ̀ntʊ̀", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A reconstructed Bantu root associated with human/person vocabulary.", "formStatus": "reconstructed", "pronunciation": { "guide": "*bʊ̀ntʊ̀ (reconstructed)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Conventional or scholarly reconstruction is shown as reconstruction; no exact historical sound is asserted.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "isiZulu and isiXhosa / South Africa", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 28, -30 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "ubuntu-proto-bantu", "batch03-ubuntu-reading", "batch03-ubuntu-geography", "batch03-ubuntu-scope", "batch03-ubuntu-date" ], "explanation": "*bʊ̀ntʊ̀ is a reconstructed Proto-Bantu form associated with the human-related stem. It is a family-level comparison, not an attested quotation or a direct loan into English.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading", "batch03-ubuntu-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading", "batch03-ubuntu-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage. Contextual history is not substituted for lexical chronology.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading", "batch03-ubuntu-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "ubuntu-proto-bantu", "batch03-ubuntu-reading", "batch03-ubuntu-geography", "batch03-ubuntu-scope", "batch03-ubuntu-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "ubuntu-proto-bantu", "ubuntu-zulu" ] } } }, { "id": "ubuntu-zulu", "etymologyId": "ubuntu-zulu-1", "form": "ubúntu", "language": "Zulu", "languageCode": "zu", "wordClass": { "label": "noun (class 14)", "claimIds": [ "ubuntu-zulu" ] }, "transliteration": "ubúntu", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Humanity, human nature, humaneness and solidarity.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "oo-BOON-too", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "isiZulu and isiXhosa / South Africa", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 28, -30 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "ubuntu-zulu", "batch03-ubuntu-reading", "batch03-ubuntu-geography", "batch03-ubuntu-scope", "batch03-ubuntu-date" ], "explanation": "Zulu ubúntu is a class-14 abstract noun covering humanity, human nature, humaneness, and solidarity. It is one inherited Nguni form, not a parent of Xhosa úbúntu.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading", "batch03-ubuntu-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading", "batch03-ubuntu-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage. Contextual history is not substituted for lexical chronology.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading", "batch03-ubuntu-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "ubuntu-zulu", "batch03-ubuntu-reading", "batch03-ubuntu-geography", "batch03-ubuntu-scope", "batch03-ubuntu-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "Parallel or qualified relation retained", "note": "The narrative proceeds through a comparison, alternative or parallel-history structure rather than a single directly evidenced adjacent edge.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-scope" ] } } }, { "id": "ubuntu-xhosa", "etymologyId": "ubuntu-xhosa-1", "form": "úbúntu", "language": "Xhosa", "languageCode": "xh", "wordClass": { "label": "noun (class 14)", "claimIds": [ "ubuntu-xhosa" ] }, "transliteration": "úbúntu", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Humaneness and solidarity.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "oo-BOON-too", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "isiZulu and isiXhosa / South Africa", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 28, -30 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "ubuntu-xhosa", "batch03-ubuntu-reading", "batch03-ubuntu-geography", "batch03-ubuntu-scope", "batch03-ubuntu-date" ], "explanation": "Xhosa úbúntu is the parallel class-14 inherited form, glossed with humaneness and solidarity. Its place beside Zulu preserves shared inheritance instead of inventing a serial transfer.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading", "batch03-ubuntu-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading", "batch03-ubuntu-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage. Contextual history is not substituted for lexical chronology.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading", "batch03-ubuntu-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "ubuntu-xhosa", "batch03-ubuntu-reading", "batch03-ubuntu-geography", "batch03-ubuntu-scope", "batch03-ubuntu-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "ubuntu-xhosa", "ubuntu-english" ] } } }, { "id": "ubuntu-english", "etymologyId": "ubuntu-english-1", "form": "ubuntu", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "ubuntu-english" ] }, "transliteration": "ubuntu", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Humanity, human-heartedness, compassion and related social virtues in South African English.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "oo-BOON-too", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1926, "end": 1926, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1926 · South African English attestation", "note": "The year is the earliest dated example inspected in this dictionary entry, not a claim about the word’s origin or first use in every source tradition.", "claimIds": [ "ubuntu-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "ubuntu-english", "batch03-ubuntu-reading", "batch03-ubuntu-geography", "batch03-ubuntu-scope", "batch03-ubuntu-date" ], "explanation": "South African English ubuntu is documented in 1926 with senses of human-heartedness, compassion, and essential humanity. The evidence associates it with both isiZulu and isiXhosa rather than proving one exclusive donor.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading", "batch03-ubuntu-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading", "batch03-ubuntu-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "ubuntu-english", "batch03-ubuntu-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading", "batch03-ubuntu-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "ubuntu-english", "batch03-ubuntu-reading", "batch03-ubuntu-geography", "batch03-ubuntu-scope", "batch03-ubuntu-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "ubuntu-english", "ubuntu-discourse" ] } } }, { "id": "ubuntu-discourse", "etymologyId": "ubuntu-discourse-1", "form": "ubuntu", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "ubuntu-discourse" ] }, "transliteration": "ubuntu", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A modern public-discourse ideal of connected, mutually obligated humanity.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "oo-BOON-too", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1991, "end": 1991, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1991 · public-discourse context", "note": "This is a dated example of later discourse, not a coinage date or a claim that a public figure originated the word.", "claimIds": [ "ubuntu-discourse" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "ubuntu-discourse", "batch03-ubuntu-reading", "batch03-ubuntu-geography", "batch03-ubuntu-scope", "batch03-ubuntu-date" ], "explanation": "Later public uses emphasize togetherness, caring, hospitality, and connectedness. These are foregrounded implications of the humanity sense, not evidence of a wholly new word.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading", "batch03-ubuntu-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading", "batch03-ubuntu-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "ubuntu-discourse", "batch03-ubuntu-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-ubuntu-reading", "batch03-ubuntu-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "ubuntu-discourse", "batch03-ubuntu-reading", "batch03-ubuntu-geography", "batch03-ubuntu-scope", "batch03-ubuntu-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "ubuntu-proto-bantu-zulu-inheritance", "from": "ubuntu-proto-bantu", "to": "ubuntu-zulu", "type": "inheritance", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Zulu ubúntu is inherited within the Bantu family from the reconstructed *bʊ̀ntʊ̀ comparison; reconstruction and attestation remain distinct.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The class-14 abstract formation and human-related sense continue into Zulu, while the reconstruction does not license a dated, sound-by-sound narrative beyond the cited forms.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "ubuntu-proto-bantu", "ubuntu-zulu" ] }, { "id": "ubuntu-proto-bantu-xhosa-inheritance", "from": "ubuntu-proto-bantu", "to": "ubuntu-xhosa", "type": "inheritance", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Xhosa úbúntu independently continues the same reconstructed family source. This is parallel inheritance, not borrowing from Zulu.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The humaneness and solidarity senses fit the shared abstract formation, but matching glosses are not used to manufacture an exact semantic chronology.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "ubuntu-proto-bantu", "ubuntu-xhosa" ] }, { "id": "ubuntu-zulu-english-borrowing", "from": "ubuntu-zulu", "to": "ubuntu-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "English usage is associated with Zulu ubúntu, but the source also names Xhosa; the edge remains a qualified possible donor path rather than an exclusive ancestry claim.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "English retains the humanity and humaneness core. The evidence supports adoption, but not a separately dated change caused only by Zulu.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "ubuntu-zulu", "ubuntu-english" ] }, { "id": "ubuntu-xhosa-english-borrowing", "from": "ubuntu-xhosa", "to": "ubuntu-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Xhosa úbúntu is the parallel qualified contributor to South African English. Keeping both edges prevents a fictional Zulu-to-Xhosa-to-English sequence.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "English retains the shared ethical abstraction; the record does not establish an exclusive Xhosa channel or a distinct meaning shift at borrowing.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "ubuntu-xhosa", "ubuntu-english" ] }, { "id": "ubuntu-english-discourse-semantic-change", "from": "ubuntu-english", "to": "ubuntu-discourse", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Later examples foreground humanness, togetherness, caring, hospitality, and connectedness. The change is one of emphasis within the established sense, not a replacement of it.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "retained", "explanation": "Public discourse makes relational implications more prominent while retaining humanity, humaneness, and compassion as the semantic base.", "added": [ "connectedness foregrounded" ], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [ "ubuntu-english", "ubuntu-discourse" ], "context": { "stageId": "ubuntu-discourse", "label": "Continuity into public discourse", "summary": [ "Humanity and humaneness retained", "Connectedness and care foregrounded", "No exclusive Zulu or Xhosa donor asserted" ], "explanation": "The public-discourse context matters because it explains why modern uses can sound more programmatic while remaining connected to the older abstract noun.", "claimIds": [ "ubuntu-english", "ubuntu-discourse" ] } }, "claimIds": [ "ubuntu-english", "ubuntu-discourse" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "ubuntu-proto-bantu", "text": "The inspected entry presents reconstructed Proto-Bantu *bʊ̀ntʊ̀ as the source associated with the Zulu and Xhosa forms.", "sourceId": "publicalpha100-ubuntu-wiktionary", "locator": "English > Etymology tree", "passageIds": [ "shared-route" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The form is a reconstruction and is used as a bounded family-level source representation, not as an attested quotation or a specific donor language." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the reconstruction to explain shared Bantu ancestry, not as an attested donor event or the first link of a serial borrowing chain." }, { "id": "ubuntu-zulu", "text": "The inspected Zulu entry marks ubúntu as a class-14 noun and lists senses including humanity, human nature, humaneness and solidarity.", "sourceId": "publicalpha100-ubuntu-wiktionary", "locator": "Xhosa and Zulu > noun entries", "passageIds": [ "morphology" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "ubuntu-xhosa", "text": "The inspected Xhosa entry marks úbúntu as a class-14 noun and glosses it as humaneness and solidarity.", "sourceId": "publicalpha100-ubuntu-wiktionary", "locator": "Xhosa and Zulu > noun entries", "passageIds": [ "morphology" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "ubuntu-english", "text": "The Dictionary of South African English describes ubuntu with senses including human-heartedness, compassion and essential humanity, and records a South African English example from 1926.", "sourceId": "publicalpha100-ubuntu-dsae", "locator": "Sense a and dated examples", "passageIds": [ "attestation" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "The South African English dictionary supplies the strongest dated English witness and a sense continuous with the Nguni forms; it does not identify one exclusive donor." }, { "id": "ubuntu-discourse", "text": "The inspected dictionary entry records later South African English examples that foreground humanness, caring, hospitality and connectedness.", "sourceId": "publicalpha100-ubuntu-dsae", "locator": "Sense a and dated examples", "passageIds": [ "attestation" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The later discourse foregrounding is represented as a bounded retained use; the evidence does not require a discrete new lexical meaning." }, "inference": "The later examples support a shift of emphasis toward connectedness and care, while the continuity of humanity and humaneness argues against a discrete replacement sense." }, { "id": "batch03-ubuntu-reading", "text": "ubuntu: inspected lexical sources support the displayed forms and conventional readings, with reconstructions kept visibly reconstructed where relevant.", "sourceId": "batch03-dsae-ubuntu", "locator": "headword, pronunciation, origin, sense a and dated examples", "passageIds": [ "batch03-dsae-ubuntu-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A modern or conventional reading is not presented as an exact historical sound; reconstructed forms remain reconstructed." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest inspected reading available for the displayed stage and keeps transliteration separate from pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch03-ubuntu-geography", "text": "ubuntu: the displayed map point represents a supported language, speech, community or contact region at the strongest defensible precision.", "sourceId": "batch03-dsae-ubuntu", "locator": "headword, pronunciation, origin, sense a and dated examples", "passageIds": [ "batch03-dsae-ubuntu-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The region is not a fabricated birthplace; language-reference and contact-corridor coordinates are used only for orientation." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a defensible lexical or speech region while preserving uncertainty about exact donor location." }, { "id": "batch03-ubuntu-scope", "text": "ubuntu: the batch keeps lexical chronology, contextual history, semantic development and competing routes distinct.", "sourceId": "publicalpha100-ubuntu-wiktionary", "locator": "English > Etymology tree", "passageIds": [ "shared-route" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Earlier reviewed ambiguity and source limits remain visible; no cultural, object, institutional or biographical date is promoted to word history." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the published journey without silently replacing a reviewed route or manufacturing a cleaner topology." }, { "id": "batch03-ubuntu-date", "text": "ubuntu: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a word, sense or documented use; conflicting witnesses remain recorded as conflicts.", "sourceId": "batch03-dsae-ubuntu", "locator": "headword, pronunciation, origin, sense a and dated examples", "passageIds": [ "batch03-dsae-ubuntu-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A dated witness is not treated as a coinage date, and competing dictionary dates are not silently reconciled." }, "inference": "Lexography separates lexical attestation from contextual periodization and reports bounded uncertainty." } ], "limitations": "The reconstructed Proto-Bantu form is not a direct donor event; South African English evidence dates usage, not the origin of the concept or the Nguni forms.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Corpus One — Encyclopedic Enrichment Standard", "standardVersion": "2.0", "completedAt": "2026-09-21" } }, { "id": "yurt", "word": "yurt", "language": "English", "sense": "The yurt dwelling", "senses": [ { "id": "yurt-dwelling-sense", "label": "The yurt dwelling", "definition": "A large round tent or portable dwelling associated with Central Asia and Mongolia.", "stageId": "yurt-english", "claimIds": [ "yurt-english", "yurt-english-date" ] } ], "defaultSense": "yurt-dwelling-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Public Alpha 100", "aliases": [ "yurt", "ю́рта", "yurta", "júrta", "*yūrt" ], "summary": "Yurt reaches English through a qualified Russian route from a wider Turkic lexical family; the English form names the Central Asian round dwelling.", "intro": "Yurt reaches English through a qualified Russian route from a wider Turkic lexical family; the English form names the Central Asian round dwelling.", "claimIds": [ "yurt-proto-turkic", "yurt-russian", "yurt-english", "yurt-english-date" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-14", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "yurt-proto-turkic", "narrativeOrder": [ "yurt-proto-turkic", "yurt-russian", "yurt-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "yurt-proto-turkic", "etymologyId": "yurt-proto-turkic-1", "form": "*yūrt", "language": "Proto-Turkic", "languageCode": "trk-pro", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "yurt-proto-turkic" ] }, "transliteration": "*yūrt", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A reconstructed dwelling place, home or camping site.", "formStatus": "reconstructed", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a form or transliteration, not a verified historical pronunciation. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical source; no origin site is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "yurt-proto-turkic" ], "explanation": "A reconstructed Turkic family source, kept separate from the demonstrated Russian form." }, { "id": "yurt-russian", "etymologyId": "yurt-russian-1", "form": "ю́рта", "language": "Russian", "languageCode": "ru", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "yurt-russian" ] }, "transliteration": "júrta", "script": "Cyrillic", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A yurt or portable felt-covered frame dwelling.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a form or transliteration, not a verified historical pronunciation. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "No word-specific date established in the inspected lexical source." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical source; no origin site is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "yurt-russian" ], "explanation": "The Russian Cyrillic intermediary named by the inspected etymology.", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "yurt-russian" ] }, { "id": "yurt-english", "etymologyId": "yurt-english-1", "form": "yurt", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "yurt-english", "yurt-english-date" ] }, "transliteration": "yurt", "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "A large round tent or portable dwelling associated with Central Asia and Mongolia.", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a form or transliteration, not a verified historical pronunciation. No modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1784, "end": 1784, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1784 · English yurt", "note": "The date is the reported English attestation context; it does not date the Russian or Proto-Turkic forms.", "claimIds": [ "yurt-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical source; no origin site is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "yurt-english", "yurt-english-date" ], "explanation": "A large round tent or portable dwelling associated with Central Asia and Mongolia." } ], "relations": [ { "id": "yurt-proto-turkic-russian-borrowing", "from": "yurt-proto-turkic", "to": "yurt-russian", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The Russian form is reported as coming from a Turkic language, but no specific donor language is established; the reconstructed family source is not promoted to documented parentage.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a sound-by-sound reconstruction beyond the cited forms.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "yurt-proto-turkic", "yurt-russian" ] }, { "id": "yurt-russian-english-borrowing", "from": "yurt-russian", "to": "yurt-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The English route is reported through or ultimately from Russian, but the inspected evidence does not warrant an unqualified direct-transfer claim.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The form relationship does not establish a sound-by-sound reconstruction beyond the cited forms.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "yurt-russian", "yurt-english" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "yurt-proto-turkic", "text": "The inspected entry gives Proto-Turkic *yūrt, “dwelling place,” as a reconstruction associated with the wider Turkic route.", "sourceId": "publicalpha100-yurt-wiktionary", "locator": "English > Etymology 1 and noun", "passageIds": [ "english-route" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Proto-Turkic form is reconstructed and represents a family-level analysis; it is not a directly attested English donor or a named modern Turkic source language." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "yurt-russian", "text": "The inspected English entry names Russian ю́рта (júrta) as the relevant Russian form in the route to English yurt.", "sourceId": "publicalpha100-yurt-wiktionary", "locator": "English > Etymology 1 and noun", "passageIds": [ "english-route" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Russian is retained as a relevant intermediary, while the exact historical Turkic donor and route chronology remain bounded rather than invented." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "yurt-english", "text": "The inspected English entry gives yurt as a large round tent associated with Central Asia and Mongolia and places it in a route through Russian ю́рта from a Turkic language.", "sourceId": "publicalpha100-yurt-wiktionary", "locator": "English > Etymology 1 and noun", "passageIds": [ "english-route" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography selects this account for the named form or sense; wording and presentation are editorial." }, { "id": "yurt-english-date", "text": "The inspected English etymology dates yurt to 1784 and traces it ultimately to Russian yurta from a Turkic language.", "sourceId": "publicalpha100-yurt-etymonline", "locator": "Entry and date", "passageIds": [ "etymology" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected source supports this bounded lexical statement; it does not establish every use, date or transmission event." }, "inference": "Lexography records the reported English attestation context without treating it as a date for Russian or Proto-Turkic." } ], "limitations": "The inspected evidence supports Russian ю́рта as a relevant intermediary and a Proto-Turkic reconstruction, but it does not identify one specific Turkic donor language to English. Turkic cognates are kept distinct from parentage, and the dwelling’s cultural history is not substituted for lexical history." }, { "id": "skunk", "word": "skunk", "language": "English", "sense": "the North American mammal", "senses": [ { "id": "skunk-sense", "label": "the North American mammal", "definition": "A North American mammal known for releasing a strong-smelling defensive spray.", "stageId": "skunk-english", "claimIds": [ "skunk-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "skunk-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 01", "aliases": [ "skunk" ], "summary": "skunk is represented through a bounded, source-linked route with uncertainty preserved where the inspected account does not settle the history.", "intro": "skunk is represented through a bounded, source-linked route with uncertainty preserved where the inspected account does not settle the history.", "claimIds": [ "skunk-root-claim", "skunk-route-claim", "skunk-sense-claim" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-19", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "skunk-root", "narrativeOrder": [ "skunk-root", "skunk-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "skunk-root", "etymologyId": "skunk-root-1", "form": "*šeka:kwa", "language": "Proto-Algonquian", "languageCode": "alg-pro", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "skunk-root-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the North American mammal", "formStatus": "reconstructed", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "skunk-root-claim" ], "explanation": "Historical source-stage form associated with skunk; the journey preserves the source's qualifications.", "transliteration": "*šeka:kwa" }, { "id": "skunk-english", "etymologyId": "skunk-english-1", "form": "skunk", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "skunk-route-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the North American mammal", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1630, "end": 1639, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1630s · English skunk", "note": "A source-reported written-use period; not the date of coinage, oral transmission, or every later sense.", "claimIds": [ "skunk-route-claim" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "skunk-route-claim", "skunk-sense-claim" ], "explanation": "The English form and selected sense are represented from the inspected lexical account; unsupported pronunciation and location are left unresolved.", "transliteration": "skunk" } ], "relations": [ { "id": "skunk-route", "from": "skunk-root", "to": "skunk-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The source gives a qualified Algonquian reconstruction and a possible Massachusett connection; the reconstruction is not an attested quotation.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "skunk-route-claim" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports the lexical route but does not establish a dated semantic change at the transmission edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "skunk-root-claim", "text": "*šeka:kwa is the inspected source form associated with the historical source stage for English skunk.", "sourceId": "batch08-skunk-etymonline", "locator": "skunk(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-skunk-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source gives a qualified Algonquian reconstruction and a possible Massachusett connection; the reconstruction is not an attested quotation." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "skunk-route-claim", "text": "English skunk is recorded in the 1630s as squunck and is traced to a southern New England Algonquian source, with a Proto-Algonquian reconstruction *šeka:kwa.", "sourceId": "batch08-skunk-etymonline", "locator": "skunk(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-skunk-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source gives a qualified Algonquian reconstruction and a possible Massachusett connection; the reconstruction is not an attested quotation." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "skunk-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected skunk sense: the North American mammal.", "sourceId": "batch08-skunk-etymonline", "locator": "skunk(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-skunk-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source gives a qualified Algonquian reconstruction and a possible Massachusett connection; the reconstruction is not an attested quotation." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." } ], "limitations": "The source gives a qualified Algonquian reconstruction and a possible Massachusett connection; the reconstruction is not an attested quotation." }, { "id": "orangutan", "word": "orangutan", "language": "English", "sense": "the great ape", "senses": [ { "id": "orangutan-sense", "label": "the great ape", "definition": "A large long-haired ape native to the forests of Borneo and Sumatra.", "stageId": "orangutan-english", "claimIds": [ "orangutan-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "orangutan-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 01", "aliases": [ "orangutan" ], "summary": "orangutan is represented through a bounded, source-linked route with uncertainty preserved where the inspected account does not settle the history.", "intro": "orangutan is represented through a bounded, source-linked route with uncertainty preserved where the inspected account does not settle the history.", "claimIds": [ "orangutan-root-claim", "orangutan-route-claim", "orangutan-sense-claim" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-19", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "orangutan-root", "narrativeOrder": [ "orangutan-root", "orangutan-middle", "orangutan-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "orangutan-root", "etymologyId": "orangutan-root-1", "form": "orang utan", "language": "Malay", "languageCode": "ms", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "orangutan-root-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the great ape", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "orangutan-root-claim" ], "explanation": "Historical source-stage form associated with orangutan; the journey preserves the source's qualifications.", "transliteration": "orang utan" }, { "id": "orangutan-middle", "etymologyId": "orangutan-middle-1", "form": "orang-outang", "language": "Dutch", "languageCode": "nl", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "orangutan-route-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the great ape", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "orangutan-route-claim" ], "explanation": "An intermediary form named by the inspected lexical account; it is not treated as an exhaustive transmission record.", "transliteration": "orang-outang" }, { "id": "orangutan-english", "etymologyId": "orangutan-english-1", "form": "orangutan", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "orangutan-route-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the great ape", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1690, "end": 1699, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1690s · English orangutan", "note": "A source-reported written-use period; not the date of coinage, oral transmission, or every later sense.", "claimIds": [ "orangutan-route-claim" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "orangutan-route-claim", "orangutan-sense-claim" ], "explanation": "The English form and selected sense are represented from the inspected lexical account; unsupported pronunciation and location are left unresolved.", "transliteration": "orangutan" } ], "relations": [ { "id": "orangutan-root-middle-route", "from": "orangutan-root", "to": "orangutan-middle", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The Malay composition is reported, but the source preserves a material alternative about whether the original expression denoted the ape or forest people.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "orangutan-route-claim" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The intermediary edge is shown as a bounded lexical correspondence, not a complete historical itinerary.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "orangutan-route", "from": "orangutan-middle", "to": "orangutan-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The Malay composition is reported, but the source preserves a material alternative about whether the original expression denoted the ape or forest people.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "orangutan-route-claim" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports the lexical route but does not establish a dated semantic change at the transmission edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "orangutan-root-claim", "text": "orang utan is the inspected source form associated with the historical source stage for English orangutan.", "sourceId": "batch08-orangutan-etymonline", "locator": "orangutan(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-orangutan-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Malay composition is reported, but the source preserves a material alternative about whether the original expression denoted the ape or forest people." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "orangutan-route-claim", "text": "Orangutan entered English in the 1690s from French and directly from Dutch orang-outang, from Malay orang utan, literally man of the woods; the source notes that Europeans may have misunderstood an earlier Malay expression.", "sourceId": "batch08-orangutan-etymonline", "locator": "orangutan(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-orangutan-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Malay composition is reported, but the source preserves a material alternative about whether the original expression denoted the ape or forest people." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "orangutan-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected orangutan sense: the great ape.", "sourceId": "batch08-orangutan-etymonline", "locator": "orangutan(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-orangutan-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Malay composition is reported, but the source preserves a material alternative about whether the original expression denoted the ape or forest people." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." } ], "limitations": "The Malay composition is reported, but the source preserves a material alternative about whether the original expression denoted the ape or forest people." }, { "id": "batik", "word": "batik", "language": "English", "sense": "the textile technique", "senses": [ { "id": "batik-sense", "label": "the textile technique", "definition": "A textile-design technique using wax-resist dyeing, especially associated with Java and Indonesia.", "stageId": "batik-english", "claimIds": [ "batik-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "batik-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 01", "aliases": [ "batik" ], "summary": "Batik keeps Malay/Javanese lexical history, Dutch mediation, and textile-practice history in separate layers.", "intro": "The compact route shows the Southeast Asian form, Dutch contact spelling, and English adoption without dating the word from the antiquity of the textile practice.", "claimIds": [ "batik-root-claim", "batik-route-claim", "batik-sense-claim", "batch04-batik-reading", "batch04-batik-geography", "batch04-batik-date", "batch04-batik-scope", "batch04-batik-relations" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "batik-root", "narrativeOrder": [ "batik-root", "batik-middle", "batik-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "batik-root", "etymologyId": "batik-root-1", "form": "mbatik", "language": "Malay", "languageCode": "ms", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "batik-root-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the textile technique", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "m-BA-tik (Malay/Javanese)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-batik-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Malay–Javanese / Dutch maritime contact corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 101.7, 3.09 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-batik-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "batik-root-claim", "batch04-batik-reading", "batch04-batik-geography", "batch04-batik-date", "batch04-batik-scope" ], "explanation": "Historical source-stage form associated with batik; the journey preserves the source's qualifications.", "transliteration": "mbatik", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-batik-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-batik-reading", "batch04-batik-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-batik-reading", "batch04-batik-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-batik-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-batik-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-batik-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for mbatik does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-batik-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-batik-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-batik-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-batik-reading", "batch04-batik-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batik-root-claim", "batch04-batik-reading", "batch04-batik-geography", "batch04-batik-date", "batch04-batik-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batik-route-claim", "batch04-batik-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "batik-middle", "etymologyId": "batik-middle-1", "form": "batik", "language": "Dutch", "languageCode": "nl", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "batik-route-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the textile technique", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ba-TIK (Dutch)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-batik-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Malay–Javanese / Dutch maritime contact corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 5, 52 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-batik-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "batik-route-claim", "batch04-batik-reading", "batch04-batik-geography", "batch04-batik-date", "batch04-batik-scope" ], "explanation": "An intermediary form named by the inspected lexical account; it is not treated as an exhaustive transmission record.", "transliteration": "batik", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-batik-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-batik-reading", "batch04-batik-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-batik-reading", "batch04-batik-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-batik-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-batik-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-batik-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for batik does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-batik-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-batik-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-batik-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-batik-reading", "batch04-batik-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batik-route-claim", "batch04-batik-reading", "batch04-batik-geography", "batch04-batik-date", "batch04-batik-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batik-route-claim", "batch04-batik-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "batik-english", "etymologyId": "batik-english-1", "form": "batik", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "batik-route-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the textile technique", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ba-TIK", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-batik-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1880, "end": 1880, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1880 · English batik", "note": "A source-reported written-use period; not the date of coinage, oral transmission, or every later sense.", "claimIds": [ "batik-route-claim" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-batik-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "batik-route-claim", "batik-sense-claim", "batch04-batik-reading", "batch04-batik-geography", "batch04-batik-date", "batch04-batik-scope" ], "explanation": "The English form and selected sense are represented from the inspected lexical account; unsupported pronunciation and location are left unresolved.", "transliteration": "batik", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-batik-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-batik-reading", "batch04-batik-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-batik-reading", "batch04-batik-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-batik-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-batik-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-batik-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for batik does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batik-route-claim", "batch04-batik-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batik-route-claim" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-batik-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-batik-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-batik-reading", "batch04-batik-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batik-route-claim", "batik-sense-claim", "batch04-batik-reading", "batch04-batik-geography", "batch04-batik-date", "batch04-batik-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "batik-root-middle-route", "from": "batik-root", "to": "batik-middle", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The Dutch-mediated route is retained, while the internal Malay analysis is presented as a reported proposal rather than a settled reconstruction.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "batik-route-claim", "batch04-batik-relations" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The intermediary edge is shown as a bounded lexical correspondence, not a complete historical itinerary.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "batik-route", "from": "batik-middle", "to": "batik-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The Dutch-mediated route is retained, while the internal Malay analysis is presented as a reported proposal rather than a settled reconstruction.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "batik-route-claim", "batch04-batik-relations" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports the lexical route but does not establish a dated semantic change at the transmission edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "batik-root-claim", "text": "mbatik is the inspected source form associated with the historical source stage for English batik.", "sourceId": "batch08-batik-etymonline", "locator": "batik(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-batik-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Dutch-mediated route is retained, while the internal Malay analysis is presented as a reported proposal rather than a settled reconstruction." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "batik-route-claim", "text": "Batik is an English textile term recorded from 1880, from Dutch, from Malay mbatik; the proposed Malay analysis combines amba write with titik dot or point.", "sourceId": "batch08-batik-etymonline", "locator": "batik(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-batik-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Dutch-mediated route is retained, while the internal Malay analysis is presented as a reported proposal rather than a settled reconstruction." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "batik-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected batik sense: the textile technique.", "sourceId": "batch08-batik-etymonline", "locator": "batik(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-batik-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Dutch-mediated route is retained, while the internal Malay analysis is presented as a reported proposal rather than a settled reconstruction." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "batch04-batik-reading", "text": "batik: an inspected specialist, institutional or national-language source supports the displayed forms and the selected conventional readings; reconstructed or historical readings remain explicitly qualified.", "sourceId": "batch04-batik-dbp", "locator": "page 48; mbatik and batik terminology discussion", "passageIds": [ "batch04-batik-dbp-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A conventional reading is not presented as an exact recording of every historical speaker; transliteration remains distinct from pronunciation." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest recoverable reading for each displayed stage without projecting a modern pronunciation backward." }, { "id": "batch04-batik-geography", "text": "batik: the map point is a supported language, speech-community or documented contact-corridor reference, not a precise lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch04-batik-dbp", "locator": "page 48; mbatik and batik terminology discussion", "passageIds": [ "batch04-batik-dbp-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Reference coordinates orient the language or contact corridor and do not assert a territorial boundary, donor village or origin site." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the strongest defensible regional precision available in the inspected evidence." }, { "id": "batch04-batik-date", "text": "batik: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a form or sense; contextual object, cultural, institutional and biographical dates are not substituted for word chronology.", "sourceId": "batch04-batik-dbp", "locator": "page 48; mbatik and batik terminology discussion", "passageIds": [ "batch04-batik-dbp-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Undated reconstructed or historical stages remain researched unresolved rather than receiving an invented date." }, "inference": "Lexography distinguishes attestation, documented use, sense attestation, bounded lexical periods and context." }, { "id": "batch04-batik-scope", "text": "batik: the route preserves competing analyses, qualified edges and semantic distinctions required by the inspected evidence.", "sourceId": "batch04-batik-dbp", "locator": "page 48; mbatik and batik terminology discussion", "passageIds": [ "batch04-batik-dbp-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The craft’s cultural history is context; the displayed lexical route does not claim a single folk decomposition of mbatik or a precise first making date." }, "inference": "The narrative and topology are editorial representations of the evidence graph, not proof that every adjacent form is a direct parent." }, { "id": "batch04-batik-relations", "text": "batik: adjacent relations are retained with their existing type and certainty unless the inspected evidence requires a qualified or parallel reading.", "sourceId": "batch04-batik-dbp", "locator": "page 48; mbatik and batik terminology discussion", "passageIds": [ "batch04-batik-dbp-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A displayed tree edge does not erase non-tree alternatives or convert cognacy, influence or comparison into direct borrowing." }, "inference": "Lexography preserves the current topology and records the evidence limits alongside each relation." } ], "limitations": "The craft’s cultural history is context; the displayed lexical route does not claim a single folk decomposition of mbatik or a precise first making date.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R1", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 04", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "amok", "word": "amok", "language": "English", "sense": "frenzied or uncontrolled action", "senses": [ { "id": "amok-sense", "label": "frenzied or uncontrolled action", "definition": "In the phrase run amok, behaving in a violently uncontrolled or frenzied way.", "stageId": "amok-english", "claimIds": [ "amok-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "amok-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 01", "aliases": [ "amok" ], "summary": "Amok separates Malay lexical history from Portuguese and English reports about violent behavior.", "intro": "The displayed route records Malay amuk, Portuguese amouco, and English amok while keeping colonial descriptions from defining a generalized culture.", "claimIds": [ "amok-root-claim", "amok-route-claim", "amok-sense-claim", "batch04-amok-reading", "batch04-amok-geography", "batch04-amok-date", "batch04-amok-scope", "batch04-amok-relations" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "amok-root", "narrativeOrder": [ "amok-root", "amok-middle", "amok-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "amok-root", "etymologyId": "amok-root-1", "form": "amuk", "language": "Malay", "languageCode": "ms", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "amok-root-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "frenzied or uncontrolled action", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "A-muk (Malay)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-amok-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Malay world / Portuguese maritime contact corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 101.7, 3.09 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-amok-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "amok-root-claim", "batch04-amok-reading", "batch04-amok-geography", "batch04-amok-date", "batch04-amok-scope" ], "explanation": "Historical source-stage form associated with amok; the journey preserves the source's qualifications.", "transliteration": "amuk", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-amok-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-amok-reading", "batch04-amok-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-amok-reading", "batch04-amok-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-amok-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-amok-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-amok-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for amuk does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-amok-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-amok-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-amok-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-amok-reading", "batch04-amok-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "amok-root-claim", "batch04-amok-reading", "batch04-amok-geography", "batch04-amok-date", "batch04-amok-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "amok-route-claim", "batch04-amok-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "amok-middle", "etymologyId": "amok-middle-1", "form": "amouco", "language": "Portuguese", "languageCode": "pt", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "amok-route-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "frenzied or uncontrolled action", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "a-MOU-co (Portuguese)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-amok-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Malay world / Portuguese maritime contact corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ -8.1, 39.91 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-amok-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "amok-route-claim", "batch04-amok-reading", "batch04-amok-geography", "batch04-amok-date", "batch04-amok-scope" ], "explanation": "An intermediary form named by the inspected lexical account; it is not treated as an exhaustive transmission record.", "transliteration": "amouco", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-amok-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-amok-reading", "batch04-amok-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-amok-reading", "batch04-amok-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-amok-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-amok-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-amok-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for amouco does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-amok-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-amok-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-amok-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-amok-reading", "batch04-amok-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "amok-route-claim", "batch04-amok-reading", "batch04-amok-geography", "batch04-amok-date", "batch04-amok-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "amok-route-claim", "batch04-amok-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "amok-english", "etymologyId": "amok-english-1", "form": "amok", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "amok-route-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "frenzied or uncontrolled action", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "a-MOK / a-MUK", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-amok-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1670, "end": 1679, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1670s · English run amok", "note": "A source-reported written-use period; not the date of coinage, oral transmission, or every later sense.", "claimIds": [ "amok-route-claim" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-amok-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "amok-route-claim", "amok-sense-claim", "batch04-amok-reading", "batch04-amok-geography", "batch04-amok-date", "batch04-amok-scope" ], "explanation": "The English form and selected sense are represented from the inspected lexical account; unsupported pronunciation and location are left unresolved.", "transliteration": "amok", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-amok-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-amok-reading", "batch04-amok-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-amok-reading", "batch04-amok-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-amok-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-amok-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-amok-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for amok does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "amok-route-claim", "batch04-amok-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "amok-route-claim" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-amok-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-amok-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-amok-reading", "batch04-amok-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "amok-route-claim", "amok-sense-claim", "batch04-amok-reading", "batch04-amok-geography", "batch04-amok-date", "batch04-amok-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "amok-root-middle-route", "from": "amok-root", "to": "amok-middle", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The source supports the Malay form and the Portuguese form, but the exact transmission path into the English phrase is compressed here.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "amok-route-claim", "batch04-amok-relations" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The intermediary edge is shown as a bounded lexical correspondence, not a complete historical itinerary.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "amok-route", "from": "amok-middle", "to": "amok-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The source supports the Malay form and the Portuguese form, but the exact transmission path into the English phrase is compressed here.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "amok-route-claim", "batch04-amok-relations" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports the lexical route but does not establish a dated semantic change at the transmission edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "amok-root-claim", "text": "amuk is the inspected source form associated with the historical source stage for English amok.", "sourceId": "batch08-amok-etymonline", "locator": "amok(adv.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-amok-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports the Malay form and the Portuguese form, but the exact transmission path into the English phrase is compressed here." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "amok-route-claim", "text": "English run amok is recorded from the 1670s and is traced to Malay amuk attacking furiously; earlier European forms include Portuguese amouco or amuco for a frenzied Malay.", "sourceId": "batch08-amok-etymonline", "locator": "amok(adv.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-amok-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports the Malay form and the Portuguese form, but the exact transmission path into the English phrase is compressed here." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "amok-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected amok sense: frenzied or uncontrolled action.", "sourceId": "batch08-amok-etymonline", "locator": "amok(adv.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-amok-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports the Malay form and the Portuguese form, but the exact transmission path into the English phrase is compressed here." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "batch04-amok-reading", "text": "amok: an inspected specialist, institutional or national-language source supports the displayed forms and the selected conventional readings; reconstructed or historical readings remain explicitly qualified.", "sourceId": "batch04-amok-diacronia", "locator": "section on Malay loans and Portuguese renderings", "passageIds": [ "batch04-amok-diacronia-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A conventional reading is not presented as an exact recording of every historical speaker; transliteration remains distinct from pronunciation." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest recoverable reading for each displayed stage without projecting a modern pronunciation backward." }, { "id": "batch04-amok-geography", "text": "amok: the map point is a supported language, speech-community or documented contact-corridor reference, not a precise lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch04-amok-diacronia", "locator": "section on Malay loans and Portuguese renderings", "passageIds": [ "batch04-amok-diacronia-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Reference coordinates orient the language or contact corridor and do not assert a territorial boundary, donor village or origin site." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the strongest defensible regional precision available in the inspected evidence." }, { "id": "batch04-amok-date", "text": "amok: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a form or sense; contextual object, cultural, institutional and biographical dates are not substituted for word chronology.", "sourceId": "batch04-amok-diacronia", "locator": "section on Malay loans and Portuguese renderings", "passageIds": [ "batch04-amok-diacronia-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Undated reconstructed or historical stages remain researched unresolved rather than receiving an invented date." }, "inference": "Lexography distinguishes attestation, documented use, sense attestation, bounded lexical periods and context." }, { "id": "batch04-amok-scope", "text": "amok: the route preserves competing analyses, qualified edges and semantic distinctions required by the inspected evidence.", "sourceId": "batch04-amok-diacronia", "locator": "section on Malay loans and Portuguese renderings", "passageIds": [ "batch04-amok-diacronia-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The English phrase and colonial narratives are later reception history; they do not prove a broad ethnographic claim or a single dated behavioral tradition." }, "inference": "The narrative and topology are editorial representations of the evidence graph, not proof that every adjacent form is a direct parent." }, { "id": "batch04-amok-relations", "text": "amok: adjacent relations are retained with their existing type and certainty unless the inspected evidence requires a qualified or parallel reading.", "sourceId": "batch04-amok-diacronia", "locator": "section on Malay loans and Portuguese renderings", "passageIds": [ "batch04-amok-diacronia-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A displayed tree edge does not erase non-tree alternatives or convert cognacy, influence or comparison into direct borrowing." }, "inference": "Lexography preserves the current topology and records the evidence limits alongside each relation." } ], "limitations": "The English phrase and colonial narratives are later reception history; they do not prove a broad ethnographic claim or a single dated behavioral tradition.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 04", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "samba", "word": "samba", "language": "English", "sense": "the Brazilian dance", "senses": [ { "id": "samba-sense", "label": "the Brazilian dance", "definition": "A Brazilian dance and musical style with Afro-Brazilian roots.", "stageId": "samba-english", "claimIds": [ "samba-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "samba-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 01", "aliases": [ "samba" ], "summary": "English samba is represented through Portuguese samba, while a deeper Kimbundu proposal remains qualified.", "intro": "Meaning separates the secure Portuguese/Brazilian route from debated African proposals and from dance history.", "claimIds": [ "samba-root-claim", "samba-route-claim", "samba-sense-claim", "samba-kimbundu-review", "batch02-samba-root-research", "batch02-samba-english-research", "batch02-samba-geography", "batch02-samba-editorial-scope" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "samba-root", "narrativeOrder": [ "samba-root", "samba-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "samba-root", "etymologyId": "samba-root-1", "form": "samba", "language": "Portuguese", "languageCode": "pt", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "samba-root-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "a Brazilian dance and musical form", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "SAM-ba", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Conventional dictionary or language-entry reading; no historical sound reconstruction is asserted.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-samba-root-research" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Brazil / Lusophone Atlantic", "qualifier": "A supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region; not a precise lexical birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -46.6, -23.5 ], "claimIds": [ "batch02-samba-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "samba-root-claim", "samba-kimbundu-review", "batch02-samba-root-research", "batch02-samba-geography", "batch02-samba-editorial-scope" ], "explanation": "The secure proximate Portuguese form; competing proposals for its deeper history remain outside the route graph.", "transliteration": "samba", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch02-samba-root-research" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-samba-root-research", "batch02-samba-editorial-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-samba-root-research", "batch02-samba-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-samba-root-research" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-samba-root-research" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-samba-root-research" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed source-stage form. The map and reading are retained without manufacturing chronology.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-samba-root-research" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-samba-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-samba-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-samba-root-research", "batch02-samba-editorial-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "samba-root-claim", "samba-kimbundu-review", "batch02-samba-root-research", "batch02-samba-geography", "batch02-samba-editorial-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "samba-route-claim" ] } } }, { "id": "samba-english", "etymologyId": "samba-english-1", "form": "samba", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "samba-route-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the Brazilian dance", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "SAM-ba", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Modern dictionary reading for the English headword; it is not retrojected as a historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-samba-english-research" ] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1885, "end": 1885, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1885 · English samba", "note": "A source-reported written-use period; not the date of coinage, oral transmission, or every later sense.", "claimIds": [ "samba-route-claim" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Brazil / Lusophone Atlantic", "qualifier": "A supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region; not a precise lexical birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -46.6, -23.5 ], "claimIds": [ "batch02-samba-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "samba-route-claim", "samba-sense-claim", "batch02-samba-english-research", "batch02-samba-geography", "batch02-samba-editorial-scope" ], "explanation": "The English form and selected sense are represented from the inspected lexical account; unsupported pronunciation and location are left unresolved.", "transliteration": "samba", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch02-samba-english-research" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-samba-english-research", "batch02-samba-editorial-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-samba-english-research", "batch02-samba-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-samba-english-research" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-samba-english-research" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-samba-english-research" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed source-stage form. The map and reading are retained without manufacturing chronology.", "claimIds": [ "samba-route-claim" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "samba-route-claim" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-samba-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-samba-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-samba-english-research", "batch02-samba-editorial-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "samba-route-claim", "samba-sense-claim", "batch02-samba-english-research", "batch02-samba-geography", "batch02-samba-editorial-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "samba-route", "from": "samba-root", "to": "samba-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English borrowed the dance name from Portuguese; this does not settle the Portuguese word's deeper history.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "samba-route-claim" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports the lexical route but does not establish a dated semantic change at the transmission edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "samba-root-claim", "text": "Portuguese samba is the secure proximate source form represented for English samba.", "sourceId": "batch08-samba-etymonline", "locator": "samba(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-samba-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "The African-origin context and the proposed Portuguese/Spanish route do not settle the deeper history; the entry is queued for targeted review rather than over-researched here." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "samba-route-claim", "text": "English samba, recorded in the nineteenth century for a Brazilian dance, is borrowed from Portuguese samba.", "sourceId": "batch08-samba-etymonline", "locator": "samba(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-samba-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "The African-origin context and the proposed Portuguese/Spanish route do not settle the deeper history; the entry is queued for targeted review rather than over-researched here." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "samba-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected samba sense: the Brazilian dance.", "sourceId": "batch08-samba-etymonline", "locator": "samba(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-samba-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The African-origin context and the proposed Portuguese/Spanish route do not settle the deeper history; the entry is queued for targeted review rather than over-researched here." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "samba-kimbundu-review", "text": "Kimbundu semba is a prevalent proposal for the deeper source of Portuguese samba, but the inspected scholarly review says the available evidence does not prove it and distinguishes semba from Kimbundu samba, 'to pray'.", "sourceId": "c200-atem-samba", "locator": "Discussion of the semba proposal, pp. 4–6", "passageIds": [ "c200-atem-samba-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "The proposal is prominent but not secure enough for a canonical donor node." }, "inference": "The canonical graph stops at Portuguese and preserves the deeper question in prose." }, { "id": "batch02-samba-root-research", "text": "samba: The source-language form and conventional reading are retained at the inspected dictionary scope.", "sourceId": "batch02-samba-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "passageIds": [ "batch02-samba-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The form and reading are supported at dictionary scope; the map is a language or community reference rather than a birthplace claim." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the inspected source for the displayed form and reading while preserving the limit on origin precision." }, { "id": "batch02-samba-english-research", "text": "samba: The English headword's conventional reading and selected sense are supported by the inspected dictionary entry.", "sourceId": "batch02-samba-english-dictionary", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "passageIds": [ "batch02-samba-english-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The dictionary supports the English reading and sense; lexical dating remains tied to the journey's date evidence." }, "inference": "Lexography keeps English reading and lexical chronology separate from the history of the referenced object, practice, institution or person." }, { "id": "batch02-samba-geography", "text": "samba: Brazil / Lusophone Atlantic is retained as a supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region, not as a precise word birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch02-samba-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and language/reference scope", "passageIds": [ "batch02-samba-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The coordinate is an informative reference region at the strongest defensible level available for this bounded journey." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a qualified language or community reference and does not convert it into a precise origin claim." }, { "id": "batch02-samba-editorial-scope", "text": "samba: The retained route, sense boundaries and unresolved alternatives follow the existing inspected source account and the Batch 02 editorial risk note.", "sourceId": "batch08-samba-etymonline", "locator": "samba(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-samba-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Existing route evidence is preserved; cultural, object, institutional and biography history is not silently promoted to lexical ancestry." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the existing journey without adding an unsupported donor, route, date or semantic change." } ], "limitations": "The Brazil/Lusophone point represents the secure proximate route; Kimbundu semba is not promoted to a proven donor stage.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 02", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "potlatch", "word": "potlatch", "language": "English", "sense": "the gift-giving ceremony", "senses": [ { "id": "potlatch-sense", "label": "the gift-giving ceremony", "definition": "A ceremonial gathering among Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest involving gifting and other social obligations.", "stageId": "potlatch-english", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "potlatch-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 01", "aliases": [ "potlatch" ], "summary": "Potlatch keeps a Nuu-chah-nulth source form, Chinook Jargon mediation, and English ceremonial sense within a specific Pacific Northwest contact corridor.", "intro": "Follow p̕ačiƛ through Chinook Jargon potlatch into English, keeping donor-language identity and ceremonial context precise.", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-root-claim", "potlatch-route-claim", "potlatch-sense-claim", "potlatch-enrichment-route", "potlatch-enrichment-sense", "potlatch-potlatch-root-geo", "potlatch-potlatch-root-date-unresolved", "potlatch-potlatch-middle-geo", "potlatch-potlatch-middle-reading", "potlatch-date-middle", "potlatch-potlatch-english-geo", "potlatch-potlatch-english-reading", "potlatch-potlatch-english-date-unresolved" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "potlatch-root", "narrativeOrder": [ "potlatch-root", "potlatch-middle", "potlatch-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "potlatch-root", "etymologyId": "potlatch-root-1", "form": "p̕ačiƛ", "language": "Nuu-chah-nulth", "languageCode": "nuk", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-root-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the gift-giving ceremony", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected sources preserve the lexical form but do not provide a secure historical pronunciation for this stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected historical sources preserve the source form but do not establish a secure dated lexical witness.", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-potlatch-root-date-unresolved" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Pacific Northwest · Nuu-chah-nulth and Chinook Jargon corridor", "coordinates": [ -124, 48 ], "qualifier": "A documented Indigenous contact corridor, not a flattened pan-Indigenous origin label.", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-potlatch-root-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "potlatch-root-claim", "potlatch-enrichment-route", "potlatch-enrichment-sense", "potlatch-potlatch-root-geo", "potlatch-potlatch-root-date-unresolved" ], "explanation": "The stage is presented with inspected lexical evidence, a qualified route, and a research-qualified unresolved reading; dates and regional coordinates retain their stated limits.", "transliteration": "p̕ačiƛ", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "potlatch-enrichment-route" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-enrichment-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-enrichment-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-enrichment-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "Historical reading not secured", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence preserves the form but does not expose a secure historical pronunciation for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-enrichment-route" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-enrichment-route" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected historical sources preserve the source form but do not establish a secure dated lexical witness.", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-enrichment-route", "potlatch-potlatch-root-date-unresolved" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-potlatch-root-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-potlatch-root-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-enrichment-sense" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-root-claim", "potlatch-enrichment-route", "potlatch-enrichment-sense", "potlatch-potlatch-root-geo", "potlatch-potlatch-root-date-unresolved" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-route-claim" ] } } }, { "id": "potlatch-middle", "etymologyId": "potlatch-middle-1", "form": "potlatch", "language": "Chinook Jargon", "languageCode": "chn", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-route-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the gift-giving ceremony", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "POT-latch", "ipa": "/ˈpɒt.lætʃ/", "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional or dictionary-supported reading is shown; it is not treated as transliteration or as proof of historical phonology.", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-potlatch-middle-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1889, "end": 1889, "approximate": false, "label": "1889 · Chinook Jargon dictionary record", "note": "The inspected historical dictionary documents the Chinook Jargon trade-language record in 1889; it is not asserted as the first use of every oral form.", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-date-middle" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Pacific Northwest · Nuu-chah-nulth and Chinook Jargon corridor", "coordinates": [ -124, 48 ], "qualifier": "A documented Indigenous contact corridor, not a flattened pan-Indigenous origin label.", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-potlatch-middle-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "potlatch-route-claim", "potlatch-enrichment-route", "potlatch-enrichment-sense", "potlatch-potlatch-middle-geo", "potlatch-potlatch-middle-reading", "potlatch-date-middle" ], "explanation": "The stage is presented with inspected lexical evidence, a qualified route, and a supported reading; dates and regional coordinates retain their stated limits.", "transliteration": "potlatch", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "potlatch-enrichment-route", "potlatch-potlatch-middle-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-enrichment-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-enrichment-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-enrichment-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-potlatch-middle-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-enrichment-route" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-date-middle" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-potlatch-middle-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-potlatch-middle-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-enrichment-sense" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-route-claim", "potlatch-enrichment-route", "potlatch-enrichment-sense", "potlatch-potlatch-middle-geo", "potlatch-potlatch-middle-reading", "potlatch-date-middle" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-route-claim" ] } } }, { "id": "potlatch-english", "etymologyId": "potlatch-english-1", "form": "potlatch", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-route-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the gift-giving ceremony", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "POT-latch", "ipa": "/ˈpɒt.lætʃ/", "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional or dictionary-supported reading is shown; it is not treated as transliteration or as proof of historical phonology.", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-potlatch-english-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected historical dictionary establishes the contact-language period but not the exact first English quotation.", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-potlatch-english-date-unresolved" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region", "coordinates": [ -124, 48 ], "qualifier": "A documented Indigenous contact corridor, not a flattened pan-Indigenous origin label.", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-potlatch-english-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "potlatch-route-claim", "potlatch-sense-claim", "potlatch-enrichment-route", "potlatch-enrichment-sense", "potlatch-potlatch-english-geo", "potlatch-potlatch-english-reading", "potlatch-potlatch-english-date-unresolved" ], "explanation": "The stage is presented with inspected lexical evidence, a qualified route, and a supported reading; dates and regional coordinates retain their stated limits.", "transliteration": "potlatch", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "potlatch-enrichment-route", "potlatch-potlatch-english-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-enrichment-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-enrichment-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-enrichment-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-potlatch-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-enrichment-route" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected historical dictionary establishes the contact-language period but not the exact first English quotation.", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-enrichment-route", "potlatch-potlatch-english-date-unresolved" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-potlatch-english-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-potlatch-english-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-enrichment-sense" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "potlatch-route-claim", "potlatch-sense-claim", "potlatch-enrichment-route", "potlatch-enrichment-sense", "potlatch-potlatch-english-geo", "potlatch-potlatch-english-reading", "potlatch-potlatch-english-date-unresolved" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "potlatch-root-middle-route", "from": "potlatch-root", "to": "potlatch-middle", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Potlatch is represented through a Nuu-chah-nulth source form and a Chinook Jargon contact-language stage into English. The route is explicitly bounded: Indigenous ceremonial traditions are not flattened into one generic donor identity.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "potlatch-route-claim", "potlatch-enrichment-route" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The intermediary edge is shown as a bounded lexical correspondence, not a complete historical itinerary.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "potlatch-route", "from": "potlatch-middle", "to": "potlatch-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Potlatch is represented through a Nuu-chah-nulth source form and a Chinook Jargon contact-language stage into English. The route is explicitly bounded: Indigenous ceremonial traditions are not flattened into one generic donor identity.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "potlatch-route-claim", "potlatch-enrichment-route" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports the lexical route but does not establish a dated semantic change at the transmission edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "potlatch-root-claim", "text": "p̕ačiƛ is the inspected source form associated with the historical source stage for English potlatch.", "sourceId": "batch08-potlatch-wiktionary", "locator": "English — Etymology", "passageIds": [ "batch08-potlatch-wiktionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports a bounded Jargon-mediated route, but the ceremonial practices of individual Pacific Northwest peoples are not collapsed into one lexical origin." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "potlatch-route-claim", "text": "The English noun is borrowed from Chinook Jargon potlatch, a word for giving, a gift, or the gift-giving ceremony, from Nootka Jargon forms and ultimately Nuu-chah-nulth p̕ačiƛ for giving a gift during a potlatch ceremony.", "sourceId": "batch08-potlatch-wiktionary", "locator": "English — Etymology", "passageIds": [ "batch08-potlatch-wiktionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports a bounded Jargon-mediated route, but the ceremonial practices of individual Pacific Northwest peoples are not collapsed into one lexical origin." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "potlatch-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected potlatch sense: the gift-giving ceremony.", "sourceId": "batch08-potlatch-wiktionary", "locator": "English — Etymology", "passageIds": [ "batch08-potlatch-wiktionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports a bounded Jargon-mediated route, but the ceremonial practices of individual Pacific Northwest peoples are not collapsed into one lexical origin." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "potlatch-enrichment-route", "text": "Potlatch is represented through a Nuu-chah-nulth source form and a Chinook Jargon contact-language stage into English. The route is explicitly bounded: Indigenous ceremonial traditions are not flattened into one generic donor identity.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-potlatch-chinook", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The selected route is retained with explicit scope and alternatives where the inspected sources do not agree." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "potlatch-enrichment-sense", "text": "Potlatch names a Pacific Northwest ceremonial gathering involving gifting and social obligations; the lexical route does not claim that every related practice shares one word history.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-potlatch-chinook", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "potlatch-potlatch-root-geo", "text": "Pacific Northwest · Nuu-chah-nulth and Chinook Jargon corridor is used as a broad language, speech-community, or documented contact-corridor reference for this stage; it is not presented as a lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-regions", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "potlatch-pnw" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "The regional record supports map orientation only; it does not prove a lexical origin coordinate." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "potlatch-potlatch-root-date-unresolved", "text": "The inspected sources establish the displayed form and route but do not establish a secure word-specific lexical date for p̕ačiƛ.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-potlatch-chinook", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "unresolved", "text": "Normal lexical and historical sources were inspected; the retained evidence does not support a more precise date." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "potlatch-potlatch-middle-reading", "text": "The inspected source supports the conventional reading POT-latch for potlatch; it is presented as a reading, not as transliteration.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-potlatch-chinook", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "potlatch-potlatch-middle-geo", "text": "Pacific Northwest · Nuu-chah-nulth and Chinook Jargon corridor is used as a broad language, speech-community, or documented contact-corridor reference for this stage; it is not presented as a lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-regions", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "potlatch-pnw" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "The regional record supports map orientation only; it does not prove a lexical origin coordinate." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "potlatch-date-middle", "text": "The inspected source supports the bounded lexical or textual period shown for potlatch.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-potlatch-chinook", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "potlatch-potlatch-english-reading", "text": "The inspected source supports the conventional reading POT-latch for potlatch; it is presented as a reading, not as transliteration.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-potlatch-chinook", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "potlatch-potlatch-english-geo", "text": "Pacific Northwest · Nuu-chah-nulth and Chinook Jargon corridor is used as a broad language, speech-community, or documented contact-corridor reference for this stage; it is not presented as a lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-regions", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "potlatch-pnw" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "The regional record supports map orientation only; it does not prove a lexical origin coordinate." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "potlatch-potlatch-english-date-unresolved", "text": "The inspected sources establish the displayed form and route but do not establish a secure word-specific lexical date for potlatch.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-potlatch-chinook", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "unresolved", "text": "Normal lexical and historical sources were inspected; the retained evidence does not support a more precise date." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." } ], "limitations": "The Nuu-chah-nulth source form’s historical pronunciation and exact earliest lexical date remain unresolved; the 1889 Jargon dictionary supplies a documented period for the intermediary tradition.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 01 Slice-04", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "billabong", "word": "billabong", "language": "English", "sense": "the Australian backwater", "senses": [ { "id": "billabong-sense", "label": "the Australian backwater", "definition": "A stagnant or intermittently connected body of water beside an Australian river.", "stageId": "billabong-english", "claimIds": [ "billabong-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "billabong-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 01", "aliases": [ "billabong" ], "summary": "billabong is represented through a bounded, source-linked route with uncertainty preserved where the inspected account does not settle the history.", "intro": "billabong is represented through a bounded, source-linked route with uncertainty preserved where the inspected account does not settle the history.", "claimIds": [ "billabong-root-claim", "billabong-route-claim", "billabong-sense-claim" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-19", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "billabong-root", "narrativeOrder": [ "billabong-root", "billabong-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "billabong-root", "etymologyId": "billabong-root-1", "form": "Billibang", "language": "Australian Aboriginal source", "languageCode": "aus", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "billabong-root-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the Australian backwater", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "billabong-root-claim" ], "explanation": "Historical source-stage form associated with billabong; the journey preserves the source's qualifications.", "transliteration": "Billibang" }, { "id": "billabong-english", "etymologyId": "billabong-english-1", "form": "billabong", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "billabong-route-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the Australian backwater", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1865, "end": 1865, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1865 · English billabong", "note": "A source-reported written-use period; not the date of coinage, oral transmission, or every later sense.", "claimIds": [ "billabong-route-claim" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "billabong-route-claim", "billabong-sense-claim" ], "explanation": "The English form and selected sense are represented from the inspected lexical account; unsupported pronunciation and location are left unresolved.", "transliteration": "billabong" } ], "relations": [ { "id": "billabong-route", "from": "billabong-root", "to": "billabong-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The source preserves the Aboriginal name and the water element while leaving the second element uncertain; no more specific language attribution is inferred.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "billabong-route-claim" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports the lexical route but does not establish a dated semantic change at the transmission edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "billabong-root-claim", "text": "Billibang is the inspected source form associated with the historical source stage for English billabong.", "sourceId": "batch08-billabong-etymonline", "locator": "billabong(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-billabong-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source preserves the Aboriginal name and the water element while leaving the second element uncertain; no more specific language attribution is inferred." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "billabong-route-claim", "text": "Australian billabong is recorded from 1865 for a backwater or stagnant pool and is connected with Billibang, an Aboriginal name of the Bell River, with billa water and an uncertain second element.", "sourceId": "batch08-billabong-etymonline", "locator": "billabong(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-billabong-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source preserves the Aboriginal name and the water element while leaving the second element uncertain; no more specific language attribution is inferred." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "billabong-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected billabong sense: the Australian backwater.", "sourceId": "batch08-billabong-etymonline", "locator": "billabong(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-billabong-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source preserves the Aboriginal name and the water element while leaving the second element uncertain; no more specific language attribution is inferred." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." } ], "limitations": "The source preserves the Aboriginal name and the water element while leaving the second element uncertain; no more specific language attribution is inferred." }, { "id": "condor", "word": "condor", "language": "English", "sense": "the South American vulture", "senses": [ { "id": "condor-sense", "label": "the South American vulture", "definition": "A very large South American vulture or related bird of prey.", "stageId": "condor-english", "claimIds": [ "condor-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "condor-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 01", "aliases": [ "condor" ], "summary": "Condor uses a specific Quechua–Spanish corridor and keeps Andean bird ecology separate from the word’s lexical transmission.", "intro": "The route shows Quechua kuntur, Spanish condor, and the later English form as contact-linked stages with bounded readings.", "claimIds": [ "condor-root-claim", "condor-route-claim", "condor-sense-claim", "batch04-condor-reading", "batch04-condor-geography", "batch04-condor-date", "batch04-condor-scope", "batch04-condor-relations" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "condor-root", "narrativeOrder": [ "condor-root", "condor-middle", "condor-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "condor-root", "etymologyId": "condor-root-1", "form": "cuntur", "language": "Quechua", "languageCode": "que", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "condor-root-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the South American vulture", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KUN-tur (Quechua conventional)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-condor-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Andean Quechua–Spanish–English contact corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ -72, -13 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-condor-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "condor-root-claim", "batch04-condor-reading", "batch04-condor-geography", "batch04-condor-date", "batch04-condor-scope" ], "explanation": "Historical source-stage form associated with condor; the journey preserves the source's qualifications.", "transliteration": "cuntur", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-condor-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-condor-reading", "batch04-condor-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-condor-reading", "batch04-condor-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-condor-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-condor-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-condor-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for cuntur does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-condor-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-condor-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-condor-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-condor-reading", "batch04-condor-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "condor-root-claim", "batch04-condor-reading", "batch04-condor-geography", "batch04-condor-date", "batch04-condor-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "condor-route-claim", "batch04-condor-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "condor-middle", "etymologyId": "condor-middle-1", "form": "condor", "language": "American Spanish", "languageCode": "es", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "condor-route-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the South American vulture", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KON-dor (Spanish)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-condor-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Andean Quechua–Spanish–English contact corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ -72, -13 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-condor-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "condor-route-claim", "batch04-condor-reading", "batch04-condor-geography", "batch04-condor-date", "batch04-condor-scope" ], "explanation": "An intermediary form named by the inspected lexical account; it is not treated as an exhaustive transmission record.", "transliteration": "condor", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-condor-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-condor-reading", "batch04-condor-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-condor-reading", "batch04-condor-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-condor-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-condor-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-condor-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for condor does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-condor-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-condor-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-condor-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-condor-reading", "batch04-condor-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "condor-route-claim", "batch04-condor-reading", "batch04-condor-geography", "batch04-condor-date", "batch04-condor-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "condor-route-claim", "batch04-condor-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "condor-english", "etymologyId": "condor-english-1", "form": "condor", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "condor-route-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the South American vulture", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KON-dor", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-condor-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1600, "end": 1609, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1600s · English condor", "note": "A source-reported written-use period; not the date of coinage, oral transmission, or every later sense.", "claimIds": [ "condor-route-claim" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-condor-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "condor-route-claim", "condor-sense-claim", "batch04-condor-reading", "batch04-condor-geography", "batch04-condor-date", "batch04-condor-scope" ], "explanation": "The English form and selected sense are represented from the inspected lexical account; unsupported pronunciation and location are left unresolved.", "transliteration": "condor", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-condor-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-condor-reading", "batch04-condor-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-condor-reading", "batch04-condor-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-condor-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-condor-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-condor-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for condor does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "condor-route-claim", "batch04-condor-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "condor-route-claim" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-condor-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-condor-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-condor-reading", "batch04-condor-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "condor-route-claim", "condor-sense-claim", "batch04-condor-reading", "batch04-condor-geography", "batch04-condor-date", "batch04-condor-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "condor-root-middle-route", "from": "condor-root", "to": "condor-middle", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The inspected passage supports the bounded Quechua-to-American-Spanish-to-English route for the selected bird sense.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "condor-route-claim", "batch04-condor-relations" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The intermediary edge is shown as a bounded lexical correspondence, not a complete historical itinerary.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "condor-route", "from": "condor-middle", "to": "condor-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The inspected passage supports the bounded Quechua-to-American-Spanish-to-English route for the selected bird sense.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "condor-route-claim", "batch04-condor-relations" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports the lexical route but does not establish a dated semantic change at the transmission edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "condor-root-claim", "text": "cuntur is the inspected source form associated with the historical source stage for English condor.", "sourceId": "batch08-condor-etymonline", "locator": "condor(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-condor-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports the bounded Quechua-to-American-Spanish-to-English route for the selected bird sense." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "condor-route-claim", "text": "Condor is recorded in English from about 1600 through American Spanish, from Quechua cuntur, the native name for the large South American bird.", "sourceId": "batch08-condor-etymonline", "locator": "condor(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-condor-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports the bounded Quechua-to-American-Spanish-to-English route for the selected bird sense." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "condor-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected condor sense: the South American vulture.", "sourceId": "batch08-condor-etymonline", "locator": "condor(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-condor-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports the bounded Quechua-to-American-Spanish-to-English route for the selected bird sense." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "batch04-condor-reading", "text": "condor: an inspected specialist, institutional or national-language source supports the displayed forms and the selected conventional readings; reconstructed or historical readings remain explicitly qualified.", "sourceId": "batch04-condor-trevoux", "locator": "6e édition; headword history and definition", "passageIds": [ "batch04-condor-trevoux-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A conventional reading is not presented as an exact recording of every historical speaker; transliteration remains distinct from pronunciation." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest recoverable reading for each displayed stage without projecting a modern pronunciation backward." }, { "id": "batch04-condor-geography", "text": "condor: the map point is a supported language, speech-community or documented contact-corridor reference, not a precise lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch04-condor-trevoux", "locator": "6e édition; headword history and definition", "passageIds": [ "batch04-condor-trevoux-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Reference coordinates orient the language or contact corridor and do not assert a territorial boundary, donor village or origin site." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the strongest defensible regional precision available in the inspected evidence." }, { "id": "batch04-condor-date", "text": "condor: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a form or sense; contextual object, cultural, institutional and biographical dates are not substituted for word chronology.", "sourceId": "batch04-condor-trevoux", "locator": "6e édition; headword history and definition", "passageIds": [ "batch04-condor-trevoux-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Undated reconstructed or historical stages remain researched unresolved rather than receiving an invented date." }, "inference": "Lexography distinguishes attestation, documented use, sense attestation, bounded lexical periods and context." }, { "id": "batch04-condor-scope", "text": "condor: the route preserves competing analyses, qualified edges and semantic distinctions required by the inspected evidence.", "sourceId": "batch04-condor-trevoux", "locator": "6e édition; headword history and definition", "passageIds": [ "batch04-condor-trevoux-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The map marks an Andean language/contact region, not a precise birthplace; ecological range and fossil history are not lexical dates." }, "inference": "The narrative and topology are editorial representations of the evidence graph, not proof that every adjacent form is a direct parent." }, { "id": "batch04-condor-relations", "text": "condor: adjacent relations are retained with their existing type and certainty unless the inspected evidence requires a qualified or parallel reading.", "sourceId": "batch04-condor-trevoux", "locator": "6e édition; headword history and definition", "passageIds": [ "batch04-condor-trevoux-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A displayed tree edge does not erase non-tree alternatives or convert cognacy, influence or comparison into direct borrowing." }, "inference": "Lexography preserves the current topology and records the evidence limits alongside each relation." } ], "limitations": "The map marks an Andean language/contact region, not a precise birthplace; ecological range and fossil history are not lexical dates.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 04", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "haiku", "word": "haiku", "language": "English", "sense": "the short poem", "senses": [ { "id": "haiku-sense", "label": "the short poem", "definition": "A short Japanese-derived poem traditionally associated with a compact seasonal or observational form.", "stageId": "haiku-english", "claimIds": [ "haiku-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "haiku-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 01", "aliases": [ "haiku" ], "summary": "Haiku is a Japanese literary term that entered English for a short poem.", "intro": "Meaning distinguishes the Japanese literary form, its terminology, and later English usage.", "claimIds": [ "haiku-root-claim", "haiku-route-claim", "haiku-sense-claim", "batch02-haiku-root-research", "batch02-haiku-english-research", "batch02-haiku-geography", "batch02-haiku-editorial-scope" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "haiku-root", "narrativeOrder": [ "haiku-root", "haiku-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "haiku-root", "etymologyId": "haiku-root-1", "form": "haiku", "language": "Japanese", "languageCode": "ja", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "haiku-root-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the short poem", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "high-koo", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Conventional dictionary or language-entry reading; no historical sound reconstruction is asserted.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-haiku-root-research" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Japan / East Asia", "qualifier": "A supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region; not a precise lexical birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ 139.7, 35.7 ], "claimIds": [ "batch02-haiku-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "haiku-root-claim", "batch02-haiku-root-research", "batch02-haiku-geography", "batch02-haiku-editorial-scope" ], "explanation": "Historical source-stage form associated with haiku; the journey preserves the source's qualifications.", "transliteration": "haiku", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch02-haiku-root-research" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-haiku-root-research", "batch02-haiku-editorial-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-haiku-root-research", "batch02-haiku-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-haiku-root-research" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-haiku-root-research" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-haiku-root-research" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed source-stage form. The map and reading are retained without manufacturing chronology.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-haiku-root-research" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-haiku-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-haiku-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-haiku-root-research", "batch02-haiku-editorial-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "haiku-root-claim", "batch02-haiku-root-research", "batch02-haiku-geography", "batch02-haiku-editorial-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "haiku-route-claim" ] } } }, { "id": "haiku-english", "etymologyId": "haiku-english-1", "form": "haiku", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "haiku-route-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the short poem", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "HY-koo", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Modern dictionary reading for the English headword; it is not retrojected as a historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-haiku-english-research" ] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1902, "end": 1902, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1902 · English haiku", "note": "A source-reported written-use period; not the date of coinage, oral transmission, or every later sense.", "claimIds": [ "haiku-route-claim" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Japan / East Asia", "qualifier": "A supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region; not a precise lexical birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ 139.7, 35.7 ], "claimIds": [ "batch02-haiku-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "haiku-route-claim", "haiku-sense-claim", "batch02-haiku-english-research", "batch02-haiku-geography", "batch02-haiku-editorial-scope" ], "explanation": "The English form and selected sense are represented from the inspected lexical account; unsupported pronunciation and location are left unresolved.", "transliteration": "haiku", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch02-haiku-english-research" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-haiku-english-research", "batch02-haiku-editorial-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-haiku-english-research", "batch02-haiku-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-haiku-english-research" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-haiku-english-research" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-haiku-english-research" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed source-stage form. The map and reading are retained without manufacturing chronology.", "claimIds": [ "haiku-route-claim" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "haiku-route-claim" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-haiku-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-haiku-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-haiku-english-research", "batch02-haiku-editorial-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "haiku-route-claim", "haiku-sense-claim", "batch02-haiku-english-research", "batch02-haiku-geography", "batch02-haiku-editorial-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "haiku-route", "from": "haiku-root", "to": "haiku-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The English date and Japanese formation are bounded, while the source's report about Shiki's role is not treated as an exact coinage record.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "haiku-route-claim" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports the lexical route but does not establish a dated semantic change at the transmission edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "haiku-root-claim", "text": "haiku is the inspected source form associated with the historical source stage for English haiku.", "sourceId": "batch08-haiku-etymonline", "locator": "haiku(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-haiku-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The English date and Japanese formation are bounded, while the source's report about Shiki's role is not treated as an exact coinage record." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "haiku-route-claim", "text": "Haiku is recorded from 1902 from Japanese haiku, telescoped from haikai no ku comic verse or verses; the form developed from an opening section of linked verse.", "sourceId": "batch08-haiku-etymonline", "locator": "haiku(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-haiku-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The English date and Japanese formation are bounded, while the source's report about Shiki's role is not treated as an exact coinage record." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "haiku-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected haiku sense: the short poem.", "sourceId": "batch08-haiku-etymonline", "locator": "haiku(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-haiku-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The English date and Japanese formation are bounded, while the source's report about Shiki's role is not treated as an exact coinage record." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "batch02-haiku-root-research", "text": "haiku: The source-language form and conventional reading are retained at the inspected dictionary scope.", "sourceId": "batch02-haiku-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "passageIds": [ "batch02-haiku-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The form and reading are supported at dictionary scope; the map is a language or community reference rather than a birthplace claim." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the inspected source for the displayed form and reading while preserving the limit on origin precision." }, { "id": "batch02-haiku-english-research", "text": "haiku: The English headword's conventional reading and selected sense are supported by the inspected dictionary entry.", "sourceId": "batch02-haiku-english-dictionary", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "passageIds": [ "batch02-haiku-english-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The dictionary supports the English reading and sense; lexical dating remains tied to the journey's date evidence." }, "inference": "Lexography keeps English reading and lexical chronology separate from the history of the referenced object, practice, institution or person." }, { "id": "batch02-haiku-geography", "text": "haiku: Japan / East Asia is retained as a supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region, not as a precise word birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch02-haiku-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and language/reference scope", "passageIds": [ "batch02-haiku-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The coordinate is an informative reference region at the strongest defensible level available for this bounded journey." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a qualified language or community reference and does not convert it into a precise origin claim." }, { "id": "batch02-haiku-editorial-scope", "text": "haiku: The retained route, sense boundaries and unresolved alternatives follow the existing inspected source account and the Batch 02 editorial risk note.", "sourceId": "batch08-haiku-etymonline", "locator": "haiku(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-haiku-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Existing route evidence is preserved; cultural, object, institutional and biography history is not silently promoted to lexical ancestry." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the existing journey without adding an unsupported donor, route, date or semantic change." } ], "limitations": "The Japanese literary tradition is context for the term; it is not substituted for an exact lexical coinage or English first-use date.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 02", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "moccasin", "word": "moccasin", "language": "English", "sense": "the soft shoe", "senses": [ { "id": "moccasin-sense", "label": "the soft shoe", "definition": "A soft leather shoe associated historically with Indigenous peoples of North America.", "stageId": "moccasin-english", "claimIds": [ "moccasin-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "moccasin-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 01", "aliases": [ "moccasin" ], "summary": "Moccasin is mapped to a qualified Virginia Algonquian donor corridor and dated to a 1612 first printed English mention, while the snake sense stays separate.", "intro": "Follow the Virginia Algonquian shoe word into English moccasin; the later moccasin-snake compound is a separate English history.", "claimIds": [ "moccasin-root-claim", "moccasin-route-claim", "moccasin-sense-claim", "moccasin-snake-history", "moccasin-enrichment-route", "moccasin-enrichment-sense", "moccasin-moccasin-root-geo", "moccasin-moccasin-root-reading", "moccasin-moccasin-root-date-unresolved", "moccasin-moccasin-english-geo", "moccasin-moccasin-english-reading", "moccasin-date-english" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "moccasin-root", "narrativeOrder": [ "moccasin-root", "moccasin-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "moccasin-root", "etymologyId": "moccasin-root-1", "form": "*mockasin", "language": "Central Atlantic Coast Algonquian (reconstructed)", "languageCode": "alg-pro", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "moccasin-root-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the soft shoe", "formStatus": "reconstructed", "pronunciation": { "guide": "*mo-ka-sin (reconstructed)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional or dictionary-supported reading is shown; it is not treated as transliteration or as proof of historical phonology.", "claimIds": [ "moccasin-moccasin-root-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The historical donor form is reconstructed; the inspected evidence does not supply a secure date or historical pronunciation for that reconstruction.", "claimIds": [ "moccasin-moccasin-root-date-unresolved" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Central Atlantic Coast · Virginia Algonquian region", "coordinates": [ -77.5, 37 ], "qualifier": "A qualified historical speech/community region for the donor-language corridor, not a modern tribal-border claim.", "claimIds": [ "moccasin-moccasin-root-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "moccasin-root-claim", "moccasin-enrichment-route", "moccasin-enrichment-sense", "moccasin-moccasin-root-geo", "moccasin-moccasin-root-reading", "moccasin-moccasin-root-date-unresolved" ], "explanation": "The stage is presented with inspected lexical evidence, a qualified route, and a supported reading; dates and regional coordinates retain their stated limits.", "transliteration": "*mockasin", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "moccasin-enrichment-route", "moccasin-moccasin-root-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "moccasin-enrichment-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "moccasin-enrichment-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "moccasin-enrichment-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "moccasin-moccasin-root-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "moccasin-enrichment-route" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The historical donor form is reconstructed; the inspected evidence does not supply a secure date or historical pronunciation for that reconstruction.", "claimIds": [ "moccasin-enrichment-route", "moccasin-moccasin-root-date-unresolved" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "moccasin-moccasin-root-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "moccasin-moccasin-root-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "moccasin-enrichment-sense" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "moccasin-root-claim", "moccasin-enrichment-route", "moccasin-enrichment-sense", "moccasin-moccasin-root-geo", "moccasin-moccasin-root-reading", "moccasin-moccasin-root-date-unresolved" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "moccasin-route-claim" ] } } }, { "id": "moccasin-english", "etymologyId": "moccasin-english-1", "form": "moccasin", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "moccasin-route-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the soft shoe", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "MOK-uh-sin", "ipa": "/ˈmɒkəsɪn/", "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional or dictionary-supported reading is shown; it is not treated as transliteration or as proof of historical phonology.", "claimIds": [ "moccasin-moccasin-english-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1612, "end": 1612, "approximate": false, "label": "1612 · English moccasin", "note": "Gerard cites Captain John Smith’s 1612 vocabulary in Map of Virginia as the first printed mention in his historical account.", "claimIds": [ "moccasin-date-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region", "coordinates": [ -77.5, 37 ], "qualifier": "A qualified historical speech/community region for the donor-language corridor, not a modern tribal-border claim.", "claimIds": [ "moccasin-moccasin-english-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "moccasin-route-claim", "moccasin-sense-claim", "moccasin-enrichment-route", "moccasin-enrichment-sense", "moccasin-moccasin-english-geo", "moccasin-moccasin-english-reading", "moccasin-date-english" ], "explanation": "The stage is presented with inspected lexical evidence, a qualified route, and a supported reading; dates and regional coordinates retain their stated limits.", "transliteration": "moccasin", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "moccasin-enrichment-route", "moccasin-moccasin-english-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "moccasin-enrichment-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "moccasin-enrichment-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "moccasin-enrichment-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "moccasin-moccasin-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "moccasin-enrichment-route" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "moccasin-date-english" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "moccasin-moccasin-english-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "moccasin-moccasin-english-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "moccasin-enrichment-sense" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "moccasin-route-claim", "moccasin-sense-claim", "moccasin-enrichment-route", "moccasin-enrichment-sense", "moccasin-moccasin-english-geo", "moccasin-moccasin-english-reading", "moccasin-date-english" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "moccasin-route", "from": "moccasin-root", "to": "moccasin-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Moccasin is retained as an English shoe word from a Virginia Algonquian corridor, with the historical reconstruction *mockasin remaining visibly reconstructed. The later snake sense remains a separate English shortening, not a second Indigenous donor word.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "moccasin-route-claim", "moccasin-enrichment-route" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports the lexical route but does not establish a dated semantic change at the transmission edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "moccasin-root-claim", "text": "*mockasin is the inspected source form associated with the historical source stage for English moccasin.", "sourceId": "batch08-moccasin-etymonline", "locator": "moccasin(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-moccasin-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "The shoe route is bounded, but the source explicitly says the later venomous-snake sense may be a different word and that the connection is difficult to explain." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "moccasin-route-claim", "text": "Moccasin is recorded from the 1610s for a soft Native North American shoe and is traced to a Virginia Algonquian source, probably Powhatan makasin, with a Central Atlantic Coast Algonquian reconstruction *mockasin.", "sourceId": "batch08-moccasin-etymonline", "locator": "moccasin(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-moccasin-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "The shoe route is bounded, but the source explicitly says the later venomous-snake sense may be a different word and that the connection is difficult to explain." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "moccasin-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected moccasin sense: the soft shoe.", "sourceId": "batch08-moccasin-etymonline", "locator": "moccasin(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-moccasin-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The shoe route is bounded, but the source explicitly says the later venomous-snake sense may be a different word and that the connection is difficult to explain." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "moccasin-snake-history", "text": "The snake sense is a shortening of moccasin snake; the reason the compound used moccasin is unknown.", "sourceId": "c200-ahd-moccasin", "locator": "Word history and etymology", "passageIds": [ "c200-ahd-moccasin-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This settles the lexical relationship, not the unknown naming motivation." }, "inference": "No separate Indigenous donor word is posited for the snake sense." }, { "id": "moccasin-enrichment-route", "text": "Moccasin is retained as an English shoe word from a Virginia Algonquian corridor, with the historical reconstruction *mockasin remaining visibly reconstructed. The later snake sense remains a separate English shortening, not a second Indigenous donor word.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-moccasin-virginia", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The selected route is retained with explicit scope and alternatives where the inspected sources do not agree." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "moccasin-enrichment-sense", "text": "Moccasin names a soft shoe associated historically with Indigenous peoples of North America; the English snake compound is kept outside the shoe-word route.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-moccasin-virginia", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "moccasin-moccasin-root-reading", "text": "The inspected source supports the conventional reading *mo-ka-sin (reconstructed) for *mockasin; it is presented as a reading, not as transliteration.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-moccasin-virginia", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "moccasin-moccasin-root-geo", "text": "Central Atlantic Coast · Virginia Algonquian region is used as a broad language, speech-community, or documented contact-corridor reference for this stage; it is not presented as a lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-regions", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "moccasin-algonquian" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "The regional record supports map orientation only; it does not prove a lexical origin coordinate." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "moccasin-moccasin-root-date-unresolved", "text": "The inspected sources establish the displayed form and route but do not establish a secure word-specific lexical date for *mockasin.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-moccasin-virginia", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "unresolved", "text": "Normal lexical and historical sources were inspected; the retained evidence does not support a more precise date." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "moccasin-moccasin-english-reading", "text": "The inspected source supports the conventional reading MOK-uh-sin for moccasin; it is presented as a reading, not as transliteration.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-moccasin-virginia", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "moccasin-moccasin-english-geo", "text": "Central Atlantic Coast · Virginia Algonquian region is used as a broad language, speech-community, or documented contact-corridor reference for this stage; it is not presented as a lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-regions", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "moccasin-algonquian" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "The regional record supports map orientation only; it does not prove a lexical origin coordinate." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "moccasin-date-english", "text": "The inspected source supports the bounded lexical or textual period shown for moccasin.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-moccasin-virginia", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." } ], "limitations": "The exact donor-language form is reconstructed and its pronunciation/date remain unresolved, but Gerard’s account cites John Smith’s 1612 printed vocabulary for the English shoe word.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 01 Slice-04", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "kora", "word": "kora", "language": "English", "sense": "the West African harp-lute", "senses": [ { "id": "kora-sense", "label": "the West African harp-lute", "definition": "A West African harp-lute with a calabash resonator and strings, associated with Manding musical traditions and jali musicians. The referent remains stable in English; the historical interest lies in the qualified transmission record, not in a manufactured semantic change.", "stageId": "kora-english", "claimIds": [ "kora-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "kora-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 01", "aliases": [ "kora" ], "summary": "Kora names the same West African harp-lute in its Bambara/Manding setting and in English. French and Spanish records show wider European circulation, but they do not prove the immediate donor or first date of English kora.", "intro": "Bambara kɔ́ra names a West African harp-lute associated with Manding musical traditions and jali musicians. English kora keeps that instrument referent. Historical French and Spanish attestations help show the word circulating in European lexicography, yet the displayed English route remains qualified because those records do not establish a direct French- or Spanish-to-English transfer.", "claimIds": [ "kora-root-claim", "kora-route-claim", "kora-sense-claim", "kora-enrichment-route", "kora-enrichment-sense", "kora-kora-root-geo", "kora-kora-root-reading", "kora-kora-root-date-unresolved", "kora-kora-english-geo", "kora-kora-english-reading", "kora-kora-english-date-unresolved" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "kora-root", "narrativeOrder": [ "kora-root", "kora-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "kora-root", "etymologyId": "kora-root-1", "form": "kɔ́ra", "language": "Bambara", "languageCode": "bam", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "kora-root-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the West African harp-lute", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KOH-rah", "ipa": "/ˈkɔ́.ra/", "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional or dictionary-supported reading is shown; it is not treated as transliteration or as proof of historical phonology.", "claimIds": [ "kora-kora-root-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected specialist and historical sources establish the Manding instrument term but do not provide a secure dated Bambara lexical witness.", "claimIds": [ "kora-kora-root-date-unresolved" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Manding region · West Africa", "coordinates": [ -15, 13 ], "qualifier": "A broad Manding-language and cultural corridor covering the instrument’s documented reference region; not a single invention site.", "claimIds": [ "kora-kora-root-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "kora-root-claim", "kora-enrichment-route", "kora-enrichment-sense", "kora-kora-root-geo", "kora-kora-root-reading", "kora-kora-root-date-unresolved" ], "explanation": "Bambara kɔ́ra names the West African harp-lute in a broader Manding lexical and cultural setting. The retained sources establish form and referent but not a secure dated Bambara witness.", "transliteration": "kɔ́ra", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "kora-enrichment-route", "kora-kora-root-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kora-enrichment-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kora-enrichment-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kora-enrichment-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kora-kora-root-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kora-enrichment-route" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected specialist and historical sources establish the Manding instrument term but do not provide a secure dated Bambara lexical witness.", "claimIds": [ "kora-enrichment-route", "kora-kora-root-date-unresolved" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kora-kora-root-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kora-kora-root-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kora-enrichment-sense" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kora-root-claim", "kora-enrichment-route", "kora-enrichment-sense", "kora-kora-root-geo", "kora-kora-root-reading", "kora-kora-root-date-unresolved" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kora-route-claim", "kora-enrichment-route" ] } } }, { "id": "kora-english", "etymologyId": "kora-english-1", "form": "kora", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "kora-route-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the West African harp-lute", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KOR-uh", "ipa": "/ˈkɔː.rə/", "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional or dictionary-supported reading is shown; it is not treated as transliteration or as proof of historical phonology.", "claimIds": [ "kora-kora-english-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "French is recorded by 1886 and Spanish by 1894 in the historical source, but those dates do not establish the first English use of kora.", "claimIds": [ "kora-kora-english-date-unresolved" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region", "coordinates": [ -15, 13 ], "qualifier": "A broad Manding-language and cultural corridor covering the instrument’s documented reference region; not a single invention site.", "claimIds": [ "kora-kora-english-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "kora-route-claim", "kora-sense-claim", "kora-enrichment-route", "kora-enrichment-sense", "kora-kora-english-geo", "kora-kora-english-reading", "kora-kora-english-date-unresolved" ], "explanation": "English kora keeps the instrument name and referent. French use by 1886 and Spanish use from 1894 show circulation, but neither date establishes the first English use or an immediate English donor.", "transliteration": "kora", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "kora-enrichment-route", "kora-kora-english-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kora-enrichment-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kora-enrichment-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kora-enrichment-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kora-kora-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kora-enrichment-route" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "French is recorded by 1886 and Spanish by 1894 in the historical source, but those dates do not establish the first English use of kora.", "claimIds": [ "kora-enrichment-route", "kora-kora-english-date-unresolved" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kora-kora-english-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kora-kora-english-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kora-enrichment-sense" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kora-route-claim", "kora-sense-claim", "kora-enrichment-route", "kora-enrichment-sense", "kora-kora-english-geo", "kora-kora-english-reading", "kora-kora-english-date-unresolved" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "kora-route", "from": "kora-root", "to": "kora-english", "type": "influence", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The Bambara/Manding instrument word is the lexical source setting for English kora, but the immediate borrowing path remains qualified. French and Spanish attestations demonstrate circulation without becoming unrecorded intermediary stages.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "kora-route-claim", "kora-enrichment-route" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The harp-lute referent remains substantially stable. The evidence concerns route and dating limits, not a semantic transformation at borrowing.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [], "context": { "stageId": "kora-english", "label": "Why the instrument description matters", "summary": [ "Manding instrument name", "Stable harp-lute referent", "European circulation does not prove English ancestry" ], "explanation": "Identifying the distinctive instrument shows what remained stable when the word circulated. It does not make object history or Romance attestations into an English lexical date.", "claimIds": [ "kora-enrichment-sense", "kora-enrichment-route", "kora-route-claim" ] } } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "kora-root-claim", "text": "kɔ́ra is the inspected source form associated with the historical source stage for English kora.", "sourceId": "batch08-kora-wiktionary", "locator": "English — Etymology and Noun", "passageIds": [ "batch08-kora-wiktionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The inspected entry supports the English-to-Bambara lexical link and instrument sense, but its historical dating and deeper African route remain unresolved." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "kora-route-claim", "text": "The English musical-instrument noun kora is borrowed from Bambara kɔ́ra and denotes a West African harp or lute; a museum-based citation describes its use by jalis or griots.", "sourceId": "batch08-kora-wiktionary", "locator": "English — Etymology and Noun", "passageIds": [ "batch08-kora-wiktionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The inspected entry supports the English-to-Bambara lexical link and instrument sense, but its historical dating and deeper African route remain unresolved." }, "inference": "The retained lexical account supports the Bambara source setting and stable instrument sense while leaving deeper African history and exact English mediation qualified." }, { "id": "kora-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected kora sense: the West African harp-lute.", "sourceId": "batch08-kora-wiktionary", "locator": "English — Etymology and Noun", "passageIds": [ "batch08-kora-wiktionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The inspected entry supports the English-to-Bambara lexical link and instrument sense, but its historical dating and deeper African route remain unresolved." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "kora-enrichment-route", "text": "Kora is retained as a West African/Manding instrument word with a qualified English route. Historical Spanish lexicography records French kora by 1886 and Spanish kora from 1894, while the English-stage record here does not justify transferring those Romance dates into English.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-kora-rae", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The selected route is retained with explicit scope and alternatives where the inspected sources do not agree." }, "inference": "The Spanish historical dictionary is used as evidence of French and Spanish circulation; Lexography does not transfer those dates or donor claims to the English stage." }, { "id": "kora-enrichment-sense", "text": "Kora names a Manding harp-lute with a calabash resonator and strings, associated with West African musical traditions and jali musicians.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-kora-rae", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The instrument description clarifies the stable referent carried by the word; it is contextual definition, not evidence for a new semantic stage." }, { "id": "kora-kora-root-reading", "text": "The inspected source supports the conventional reading KOH-rah for kɔ́ra; it is presented as a reading, not as transliteration.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-kora-cambridge", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "kora-kora-root-geo", "text": "Manding region · West Africa is used as a broad language, speech-community, or documented contact-corridor reference for this stage; it is not presented as a lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-regions", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "kora-mande" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "The regional record supports map orientation only; it does not prove a lexical origin coordinate." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "kora-kora-root-date-unresolved", "text": "The inspected sources establish the displayed form and route but do not establish a secure word-specific lexical date for kɔ́ra.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-kora-rae", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "unresolved", "text": "Normal lexical and historical sources were inspected; the retained evidence does not support a more precise date." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "kora-kora-english-reading", "text": "The inspected source supports the conventional reading KOR-uh for kora; it is presented as a reading, not as transliteration.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-kora-cambridge", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "kora-kora-english-geo", "text": "Manding region · West Africa is used as a broad language, speech-community, or documented contact-corridor reference for this stage; it is not presented as a lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-regions", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "kora-mande" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "The regional record supports map orientation only; it does not prove a lexical origin coordinate." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "kora-kora-english-date-unresolved", "text": "The inspected sources establish the displayed form and route but do not establish a secure word-specific lexical date for kora.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-kora-rae", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "unresolved", "text": "Normal lexical and historical sources were inspected; the retained evidence does not support a more precise date." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." } ], "limitations": "The historical Spanish dictionary dates French and Spanish records, not the displayed English-stage first use; the canonical route therefore retains a researched-unresolved English lexical date.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Corpus One — Encyclopedic Enrichment Standard", "standardVersion": "2.0", "completedAt": "2026-09-21" } }, { "id": "sabbath", "word": "sabbath", "language": "English", "sense": "the religious day of rest", "senses": [ { "id": "sabbath-sense", "label": "the religious day of rest", "definition": "A day set apart for religious observance and rest, especially the seventh day in Jewish tradition.", "stageId": "sabbath-english", "claimIds": [ "sabbath-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "sabbath-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 01", "aliases": [ "sabbath" ], "summary": "sabbath is represented through a bounded, source-linked route with uncertainty preserved where the inspected account does not settle the history.", "intro": "sabbath is represented through a bounded, source-linked route with uncertainty preserved where the inspected account does not settle the history.", "claimIds": [ "sabbath-root-claim", "sabbath-route-claim", "sabbath-sense-claim" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-19", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "sabbath-root", "narrativeOrder": [ "sabbath-root", "sabbath-middle", "sabbath-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "sabbath-root", "etymologyId": "sabbath-root-1", "form": "shabbath", "language": "Hebrew", "languageCode": "he", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "sabbath-root-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the religious day of rest", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "sabbath-root-claim" ], "explanation": "Historical source-stage form associated with sabbath; the journey preserves the source's qualifications.", "transliteration": "shabbath" }, { "id": "sabbath-middle", "etymologyId": "sabbath-middle-1", "form": "sabbatum", "language": "Latin", "languageCode": "la", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "sabbath-route-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the religious day of rest", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "sabbath-route-claim" ], "explanation": "An intermediary form named by the inspected lexical account; it is not treated as an exhaustive transmission record.", "transliteration": "sabbatum" }, { "id": "sabbath-english", "etymologyId": "sabbath-english-1", "form": "sabbath", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "sabbath-route-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the religious day of rest", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected source gives no bounded English written-use date for this journey.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "sabbath-route-claim", "sabbath-sense-claim" ], "explanation": "The English form and selected sense are represented from the inspected lexical account; unsupported pronunciation and location are left unresolved.", "transliteration": "sabbath" } ], "relations": [ { "id": "sabbath-root-middle-route", "from": "sabbath-root", "to": "sabbath-middle", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The transmission chain is supported at a broad lexical level, while the source's account of the shift from Saturday to Sunday is kept separate from the borrowing route.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "sabbath-route-claim" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The intermediary edge is shown as a bounded lexical correspondence, not a complete historical itinerary.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "sabbath-route", "from": "sabbath-middle", "to": "sabbath-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The transmission chain is supported at a broad lexical level, while the source's account of the shift from Saturday to Sunday is kept separate from the borrowing route.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "sabbath-route-claim" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports the lexical route but does not establish a dated semantic change at the transmission edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "sabbath-root-claim", "text": "shabbath is the inspected source form associated with the historical source stage for English sabbath.", "sourceId": "batch08-sabbath-etymonline", "locator": "Sabbath(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-sabbath-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The transmission chain is supported at a broad lexical level, while the source's account of the shift from Saturday to Sunday is kept separate from the borrowing route." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "sabbath-route-claim", "text": "Sabbath passes through Old English and Old French and directly from Latin sabbatum and Greek sabbaton to Hebrew shabbath, day of rest; the English spelling with th became widespread later.", "sourceId": "batch08-sabbath-etymonline", "locator": "Sabbath(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-sabbath-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The transmission chain is supported at a broad lexical level, while the source's account of the shift from Saturday to Sunday is kept separate from the borrowing route." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "sabbath-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected sabbath sense: the religious day of rest.", "sourceId": "batch08-sabbath-etymonline", "locator": "Sabbath(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-sabbath-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The transmission chain is supported at a broad lexical level, while the source's account of the shift from Saturday to Sunday is kept separate from the borrowing route." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." } ], "limitations": "The transmission chain is supported at a broad lexical level, while the source's account of the shift from Saturday to Sunday is kept separate from the borrowing route." }, { "id": "papyrus", "word": "papyrus", "language": "English", "sense": "the paper plant and material", "senses": [ { "id": "papyrus-sense", "label": "the paper plant and material", "definition": "A marsh plant of the genus Cyperus and the writing material made from its pith or stalk.", "stageId": "papyrus-english", "claimIds": [ "papyrus-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "papyrus-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 01", "aliases": [ "papyrus" ], "summary": "Papyrus follows the documented Greek papyros to Latin papyrus and then English; any proposed pre-Greek Egyptian source remains unestablished.", "intro": "The graph distinguishes the documented Greek–Latin–English route from the unresolved pre-Greek depth.", "claimIds": [ "papyrus-root-claim", "papyrus-route-claim", "papyrus-sense-claim" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-19", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "papyrus-root", "narrativeOrder": [ "papyrus-root", "papyrus-middle", "papyrus-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "papyrus-root", "etymologyId": "papyrus-root-1", "form": "papyros", "language": "Greek", "languageCode": "grc", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "papyrus-root-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the paper plant and material", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "papyrus-root-claim" ], "explanation": "Historical source-stage form associated with papyrus; the journey preserves the source's qualifications.", "transliteration": "papyros" }, { "id": "papyrus-middle", "etymologyId": "papyrus-middle-1", "form": "papyrus", "language": "Latin", "languageCode": "la", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "papyrus-route-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the paper plant and material", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "papyrus-route-claim" ], "explanation": "An intermediary form named by the inspected lexical account; it is not treated as an exhaustive transmission record.", "transliteration": "papyrus" }, { "id": "papyrus-english", "etymologyId": "papyrus-english-1", "form": "papyrus", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "papyrus-route-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the paper plant and material", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1300, "end": 1399, "approximate": true, "label": "c. late 14th century · English papyrus", "note": "A source-reported written-use period; not the date of coinage, oral transmission, or every later sense.", "claimIds": [ "papyrus-route-claim" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "papyrus-route-claim", "papyrus-sense-claim" ], "explanation": "The English form and selected sense are represented from the inspected lexical account; unsupported pronunciation and location are left unresolved.", "transliteration": "papyrus" } ], "relations": [ { "id": "papyrus-root-middle-route", "from": "papyrus-root", "to": "papyrus-middle", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Latin papyrus is borrowed from Greek papyros; the word's history before Greek remains unknown.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "papyrus-route-claim" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The intermediary edge is shown as a bounded lexical correspondence, not a complete historical itinerary.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "papyrus-route", "from": "papyrus-middle", "to": "papyrus-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The late-fourteenth-century English word is borrowed from Latin papyrus.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "papyrus-route-claim" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports the lexical route but does not establish a dated semantic change at the transmission edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "papyrus-root-claim", "text": "papyros is the inspected source form associated with the historical source stage for English papyrus.", "sourceId": "batch08-papyrus-etymonline", "locator": "papyrus(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-papyrus-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "The Greek-to-Latin route is bounded, but the proposed Egyptian source remains unestablished and is explicitly preserved as uncertain." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "papyrus-route-claim", "text": "Papyrus is recorded in English from the late fourteenth century from Latin papyrus, from Greek papyros for the paper plant and the paper made from it; the loanword's deeper origin is unknown and often said to be Egyptian.", "sourceId": "batch08-papyrus-etymonline", "locator": "papyrus(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-papyrus-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "The Greek-to-Latin route is bounded, but the proposed Egyptian source remains unestablished and is explicitly preserved as uncertain." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "papyrus-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected papyrus sense: the paper plant and material.", "sourceId": "batch08-papyrus-etymonline", "locator": "papyrus(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-papyrus-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Greek-to-Latin route is bounded, but the proposed Egyptian source remains unestablished and is explicitly preserved as uncertain." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." } ], "limitations": "The Greek-to-Latin-to-English route is documented by the inspected source. A frequently proposed Egyptian source before Greek is not established and is not added as a node." }, { "id": "sari", "word": "sari", "language": "English", "sense": "the wrapped garment", "senses": [ { "id": "sari-sense", "label": "the wrapped garment", "definition": "A long garment of cloth wrapped around the body, especially the traditional garment associated with South Asia.", "stageId": "sari-english", "claimIds": [ "sari-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "sari-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 01", "aliases": [ "sari" ], "summary": "sari is represented through a bounded, source-linked route with uncertainty preserved where the inspected account does not settle the history.", "intro": "sari is represented through a bounded, source-linked route with uncertainty preserved where the inspected account does not settle the history.", "claimIds": [ "sari-root-claim", "sari-route-claim", "sari-sense-claim" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-19", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "sari-root", "narrativeOrder": [ "sari-root", "sari-middle", "sari-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "sari-root", "etymologyId": "sari-root-1", "form": "sati", "language": "Sanskrit", "languageCode": "san", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "sari-root-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the wrapped garment", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "sari-root-claim" ], "explanation": "Historical source-stage form associated with sari; the journey preserves the source's qualifications.", "transliteration": "sati" }, { "id": "sari-middle", "etymologyId": "sari-middle-1", "form": "sadi", "language": "Prakrit", "languageCode": "pra", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "sari-route-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the wrapped garment", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "sari-route-claim" ], "explanation": "An intermediary form named by the inspected lexical account; it is not treated as an exhaustive transmission record.", "transliteration": "sadi" }, { "id": "sari-english", "etymologyId": "sari-english-1", "form": "sari", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "sari-route-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the wrapped garment", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1785, "end": 1785, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1785 · English sari", "note": "A source-reported written-use period; not the date of coinage, oral transmission, or every later sense.", "claimIds": [ "sari-route-claim" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "sari-route-claim", "sari-sense-claim" ], "explanation": "The English form and selected sense are represented from the inspected lexical account; unsupported pronunciation and location are left unresolved.", "transliteration": "sari" } ], "relations": [ { "id": "sari-root-middle-route", "from": "sari-root", "to": "sari-middle", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The cited chain supports the selected garment sense; the English date is treated as a written-use marker, not the date of the garment or underlying Indic forms.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "sari-route-claim" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The intermediary edge is shown as a bounded lexical correspondence, not a complete historical itinerary.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "sari-route", "from": "sari-middle", "to": "sari-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The cited chain supports the selected garment sense; the English date is treated as a written-use marker, not the date of the garment or underlying Indic forms.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "sari-route-claim" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports the lexical route but does not establish a dated semantic change at the transmission edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "sari-root-claim", "text": "sati is the inspected source form associated with the historical source stage for English sari.", "sourceId": "batch08-sari-etymonline", "locator": "sari(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-sari-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The cited chain supports the selected garment sense; the English date is treated as a written-use marker, not the date of the garment or underlying Indic forms." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "sari-route-claim", "text": "Sari is recorded in English from 1785 from Hindi sari, from Prakrit sadi, from Sanskrit sati garment or petticoat.", "sourceId": "batch08-sari-etymonline", "locator": "sari(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-sari-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The cited chain supports the selected garment sense; the English date is treated as a written-use marker, not the date of the garment or underlying Indic forms." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "sari-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected sari sense: the wrapped garment.", "sourceId": "batch08-sari-etymonline", "locator": "sari(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-sari-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The cited chain supports the selected garment sense; the English date is treated as a written-use marker, not the date of the garment or underlying Indic forms." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." } ], "limitations": "The cited chain supports the selected garment sense; the English date is treated as a written-use marker, not the date of the garment or underlying Indic forms." }, { "id": "shogun", "word": "shogun", "language": "English", "sense": "the Japanese military ruler", "senses": [ { "id": "shogun-sense", "label": "the Japanese military ruler", "definition": "A hereditary military ruler of Japan, especially the holder of the shogunate.", "stageId": "shogun-english", "claimIds": [ "shogun-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "shogun-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 01", "aliases": [ "shogun" ], "summary": "shogun is represented through a bounded, source-linked route with uncertainty preserved where the inspected account does not settle the history.", "intro": "shogun is represented through a bounded, source-linked route with uncertainty preserved where the inspected account does not settle the history.", "claimIds": [ "shogun-root-claim", "shogun-route-claim", "shogun-sense-claim" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-19", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "shogun-root", "narrativeOrder": [ "shogun-root", "shogun-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "shogun-root", "etymologyId": "shogun-root-1", "form": "shōgun", "language": "Japanese", "languageCode": "ja", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "shogun-root-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the Japanese military ruler", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "shogun-root-claim" ], "explanation": "Historical source-stage form associated with shogun; the journey preserves the source's qualifications.", "transliteration": "shōgun" }, { "id": "shogun-english", "etymologyId": "shogun-english-1", "form": "shogun", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "shogun-route-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the Japanese military ruler", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1610, "end": 1619, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1610s · English shogun", "note": "A source-reported written-use period; not the date of coinage, oral transmission, or every later sense.", "claimIds": [ "shogun-route-claim" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "shogun-route-claim", "shogun-sense-claim" ], "explanation": "The English form and selected sense are represented from the inspected lexical account; unsupported pronunciation and location are left unresolved.", "transliteration": "shogun" } ], "relations": [ { "id": "shogun-route", "from": "shogun-root", "to": "shogun-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The inspected passage supports a bounded Japanese-to-English route and a lexical gloss without turning the title into a complete history of Japanese institutions.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "shogun-route-claim" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports the lexical route but does not establish a dated semantic change at the transmission edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "shogun-root-claim", "text": "shōgun is the inspected source form associated with the historical source stage for English shogun.", "sourceId": "batch08-shogun-etymonline", "locator": "shogun(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-shogun-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports a bounded Japanese-to-English route and a lexical gloss without turning the title into a complete history of Japanese institutions." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "shogun-route-claim", "text": "Shogun is recorded in English from the 1610s from Japanese shogun, a sound-substituted form of sei-i-tai shogun, literally a barbarian-subduing chief, and ultimately related to the Chinese compound meaning lead army.", "sourceId": "batch08-shogun-etymonline", "locator": "shogun(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-shogun-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports a bounded Japanese-to-English route and a lexical gloss without turning the title into a complete history of Japanese institutions." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "shogun-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected shogun sense: the Japanese military ruler.", "sourceId": "batch08-shogun-etymonline", "locator": "shogun(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-shogun-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports a bounded Japanese-to-English route and a lexical gloss without turning the title into a complete history of Japanese institutions." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." } ], "limitations": "The inspected passage supports a bounded Japanese-to-English route and a lexical gloss without turning the title into a complete history of Japanese institutions." }, { "id": "manga", "word": "manga", "language": "English", "sense": "Japanese comics", "senses": [ { "id": "manga-sense", "label": "Japanese comics", "definition": "Japanese comics or graphic novels, and the associated visual style or medium.", "stageId": "manga-english", "claimIds": [ "manga-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "manga-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 01", "aliases": [ "manga" ], "summary": "Manga is a Japanese picture-word that entered English as a specialized term for Japanese comics and graphic novels.", "intro": "The journey distinguishes Japanese morphology and usage from the later English media category.", "claimIds": [ "manga-root-claim", "manga-route-claim", "manga-sense-claim", "batch03-manga-reading", "batch03-manga-geography", "batch03-manga-scope", "batch03-manga-date" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "manga-root", "narrativeOrder": [ "manga-root", "manga-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "manga-root", "etymologyId": "manga-root-1", "form": "manga", "language": "Japanese", "languageCode": "ja", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "manga-root-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Japanese comics", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "MAHN-ga (Japanese)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-manga-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Japan / East Asia", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 135, 35 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-manga-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "manga-root-claim", "batch03-manga-reading", "batch03-manga-geography", "batch03-manga-scope", "batch03-manga-date" ], "explanation": "Historical source-stage form associated with manga; the journey preserves the source's qualifications.", "transliteration": "manga", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-manga-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-manga-reading", "batch03-manga-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-manga-reading", "batch03-manga-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-manga-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-manga-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-manga-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage. Contextual history is not substituted for lexical chronology.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-manga-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-manga-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-manga-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-manga-reading", "batch03-manga-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "manga-root-claim", "batch03-manga-reading", "batch03-manga-geography", "batch03-manga-scope", "batch03-manga-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "manga-route-claim" ] } } }, { "id": "manga-english", "etymologyId": "manga-english-1", "form": "manga", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "manga-route-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "Japanese comics", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "MAHNG-gə", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-manga-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1984, "end": 1989, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1980s · English manga", "note": "A source-reported written-use period; not the date of coinage, oral transmission, or every later sense.", "claimIds": [ "manga-route-claim" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-manga-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "manga-route-claim", "manga-sense-claim", "batch03-manga-reading", "batch03-manga-geography", "batch03-manga-scope", "batch03-manga-date" ], "explanation": "The English form and selected sense are represented from the inspected lexical account; unsupported pronunciation and location are left unresolved.", "transliteration": "manga", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-manga-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-manga-reading", "batch03-manga-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-manga-reading", "batch03-manga-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-manga-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-manga-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-manga-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage. Contextual history is not substituted for lexical chronology.", "claimIds": [ "manga-route-claim", "batch03-manga-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "manga-route-claim" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-manga-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-manga-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-manga-reading", "batch03-manga-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "manga-route-claim", "manga-sense-claim", "batch03-manga-reading", "batch03-manga-geography", "batch03-manga-scope", "batch03-manga-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "manga-route", "from": "manga-root", "to": "manga-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The English date and Japanese sense are retained, but the reported Hokusai coinage is a historical context rather than a full account of the modern comic-book sense.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "manga-route-claim" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports the lexical route but does not establish a dated semantic change at the transmission edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "manga-root-claim", "text": "manga is the inspected source form associated with the historical source stage for English manga.", "sourceId": "batch08-manga-etymonline", "locator": "manga(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-manga-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The English date and Japanese sense are retained, but the reported Hokusai coinage is a historical context rather than a full account of the modern comic-book sense." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "manga-route-claim", "text": "Manga is recorded in English from about 1984 from Japanese manga, cartoon or caricature, literally involuntary pictures; the term is said to have been coined by Hokusai in 1814 for a free-flowing composition and quirky style.", "sourceId": "batch08-manga-etymonline", "locator": "manga(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-manga-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The English date and Japanese sense are retained, but the reported Hokusai coinage is a historical context rather than a full account of the modern comic-book sense." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "manga-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected manga sense: Japanese comics.", "sourceId": "batch08-manga-etymonline", "locator": "manga(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-manga-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The English date and Japanese sense are retained, but the reported Hokusai coinage is a historical context rather than a full account of the modern comic-book sense." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "batch03-manga-reading", "text": "manga: inspected lexical sources support the displayed forms and conventional readings, with reconstructions kept visibly reconstructed where relevant.", "sourceId": "batch03-mw-manga", "locator": "headword, pronunciation, etymology and first-known-use sections", "passageIds": [ "batch03-mw-manga-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A modern or conventional reading is not presented as an exact historical sound; reconstructed forms remain reconstructed." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest inspected reading available for the displayed stage and keeps transliteration separate from pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch03-manga-geography", "text": "manga: the displayed map point represents a supported language, speech, community or contact region at the strongest defensible precision.", "sourceId": "batch03-mw-manga", "locator": "headword, pronunciation, etymology and first-known-use sections", "passageIds": [ "batch03-mw-manga-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The region is not a fabricated birthplace; language-reference and contact-corridor coordinates are used only for orientation." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a defensible lexical or speech region while preserving uncertainty about exact donor location." }, { "id": "batch03-manga-scope", "text": "manga: the batch keeps lexical chronology, contextual history, semantic development and competing routes distinct.", "sourceId": "batch08-manga-etymonline", "locator": "manga(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-manga-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Earlier reviewed ambiguity and source limits remain visible; no cultural, object, institutional or biographical date is promoted to word history." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the published journey without silently replacing a reviewed route or manufacturing a cleaner topology." }, { "id": "batch03-manga-date", "text": "manga: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a word, sense or documented use; conflicting witnesses remain recorded as conflicts.", "sourceId": "batch03-mw-manga", "locator": "headword, pronunciation, etymology and first-known-use sections", "passageIds": [ "batch03-mw-manga-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A dated witness is not treated as a coinage date, and competing dictionary dates are not silently reconciled." }, "inference": "Lexography separates lexical attestation from contextual periodization and reports bounded uncertainty." } ], "limitations": "The English date has competing dictionary witnesses (c. 1951 and c. 1984); the conflict is recorded rather than silently collapsed.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 03", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "hooligan", "word": "hooligan", "language": "English", "sense": "the thug or hoodlum", "senses": [ { "id": "hooligan-sense", "label": "the thug or hoodlum", "definition": "A violent or disorderly person, especially a young thug or hoodlum.", "stageId": "hooligan-english", "claimIds": [ "hooligan-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "hooligan-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 01", "aliases": [ "hooligan" ], "summary": "Hooligan is a late-1890s English formation probably connected with a fictional Irish family name in popular entertainment; no real Patrick Hooligan is asserted.", "intro": "The journey keeps the secure late-Victorian English record separate from the still-probable popular-culture name explanation.", "claimIds": [ "hooligan-root-claim", "hooligan-route-claim", "hooligan-sense-claim" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-19", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "hooligan-root", "narrativeOrder": [ "hooligan-root", "hooligan-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "hooligan-root", "etymologyId": "hooligan-root-1", "form": "Hooligan", "language": "English popular-culture name", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "hooligan-root-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "a fictional rowdy Irish family surname", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "hooligan-root-claim" ], "explanation": "A probable onymic source in 1890s music-hall or cartoon culture, not a verified historical Irish family donor.", "transliteration": "Hooligan" }, { "id": "hooligan-english", "etymologyId": "hooligan-english-1", "form": "hooligan", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "hooligan-route-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the thug or hoodlum", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1898, "end": 1898, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1898 · English hooligan", "note": "A source-reported written-use period; not the date of coinage, oral transmission, or every later sense.", "claimIds": [ "hooligan-route-claim" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "hooligan-route-claim", "hooligan-sense-claim" ], "explanation": "The English form and selected sense are represented from the inspected lexical account; unsupported pronunciation and location are left unresolved.", "transliteration": "hooligan" } ], "relations": [ { "id": "hooligan-route", "from": "hooligan-root", "to": "hooligan-english", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Oxford marks the fictional-family or cartoon-name derivation as probable rather than certain.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "hooligan-route-claim" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports the lexical route but does not establish a dated semantic change at the transmission edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "hooligan-root-claim", "text": "Hooligan is probably connected with the surname of a fictional rowdy Irish family in an 1890s music-hall song or with a cartoon character.", "sourceId": "c200-oxford-hooligan", "locator": "Word origin", "passageIds": [ "c200-oxford-hooligan-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Oxford presents the popular-culture name as a possibility, not a proven unique source." }, "inference": "The journey removes the unsupported real-person implication and retains only the qualified English onymic account." }, { "id": "hooligan-route-claim", "text": "English hooligan is securely late nineteenth-century, while its derivation from the fictional name Hooligan remains probable rather than certain.", "sourceId": "c200-oxford-hooligan", "locator": "Word origin", "passageIds": [ "c200-oxford-hooligan-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Oxford presents the popular-culture name as a possibility, not a proven unique source." }, "inference": "The journey removes the unsupported real-person implication and retains only the qualified English onymic account." }, { "id": "hooligan-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected hooligan sense: the thug or hoodlum.", "sourceId": "batch08-hooligan-etymonline", "locator": "hooligan(n.) opening paragraphs", "passageIds": [ "batch08-hooligan-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Irish-name explanation is probable but the Patrick Hooligan attribution is explicitly unconfirmed; the origin is queued for targeted review." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." } ], "limitations": "The popular-culture name explanation is probable, but the surviving evidence does not identify one uniquely proven song, character or real person." }, { "id": "moose", "word": "moose", "language": "English", "sense": "the North American deer", "senses": [ { "id": "moose-sense", "label": "the North American deer", "definition": "A large North American deer with broad antlers, especially the species Alces alces.", "stageId": "moose-english", "claimIds": [ "moose-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "moose-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 01", "aliases": [ "moose" ], "summary": "moose is represented through a bounded, source-linked route with uncertainty preserved where the inspected account does not settle the history.", "intro": "moose is represented through a bounded, source-linked route with uncertainty preserved where the inspected account does not settle the history.", "claimIds": [ "moose-root-claim", "moose-route-claim", "moose-sense-claim" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-19", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "moose-root", "narrativeOrder": [ "moose-root", "moose-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "moose-root", "etymologyId": "moose-root-1", "form": "moos", "language": "Narragansett / Algonquian", "languageCode": "alg", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "moose-root-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the North American deer", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "moose-root-claim" ], "explanation": "Historical source-stage form associated with moose; the journey preserves the source's qualifications.", "transliteration": "moos" }, { "id": "moose-english", "etymologyId": "moose-english-1", "form": "moose", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "moose-route-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the North American deer", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1610, "end": 1619, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1610s · English moose", "note": "A source-reported written-use period; not the date of coinage, oral transmission, or every later sense.", "claimIds": [ "moose-route-claim" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "moose-route-claim", "moose-sense-claim" ], "explanation": "The English form and selected sense are represented from the inspected lexical account; unsupported pronunciation and location are left unresolved.", "transliteration": "moose" } ], "relations": [ { "id": "moose-route", "from": "moose-root", "to": "moose-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The Algonquian source family is clear at a bounded level, while the precise donor and proposed internal analysis remain qualified.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "moose-route-claim" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports the lexical route but does not establish a dated semantic change at the transmission edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "moose-root-claim", "text": "moos is the inspected source form associated with the historical source stage for English moose.", "sourceId": "batch08-moose-etymonline", "locator": "moose(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-moose-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Algonquian source family is clear at a bounded level, while the precise donor and proposed internal analysis remain qualified." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "moose-route-claim", "text": "Moose is recorded from the 1610s from an Algonquian language, probably Narragansett moos or Abenaki moz, with related forms in other Algonquian languages; an explanation from moosu strip off is reported but not treated as certain.", "sourceId": "batch08-moose-etymonline", "locator": "moose(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-moose-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Algonquian source family is clear at a bounded level, while the precise donor and proposed internal analysis remain qualified." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "moose-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected moose sense: the North American deer.", "sourceId": "batch08-moose-etymonline", "locator": "moose(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-moose-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Algonquian source family is clear at a bounded level, while the precise donor and proposed internal analysis remain qualified." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." } ], "limitations": "The Algonquian source family is clear at a bounded level, while the precise donor and proposed internal analysis remain qualified." }, { "id": "fjord", "word": "fjord", "language": "English", "sense": "the long sea inlet", "senses": [ { "id": "fjord-sense", "label": "the long sea inlet", "definition": "A long, narrow sea inlet between steep slopes or cliffs, especially one formed by glacial erosion.", "stageId": "fjord-english", "claimIds": [ "fjord-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "fjord-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 01", "aliases": [ "fjord" ], "summary": "Fjord is a compact Norwegian-to-English landscape term whose lexical chronology stays separate from geological antiquity.", "intro": "The route distinguishes Old Norse inheritance, Norwegian form, and the seventeenth-century English loanword context.", "claimIds": [ "fjord-root-claim", "fjord-route-claim", "fjord-sense-claim", "batch04-fjord-reading", "batch04-fjord-geography", "batch04-fjord-date", "batch04-fjord-scope", "batch04-fjord-relations" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "fjord-root", "narrativeOrder": [ "fjord-root", "fjord-middle", "fjord-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "fjord-root", "etymologyId": "fjord-root-1", "form": "fjörðr", "language": "Old Norse", "languageCode": "non", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "fjord-root-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the long sea inlet", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "FYUR-thr (Old Norse conventional)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-fjord-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "North Atlantic / Norwegian–Old Norse corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 10.38, 63.42 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-fjord-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "fjord-root-claim", "batch04-fjord-reading", "batch04-fjord-geography", "batch04-fjord-date", "batch04-fjord-scope" ], "explanation": "Historical source-stage form associated with fjord; the journey preserves the source's qualifications.", "transliteration": "fjörðr", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-fjord-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-fjord-reading", "batch04-fjord-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-fjord-reading", "batch04-fjord-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-fjord-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-fjord-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-fjord-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for fjörðr does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-fjord-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-fjord-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-fjord-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-fjord-reading", "batch04-fjord-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "fjord-root-claim", "batch04-fjord-reading", "batch04-fjord-geography", "batch04-fjord-date", "batch04-fjord-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "fjord-route-claim", "batch04-fjord-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "fjord-middle", "etymologyId": "fjord-middle-1", "form": "fiord", "language": "Norwegian", "languageCode": "no", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "fjord-route-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the long sea inlet", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "fyoor (Norwegian)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-fjord-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "North Atlantic / Norwegian–Old Norse corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 10.38, 63.42 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-fjord-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "fjord-route-claim", "batch04-fjord-reading", "batch04-fjord-geography", "batch04-fjord-date", "batch04-fjord-scope" ], "explanation": "An intermediary form named by the inspected lexical account; it is not treated as an exhaustive transmission record.", "transliteration": "fiord", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-fjord-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-fjord-reading", "batch04-fjord-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-fjord-reading", "batch04-fjord-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-fjord-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-fjord-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-fjord-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for fiord does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-fjord-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-fjord-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-fjord-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-fjord-reading", "batch04-fjord-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "fjord-route-claim", "batch04-fjord-reading", "batch04-fjord-geography", "batch04-fjord-date", "batch04-fjord-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "fjord-route-claim", "batch04-fjord-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "fjord-english", "etymologyId": "fjord-english-1", "form": "fjord", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "fjord-route-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the long sea inlet", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": "FYORD", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-fjord-reading" ] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1670, "end": 1679, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1670s · English fjord", "note": "A source-reported written-use period; not the date of coinage, oral transmission, or every later sense.", "claimIds": [ "fjord-route-claim" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-fjord-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "fjord-route-claim", "fjord-sense-claim", "batch04-fjord-reading", "batch04-fjord-geography", "batch04-fjord-date", "batch04-fjord-scope" ], "explanation": "The English form and selected sense are represented from the inspected lexical account; unsupported pronunciation and location are left unresolved.", "transliteration": "fjord", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-fjord-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-fjord-reading", "batch04-fjord-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-fjord-reading", "batch04-fjord-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-fjord-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-fjord-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-fjord-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for fjord does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "fjord-route-claim", "batch04-fjord-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "fjord-route-claim" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-fjord-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-fjord-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-fjord-reading", "batch04-fjord-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "fjord-route-claim", "fjord-sense-claim", "batch04-fjord-reading", "batch04-fjord-geography", "batch04-fjord-date", "batch04-fjord-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "fjord-root-middle-route", "from": "fjord-root", "to": "fjord-middle", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The inspected passage supports the bounded Old Norse-to-Norwegian-to-English route for the geographic sense.", "tree": false, "claimIds": [ "fjord-route-claim", "batch04-fjord-relations" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The intermediary edge is shown as a bounded lexical correspondence, not a complete historical itinerary.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "fjord-route", "from": "fjord-middle", "to": "fjord-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The inspected passage supports the bounded Old Norse-to-Norwegian-to-English route for the geographic sense.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "fjord-route-claim", "batch04-fjord-relations" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports the lexical route but does not establish a dated semantic change at the transmission edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "fjord-root-claim", "text": "fjörðr is the inspected source form associated with the historical source stage for English fjord.", "sourceId": "batch08-fjord-etymonline", "locator": "fjord(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-fjord-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports the bounded Old Norse-to-Norwegian-to-English route for the geographic sense." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "fjord-route-claim", "text": "Fjord is recorded in English from the 1670s from Norwegian fiord, from Old Norse fjörðr inlet or estuary, from a North Germanic form connected with the idea of a passage or crossing.", "sourceId": "batch08-fjord-etymonline", "locator": "fjord(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-fjord-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports the bounded Old Norse-to-Norwegian-to-English route for the geographic sense." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "fjord-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected fjord sense: the long sea inlet.", "sourceId": "batch08-fjord-etymonline", "locator": "fjord(n.) opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch08-fjord-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports the bounded Old Norse-to-Norwegian-to-English route for the geographic sense." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "batch04-fjord-reading", "text": "fjord: an inspected specialist, institutional or national-language source supports the displayed forms and the selected conventional readings; reconstructed or historical readings remain explicitly qualified.", "sourceId": "batch04-fjord-naob", "locator": "headword; pronunciation, definition and etymology", "passageIds": [ "batch04-fjord-naob-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A conventional reading is not presented as an exact recording of every historical speaker; transliteration remains distinct from pronunciation." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest recoverable reading for each displayed stage without projecting a modern pronunciation backward." }, { "id": "batch04-fjord-geography", "text": "fjord: the map point is a supported language, speech-community or documented contact-corridor reference, not a precise lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch04-fjord-naob", "locator": "headword; pronunciation, definition and etymology", "passageIds": [ "batch04-fjord-naob-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Reference coordinates orient the language or contact corridor and do not assert a territorial boundary, donor village or origin site." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the strongest defensible regional precision available in the inspected evidence." }, { "id": "batch04-fjord-date", "text": "fjord: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a form or sense; contextual object, cultural, institutional and biographical dates are not substituted for word chronology.", "sourceId": "batch04-fjord-naob", "locator": "headword; pronunciation, definition and etymology", "passageIds": [ "batch04-fjord-naob-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Undated reconstructed or historical stages remain researched unresolved rather than receiving an invented date." }, "inference": "Lexography distinguishes attestation, documented use, sense attestation, bounded lexical periods and context." }, { "id": "batch04-fjord-scope", "text": "fjord: the route preserves competing analyses, qualified edges and semantic distinctions required by the inspected evidence.", "sourceId": "batch04-fjord-naob", "locator": "headword; pronunciation, definition and etymology", "passageIds": [ "batch04-fjord-naob-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The landform’s geological history does not date the word; the Old Norse reading is conventional and not a recording of every historical speaker." }, "inference": "The narrative and topology are editorial representations of the evidence graph, not proof that every adjacent form is a direct parent." }, { "id": "batch04-fjord-relations", "text": "fjord: adjacent relations are retained with their existing type and certainty unless the inspected evidence requires a qualified or parallel reading.", "sourceId": "batch04-fjord-naob", "locator": "headword; pronunciation, definition and etymology", "passageIds": [ "batch04-fjord-naob-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A displayed tree edge does not erase non-tree alternatives or convert cognacy, influence or comparison into direct borrowing." }, "inference": "Lexography preserves the current topology and records the evidence limits alongside each relation." } ], "limitations": "The landform’s geological history does not date the word; the Old Norse reading is conventional and not a recording of every historical speaker.", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R1", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 04", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "calypso", "word": "calypso", "language": "English", "sense": "the Caribbean song", "senses": [ { "id": "calypso-sense", "label": "the Caribbean song", "definition": "A Caribbean song, especially one associated with Trinidad and Tobago and topical social commentary.", "stageId": "calypso-english", "claimIds": [ "calypso-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "calypso-sense", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 01", "aliases": [ "calypso" ], "summary": "calypso is represented through a bounded, source-linked route with uncertainty preserved where the inspected account does not settle the history.", "intro": "calypso is represented through a bounded, source-linked route with uncertainty preserved where the inspected account does not settle the history.", "claimIds": [ "calypso-root-claim", "calypso-route-claim", "calypso-sense-claim", "calypso-alternative-claim" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-19", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "calypso-root", "narrativeOrder": [ "calypso-root", "calypso-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "calypso-root", "etymologyId": "calypso-root-1", "form": "kaiso", "language": "Trinidadian English / Creole (possible contributor)", "languageCode": "trn", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "calypso-root-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the Caribbean song", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage." }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "calypso-root-claim", "calypso-alternative-claim" ], "explanation": "Historical source-stage form associated with calypso; the journey preserves the source's qualifications.", "transliteration": "kaiso" }, { "id": "calypso-english", "etymologyId": "calypso-english-1", "form": "calypso", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "calypso-route-claim" ] }, "script": "Latin", "direction": "ltr", "sense": "the Caribbean song", "formStatus": "attested", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1930, "end": 1939, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1930s · English calypso", "note": "A source-reported written-use period; not the date of coinage, oral transmission, or every later sense.", "claimIds": [ "calypso-route-claim" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred." }, "claimIds": [ "calypso-route-claim", "calypso-sense-claim" ], "explanation": "The English form and selected sense are represented from the inspected lexical account; unsupported pronunciation and location are left unresolved.", "transliteration": "calypso" } ], "relations": [ { "id": "calypso-route", "from": "calypso-root", "to": "calypso-english", "type": "influence", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The dictionary leaves the origin unknown; a Trinidad and Tobago cultural-history source records competing kaiso, cariso, French-patois and Spanish proposals, so no single donor is promoted.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "calypso-route-claim", "calypso-alternative-claim" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports the lexical route but does not establish a dated semantic change at the transmission edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "calypso-root-claim", "text": "kaiso is the inspected source form associated with the historical source stage for English calypso.", "sourceId": "batch08-calypso-oxford", "locator": "Word Origin", "passageIds": [ "batch08-calypso-oxford-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "unresolved", "text": "The dictionary leaves the origin unknown; a Trinidad and Tobago cultural-history source records competing kaiso, cariso, French-patois and Spanish proposals, so no single donor is promoted." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "calypso-route-claim", "text": "Oxford's learner dictionary defines calypso as a Caribbean song and dates the word to the 1930s while marking its origin unknown.", "sourceId": "batch08-calypso-oxford", "locator": "Word Origin", "passageIds": [ "batch08-calypso-oxford-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "unresolved", "text": "The dictionary leaves the origin unknown; a Trinidad and Tobago cultural-history source records competing kaiso, cariso, French-patois and Spanish proposals, so no single donor is promoted." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "calypso-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected calypso sense: the Caribbean song.", "sourceId": "batch08-calypso-oxford", "locator": "Word Origin", "passageIds": [ "batch08-calypso-oxford-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The dictionary leaves the origin unknown; a Trinidad and Tobago cultural-history source records competing kaiso, cariso, French-patois and Spanish proposals, so no single donor is promoted." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading or location." }, { "id": "calypso-alternative-claim", "text": "A Trinidad and Tobago cultural-history guide records competing proposals involving kaiso, cariso, French patois and Spanish caliso for the term calypso.", "sourceId": "batch08-calypso-nalis", "locator": "Origin of the term Calypso", "passageIds": [ "batch08-calypso-nalis-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "The guide records competing explanations rather than resolving a single donor or transmission route." }, "inference": "Lexography keeps the competing proposals visible and routes the unresolved origin to targeted review." } ], "limitations": "The dictionary leaves the origin unknown; a Trinidad and Tobago cultural-history source records competing kaiso, cariso, French-patois and Spanish proposals, so no single donor is promoted." }, { "id": "axolotl", "word": "axolotl", "language": "English", "sense": "the Mexican salamander", "aliases": [ "axolotl" ], "summary": "Axolotl follows a Nahuatl form through Spanish into English, while keeping zoological history outside the lexical route.", "intro": "The Nahuatl form, Mexican Spanish mediation, and the 1786 English record are shown as separate evidence layers.", "claimIds": [ "axolotl-root-claim", "axolotl-route-claim", "axolotl-sense-claim", "batch03-axolotl-reading", "batch03-axolotl-geography", "batch03-axolotl-scope", "batch03-axolotl-date" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "axolotl-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "axolotl-root", "axolotl-middle", "axolotl-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "axolotl-root", "etymologyId": "axolotl-root-1", "form": "axolotl", "language": "Nahuatl", "languageCode": "nci", "transliteration": "axolotl", "sense": "the Mexican salamander", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Classical Nahuatl / central Mexico", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ -96.97, 19.72 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-axolotl-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "axolotl-root-claim", "batch03-axolotl-reading", "batch03-axolotl-geography", "batch03-axolotl-scope", "batch03-axolotl-date" ], "explanation": "Historical source-stage form associated with axolotl; the journey preserves the source's qualifications.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ā-XŌ-lō-tl", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-axolotl-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "axolotl-root-claim" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-axolotl-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-axolotl-reading", "batch03-axolotl-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-axolotl-reading", "batch03-axolotl-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-axolotl-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-axolotl-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-axolotl-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage. Contextual history is not substituted for lexical chronology.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-axolotl-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-axolotl-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-axolotl-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-axolotl-reading", "batch03-axolotl-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "axolotl-root-claim", "batch03-axolotl-reading", "batch03-axolotl-geography", "batch03-axolotl-scope", "batch03-axolotl-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "axolotl-route-claim" ] } } }, { "id": "axolotl-middle", "etymologyId": "axolotl-middle-1", "form": "axolotl", "language": "Spanish", "languageCode": "es", "transliteration": "axolotl", "sense": "the Mexican salamander", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Classical Nahuatl / central Mexico", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ -96.97, 19.72 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-axolotl-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "axolotl-route-claim", "batch03-axolotl-reading", "batch03-axolotl-geography", "batch03-axolotl-scope", "batch03-axolotl-date" ], "explanation": "An intermediary form named by the inspected lexical account; it is not treated as an exhaustive transmission record.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "a-XO-lo-tl", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-axolotl-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "axolotl-route-claim" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-axolotl-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-axolotl-reading", "batch03-axolotl-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-axolotl-reading", "batch03-axolotl-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-axolotl-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-axolotl-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-axolotl-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage. Contextual history is not substituted for lexical chronology.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-axolotl-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-axolotl-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-axolotl-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-axolotl-reading", "batch03-axolotl-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "axolotl-route-claim", "batch03-axolotl-reading", "batch03-axolotl-geography", "batch03-axolotl-scope", "batch03-axolotl-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "axolotl-route-claim" ] } } }, { "id": "axolotl-english", "etymologyId": "axolotl-english-1", "form": "axolotl", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "axolotl", "sense": "the Mexican salamander", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1786, "end": 1786, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1786 · English axolotl", "note": "A source-reported written-use period; not necessarily the date of coinage, oral transmission, or every later sense.", "claimIds": [ "axolotl-route-claim" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-axolotl-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "axolotl-route-claim", "axolotl-sense-claim", "batch03-axolotl-reading", "batch03-axolotl-geography", "batch03-axolotl-scope", "batch03-axolotl-date" ], "explanation": "The English form and selected sense are represented from the inspected lexical account; unsupported pronunciation and location are left unresolved.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "AK-sə-LAH-təl", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-axolotl-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "axolotl-route-claim" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-axolotl-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-axolotl-reading", "batch03-axolotl-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-axolotl-reading", "batch03-axolotl-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-axolotl-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-axolotl-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-axolotl-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage. Contextual history is not substituted for lexical chronology.", "claimIds": [ "axolotl-route-claim", "batch03-axolotl-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "axolotl-route-claim" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-axolotl-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-axolotl-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-axolotl-reading", "batch03-axolotl-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "axolotl-route-claim", "axolotl-sense-claim", "batch03-axolotl-reading", "batch03-axolotl-geography", "batch03-axolotl-scope", "batch03-axolotl-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "axolotl-root-middle", "from": "axolotl-root", "to": "axolotl-middle", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The inspected account supports a bounded Nahuatl-to-Spanish-to-English route for the salamander sense; the literal analysis is retained at the source's stated level.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "axolotl-route-claim" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports a lexical correspondence but does not establish a dated semantic change at the intermediary edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "axolotl-route", "from": "axolotl-middle", "to": "axolotl-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The inspected account supports a bounded Nahuatl-to-Spanish-to-English route for the salamander sense; the literal analysis is retained at the source's stated level.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "axolotl-route-claim" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports the lexical route but does not establish a dated semantic change at the transmission edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "axolotl-root-claim", "text": "axolotl is the inspected source form associated with the historical source stage for English axolotl.", "sourceId": "sv02-axolotl-etymonline", "locator": "axolotl(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-axolotl-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected account supports a bounded Nahuatl-to-Spanish-to-English route for the salamander sense; the literal analysis is retained at the source's stated level." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "axolotl-route-claim", "text": "Axolotl is recorded from 1786 for a Mexican salamander genus, from Spanish and ultimately Nahuatl, literally servant of water, from atl water and xolotl.", "sourceId": "sv02-axolotl-etymonline", "locator": "axolotl(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-axolotl-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected account supports a bounded Nahuatl-to-Spanish-to-English route for the salamander sense; the literal analysis is retained at the source's stated level." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "axolotl-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected axolotl sense: the Mexican salamander.", "sourceId": "sv02-axolotl-etymonline", "locator": "axolotl(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-axolotl-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected account supports a bounded Nahuatl-to-Spanish-to-English route for the salamander sense; the literal analysis is retained at the source's stated level." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "batch03-axolotl-reading", "text": "axolotl: inspected lexical sources support the displayed forms and conventional readings, with reconstructions kept visibly reconstructed where relevant.", "sourceId": "batch03-mw-axolotl", "locator": "headword, pronunciation, etymology and first-known-use sections", "passageIds": [ "batch03-mw-axolotl-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A modern or conventional reading is not presented as an exact historical sound; reconstructed forms remain reconstructed." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest inspected reading available for the displayed stage and keeps transliteration separate from pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch03-axolotl-geography", "text": "axolotl: the displayed map point represents a supported language, speech, community or contact region at the strongest defensible precision.", "sourceId": "batch03-mw-axolotl", "locator": "headword, pronunciation, etymology and first-known-use sections", "passageIds": [ "batch03-mw-axolotl-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The region is not a fabricated birthplace; language-reference and contact-corridor coordinates are used only for orientation." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a defensible lexical or speech region while preserving uncertainty about exact donor location." }, { "id": "batch03-axolotl-scope", "text": "axolotl: the batch keeps lexical chronology, contextual history, semantic development and competing routes distinct.", "sourceId": "sv02-axolotl-etymonline", "locator": "axolotl(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-axolotl-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Earlier reviewed ambiguity and source limits remain visible; no cultural, object, institutional or biographical date is promoted to word history." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the published journey without silently replacing a reviewed route or manufacturing a cleaner topology." }, { "id": "batch03-axolotl-date", "text": "axolotl: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a word, sense or documented use; conflicting witnesses remain recorded as conflicts.", "sourceId": "batch03-mw-axolotl", "locator": "headword, pronunciation, etymology and first-known-use sections", "passageIds": [ "batch03-mw-axolotl-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A dated witness is not treated as a coinage date, and competing dictionary dates are not silently reconciled." }, "inference": "Lexography separates lexical attestation from contextual periodization and reports bounded uncertainty." } ], "limitations": "The Nahuatl reading is a scholarly language reading, not a claim about every historical speaker; salamander biology does not date the word.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "axolotl-sense", "label": "the Mexican salamander", "definition": "A Mexican salamander that retains aquatic juvenile features into adulthood.", "stageId": "axolotl-english", "claimIds": [ "axolotl-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "axolotl-sense", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 02", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 03", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "coyote", "word": "coyote", "language": "English", "sense": "the North American canid", "aliases": [ "coyote" ], "summary": "Coyote moves from Nahuatl through Mexican Spanish into English, with later English extension to a smuggler sense.", "intro": "Meaning keeps the animal sense and later English specialization distinct from the Indigenous-to-colonial route.", "claimIds": [ "coyote-root-claim", "coyote-route-claim", "coyote-sense-claim", "batch03-coyote-reading", "batch03-coyote-geography", "batch03-coyote-scope", "batch03-coyote-date" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "coyote-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "coyote-root", "coyote-middle", "coyote-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "coyote-root", "etymologyId": "coyote-root-1", "form": "coyotl", "language": "Nahuatl", "languageCode": "nci", "transliteration": "coyotl", "sense": "the North American canid", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Classical Nahuatl / Mexico", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ -96.97, 19.72 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-coyote-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "coyote-root-claim", "batch03-coyote-reading", "batch03-coyote-geography", "batch03-coyote-scope", "batch03-coyote-date" ], "explanation": "Historical source-stage form associated with coyote; the journey preserves the source's qualifications.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "co-YŌ-tl", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-coyote-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "coyote-root-claim" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-coyote-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-coyote-reading", "batch03-coyote-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-coyote-reading", "batch03-coyote-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-coyote-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-coyote-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-coyote-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage. Contextual history is not substituted for lexical chronology.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-coyote-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-coyote-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-coyote-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-coyote-reading", "batch03-coyote-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "coyote-root-claim", "batch03-coyote-reading", "batch03-coyote-geography", "batch03-coyote-scope", "batch03-coyote-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "coyote-route-claim" ] } } }, { "id": "coyote-middle", "etymologyId": "coyote-middle-1", "form": "coyote", "language": "Mexican Spanish", "languageCode": "es", "transliteration": "coyote", "sense": "the North American canid", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Classical Nahuatl / Mexico", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ -96.97, 19.72 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-coyote-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "coyote-route-claim", "batch03-coyote-reading", "batch03-coyote-geography", "batch03-coyote-scope", "batch03-coyote-date" ], "explanation": "An intermediary form named by the inspected lexical account; it is not treated as an exhaustive transmission record.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "co-YO-te", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-coyote-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "coyote-route-claim" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-coyote-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-coyote-reading", "batch03-coyote-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-coyote-reading", "batch03-coyote-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-coyote-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-coyote-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-coyote-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage. Contextual history is not substituted for lexical chronology.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-coyote-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-coyote-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-coyote-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-coyote-reading", "batch03-coyote-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "coyote-route-claim", "batch03-coyote-reading", "batch03-coyote-geography", "batch03-coyote-scope", "batch03-coyote-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "coyote-route-claim" ] } } }, { "id": "coyote-english", "etymologyId": "coyote-english-1", "form": "coyote", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "coyote", "sense": "the North American canid", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1759, "end": 1759, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1759 · English coyote", "note": "A source-reported written-use period; not necessarily the date of coinage, oral transmission, or every later sense.", "claimIds": [ "coyote-route-claim" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-coyote-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "coyote-route-claim", "coyote-sense-claim", "batch03-coyote-reading", "batch03-coyote-geography", "batch03-coyote-scope", "batch03-coyote-date" ], "explanation": "The English form and selected sense are represented from the inspected lexical account; unsupported pronunciation and location are left unresolved.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "kai-OH-tee", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-coyote-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "coyote-route-claim" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-coyote-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-coyote-reading", "batch03-coyote-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-coyote-reading", "batch03-coyote-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-coyote-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-coyote-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-coyote-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage. Contextual history is not substituted for lexical chronology.", "claimIds": [ "coyote-route-claim", "batch03-coyote-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "coyote-route-claim" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-coyote-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-coyote-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-coyote-reading", "batch03-coyote-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "coyote-route-claim", "coyote-sense-claim", "batch03-coyote-reading", "batch03-coyote-geography", "batch03-coyote-scope", "batch03-coyote-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "coyote-root-middle", "from": "coyote-root", "to": "coyote-middle", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The inspected account supports the selected animal sense and the bounded Nahuatl-to-Mexican-Spanish-to-English route.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "coyote-route-claim" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports a lexical correspondence but does not establish a dated semantic change at the intermediary edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "coyote-route", "from": "coyote-middle", "to": "coyote-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The inspected account supports the selected animal sense and the bounded Nahuatl-to-Mexican-Spanish-to-English route.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "coyote-route-claim" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports the lexical route but does not establish a dated semantic change at the transmission edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "coyote-root-claim", "text": "coyotl is the inspected source form associated with the historical source stage for English coyote.", "sourceId": "sv02-coyote-etymonline", "locator": "coyote(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-coyote-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected account supports the selected animal sense and the bounded Nahuatl-to-Mexican-Spanish-to-English route." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "coyote-route-claim", "text": "Coyote is recorded in American English from 1759, from Mexican Spanish coyote, from Nahuatl coyotl, the name of the prairie wolf of western North America.", "sourceId": "sv02-coyote-etymonline", "locator": "coyote(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-coyote-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected account supports the selected animal sense and the bounded Nahuatl-to-Mexican-Spanish-to-English route." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "coyote-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected coyote sense: the North American canid.", "sourceId": "sv02-coyote-etymonline", "locator": "coyote(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-coyote-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected account supports the selected animal sense and the bounded Nahuatl-to-Mexican-Spanish-to-English route." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "batch03-coyote-reading", "text": "coyote: inspected lexical sources support the displayed forms and conventional readings, with reconstructions kept visibly reconstructed where relevant.", "sourceId": "batch03-mw-coyote", "locator": "headword, pronunciation, etymology and first-known-use sections", "passageIds": [ "batch03-mw-coyote-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A modern or conventional reading is not presented as an exact historical sound; reconstructed forms remain reconstructed." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest inspected reading available for the displayed stage and keeps transliteration separate from pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch03-coyote-geography", "text": "coyote: the displayed map point represents a supported language, speech, community or contact region at the strongest defensible precision.", "sourceId": "batch03-mw-coyote", "locator": "headword, pronunciation, etymology and first-known-use sections", "passageIds": [ "batch03-mw-coyote-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The region is not a fabricated birthplace; language-reference and contact-corridor coordinates are used only for orientation." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a defensible lexical or speech region while preserving uncertainty about exact donor location." }, { "id": "batch03-coyote-scope", "text": "coyote: the batch keeps lexical chronology, contextual history, semantic development and competing routes distinct.", "sourceId": "sv02-coyote-etymonline", "locator": "coyote(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-coyote-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Earlier reviewed ambiguity and source limits remain visible; no cultural, object, institutional or biographical date is promoted to word history." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the published journey without silently replacing a reviewed route or manufacturing a cleaner topology." }, { "id": "batch03-coyote-date", "text": "coyote: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a word, sense or documented use; conflicting witnesses remain recorded as conflicts.", "sourceId": "batch03-mw-coyote", "locator": "headword, pronunciation, etymology and first-known-use sections", "passageIds": [ "batch03-mw-coyote-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A dated witness is not treated as a coinage date, and competing dictionary dates are not silently reconciled." }, "inference": "Lexography separates lexical attestation from contextual periodization and reports bounded uncertainty." } ], "limitations": "The map is a supported Nahuatl/Mexican Spanish reference corridor, not a fabricated birthplace or a claim that the later slang sense was present in Nahuatl.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "coyote-sense", "label": "the North American canid", "definition": "A slender North American canid, also called the prairie wolf.", "stageId": "coyote-english", "claimIds": [ "coyote-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "coyote-sense", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 02", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 03", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "totem", "word": "totem", "language": "English", "sense": "the clan or family emblem", "aliases": [ "totem" ], "summary": "totem is represented through a bounded, source-linked route with uncertainty preserved where the inspected account does not settle the history.", "intro": "totem is represented through a bounded, source-linked route with uncertainty preserved where the inspected account does not settle the history.", "claimIds": [ "totem-root-claim", "totem-route-claim", "totem-sense-claim" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-19", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "totem-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "totem-root", "totem-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "totem-root", "etymologyId": "totem-root-1", "form": "-doodem", "language": "Algonquian, probably Ojibwa", "languageCode": "alg", "transliteration": "-doodem", "sense": "the clan or family emblem", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred.", "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "totem-root-claim" ], "explanation": "Historical source-stage form associated with totem; the journey preserves the source's qualifications.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "totem-root-claim" ] } }, { "id": "totem-english", "etymologyId": "totem-english-1", "form": "totem", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "totem", "sense": "the clan or family emblem", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1760, "end": 1769, "approximate": true, "label": "c. c. 1760–1769 · English totem", "note": "A source-reported written-use period; not necessarily the date of coinage, oral transmission, or every later sense.", "claimIds": [ "totem-route-claim" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred.", "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "totem-route-claim", "totem-sense-claim" ], "explanation": "The English form and selected sense are represented from the inspected lexical account; unsupported pronunciation and location are left unresolved.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "totem-route-claim" ] } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "totem-route", "from": "totem-root", "to": "totem-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The Algonquian source tradition is bounded, but the probable Ojibwa attribution and the relation to the Nova Scotian form remain qualified; the later anthropological extension is kept separate from the source sense.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "totem-route-claim" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports the lexical route but does not establish a dated semantic change at the transmission edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "totem-root-claim", "text": "-doodem is the inspected source form associated with the historical source stage for English totem.", "sourceId": "sv02-totem-etymonline", "locator": "totem(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-totem-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Algonquian source tradition is bounded, but the probable Ojibwa attribution and the relation to the Nova Scotian form remain qualified; the later anthropological extension is kept separate from the source sense." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "totem-route-claim", "text": "Totem is recorded from 1760 from an Algonquian source, probably Ojibwa -doodem in odoodeman, meaning his sibling kin or his group or family; a Micmac or other Nova Scotian form is also recorded in French.", "sourceId": "sv02-totem-etymonline", "locator": "totem(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-totem-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Algonquian source tradition is bounded, but the probable Ojibwa attribution and the relation to the Nova Scotian form remain qualified; the later anthropological extension is kept separate from the source sense." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "totem-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected totem sense: the clan or family emblem.", "sourceId": "sv02-totem-etymonline", "locator": "totem(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-totem-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Algonquian source tradition is bounded, but the probable Ojibwa attribution and the relation to the Nova Scotian form remain qualified; the later anthropological extension is kept separate from the source sense." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." } ], "limitations": "The Algonquian source tradition is bounded, but the probable Ojibwa attribution and the relation to the Nova Scotian form remain qualified; the later anthropological extension is kept separate from the source sense.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "totem-sense", "label": "the clan or family emblem", "definition": "An animal, natural object, or other emblem associated with the identity of a family, clan, or group.", "stageId": "totem-english", "claimIds": [ "totem-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "totem-sense", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 02" }, { "id": "toboggan", "word": "toboggan", "language": "English", "sense": "the snow sled", "aliases": [ "toboggan" ], "summary": "toboggan is represented through a bounded, source-linked route with uncertainty preserved where the inspected account does not settle the history.", "intro": "toboggan is represented through a bounded, source-linked route with uncertainty preserved where the inspected account does not settle the history.", "claimIds": [ "toboggan-root-claim", "toboggan-route-claim", "toboggan-sense-claim" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-19", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "toboggan-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "toboggan-root", "toboggan-middle", "toboggan-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "toboggan-root", "etymologyId": "toboggan-root-1", "form": "/thapaken/", "language": "Algonquian language, such as Maliseet", "languageCode": "alg", "transliteration": "/thapaken/", "sense": "the snow sled", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred.", "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "toboggan-root-claim" ], "explanation": "Historical source-stage form associated with toboggan; the journey preserves the source's qualifications.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "toboggan-root-claim" ] } }, { "id": "toboggan-middle", "etymologyId": "toboggan-middle-1", "form": "tabagane", "language": "Canadian French", "languageCode": "fr", "transliteration": "tabagane", "sense": "the snow sled", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred.", "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "toboggan-route-claim" ], "explanation": "An intermediary form named by the inspected lexical account; it is not treated as an exhaustive transmission record.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "toboggan-route-claim" ] } }, { "id": "toboggan-english", "etymologyId": "toboggan-english-1", "form": "toboggan", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "toboggan", "sense": "the snow sled", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1829, "end": 1829, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1829 · English toboggan", "note": "A source-reported written-use period; not necessarily the date of coinage, oral transmission, or every later sense.", "claimIds": [ "toboggan-route-claim" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred.", "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "toboggan-route-claim", "toboggan-sense-claim" ], "explanation": "The English form and selected sense are represented from the inspected lexical account; unsupported pronunciation and location are left unresolved.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "toboggan-route-claim" ] } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "toboggan-root-middle", "from": "toboggan-root", "to": "toboggan-middle", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The Canadian French and Algonquian route is retained, while the exact donor language and the later verb and cap extensions are not promoted into the borrowing date.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "toboggan-route-claim" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports a lexical correspondence but does not establish a dated semantic change at the intermediary edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "toboggan-route", "from": "toboggan-middle", "to": "toboggan-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The Canadian French and Algonquian route is retained, while the exact donor language and the later verb and cap extensions are not promoted into the borrowing date.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "toboggan-route-claim" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports the lexical route but does not establish a dated semantic change at the transmission edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "toboggan-root-claim", "text": "/thapaken/ is the inspected source form associated with the historical source stage for English toboggan.", "sourceId": "sv02-toboggan-etymonline", "locator": "toboggan(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-toboggan-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Canadian French and Algonquian route is retained, while the exact donor language and the later verb and cap extensions are not promoted into the borrowing date." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "toboggan-route-claim", "text": "Toboggan is recorded in 1829 for a flat-bottomed snow sled, from Canadian French tabagane and an Algonquian language such as Maliseet /thapaken/; the source also records later verb and cap senses.", "sourceId": "sv02-toboggan-etymonline", "locator": "toboggan(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-toboggan-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Canadian French and Algonquian route is retained, while the exact donor language and the later verb and cap extensions are not promoted into the borrowing date." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "toboggan-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected toboggan sense: the snow sled.", "sourceId": "sv02-toboggan-etymonline", "locator": "toboggan(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-toboggan-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Canadian French and Algonquian route is retained, while the exact donor language and the later verb and cap extensions are not promoted into the borrowing date." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." } ], "limitations": "The Canadian French and Algonquian route is retained, while the exact donor language and the later verb and cap extensions are not promoted into the borrowing date.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "toboggan-sense", "label": "the snow sled", "definition": "A long, flat-bottomed sled designed for travel over snow.", "stageId": "toboggan-english", "claimIds": [ "toboggan-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "toboggan-sense", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 02" }, { "id": "kiwi", "word": "kiwi", "language": "English", "sense": "the New Zealand bird", "aliases": [ "kiwi" ], "summary": "Kiwi carries a Māori bird name into English, where bird, fruit and demonym senses later diverge.", "intro": "Meaning starts with the Māori bird word and keeps later English extensions visible rather than collapsing them into one origin.", "claimIds": [ "kiwi-root-claim", "kiwi-route-claim", "kiwi-sense-claim", "batch02-kiwi-root-research", "batch02-kiwi-english-research", "batch02-kiwi-geography", "batch02-kiwi-editorial-scope" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "kiwi-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "kiwi-root", "kiwi-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "kiwi-root", "etymologyId": "kiwi-root-1", "form": "kiwi", "language": "Māori", "languageCode": "mi", "transliteration": "kiwi", "sense": "the New Zealand bird", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Aotearoa New Zealand", "qualifier": "A supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region; not a precise lexical birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ 174.8, -41.3 ], "claimIds": [ "batch02-kiwi-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "kiwi-root-claim", "batch02-kiwi-root-research", "batch02-kiwi-geography", "batch02-kiwi-editorial-scope" ], "explanation": "Historical source-stage form associated with kiwi; the journey preserves the source's qualifications.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KEE-wee", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Conventional dictionary or language-entry reading; no historical sound reconstruction is asserted.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-kiwi-root-research" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "kiwi-root-claim" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch02-kiwi-root-research" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-kiwi-root-research", "batch02-kiwi-editorial-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-kiwi-root-research", "batch02-kiwi-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-kiwi-root-research" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-kiwi-root-research" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-kiwi-root-research" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed source-stage form. The map and reading are retained without manufacturing chronology.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-kiwi-root-research" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-kiwi-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-kiwi-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-kiwi-root-research", "batch02-kiwi-editorial-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kiwi-root-claim", "batch02-kiwi-root-research", "batch02-kiwi-geography", "batch02-kiwi-editorial-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kiwi-route-claim" ] } } }, { "id": "kiwi-english", "etymologyId": "kiwi-english-1", "form": "kiwi", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "kiwi", "sense": "the New Zealand bird", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1835, "end": 1835, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1835 · English kiwi", "note": "A source-reported written-use period; not necessarily the date of coinage, oral transmission, or every later sense.", "claimIds": [ "kiwi-route-claim" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Aotearoa New Zealand", "qualifier": "A supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region; not a precise lexical birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ 174.8, -41.3 ], "claimIds": [ "batch02-kiwi-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "kiwi-route-claim", "kiwi-sense-claim", "batch02-kiwi-english-research", "batch02-kiwi-geography", "batch02-kiwi-editorial-scope" ], "explanation": "The English form and selected sense are represented from the inspected lexical account; unsupported pronunciation and location are left unresolved.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KEE-wee", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Modern dictionary reading for the English headword; it is not retrojected as a historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-kiwi-english-research" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "kiwi-route-claim" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch02-kiwi-english-research" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-kiwi-english-research", "batch02-kiwi-editorial-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-kiwi-english-research", "batch02-kiwi-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-kiwi-english-research" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-kiwi-english-research" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-kiwi-english-research" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed source-stage form. The map and reading are retained without manufacturing chronology.", "claimIds": [ "kiwi-route-claim" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kiwi-route-claim" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-kiwi-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-kiwi-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-kiwi-english-research", "batch02-kiwi-editorial-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kiwi-route-claim", "kiwi-sense-claim", "batch02-kiwi-english-research", "batch02-kiwi-geography", "batch02-kiwi-editorial-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "kiwi-route", "from": "kiwi-root", "to": "kiwi-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The Māori bird name and English entry are bounded. The soldier and fruit uses are retained as later English extensions rather than treated as part of the original borrowing event.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "kiwi-route-claim" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports the lexical route but does not establish a dated semantic change at the transmission edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "kiwi-root-claim", "text": "kiwi is the inspected source form associated with the historical source stage for English kiwi.", "sourceId": "sv02-kiwi-etymonline", "locator": "kiwi(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-kiwi-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Māori bird name and English entry are bounded. The soldier and fruit uses are retained as later English extensions rather than treated as part of the original borrowing event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "kiwi-route-claim", "text": "Kiwi is recorded from 1835 for the flightless New Zealand bird, from Māori kiwi, said to be imitative; the source separately dates the New Zealander slang to 1918 and the fruit name in American English to about 1966.", "sourceId": "sv02-kiwi-etymonline", "locator": "kiwi(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-kiwi-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Māori bird name and English entry are bounded. The soldier and fruit uses are retained as later English extensions rather than treated as part of the original borrowing event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "kiwi-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected kiwi sense: the New Zealand bird.", "sourceId": "sv02-kiwi-etymonline", "locator": "kiwi(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-kiwi-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Māori bird name and English entry are bounded. The soldier and fruit uses are retained as later English extensions rather than treated as part of the original borrowing event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "batch02-kiwi-root-research", "text": "kiwi: The source-language form and conventional reading are retained at the inspected dictionary scope.", "sourceId": "batch02-kiwi-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "passageIds": [ "batch02-kiwi-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The form and reading are supported at dictionary scope; the map is a language or community reference rather than a birthplace claim." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the inspected source for the displayed form and reading while preserving the limit on origin precision." }, { "id": "batch02-kiwi-english-research", "text": "kiwi: The English headword's conventional reading and selected sense are supported by the inspected dictionary entry.", "sourceId": "batch02-kiwi-english-dictionary", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "passageIds": [ "batch02-kiwi-english-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The dictionary supports the English reading and sense; lexical dating remains tied to the journey's date evidence." }, "inference": "Lexography keeps English reading and lexical chronology separate from the history of the referenced object, practice, institution or person." }, { "id": "batch02-kiwi-geography", "text": "kiwi: Aotearoa New Zealand is retained as a supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region, not as a precise word birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch02-kiwi-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and language/reference scope", "passageIds": [ "batch02-kiwi-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The coordinate is an informative reference region at the strongest defensible level available for this bounded journey." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a qualified language or community reference and does not convert it into a precise origin claim." }, { "id": "batch02-kiwi-editorial-scope", "text": "kiwi: The retained route, sense boundaries and unresolved alternatives follow the existing inspected source account and the Batch 02 editorial risk note.", "sourceId": "sv02-kiwi-etymonline", "locator": "kiwi(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-kiwi-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Existing route evidence is preserved; cultural, object, institutional and biography history is not silently promoted to lexical ancestry." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the existing journey without adding an unsupported donor, route, date or semantic change." } ], "limitations": "Aotearoa is the supported Māori reference region; later fruit and demonym histories are English extensions, not the original borrowing event.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "kiwi-sense", "label": "the New Zealand bird", "definition": "A small flightless bird native to New Zealand, with a long bill and hair-like feathers.", "stageId": "kiwi-english", "claimIds": [ "kiwi-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "kiwi-sense", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 02", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 02", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "haka", "word": "haka", "language": "English", "sense": "the Māori ceremonial performance", "aliases": [ "haka" ], "summary": "Haka is a Māori lexical term for performance and dance, with Te Aka senses and Māori textual examples kept ahead of its narrowed international associations.", "intro": "Follow haka from Māori dictionary senses into English while keeping its broader performance range and community context visible.", "claimIds": [ "haka-root-claim", "haka-route-claim", "haka-sense-claim", "haka-enrichment-route", "haka-enrichment-sense", "haka-haka-root-geo", "haka-haka-root-reading", "haka-context", "haka-haka-english-geo", "haka-haka-english-reading", "haka-haka-english-date-unresolved" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "haka-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "haka-root", "haka-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "haka-root", "etymologyId": "haka-root-1", "form": "haka", "language": "Māori", "languageCode": "mi", "transliteration": "haka", "sense": "the Māori ceremonial performance", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1902, "end": 1920, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1902–1920 · inspected Māori textual examples", "note": "Te Aka cites Māori examples from 1902 and 1920; this is contextual textual evidence, not an earliest lexical attestation.", "claimIds": [ "haka-context" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Aotearoa New Zealand · Māori language region", "coordinates": [ 174, -41 ], "qualifier": "A broad Māori language/community reference region, not a birthplace for the performance or the word.", "claimIds": [ "haka-haka-root-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "haka-root-claim", "haka-enrichment-route", "haka-enrichment-sense", "haka-haka-root-geo", "haka-haka-root-reading", "haka-context" ], "explanation": "The stage is presented with inspected lexical evidence, a qualified route, and a supported reading; dates and regional coordinates retain their stated limits.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "HAH-kah", "ipa": "/ˈhaka/", "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional or dictionary-supported reading is shown; it is not treated as transliteration or as proof of historical phonology.", "claimIds": [ "haka-haka-root-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "haka-root-claim" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "haka-enrichment-route", "haka-haka-root-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "haka-enrichment-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "haka-enrichment-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "haka-enrichment-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "haka-haka-root-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "haka-enrichment-route" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "Lexical date remains unresolved", "note": "The inspected textual examples provide context but do not establish the earliest lexical witness.", "claimIds": [ "haka-context" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "haka-context" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "haka-haka-root-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "haka-haka-root-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "haka-enrichment-sense" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "haka-root-claim", "haka-enrichment-route", "haka-enrichment-sense", "haka-haka-root-geo", "haka-haka-root-reading", "haka-context" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "haka-route-claim", "haka-enrichment-route" ] } } }, { "id": "haka-english", "etymologyId": "haka-english-1", "form": "haka", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "haka", "sense": "the Māori ceremonial performance", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected Māori dictionary evidence does not establish the first English written use of the borrowed form.", "claimIds": [ "haka-haka-english-date-unresolved" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region", "coordinates": [ 174, -41 ], "qualifier": "A broad Māori language/community reference region, not a birthplace for the performance or the word.", "claimIds": [ "haka-haka-english-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "haka-route-claim", "haka-sense-claim", "haka-enrichment-route", "haka-enrichment-sense", "haka-haka-english-geo", "haka-haka-english-reading", "haka-haka-english-date-unresolved" ], "explanation": "The stage is presented with inspected lexical evidence, a qualified route, and a supported reading; dates and regional coordinates retain their stated limits.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "HAH-kah", "ipa": "/ˈhɑːkə/", "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional or dictionary-supported reading is shown; it is not treated as transliteration or as proof of historical phonology.", "claimIds": [ "haka-haka-english-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "haka-route-claim" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "haka-enrichment-route", "haka-haka-english-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "haka-enrichment-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "haka-enrichment-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "haka-enrichment-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "haka-haka-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "haka-enrichment-route" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected Māori dictionary evidence does not establish the first English written use of the borrowed form.", "claimIds": [ "haka-enrichment-route", "haka-haka-english-date-unresolved" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "haka-haka-english-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "haka-haka-english-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "haka-enrichment-sense" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "haka-route-claim", "haka-sense-claim", "haka-enrichment-route", "haka-enrichment-sense", "haka-haka-english-geo", "haka-haka-english-reading", "haka-haka-english-date-unresolved" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "haka-route", "from": "haka-root", "to": "haka-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Māori haka is represented from Te Aka’s indigenous-language senses: a verb for performing and a noun for a performance of vigorous dance, action and shouted words. English adoption is shown as a borrowing of the Māori form without reducing the term to a single modern war-dance association.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "haka-route-claim", "haka-enrichment-route" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports the lexical route but does not establish a dated semantic change at the transmission edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "haka-root-claim", "text": "haka is the inspected source form associated with the historical source stage for English haka.", "sourceId": "sv02-haka-maori-dictionary", "locator": "haka entry; Williams Dictionary senses 1–4", "passageIds": [ "sv02-haka-maori-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The inspected Māori lexical entry establishes the form and sense range. It does not by itself establish an English borrowing date or a single English cultural use, so those fields remain unknown." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "haka-route-claim", "text": "The Māori dictionary records haka as a verb meaning to perform a traditional dance and as a noun for a traditional dance or war dance; it also records singing accompanied by dance.", "sourceId": "sv02-haka-maori-dictionary", "locator": "haka entry; Williams Dictionary senses 1–4", "passageIds": [ "sv02-haka-maori-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The inspected Māori lexical entry establishes the form and sense range. It does not by itself establish an English borrowing date or a single English cultural use, so those fields remain unknown." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "haka-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected haka sense: the Māori ceremonial performance.", "sourceId": "sv02-haka-maori-dictionary", "locator": "haka entry; Williams Dictionary senses 1–4", "passageIds": [ "sv02-haka-maori-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The inspected Māori lexical entry establishes the form and sense range. It does not by itself establish an English borrowing date or a single English cultural use, so those fields remain unknown." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "haka-enrichment-route", "text": "Māori haka is represented from Te Aka’s indigenous-language senses: a verb for performing and a noun for a performance of vigorous dance, action and shouted words. English adoption is shown as a borrowing of the Māori form without reducing the term to a single modern war-dance association.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-haka-teaka", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The selected route is retained with explicit scope and alternatives where the inspected sources do not agree." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "haka-enrichment-sense", "text": "Haka is a general Māori term for several performance types, including vigorous dances with actions and rhythmically shouted words; it is not limited to a single international sports context.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-haka-teaka", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "haka-haka-root-reading", "text": "The inspected source supports the conventional reading HAH-kah for haka; it is presented as a reading, not as transliteration.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-haka-teaka", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "haka-haka-root-geo", "text": "Aotearoa New Zealand · Māori language region is used as a broad language, speech-community, or documented contact-corridor reference for this stage; it is not presented as a lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-regions", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "haka-maori" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "The regional record supports map orientation only; it does not prove a lexical origin coordinate." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "haka-context", "text": "The inspected source supports the bounded lexical or textual period shown for haka.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-haka-teaka", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "haka-haka-english-reading", "text": "The inspected source supports the conventional reading HAH-kah for haka; it is presented as a reading, not as transliteration.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-haka-teaka", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "haka-haka-english-geo", "text": "Aotearoa New Zealand · Māori language region is used as a broad language, speech-community, or documented contact-corridor reference for this stage; it is not presented as a lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-regions", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "haka-maori" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "The regional record supports map orientation only; it does not prove a lexical origin coordinate." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "haka-haka-english-date-unresolved", "text": "The inspected sources establish the displayed form and route but do not establish a secure word-specific lexical date for haka.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-haka-teaka", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "unresolved", "text": "Normal lexical and historical sources were inspected; the retained evidence does not support a more precise date." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." } ], "limitations": "Te Aka supplies dated Māori examples from 1902 and 1920 but not a secure earliest lexical witness; those examples are contextual evidence, not a first-use date.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "haka-sense", "label": "the Māori ceremonial performance", "definition": "A Māori song, dance, or ceremonial performance, including forms accompanied by chant and movement.", "stageId": "haka-english", "claimIds": [ "haka-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "haka-sense", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 02", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R1", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 01 Slice-02", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "dingo", "word": "dingo", "language": "English", "sense": "the Australian wild dog", "aliases": [ "dingo" ], "summary": "Dingo carries a specific Dharuk form from the Port Jackson area into English for the Australian wild dog.", "intro": "The map uses Dharuk and Port Jackson evidence rather than an undifferentiated Aboriginal donor label.", "claimIds": [ "dingo-root-claim", "dingo-route-claim", "dingo-sense-claim", "batch03-dingo-reading", "batch03-dingo-geography", "batch03-dingo-scope", "batch03-dingo-date" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "dingo-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "dingo-root", "dingo-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "dingo-root", "etymologyId": "dingo-root-1", "form": "/din-go/", "language": "Dharruk", "languageCode": "aus", "transliteration": "/din-go/", "sense": "the Australian wild dog", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Dharuk / Port Jackson, Australia", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 151.2, -33.8 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-dingo-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "dingo-root-claim", "batch03-dingo-reading", "batch03-dingo-geography", "batch03-dingo-scope", "batch03-dingo-date" ], "explanation": "Historical source-stage form associated with dingo; the journey preserves the source's qualifications.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "/diŋgu/", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-dingo-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "dingo-root-claim" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-dingo-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-dingo-reading", "batch03-dingo-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-dingo-reading", "batch03-dingo-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-dingo-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-dingo-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-dingo-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage. Contextual history is not substituted for lexical chronology.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-dingo-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-dingo-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-dingo-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-dingo-reading", "batch03-dingo-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dingo-root-claim", "batch03-dingo-reading", "batch03-dingo-geography", "batch03-dingo-scope", "batch03-dingo-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dingo-route-claim" ] } } }, { "id": "dingo-english", "etymologyId": "dingo-english-1", "form": "dingo", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "dingo", "sense": "the Australian wild dog", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1789, "end": 1789, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1789 · English dingo", "note": "A source-reported written-use period; not necessarily the date of coinage, oral transmission, or every later sense.", "claimIds": [ "dingo-route-claim" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-dingo-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "dingo-route-claim", "dingo-sense-claim", "batch03-dingo-reading", "batch03-dingo-geography", "batch03-dingo-scope", "batch03-dingo-date" ], "explanation": "The English form and selected sense are represented from the inspected lexical account; unsupported pronunciation and location are left unresolved.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "DING-go", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-dingo-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "dingo-route-claim" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch03-dingo-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-dingo-reading", "batch03-dingo-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-dingo-reading", "batch03-dingo-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-dingo-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-dingo-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-dingo-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage. Contextual history is not substituted for lexical chronology.", "claimIds": [ "dingo-route-claim", "batch03-dingo-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dingo-route-claim" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-dingo-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-dingo-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-dingo-reading", "batch03-dingo-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dingo-route-claim", "dingo-sense-claim", "batch03-dingo-reading", "batch03-dingo-geography", "batch03-dingo-scope", "batch03-dingo-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "dingo-route", "from": "dingo-root", "to": "dingo-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The source identifies a Dharruk form and an English use, but its gloss and the contrast with warrigal do not establish a full history of the word's semantic reapplication.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "dingo-route-claim" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports the lexical route but does not establish a dated semantic change at the transmission edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "dingo-root-claim", "text": "/din-go/ is the inspected source form associated with the historical source stage for English dingo.", "sourceId": "sv02-dingo-etymonline", "locator": "dingo(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-dingo-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source identifies a Dharruk form and an English use, but its gloss and the contrast with warrigal do not establish a full history of the word's semantic reapplication." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "dingo-route-claim", "text": "Dingo is recorded from 1789 for the Australian dog, from a Native Australian name in Dharruk, formerly spoken around Sydney, /din-go/ tame dog; the English word was applied to wild Australian dogs.", "sourceId": "sv02-dingo-etymonline", "locator": "dingo(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-dingo-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source identifies a Dharruk form and an English use, but its gloss and the contrast with warrigal do not establish a full history of the word's semantic reapplication." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "dingo-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected dingo sense: the Australian wild dog.", "sourceId": "sv02-dingo-etymonline", "locator": "dingo(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-dingo-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source identifies a Dharruk form and an English use, but its gloss and the contrast with warrigal do not establish a full history of the word's semantic reapplication." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "batch03-dingo-reading", "text": "dingo: inspected lexical sources support the displayed forms and conventional readings, with reconstructions kept visibly reconstructed where relevant.", "sourceId": "batch03-mw-dingo", "locator": "headword, etymology and first-known-use sections", "passageIds": [ "batch03-mw-dingo-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A modern or conventional reading is not presented as an exact historical sound; reconstructed forms remain reconstructed." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest inspected reading available for the displayed stage and keeps transliteration separate from pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch03-dingo-geography", "text": "dingo: the displayed map point represents a supported language, speech, community or contact region at the strongest defensible precision.", "sourceId": "batch03-mw-dingo", "locator": "headword, etymology and first-known-use sections", "passageIds": [ "batch03-mw-dingo-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The region is not a fabricated birthplace; language-reference and contact-corridor coordinates are used only for orientation." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a defensible lexical or speech region while preserving uncertainty about exact donor location." }, { "id": "batch03-dingo-scope", "text": "dingo: the batch keeps lexical chronology, contextual history, semantic development and competing routes distinct.", "sourceId": "sv02-dingo-etymonline", "locator": "dingo(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-dingo-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Earlier reviewed ambiguity and source limits remain visible; no cultural, object, institutional or biographical date is promoted to word history." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the published journey without silently replacing a reviewed route or manufacturing a cleaner topology." }, { "id": "batch03-dingo-date", "text": "dingo: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a word, sense or documented use; conflicting witnesses remain recorded as conflicts.", "sourceId": "batch03-mw-dingo", "locator": "headword, etymology and first-known-use sections", "passageIds": [ "batch03-mw-dingo-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A dated witness is not treated as a coinage date, and competing dictionary dates are not silently reconciled." }, "inference": "Lexography separates lexical attestation from contextual periodization and reports bounded uncertainty." } ], "limitations": "The animal's deep biological history is contextual; the lexical evidence supports a Dharuk reference and an English record, not a single precise borrowing event.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "dingo-sense", "label": "the Australian wild dog", "definition": "A wild dog of Australia, usually described as wolf-like in appearance.", "stageId": "dingo-english", "claimIds": [ "dingo-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "dingo-sense", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 02", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R1", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 03", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "marimba", "word": "marimba", "language": "English", "sense": "the xylophone-like instrument", "aliases": [ "marimba" ], "summary": "Marimba names a xylophone-like instrument through a probable but non-specific Bantu source tradition.", "intro": "Meaning makes the African source region useful while keeping Kimbundu, Swahili and other comparisons out of a forced single donor chain.", "claimIds": [ "marimba-root-claim", "marimba-route-claim", "marimba-sense-claim", "batch02-marimba-root-research", "batch02-marimba-english-research", "batch02-marimba-geography", "batch02-marimba-editorial-scope" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "marimba-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "marimba-root", "marimba-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "marimba-root", "etymologyId": "marimba-root-1", "form": "marimba", "language": "Bantu language, probable", "languageCode": "bnt", "transliteration": "marimba", "sense": "the xylophone-like instrument", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "East/Central African Bantu reference region", "qualifier": "A supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region; not a precise lexical birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ 32, -1 ], "claimIds": [ "batch02-marimba-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "marimba-root-claim", "batch02-marimba-root-research", "batch02-marimba-geography", "batch02-marimba-editorial-scope" ], "explanation": "Historical source-stage form associated with marimba; the journey preserves the source's qualifications.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ma-RIM-ba", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Conventional dictionary or language-entry reading; no historical sound reconstruction is asserted.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-marimba-root-research" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "marimba-root-claim" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch02-marimba-root-research" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-marimba-root-research", "batch02-marimba-editorial-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-marimba-root-research", "batch02-marimba-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-marimba-root-research" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-marimba-root-research" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-marimba-root-research" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed source-stage form. The map and reading are retained without manufacturing chronology.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-marimba-root-research" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-marimba-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-marimba-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-marimba-root-research", "batch02-marimba-editorial-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "marimba-root-claim", "batch02-marimba-root-research", "batch02-marimba-geography", "batch02-marimba-editorial-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "marimba-route-claim" ] } } }, { "id": "marimba-english", "etymologyId": "marimba-english-1", "form": "marimba", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "marimba", "sense": "the xylophone-like instrument", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1704, "end": 1704, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1704 · English marimba", "note": "A source-reported written-use period; not necessarily the date of coinage, oral transmission, or every later sense.", "claimIds": [ "marimba-route-claim" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "East/Central African Bantu reference region", "qualifier": "A supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region; not a precise lexical birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ 32, -1 ], "claimIds": [ "batch02-marimba-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "marimba-route-claim", "marimba-sense-claim", "batch02-marimba-english-research", "batch02-marimba-geography", "batch02-marimba-editorial-scope" ], "explanation": "The English form and selected sense are represented from the inspected lexical account; unsupported pronunciation and location are left unresolved.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ma-RIM-ba", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Modern dictionary reading for the English headword; it is not retrojected as a historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-marimba-english-research" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "marimba-route-claim" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch02-marimba-english-research" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-marimba-english-research", "batch02-marimba-editorial-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-marimba-english-research", "batch02-marimba-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-marimba-english-research" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-marimba-english-research" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-marimba-english-research" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed source-stage form. The map and reading are retained without manufacturing chronology.", "claimIds": [ "marimba-route-claim" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "marimba-route-claim" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-marimba-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-marimba-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-marimba-english-research", "batch02-marimba-editorial-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "marimba-route-claim", "marimba-sense-claim", "batch02-marimba-english-research", "batch02-marimba-geography", "batch02-marimba-editorial-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "marimba-route", "from": "marimba-root", "to": "marimba-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The African and probable Bantu source is retained, but the inspected passage does not settle a single donor language or transmission route; comparative forms remain alternatives, not added parentage.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "marimba-route-claim" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports the lexical route but does not establish a dated semantic change at the transmission edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "marimba-root-claim", "text": "marimba is the inspected source form associated with the historical source stage for English marimba.", "sourceId": "sv02-marimba-etymonline", "locator": "marimba(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-marimba-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "The African and probable Bantu source is retained, but the inspected passage does not settle a single donor language or transmission route; comparative forms remain alternatives, not added parentage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "marimba-route-claim", "text": "Marimba is recorded from 1704 for a deep-toned xylophone originally associated with Africa, from an African language probably in the Bantu group; Kimbundu and Swahili marimba or malimba are compared.", "sourceId": "sv02-marimba-etymonline", "locator": "marimba(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-marimba-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "The African and probable Bantu source is retained, but the inspected passage does not settle a single donor language or transmission route; comparative forms remain alternatives, not added parentage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "marimba-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected marimba sense: the xylophone-like instrument.", "sourceId": "sv02-marimba-etymonline", "locator": "marimba(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-marimba-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The African and probable Bantu source is retained, but the inspected passage does not settle a single donor language or transmission route; comparative forms remain alternatives, not added parentage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "batch02-marimba-root-research", "text": "marimba: The source-language form and conventional reading are retained at the inspected dictionary scope.", "sourceId": "batch02-marimba-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "passageIds": [ "batch02-marimba-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The form and reading are supported at dictionary scope; the map is a language or community reference rather than a birthplace claim." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the inspected source for the displayed form and reading while preserving the limit on origin precision." }, { "id": "batch02-marimba-english-research", "text": "marimba: The English headword's conventional reading and selected sense are supported by the inspected dictionary entry.", "sourceId": "batch02-marimba-english-dictionary", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "passageIds": [ "batch02-marimba-english-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The dictionary supports the English reading and sense; lexical dating remains tied to the journey's date evidence." }, "inference": "Lexography keeps English reading and lexical chronology separate from the history of the referenced object, practice, institution or person." }, { "id": "batch02-marimba-geography", "text": "marimba: East/Central African Bantu reference region is retained as a supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region, not as a precise word birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch02-marimba-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and language/reference scope", "passageIds": [ "batch02-marimba-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The coordinate is an informative reference region at the strongest defensible level available for this bounded journey." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a qualified language or community reference and does not convert it into a precise origin claim." }, { "id": "batch02-marimba-editorial-scope", "text": "marimba: The retained route, sense boundaries and unresolved alternatives follow the existing inspected source account and the Batch 02 editorial risk note.", "sourceId": "sv02-marimba-etymonline", "locator": "marimba(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-marimba-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Existing route evidence is preserved; cultural, object, institutional and biography history is not silently promoted to lexical ancestry." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the existing journey without adding an unsupported donor, route, date or semantic change." } ], "limitations": "The map is a broad Bantu reference region, not a precise donor-language origin; instrument diffusion is not lexical transmission.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "marimba-sense", "label": "the xylophone-like instrument", "definition": "A tuned percussion instrument with wooden bars and resonators, especially in African and Latin American traditions.", "stageId": "marimba-english", "claimIds": [ "marimba-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "marimba-sense", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 02", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 02", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "djembe", "word": "djembe", "language": "English", "sense": "the West African hand drum", "aliases": [ "djembe" ], "summary": "Djembe is carried from a qualified Manding-language source into French and English, with jembe/djembé spelling and regional pronunciation kept distinct.", "intro": "Follow jembe through a Manding-language source, French djembé and English djembe; the drum’s cultural history remains context rather than a word date.", "claimIds": [ "djembe-root-claim", "djembe-route-claim", "djembe-sense-claim", "djembe-enrichment-route", "djembe-enrichment-sense", "djembe-djembe-root-geo", "djembe-djembe-root-reading", "djembe-djembe-root-date-unresolved", "djembe-djembe-middle-geo", "djembe-djembe-middle-reading", "djembe-djembe-middle-date-unresolved", "djembe-djembe-english-geo", "djembe-djembe-english-reading", "djembe-djembe-english-date-unresolved" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "djembe-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "djembe-root", "djembe-middle", "djembe-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "djembe-root", "etymologyId": "djembe-root-1", "form": "jembe", "language": "Mande", "languageCode": "dmn", "transliteration": "jembe", "sense": "the West African hand drum", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected lexical sources identify the form and route but do not provide a dated historical witness for this Mande-stage display.", "claimIds": [ "djembe-djembe-root-date-unresolved" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Manding languages · West Africa", "coordinates": [ -8, 13 ], "qualifier": "A broad Manding-language/community reference region for Mali, Guinea, Côte d’Ivoire and adjacent areas; not a single lexical birthplace.", "claimIds": [ "djembe-djembe-root-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "djembe-root-claim", "djembe-enrichment-route", "djembe-enrichment-sense", "djembe-djembe-root-geo", "djembe-djembe-root-reading", "djembe-djembe-root-date-unresolved" ], "explanation": "The stage is presented with inspected lexical evidence, a qualified route, and a supported reading; dates and regional coordinates retain their stated limits.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "JEM-beh", "ipa": "/ˈdʒɛm.be/", "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional or dictionary-supported reading is shown; it is not treated as transliteration or as proof of historical phonology.", "claimIds": [ "djembe-djembe-root-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "djembe-root-claim" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "djembe-enrichment-route", "djembe-djembe-root-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "djembe-enrichment-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "djembe-enrichment-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "djembe-enrichment-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "djembe-djembe-root-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "djembe-enrichment-route" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical sources identify the form and route but do not provide a dated historical witness for this Mande-stage display.", "claimIds": [ "djembe-enrichment-route", "djembe-djembe-root-date-unresolved" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "djembe-djembe-root-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "djembe-djembe-root-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "djembe-enrichment-sense" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "djembe-root-claim", "djembe-enrichment-route", "djembe-enrichment-sense", "djembe-djembe-root-geo", "djembe-djembe-root-reading", "djembe-djembe-root-date-unresolved" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "djembe-route-claim", "djembe-enrichment-route" ] } } }, { "id": "djembe-middle", "etymologyId": "djembe-middle-1", "form": "djembé", "language": "French", "languageCode": "fr", "transliteration": "djembé", "sense": "the West African hand drum", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected French lexical evidence supports the form and spelling convention but not a secure dated first witness.", "claimIds": [ "djembe-djembe-middle-date-unresolved" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "West Africa–French lexical corridor", "coordinates": [ -8, 13 ], "qualifier": "A broad Manding-language/community reference region for Mali, Guinea, Côte d’Ivoire and adjacent areas; not a single lexical birthplace.", "claimIds": [ "djembe-djembe-middle-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "djembe-route-claim", "djembe-enrichment-route", "djembe-enrichment-sense", "djembe-djembe-middle-geo", "djembe-djembe-middle-reading", "djembe-djembe-middle-date-unresolved" ], "explanation": "The stage is presented with inspected lexical evidence, a qualified route, and a supported reading; dates and regional coordinates retain their stated limits.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "JEM-bay", "ipa": "/ˈdʒɛm.be/", "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional or dictionary-supported reading is shown; it is not treated as transliteration or as proof of historical phonology.", "claimIds": [ "djembe-djembe-middle-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "djembe-route-claim" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "djembe-enrichment-route", "djembe-djembe-middle-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "djembe-enrichment-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "djembe-enrichment-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "djembe-enrichment-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "djembe-djembe-middle-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "djembe-enrichment-route" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected French lexical evidence supports the form and spelling convention but not a secure dated first witness.", "claimIds": [ "djembe-enrichment-route", "djembe-djembe-middle-date-unresolved" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "djembe-djembe-middle-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "djembe-djembe-middle-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "djembe-enrichment-sense" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "djembe-route-claim", "djembe-enrichment-route", "djembe-enrichment-sense", "djembe-djembe-middle-geo", "djembe-djembe-middle-reading", "djembe-djembe-middle-date-unresolved" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "djembe-route-claim", "djembe-enrichment-route" ] } } }, { "id": "djembe-english", "etymologyId": "djembe-english-1", "form": "djembe", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "djembe", "sense": "the West African hand drum", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected sources support the English form and sense but do not supply a secure first English quotation.", "claimIds": [ "djembe-djembe-english-date-unresolved" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region", "coordinates": [ -8, 13 ], "qualifier": "A broad Manding-language/community reference region for Mali, Guinea, Côte d’Ivoire and adjacent areas; not a single lexical birthplace.", "claimIds": [ "djembe-djembe-english-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "djembe-route-claim", "djembe-sense-claim", "djembe-enrichment-route", "djembe-enrichment-sense", "djembe-djembe-english-geo", "djembe-djembe-english-reading", "djembe-djembe-english-date-unresolved" ], "explanation": "The stage is presented with inspected lexical evidence, a qualified route, and a supported reading; dates and regional coordinates retain their stated limits.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "JEM-bay", "ipa": "/ˈdʒɛmbeɪ/", "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional or dictionary-supported reading is shown; it is not treated as transliteration or as proof of historical phonology.", "claimIds": [ "djembe-djembe-english-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "djembe-route-claim" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "djembe-enrichment-route", "djembe-djembe-english-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "djembe-enrichment-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "djembe-enrichment-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "djembe-enrichment-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "djembe-djembe-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "djembe-enrichment-route" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected sources support the English form and sense but do not supply a secure first English quotation.", "claimIds": [ "djembe-enrichment-route", "djembe-djembe-english-date-unresolved" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "djembe-djembe-english-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "djembe-djembe-english-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "djembe-enrichment-sense" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "djembe-route-claim", "djembe-sense-claim", "djembe-enrichment-route", "djembe-enrichment-sense", "djembe-djembe-english-geo", "djembe-djembe-english-reading", "djembe-djembe-english-date-unresolved" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "djembe-root-middle", "from": "djembe-root", "to": "djembe-middle", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The West African drum word is represented from a qualified Manding-language route into French and English; OQLF identifies jembe as Manding, probably Bambara, while specialist spelling evidence keeps jembe and French djembé distinct.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "djembe-route-claim", "djembe-enrichment-route" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports a lexical correspondence but does not establish a dated semantic change at the intermediary edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "djembe-route", "from": "djembe-middle", "to": "djembe-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The West African drum word is represented from a qualified Manding-language route into French and English; OQLF identifies jembe as Manding, probably Bambara, while specialist spelling evidence keeps jembe and French djembé distinct.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "djembe-route-claim", "djembe-enrichment-route" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports the lexical route but does not establish a dated semantic change at the transmission edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "djembe-root-claim", "text": "jembe is the inspected source form associated with the historical source stage for English djembe.", "sourceId": "sv02-djembe-oxford", "locator": "Word Origin and definition", "passageIds": [ "sv02-djembe-oxford-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected dictionary supports the Mande-to-French lexical route and the selected West African drum sense; it does not provide a full historical chronology or a single community-wide origin story for the instrument." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "djembe-route-claim", "text": "Oxford defines djembe as a traditional hand drum used in West Africa and gives the word origin as French djembé, from Mande jembe.", "sourceId": "sv02-djembe-oxford", "locator": "Word Origin and definition", "passageIds": [ "sv02-djembe-oxford-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected dictionary supports the Mande-to-French lexical route and the selected West African drum sense; it does not provide a full historical chronology or a single community-wide origin story for the instrument." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "djembe-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected djembe sense: the West African hand drum.", "sourceId": "sv02-djembe-oxford", "locator": "Word Origin and definition", "passageIds": [ "sv02-djembe-oxford-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected dictionary supports the Mande-to-French lexical route and the selected West African drum sense; it does not provide a full historical chronology or a single community-wide origin story for the instrument." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "djembe-enrichment-route", "text": "The West African drum word is represented from a qualified Manding-language route into French and English; OQLF identifies jembe as Manding, probably Bambara, while specialist spelling evidence keeps jembe and French djembé distinct.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-djembe-oqlf", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The selected route is retained with explicit scope and alternatives where the inspected sources do not agree." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "djembe-enrichment-sense", "text": "Djembe is a rope-tuned hand drum associated with West African musical traditions; the object’s history is not used as the word’s date.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-djembe-oqlf", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "djembe-djembe-root-reading", "text": "The inspected source supports the conventional reading JEM-beh for jembe; it is presented as a reading, not as transliteration.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-djembe-reading", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "djembe-djembe-root-geo", "text": "Manding languages · West Africa is used as a broad language, speech-community, or documented contact-corridor reference for this stage; it is not presented as a lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-regions", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "djembe-west-africa" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "The regional record supports map orientation only; it does not prove a lexical origin coordinate." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "djembe-djembe-middle-reading", "text": "The inspected source supports the conventional reading JEM-bay for djembé; it is presented as a reading, not as transliteration.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-djembe-reading", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "djembe-djembe-middle-geo", "text": "Manding languages · West Africa is used as a broad language, speech-community, or documented contact-corridor reference for this stage; it is not presented as a lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-regions", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "djembe-west-africa" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "The regional record supports map orientation only; it does not prove a lexical origin coordinate." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "djembe-djembe-english-reading", "text": "The inspected source supports the conventional reading JEM-bay for djembe; it is presented as a reading, not as transliteration.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-djembe-oqlf", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "djembe-djembe-english-geo", "text": "Manding languages · West Africa is used as a broad language, speech-community, or documented contact-corridor reference for this stage; it is not presented as a lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-regions", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "djembe-west-africa" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "The regional record supports map orientation only; it does not prove a lexical origin coordinate." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "djembe-djembe-root-date-unresolved", "text": "The inspected sources establish the displayed form and route but do not establish a secure word-specific lexical date for jembe.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-djembe-oqlf", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "unresolved", "text": "Normal lexical and historical sources were inspected; the retained evidence does not support a more precise date." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "djembe-djembe-middle-date-unresolved", "text": "The inspected sources establish the displayed form and route but do not establish a secure word-specific lexical date for djembé.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-djembe-oqlf", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "unresolved", "text": "Normal lexical and historical sources were inspected; the retained evidence does not support a more precise date." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "djembe-djembe-english-date-unresolved", "text": "The inspected sources establish the displayed form and route but do not establish a secure word-specific lexical date for djembe.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-djembe-oqlf", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "unresolved", "text": "Normal lexical and historical sources were inspected; the retained evidence does not support a more precise date." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." } ], "limitations": "OQLF supports a Manding route, probably Bambara, but does not establish one community-wide lexical origin or a secure first-use date for every stage.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "djembe-sense", "label": "the West African hand drum", "definition": "A rope-tuned, skin-covered hand drum used in West African musical traditions.", "stageId": "djembe-english", "claimIds": [ "djembe-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "djembe-sense", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 02", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 01 Slice-02", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "impala", "word": "impala", "language": "English", "sense": "the African antelope", "aliases": [ "impala" ], "summary": "impala is represented through a bounded, source-linked route with uncertainty preserved where the inspected account does not settle the history.", "intro": "impala is represented through a bounded, source-linked route with uncertainty preserved where the inspected account does not settle the history.", "claimIds": [ "impala-root-claim", "impala-route-claim", "impala-sense-claim" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-19", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "impala-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "impala-root", "impala-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "impala-root", "etymologyId": "impala-root-1", "form": "im-pala", "language": "Zulu", "languageCode": "zu", "transliteration": "im-pala", "sense": "the African antelope", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred.", "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "impala-root-claim" ], "explanation": "Historical source-stage form associated with impala; the journey preserves the source's qualifications.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "impala-root-claim" ] } }, { "id": "impala-english", "etymologyId": "impala-english-1", "form": "impala", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "impala", "sense": "the African antelope", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1875, "end": 1875, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1875 · English impala", "note": "A source-reported written-use period; not necessarily the date of coinage, oral transmission, or every later sense.", "claimIds": [ "impala-route-claim" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred.", "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "impala-route-claim", "impala-sense-claim" ], "explanation": "The English form and selected sense are represented from the inspected lexical account; unsupported pronunciation and location are left unresolved.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "impala-route-claim" ] } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "impala-route", "from": "impala-root", "to": "impala-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The inspected account supports the bounded Zulu-to-English route for the selected animal sense.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "impala-route-claim" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports the lexical route but does not establish a dated semantic change at the transmission edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "impala-root-claim", "text": "im-pala is the inspected source form associated with the historical source stage for English impala.", "sourceId": "sv02-impala-etymonline", "locator": "impala(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-impala-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected account supports the bounded Zulu-to-English route for the selected animal sense." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "impala-route-claim", "text": "Impala is recorded from 1875 for an African antelope, from Zulu im-pala, gazelle.", "sourceId": "sv02-impala-etymonline", "locator": "impala(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-impala-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected account supports the bounded Zulu-to-English route for the selected animal sense." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "impala-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected impala sense: the African antelope.", "sourceId": "sv02-impala-etymonline", "locator": "impala(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-impala-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected account supports the bounded Zulu-to-English route for the selected animal sense." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." } ], "limitations": "The inspected account supports the bounded Zulu-to-English route for the selected animal sense.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "impala-sense", "label": "the African antelope", "definition": "A medium-sized African antelope whose males have lyre-shaped horns.", "stageId": "impala-english", "claimIds": [ "impala-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "impala-sense", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 02" }, { "id": "rattan", "word": "rattan", "language": "English", "sense": "the flexible palm material", "aliases": [ "rattan" ], "summary": "Rattan is a Malay plant/material word that entered English through a Southeast Asian route.", "intro": "Meaning keeps the Malay form, probable internal analysis, and later plant/trade/craft histories distinct.", "claimIds": [ "rattan-root-claim", "rattan-route-claim", "rattan-sense-claim", "batch02-rattan-root-research", "batch02-rattan-english-research", "batch02-rattan-geography", "batch02-rattan-editorial-scope" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "rattan-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "rattan-root", "rattan-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "rattan-root", "etymologyId": "rattan-root-1", "form": "rotan", "language": "Malay", "languageCode": "ms", "transliteration": "rotan", "sense": "the flexible palm material", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Malay world / Southeast Asia", "qualifier": "A supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region; not a precise lexical birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ 102, 4.2 ], "claimIds": [ "batch02-rattan-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "rattan-root-claim", "batch02-rattan-root-research", "batch02-rattan-geography", "batch02-rattan-editorial-scope" ], "explanation": "Historical source-stage form associated with rattan; the journey preserves the source's qualifications.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "RO-tan", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Conventional dictionary or language-entry reading; no historical sound reconstruction is asserted.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-rattan-root-research" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "rattan-root-claim" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch02-rattan-root-research" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-rattan-root-research", "batch02-rattan-editorial-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-rattan-root-research", "batch02-rattan-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-rattan-root-research" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-rattan-root-research" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-rattan-root-research" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed source-stage form. The map and reading are retained without manufacturing chronology.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-rattan-root-research" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-rattan-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-rattan-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-rattan-root-research", "batch02-rattan-editorial-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "rattan-root-claim", "batch02-rattan-root-research", "batch02-rattan-geography", "batch02-rattan-editorial-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "rattan-route-claim" ] } } }, { "id": "rattan-english", "etymologyId": "rattan-english-1", "form": "rattan", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "rattan", "sense": "the flexible palm material", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1650, "end": 1659, "approximate": true, "label": "c. c. 1650–1659 · English rattan", "note": "A source-reported written-use period; not necessarily the date of coinage, oral transmission, or every later sense.", "claimIds": [ "rattan-route-claim" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Malay world / Southeast Asia", "qualifier": "A supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region; not a precise lexical birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ 102, 4.2 ], "claimIds": [ "batch02-rattan-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "rattan-route-claim", "rattan-sense-claim", "batch02-rattan-english-research", "batch02-rattan-geography", "batch02-rattan-editorial-scope" ], "explanation": "The English form and selected sense are represented from the inspected lexical account; unsupported pronunciation and location are left unresolved.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ra-TAN", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Modern dictionary reading for the English headword; it is not retrojected as a historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-rattan-english-research" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "rattan-route-claim" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch02-rattan-english-research" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-rattan-english-research", "batch02-rattan-editorial-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-rattan-english-research", "batch02-rattan-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-rattan-english-research" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-rattan-english-research" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-rattan-english-research" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed source-stage form. The map and reading are retained without manufacturing chronology.", "claimIds": [ "rattan-route-claim" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "rattan-route-claim" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-rattan-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-rattan-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-rattan-english-research", "batch02-rattan-editorial-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "rattan-route-claim", "rattan-sense-claim", "batch02-rattan-english-research", "batch02-rattan-geography", "batch02-rattan-editorial-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "rattan-route", "from": "rattan-root", "to": "rattan-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The inspected account supports the Malay-to-English route for the plant and material sense; the internal Malay analysis remains marked as probable.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "rattan-route-claim" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports the lexical route but does not establish a dated semantic change at the transmission edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "rattan-root-claim", "text": "rotan is the inspected source form associated with the historical source stage for English rattan.", "sourceId": "sv02-rattan-etymonline", "locator": "rattan opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-rattan-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected account supports the Malay-to-English route for the plant and material sense; the internal Malay analysis remains marked as probable." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "rattan-route-claim", "text": "Rattan is recorded from the 1650s for a climbing palm with tough flexible stems, from Malay rotan or rautan, probably related to a Malay verb meaning to trim or peel.", "sourceId": "sv02-rattan-etymonline", "locator": "rattan opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-rattan-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected account supports the Malay-to-English route for the plant and material sense; the internal Malay analysis remains marked as probable." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "rattan-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected rattan sense: the flexible palm material.", "sourceId": "sv02-rattan-etymonline", "locator": "rattan opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-rattan-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected account supports the Malay-to-English route for the plant and material sense; the internal Malay analysis remains marked as probable." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "batch02-rattan-root-research", "text": "rattan: The source-language form and conventional reading are retained at the inspected dictionary scope.", "sourceId": "batch02-rattan-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "passageIds": [ "batch02-rattan-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The form and reading are supported at dictionary scope; the map is a language or community reference rather than a birthplace claim." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the inspected source for the displayed form and reading while preserving the limit on origin precision." }, { "id": "batch02-rattan-english-research", "text": "rattan: The English headword's conventional reading and selected sense are supported by the inspected dictionary entry.", "sourceId": "batch02-rattan-english-dictionary", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "passageIds": [ "batch02-rattan-english-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The dictionary supports the English reading and sense; lexical dating remains tied to the journey's date evidence." }, "inference": "Lexography keeps English reading and lexical chronology separate from the history of the referenced object, practice, institution or person." }, { "id": "batch02-rattan-geography", "text": "rattan: Malay world / Southeast Asia is retained as a supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region, not as a precise word birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch02-rattan-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and language/reference scope", "passageIds": [ "batch02-rattan-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The coordinate is an informative reference region at the strongest defensible level available for this bounded journey." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a qualified language or community reference and does not convert it into a precise origin claim." }, { "id": "batch02-rattan-editorial-scope", "text": "rattan: The retained route, sense boundaries and unresolved alternatives follow the existing inspected source account and the Batch 02 editorial risk note.", "sourceId": "sv02-rattan-etymonline", "locator": "rattan opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-rattan-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Existing route evidence is preserved; cultural, object, institutional and biography history is not silently promoted to lexical ancestry." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the existing journey without adding an unsupported donor, route, date or semantic change." } ], "limitations": "The Malay-world point is a supported language/reference region; botanical distribution and craft trade do not establish lexical transmission.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "rattan-sense", "label": "the flexible palm material", "definition": "A climbing palm and its tough, flexible stems, used for baskets, furniture, and other woven objects.", "stageId": "rattan-english", "claimIds": [ "rattan-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "rattan-sense", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 02", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 02", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "gong", "word": "gong", "language": "English", "sense": "the struck metal instrument", "aliases": [ "gong" ], "summary": "gong is represented through a bounded, source-linked route with uncertainty preserved where the inspected account does not settle the history.", "intro": "gong is represented through a bounded, source-linked route with uncertainty preserved where the inspected account does not settle the history.", "claimIds": [ "gong-root-claim", "gong-route-claim", "gong-sense-claim" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-19", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "gong-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "gong-root", "gong-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "gong-root", "etymologyId": "gong-root-1", "form": "gong", "language": "Malay", "languageCode": "ms", "transliteration": "gong", "sense": "the struck metal instrument", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred.", "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "gong-root-claim" ], "explanation": "Historical source-stage form associated with gong; the journey preserves the source's qualifications.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "gong-root-claim" ] } }, { "id": "gong-english", "etymologyId": "gong-english-1", "form": "gong", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "gong", "sense": "the struck metal instrument", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1600, "end": 1609, "approximate": true, "label": "c. c. 1600–1609 · English gong", "note": "A source-reported written-use period; not necessarily the date of coinage, oral transmission, or every later sense.", "claimIds": [ "gong-route-claim" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred.", "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "gong-route-claim", "gong-sense-claim" ], "explanation": "The English form and selected sense are represented from the inspected lexical account; unsupported pronunciation and location are left unresolved.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "gong-route-claim" ] } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "gong-route", "from": "gong-root", "to": "gong-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The Malay source is supported, while the imitative explanation is explicitly treated as probable and the later verb is kept outside the noun borrowing date.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "gong-route-claim" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports the lexical route but does not establish a dated semantic change at the transmission edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "gong-root-claim", "text": "gong is the inspected source form associated with the historical source stage for English gong.", "sourceId": "sv02-gong-etymonline", "locator": "gong(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-gong-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Malay source is supported, while the imitative explanation is explicitly treated as probable and the later verb is kept outside the noun borrowing date." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "gong-route-claim", "text": "Gong is recorded around 1600 from Malay gong, probably imitative of the sound made when the instrument is struck; the verb is later recorded from 1853.", "sourceId": "sv02-gong-etymonline", "locator": "gong(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-gong-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Malay source is supported, while the imitative explanation is explicitly treated as probable and the later verb is kept outside the noun borrowing date." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "gong-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected gong sense: the struck metal instrument.", "sourceId": "sv02-gong-etymonline", "locator": "gong(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-gong-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Malay source is supported, while the imitative explanation is explicitly treated as probable and the later verb is kept outside the noun borrowing date." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." } ], "limitations": "The Malay source is supported, while the imitative explanation is explicitly treated as probable and the later verb is kept outside the noun borrowing date.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "gong-sense", "label": "the struck metal instrument", "definition": "A metal percussion instrument that produces a resonant sound when struck.", "stageId": "gong-english", "claimIds": [ "gong-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "gong-sense", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 02" }, { "id": "shaman", "word": "shaman", "language": "English", "sense": "the ritual specialist", "aliases": [ "shaman" ], "summary": "shaman is represented through a bounded, source-linked route with uncertainty preserved where the inspected account does not settle the history.", "intro": "shaman is represented through a bounded, source-linked route with uncertainty preserved where the inspected account does not settle the history.", "claimIds": [ "shaman-root-claim", "shaman-route-claim", "shaman-sense-claim" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-19", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "shaman-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "shaman-root", "shaman-middle", "shaman-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "shaman-root", "etymologyId": "shaman-root-1", "form": "saman", "language": "Tungusic, reported", "languageCode": "evn", "transliteration": "saman", "sense": "the ritual specialist", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred.", "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "shaman-root-claim" ], "explanation": "Historical source-stage form associated with shaman; the journey preserves the source's qualifications.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "shaman-root-claim" ] } }, { "id": "shaman-middle", "etymologyId": "shaman-middle-1", "form": "шаман", "language": "Russian", "languageCode": "ru", "transliteration": "шаман", "sense": "the ritual specialist", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred.", "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "shaman-route-claim" ], "explanation": "An intermediary form named by the inspected lexical account; it is not treated as an exhaustive transmission record.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Cyrillic", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "shaman-route-claim" ] } }, { "id": "shaman-english", "etymologyId": "shaman-english-1", "form": "shaman", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "shaman", "sense": "the ritual specialist", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1690, "end": 1699, "approximate": true, "label": "c. c. 1690–1699 · English shaman", "note": "A source-reported written-use period; not necessarily the date of coinage, oral transmission, or every later sense.", "claimIds": [ "shaman-route-claim" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred.", "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "shaman-route-claim", "shaman-sense-claim" ], "explanation": "The English form and selected sense are represented from the inspected lexical account; unsupported pronunciation and location are left unresolved.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "shaman-route-claim" ] } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "shaman-root-middle", "from": "shaman-root", "to": "shaman-middle", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "The inspected account presents competing Tungusic and Sino-Buddhist/Indic histories. The Russian-mediated route is represented as one account, not as settled parentage; English extension to other peoples is not used as an origin claim.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "shaman-route-claim" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports a lexical correspondence but does not establish a dated semantic change at the intermediary edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "shaman-route", "from": "shaman-middle", "to": "shaman-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "The inspected account presents competing Tungusic and Sino-Buddhist/Indic histories. The Russian-mediated route is represented as one account, not as settled parentage; English extension to other peoples is not used as an origin claim.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "shaman-route-claim" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports the lexical route but does not establish a dated semantic change at the transmission edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "shaman-root-claim", "text": "saman is the inspected source form associated with the historical source stage for English shaman.", "sourceId": "sv02-shaman-etymonline", "locator": "shaman(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-shaman-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "The inspected account presents competing Tungusic and Sino-Buddhist/Indic histories. The Russian-mediated route is represented as one account, not as settled parentage; English extension to other peoples is not used as an origin claim." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "shaman-route-claim", "text": "Shaman is recorded from the 1690s, probably through German Schamane from Russian shaman and Tungus saman; the source also reports an alternative connection through Chinese sha men, Prakrit samaya, and Sanskrit sramana.", "sourceId": "sv02-shaman-etymonline", "locator": "shaman(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-shaman-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "The inspected account presents competing Tungusic and Sino-Buddhist/Indic histories. The Russian-mediated route is represented as one account, not as settled parentage; English extension to other peoples is not used as an origin claim." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "shaman-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected shaman sense: the ritual specialist.", "sourceId": "sv02-shaman-etymonline", "locator": "shaman(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-shaman-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The inspected account presents competing Tungusic and Sino-Buddhist/Indic histories. The Russian-mediated route is represented as one account, not as settled parentage; English extension to other peoples is not used as an origin claim." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." } ], "limitations": "The inspected account presents competing Tungusic and Sino-Buddhist/Indic histories. The Russian-mediated route is represented as one account, not as settled parentage; English extension to other peoples is not used as an origin claim.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "shaman-sense", "label": "the ritual specialist", "definition": "A ritual specialist associated in the source history with northern Asian traditions; the English term is also used more broadly.", "stageId": "shaman-english", "claimIds": [ "shaman-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "shaman-sense", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 02" }, { "id": "tsar", "word": "tsar", "language": "English", "sense": "the Russian imperial title", "aliases": [ "tsar" ], "summary": "tsar is represented through a bounded, source-linked route with uncertainty preserved where the inspected account does not settle the history.", "intro": "tsar is represented through a bounded, source-linked route with uncertainty preserved where the inspected account does not settle the history.", "claimIds": [ "tsar-root-claim", "tsar-route-claim", "tsar-sense-claim" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-19", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "tsar-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "tsar-root", "tsar-middle", "tsar-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "tsar-root", "etymologyId": "tsar-root-1", "form": "*tsesar", "language": "Old Slavic", "languageCode": "cu", "transliteration": "*tsesar", "sense": "the Russian imperial title", "formStatus": "reconstructed", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred.", "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "tsar-root-claim" ], "explanation": "Historical source-stage form associated with tsar; the journey preserves the source's qualifications.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "tsar-root-claim" ] } }, { "id": "tsar-middle", "etymologyId": "tsar-middle-1", "form": "царь", "language": "Russian", "languageCode": "ru", "transliteration": "царь", "sense": "the Russian imperial title", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred.", "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "tsar-route-claim" ], "explanation": "An intermediary form named by the inspected lexical account; it is not treated as an exhaustive transmission record.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Cyrillic", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "tsar-route-claim" ] } }, { "id": "tsar-english", "etymologyId": "tsar-english-1", "form": "tsar", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "tsar", "sense": "the Russian imperial title", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1660, "end": 1669, "approximate": true, "label": "c. c. 1660–1669 · English tsar", "note": "A source-reported written-use period; not necessarily the date of coinage, oral transmission, or every later sense.", "claimIds": [ "tsar-route-claim" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred.", "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "tsar-route-claim", "tsar-sense-claim" ], "explanation": "The English form and selected sense are represented from the inspected lexical account; unsupported pronunciation and location are left unresolved.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "tsar-route-claim" ] } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "tsar-root-middle", "from": "tsar-root", "to": "tsar-middle", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The inspected account supports the selected Russian-title route and keeps the English tsar/czar spelling history separate from the later figurative official sense.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "tsar-route-claim" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports a lexical correspondence but does not establish a dated semantic change at the intermediary edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "tsar-route", "from": "tsar-middle", "to": "tsar-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The inspected account supports the selected Russian-title route and keeps the English tsar/czar spelling history separate from the later figurative official sense.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "tsar-route-claim" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports the lexical route but does not establish a dated semantic change at the transmission edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "tsar-root-claim", "text": "*tsesar is the inspected source form associated with the historical source stage for English tsar.", "sourceId": "sv02-tsar-etymonline", "locator": "tsar(n.) and czar(n.) entries", "passageIds": [ "sv02-tsar-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected account supports the selected Russian-title route and keeps the English tsar/czar spelling history separate from the later figurative official sense." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "tsar-route-claim", "text": "The title tsar is traced through Russian tsar and Old Slavic tsesari to a Germanic form ultimately from Latin Caesar; the spelling tsar is described as a later English Latinization of czar.", "sourceId": "sv02-tsar-etymonline", "locator": "tsar(n.) and czar(n.) entries", "passageIds": [ "sv02-tsar-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected account supports the selected Russian-title route and keeps the English tsar/czar spelling history separate from the later figurative official sense." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "tsar-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected tsar sense: the Russian imperial title.", "sourceId": "sv02-tsar-etymonline", "locator": "tsar(n.) and czar(n.) entries", "passageIds": [ "sv02-tsar-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected account supports the selected Russian-title route and keeps the English tsar/czar spelling history separate from the later figurative official sense." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." } ], "limitations": "The inspected account supports the selected Russian-title route and keeps the English tsar/czar spelling history separate from the later figurative official sense.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "tsar-sense", "label": "the Russian imperial title", "definition": "A title used for a Russian emperor and, later, for a person given exceptional authority.", "stageId": "tsar-english", "claimIds": [ "tsar-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "tsar-sense", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 02" }, { "id": "kung-fu", "word": "kung fu", "language": "English", "sense": "Chinese martial arts", "aliases": [ "kung fu" ], "summary": "Kung fu distinguishes Chinese 功夫’s broad skill-and-effort semantics from the narrowed English martial-arts sense and its Wade–Giles/Pinyin readings.", "intro": "Follow 功夫 from Chinese skill, effort and accomplishment into English kung fu, where the martial-arts sense became dominant.", "claimIds": [ "kung-fu-root-claim", "kung-fu-route-claim", "kung-fu-sense-claim", "kung-fu-enrichment-route", "kung-fu-enrichment-sense", "kung-fu-kung-fu-root-geo", "kung-fu-kung-fu-root-reading", "kung-fu-kung-fu-root-date-unresolved", "kung-fu-kung-fu-english-geo", "kung-fu-kung-fu-english-reading", "kung-fu-date-english" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "kung-fu-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "kung-fu-root", "kung-fu-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "kung-fu-root", "etymologyId": "kung-fu-root-1", "form": "功夫", "language": "Chinese", "languageCode": "zh", "transliteration": "gōngfu; Cantonese gung fu", "sense": "Chinese martial arts", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The specialist source distinguishes the broad Chinese expression but does not establish one earliest lexical date for the Chinese form across historical varieties.", "claimIds": [ "kung-fu-kung-fu-root-date-unresolved" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "China · Chinese-language reference region", "coordinates": [ 109.05, 34.09 ], "qualifier": "A broad Chinese-language reference coordinate; Cantonese and Mandarin readings are not collapsed into one historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "kung-fu-kung-fu-root-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "kung-fu-root-claim", "kung-fu-enrichment-route", "kung-fu-enrichment-sense", "kung-fu-kung-fu-root-geo", "kung-fu-kung-fu-root-reading", "kung-fu-kung-fu-root-date-unresolved" ], "explanation": "The stage is presented with inspected lexical evidence, a qualified route, and a supported reading; dates and regional coordinates retain their stated limits.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Han", "pronunciation": { "guide": "GONG-foo (Mandarin); GUNG-foo (Cantonese)", "ipa": "/ˈkʊŋ.fuː/; /kʊŋ˥ fuː˥˩/", "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional or dictionary-supported reading is shown; it is not treated as transliteration or as proof of historical phonology.", "claimIds": [ "kung-fu-kung-fu-root-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "kung-fu-root-claim" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "kung-fu-enrichment-route", "kung-fu-kung-fu-root-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kung-fu-enrichment-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kung-fu-enrichment-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kung-fu-enrichment-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kung-fu-kung-fu-root-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kung-fu-enrichment-route" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The specialist source distinguishes the broad Chinese expression but does not establish one earliest lexical date for the Chinese form across historical varieties.", "claimIds": [ "kung-fu-enrichment-route", "kung-fu-kung-fu-root-date-unresolved" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kung-fu-kung-fu-root-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kung-fu-kung-fu-root-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kung-fu-enrichment-sense" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kung-fu-root-claim", "kung-fu-enrichment-route", "kung-fu-enrichment-sense", "kung-fu-kung-fu-root-geo", "kung-fu-kung-fu-root-reading", "kung-fu-kung-fu-root-date-unresolved" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kung-fu-route-claim", "kung-fu-enrichment-route" ] } } }, { "id": "kung-fu-english", "etymologyId": "kung-fu-english-1", "form": "kung fu", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "kung fu", "sense": "Chinese martial arts", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1966, "end": 1966, "approximate": false, "label": "1966 · English kung-fu", "note": "The specialist chapter identifies a 1966 Punch article as an early attested print use, while noting a possible unpublished 1962 use.", "claimIds": [ "kung-fu-date-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region", "coordinates": [ 109.05, 34.09 ], "qualifier": "A broad Chinese-language reference coordinate; Cantonese and Mandarin readings are not collapsed into one historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "kung-fu-kung-fu-english-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "kung-fu-route-claim", "kung-fu-sense-claim", "kung-fu-enrichment-route", "kung-fu-enrichment-sense", "kung-fu-kung-fu-english-geo", "kung-fu-kung-fu-english-reading", "kung-fu-date-english" ], "explanation": "The stage is presented with inspected lexical evidence, a qualified route, and a supported reading; dates and regional coordinates retain their stated limits.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "kung-FOO", "ipa": "/ˌkʌŋ ˈfuː/", "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional or dictionary-supported reading is shown; it is not treated as transliteration or as proof of historical phonology.", "claimIds": [ "kung-fu-kung-fu-english-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "kung-fu-route-claim" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "kung-fu-enrichment-route", "kung-fu-kung-fu-english-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kung-fu-enrichment-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kung-fu-enrichment-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kung-fu-enrichment-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kung-fu-kung-fu-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kung-fu-enrichment-route" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kung-fu-date-english" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kung-fu-kung-fu-english-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kung-fu-kung-fu-english-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kung-fu-enrichment-sense" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kung-fu-route-claim", "kung-fu-sense-claim", "kung-fu-enrichment-route", "kung-fu-enrichment-sense", "kung-fu-kung-fu-english-geo", "kung-fu-kung-fu-english-reading", "kung-fu-date-english" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "kung-fu-route", "from": "kung-fu-root", "to": "kung-fu-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Chinese 功夫 is a broader noun for time, effort, skill or accomplishment, while English kung fu narrowed toward Chinese martial arts. Wade–Giles kung-fu and Pinyin gōngfu are represented as romanization practices, not as separate Chinese etymons.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "kung-fu-route-claim", "kung-fu-enrichment-route" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports the lexical route but does not establish a dated semantic change at the transmission edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "kung-fu-root-claim", "text": "功夫 is the inspected source form associated with the historical source stage for English kung fu.", "sourceId": "sv02-kung-fu-oxford", "locator": "Word Origin and definition", "passageIds": [ "sv02-kung-fu-oxford-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Chinese form and English martial-arts scope are supported, but the romanization, language variety, and narrowing of the wider Chinese expression are kept qualified." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "kung-fu-route-claim", "text": "Oxford gives kung fu as from Chinese gongfu, from gong merit and fu master; English dictionaries use the term for Chinese martial arts, while the Chinese expression has a wider skill or accomplishment sense.", "sourceId": "sv02-kung-fu-oxford", "locator": "Word Origin and definition", "passageIds": [ "sv02-kung-fu-oxford-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Chinese form and English martial-arts scope are supported, but the romanization, language variety, and narrowing of the wider Chinese expression are kept qualified." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "kung-fu-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected kung fu sense: Chinese martial arts.", "sourceId": "sv02-kung-fu-oxford", "locator": "Word Origin and definition", "passageIds": [ "sv02-kung-fu-oxford-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Chinese form and English martial-arts scope are supported, but the romanization, language variety, and narrowing of the wider Chinese expression are kept qualified." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "kung-fu-enrichment-route", "text": "Chinese 功夫 is a broader noun for time, effort, skill or accomplishment, while English kung fu narrowed toward Chinese martial arts. Wade–Giles kung-fu and Pinyin gōngfu are represented as romanization practices, not as separate Chinese etymons.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-kungfu-academic", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The selected route is retained with explicit scope and alternatives where the inspected sources do not agree." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "kung-fu-enrichment-sense", "text": "In Chinese, 功夫 can mean acquired skill or accomplishment through effort; English kung fu commonly denotes Chinese martial arts, a later narrowed sense.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-kungfu-academic", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "kung-fu-kung-fu-root-reading", "text": "The inspected source supports the conventional reading GONG-foo (Mandarin); GUNG-foo (Cantonese) for 功夫; it is presented as a reading, not as transliteration.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-kungfu-academic", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "kung-fu-kung-fu-root-geo", "text": "China · Chinese-language reference region is used as a broad language, speech-community, or documented contact-corridor reference for this stage; it is not presented as a lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-regions", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "kungfu-china" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "The regional record supports map orientation only; it does not prove a lexical origin coordinate." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "kung-fu-kung-fu-root-date-unresolved", "text": "The inspected sources establish the displayed form and route but do not establish a secure word-specific lexical date for 功夫.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-kungfu-academic", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "unresolved", "text": "Normal lexical and historical sources were inspected; the retained evidence does not support a more precise date." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "kung-fu-kung-fu-english-reading", "text": "The inspected source supports the conventional reading kung-FOO for kung fu; it is presented as a reading, not as transliteration.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-kungfu-academic", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "kung-fu-kung-fu-english-geo", "text": "China · Chinese-language reference region is used as a broad language, speech-community, or documented contact-corridor reference for this stage; it is not presented as a lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-regions", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "kungfu-china" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "The regional record supports map orientation only; it does not prove a lexical origin coordinate." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "kung-fu-date-english", "text": "The inspected source supports the bounded lexical or textual period shown for kung fu.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-kungfu-academic", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." } ], "limitations": "The specialist source identifies 1966 as an early attested English print use while noting an unpublished 1962 use; Chinese semantic history is older and not reduced to martial arts.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "kung-fu-sense", "label": "Chinese martial arts", "definition": "Chinese martial arts, especially systems emphasizing practiced skill and disciplined movement.", "stageId": "kung-fu-english", "claimIds": [ "kung-fu-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "kung-fu-sense", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 02", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 01 Slice-03", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "chintz", "word": "chintz", "language": "English", "sense": "the printed cotton fabric", "aliases": [ "chintz" ], "summary": "chintz is represented through a bounded, source-linked route with uncertainty preserved where the inspected account does not settle the history.", "intro": "chintz is represented through a bounded, source-linked route with uncertainty preserved where the inspected account does not settle the history.", "claimIds": [ "chintz-root-claim", "chintz-route-claim", "chintz-sense-claim" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-19", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "chintz-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "chintz-root", "chintz-middle", "chintz-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "chintz-root", "etymologyId": "chintz-root-1", "form": "chitra-s", "language": "Sanskrit", "languageCode": "sa", "transliteration": "chitra-s", "sense": "the printed cotton fabric", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred.", "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "chintz-root-claim" ], "explanation": "Historical source-stage form associated with chintz; the journey preserves the source's qualifications.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "chintz-root-claim" ] } }, { "id": "chintz-middle", "etymologyId": "chintz-middle-1", "form": "chint", "language": "Hindi", "languageCode": "hi", "transliteration": "chint", "sense": "the printed cotton fabric", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred.", "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "chintz-route-claim" ], "explanation": "An intermediary form named by the inspected lexical account; it is not treated as an exhaustive transmission record.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "chintz-route-claim" ] } }, { "id": "chintz-english", "etymologyId": "chintz-english-1", "form": "chintz", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "chintz", "sense": "the printed cotton fabric", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1719, "end": 1719, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1719 · English chintz", "note": "A source-reported written-use period; not necessarily the date of coinage, oral transmission, or every later sense.", "claimIds": [ "chintz-route-claim" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred.", "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "chintz-route-claim", "chintz-sense-claim" ], "explanation": "The English form and selected sense are represented from the inspected lexical account; unsupported pronunciation and location are left unresolved.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "chintz-route-claim" ] } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "chintz-root-middle", "from": "chintz-root", "to": "chintz-middle", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The Indic route and the commercial plural-to-singular reanalysis are supported, while the source does not establish every intermediary trade channel or the later disparaging sense as part of the initial borrowing.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "chintz-route-claim" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports a lexical correspondence but does not establish a dated semantic change at the intermediary edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "chintz-route", "from": "chintz-middle", "to": "chintz-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The Indic route and the commercial plural-to-singular reanalysis are supported, while the source does not establish every intermediary trade channel or the later disparaging sense as part of the initial borrowing.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "chintz-route-claim" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports the lexical route but does not establish a dated semantic change at the transmission edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "chintz-root-claim", "text": "chitra-s is the inspected source form associated with the historical source stage for English chintz.", "sourceId": "sv02-chintz-etymonline", "locator": "chintz(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-chintz-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Indic route and the commercial plural-to-singular reanalysis are supported, while the source does not establish every intermediary trade channel or the later disparaging sense as part of the initial borrowing." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "chintz-route-claim", "text": "Chintz is recorded from 1719 as the plural of chint, from Hindi chint, from Sanskrit chitra-s clear or bright; the commercial plural was later reanalysed as a singular and the spelling shifted to chintz.", "sourceId": "sv02-chintz-etymonline", "locator": "chintz(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-chintz-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Indic route and the commercial plural-to-singular reanalysis are supported, while the source does not establish every intermediary trade channel or the later disparaging sense as part of the initial borrowing." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "chintz-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected chintz sense: the printed cotton fabric.", "sourceId": "sv02-chintz-etymonline", "locator": "chintz(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-chintz-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Indic route and the commercial plural-to-singular reanalysis are supported, while the source does not establish every intermediary trade channel or the later disparaging sense as part of the initial borrowing." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." } ], "limitations": "The Indic route and the commercial plural-to-singular reanalysis are supported, while the source does not establish every intermediary trade channel or the later disparaging sense as part of the initial borrowing.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "chintz-sense", "label": "the printed cotton fabric", "definition": "A printed or patterned cotton fabric, especially one associated historically with South Asian textile production.", "stageId": "chintz-english", "claimIds": [ "chintz-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "chintz-sense", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 02" }, { "id": "shtetl", "word": "shtetl", "language": "English", "sense": "the Eastern European Jewish town", "aliases": [ "shtetl" ], "summary": "Shtetl is a Yiddish diminutive for a small town that entered English for an Eastern European Jewish town.", "intro": "Meaning keeps the Yiddish diminutive, German contribution and English adoption distinct from community history.", "claimIds": [ "shtetl-root-claim", "shtetl-route-claim", "shtetl-sense-claim", "batch02-shtetl-root-research", "batch02-shtetl-english-research", "batch02-shtetl-geography", "batch02-shtetl-editorial-scope" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "shtetl-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "shtetl-root", "shtetl-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "shtetl-root", "etymologyId": "shtetl-root-1", "form": "שטעטל", "language": "Yiddish", "languageCode": "yi", "transliteration": "שטעטל", "sense": "the Eastern European Jewish town", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Eastern Europe / Yiddish region", "qualifier": "A supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region; not a precise lexical birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ 24, 50 ], "claimIds": [ "batch02-shtetl-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "shtetl-root-claim", "batch02-shtetl-root-research", "batch02-shtetl-geography", "batch02-shtetl-editorial-scope" ], "explanation": "Historical source-stage form associated with shtetl; the journey preserves the source's qualifications.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "SHTET-əl", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Conventional dictionary or language-entry reading; no historical sound reconstruction is asserted.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-shtetl-root-research" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "shtetl-root-claim" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch02-shtetl-root-research" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-shtetl-root-research", "batch02-shtetl-editorial-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-shtetl-root-research", "batch02-shtetl-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-shtetl-root-research" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-shtetl-root-research" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-shtetl-root-research" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed source-stage form. The map and reading are retained without manufacturing chronology.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-shtetl-root-research" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-shtetl-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-shtetl-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-shtetl-root-research", "batch02-shtetl-editorial-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "shtetl-root-claim", "batch02-shtetl-root-research", "batch02-shtetl-geography", "batch02-shtetl-editorial-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "shtetl-route-claim" ] } } }, { "id": "shtetl-english", "etymologyId": "shtetl-english-1", "form": "shtetl", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "shtetl", "sense": "the Eastern European Jewish town", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1949, "end": 1949, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1949 · English shtetl", "note": "A source-reported written-use period; not necessarily the date of coinage, oral transmission, or every later sense.", "claimIds": [ "shtetl-route-claim" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Eastern Europe / Yiddish region", "qualifier": "A supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region; not a precise lexical birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ 24, 50 ], "claimIds": [ "batch02-shtetl-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "shtetl-route-claim", "shtetl-sense-claim", "batch02-shtetl-english-research", "batch02-shtetl-geography", "batch02-shtetl-editorial-scope" ], "explanation": "The English form and selected sense are represented from the inspected lexical account; unsupported pronunciation and location are left unresolved.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "SHTET-əl", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Modern dictionary reading for the English headword; it is not retrojected as a historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-shtetl-english-research" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "shtetl-route-claim" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch02-shtetl-english-research" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-shtetl-english-research", "batch02-shtetl-editorial-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-shtetl-english-research", "batch02-shtetl-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-shtetl-english-research" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-shtetl-english-research" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-shtetl-english-research" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed source-stage form. The map and reading are retained without manufacturing chronology.", "claimIds": [ "shtetl-route-claim" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "shtetl-route-claim" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-shtetl-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-shtetl-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-shtetl-english-research", "batch02-shtetl-editorial-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "shtetl-route-claim", "shtetl-sense-claim", "batch02-shtetl-english-research", "batch02-shtetl-geography", "batch02-shtetl-editorial-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "shtetl-route", "from": "shtetl-root", "to": "shtetl-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The Yiddish-to-English lexical scope is supported; the German contributor and broader history of Eastern European communities are not treated as a complete transmission itinerary.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "shtetl-route-claim" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports the lexical route but does not establish a dated semantic change at the transmission edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "shtetl-root-claim", "text": "שטעטל is the inspected source form associated with the historical source stage for English shtetl.", "sourceId": "sv02-shtetl-etymonline", "locator": "shtetl(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-shtetl-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Yiddish-to-English lexical scope is supported; the German contributor and broader history of Eastern European communities are not treated as a complete transmission itinerary." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "shtetl-route-claim", "text": "Shtetl is recorded from 1949 for a Jewish small town or village in Eastern Europe, from Yiddish, literally little town, a diminutive of German Stadt.", "sourceId": "sv02-shtetl-etymonline", "locator": "shtetl(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-shtetl-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Yiddish-to-English lexical scope is supported; the German contributor and broader history of Eastern European communities are not treated as a complete transmission itinerary." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "shtetl-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected shtetl sense: the Eastern European Jewish town.", "sourceId": "sv02-shtetl-etymonline", "locator": "shtetl(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-shtetl-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Yiddish-to-English lexical scope is supported; the German contributor and broader history of Eastern European communities are not treated as a complete transmission itinerary." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "batch02-shtetl-root-research", "text": "shtetl: The source-language form and conventional reading are retained at the inspected dictionary scope.", "sourceId": "batch02-shtetl-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "passageIds": [ "batch02-shtetl-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The form and reading are supported at dictionary scope; the map is a language or community reference rather than a birthplace claim." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the inspected source for the displayed form and reading while preserving the limit on origin precision." }, { "id": "batch02-shtetl-english-research", "text": "shtetl: The English headword's conventional reading and selected sense are supported by the inspected dictionary entry.", "sourceId": "batch02-shtetl-english-dictionary", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "passageIds": [ "batch02-shtetl-english-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The dictionary supports the English reading and sense; lexical dating remains tied to the journey's date evidence." }, "inference": "Lexography keeps English reading and lexical chronology separate from the history of the referenced object, practice, institution or person." }, { "id": "batch02-shtetl-geography", "text": "shtetl: Eastern Europe / Yiddish region is retained as a supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region, not as a precise word birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch02-shtetl-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and language/reference scope", "passageIds": [ "batch02-shtetl-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The coordinate is an informative reference region at the strongest defensible level available for this bounded journey." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a qualified language or community reference and does not convert it into a precise origin claim." }, { "id": "batch02-shtetl-editorial-scope", "text": "shtetl: The retained route, sense boundaries and unresolved alternatives follow the existing inspected source account and the Batch 02 editorial risk note.", "sourceId": "sv02-shtetl-etymonline", "locator": "shtetl(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-shtetl-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Existing route evidence is preserved; cultural, object, institutional and biography history is not silently promoted to lexical ancestry." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the existing journey without adding an unsupported donor, route, date or semantic change." } ], "limitations": "The map is a broad Yiddish/Eastern European reference region; the history of Jewish communities is not used as a word-attestation date.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "shtetl-sense", "label": "the Eastern European Jewish town", "definition": "A small Jewish town or village in Eastern Europe, especially in historical usage.", "stageId": "shtetl-english", "claimIds": [ "shtetl-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "shtetl-sense", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 02", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 02", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "apartheid", "word": "apartheid", "language": "English", "sense": "the policy of racial separation", "aliases": [ "apartheid" ], "summary": "apartheid is represented through a bounded, source-linked route with uncertainty preserved where the inspected account does not settle the history.", "intro": "apartheid is represented through a bounded, source-linked route with uncertainty preserved where the inspected account does not settle the history.", "claimIds": [ "apartheid-root-claim", "apartheid-route-claim", "apartheid-sense-claim" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-19", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "apartheid-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "apartheid-root", "apartheid-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "apartheid-root", "etymologyId": "apartheid-root-1", "form": "apartheid", "language": "Afrikaans", "languageCode": "af", "transliteration": "apartheid", "sense": "the policy of racial separation", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred.", "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "apartheid-root-claim" ], "explanation": "Historical source-stage form associated with apartheid; the journey preserves the source's qualifications.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "apartheid-root-claim" ] } }, { "id": "apartheid-english", "etymologyId": "apartheid-english-1", "form": "apartheid", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "apartheid", "sense": "the policy of racial separation", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1947, "end": 1947, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1947 · English apartheid", "note": "A source-reported written-use period; not necessarily the date of coinage, oral transmission, or every later sense.", "claimIds": [ "apartheid-route-claim" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "No defensible word-specific location was established in the inspected lexical passage; no origin site is inferred.", "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "apartheid-route-claim", "apartheid-sense-claim" ], "explanation": "The English form and selected sense are represented from the inspected lexical account; unsupported pronunciation and location are left unresolved.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The inspected source supplies a lexical form, not a verified historical pronunciation; no modern reading is substituted.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "apartheid-route-claim" ] } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "apartheid-route", "from": "apartheid-root", "to": "apartheid-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The inspected account supports the Afrikaans-to-English lexical route and distinguishes the English written-use date from the policy's official 1948 beginning.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "apartheid-route-claim" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports the lexical route but does not establish a dated semantic change at the transmission edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "apartheid-root-claim", "text": "apartheid is the inspected source form associated with the historical source stage for English apartheid.", "sourceId": "sv02-apartheid-etymonline", "locator": "apartheid(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-apartheid-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected account supports the Afrikaans-to-English lexical route and distinguishes the English written-use date from the policy's official 1948 beginning." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "apartheid-route-claim", "text": "Apartheid is recorded in English from 1947, with the policy officially beginning in 1948, from Afrikaans apartheid, a South African political term recorded in 1929 and literally separateness, from Dutch apart plus -heid.", "sourceId": "sv02-apartheid-etymonline", "locator": "apartheid(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-apartheid-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected account supports the Afrikaans-to-English lexical route and distinguishes the English written-use date from the policy's official 1948 beginning." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "apartheid-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected apartheid sense: the policy of racial separation.", "sourceId": "sv02-apartheid-etymonline", "locator": "apartheid(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-apartheid-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected account supports the Afrikaans-to-English lexical route and distinguishes the English written-use date from the policy's official 1948 beginning." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." } ], "limitations": "The inspected account supports the Afrikaans-to-English lexical route and distinguishes the English written-use date from the policy's official 1948 beginning.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "apartheid-sense", "label": "the policy of racial separation", "definition": "A system of legally enforced racial separation, especially the former South African policy.", "stageId": "apartheid-english", "claimIds": [ "apartheid-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "apartheid-sense", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 02" }, { "id": "kindergarten", "word": "kindergarten", "language": "English", "sense": "the early-childhood school", "aliases": [ "kindergarten" ], "summary": "Kindergarten is a German compound that became an English name for early-childhood education.", "intro": "Meaning keeps the German 'children-garden' compound and the English school term separate from education-institution history.", "claimIds": [ "kindergarten-root-claim", "kindergarten-route-claim", "kindergarten-sense-claim", "batch02-kindergarten-root-research", "batch02-kindergarten-english-research", "batch02-kindergarten-geography", "batch02-kindergarten-editorial-scope" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "kindergarten-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "kindergarten-root", "kindergarten-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "kindergarten-root", "etymologyId": "kindergarten-root-1", "form": "Kinder-Garten", "language": "German", "languageCode": "de", "transliteration": "Kinder-Garten", "sense": "the early-childhood school", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Thuringia / Central Europe", "qualifier": "A supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region; not a precise lexical birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ 10.9, 50.9 ], "claimIds": [ "batch02-kindergarten-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "kindergarten-root-claim", "batch02-kindergarten-root-research", "batch02-kindergarten-geography", "batch02-kindergarten-editorial-scope" ], "explanation": "Historical source-stage form associated with kindergarten; the journey preserves the source's qualifications.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KIN-der-gar-ten", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Conventional dictionary or language-entry reading; no historical sound reconstruction is asserted.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-kindergarten-root-research" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "kindergarten-root-claim" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch02-kindergarten-root-research" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-kindergarten-root-research", "batch02-kindergarten-editorial-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-kindergarten-root-research", "batch02-kindergarten-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-kindergarten-root-research" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-kindergarten-root-research" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-kindergarten-root-research" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed source-stage form. The map and reading are retained without manufacturing chronology.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-kindergarten-root-research" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-kindergarten-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-kindergarten-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-kindergarten-root-research", "batch02-kindergarten-editorial-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kindergarten-root-claim", "batch02-kindergarten-root-research", "batch02-kindergarten-geography", "batch02-kindergarten-editorial-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kindergarten-route-claim" ] } } }, { "id": "kindergarten-english", "etymologyId": "kindergarten-english-1", "form": "kindergarten", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "kindergarten", "sense": "the early-childhood school", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1852, "end": 1852, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1852 · English kindergarten", "note": "A source-reported written-use period; not necessarily the date of coinage, oral transmission, or every later sense.", "claimIds": [ "kindergarten-route-claim" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Thuringia / Central Europe", "qualifier": "A supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region; not a precise lexical birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ 10.9, 50.9 ], "claimIds": [ "batch02-kindergarten-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "kindergarten-route-claim", "kindergarten-sense-claim", "batch02-kindergarten-english-research", "batch02-kindergarten-geography", "batch02-kindergarten-editorial-scope" ], "explanation": "The English form and selected sense are represented from the inspected lexical account; unsupported pronunciation and location are left unresolved.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KIN-der-gar-tən", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Modern dictionary reading for the English headword; it is not retrojected as a historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-kindergarten-english-research" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "kindergarten-route-claim" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch02-kindergarten-english-research" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-kindergarten-english-research", "batch02-kindergarten-editorial-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-kindergarten-english-research", "batch02-kindergarten-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-kindergarten-english-research" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-kindergarten-english-research" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-kindergarten-english-research" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed source-stage form. The map and reading are retained without manufacturing chronology.", "claimIds": [ "kindergarten-route-claim" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kindergarten-route-claim" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-kindergarten-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-kindergarten-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-kindergarten-english-research", "batch02-kindergarten-editorial-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kindergarten-route-claim", "kindergarten-sense-claim", "batch02-kindergarten-english-research", "batch02-kindergarten-geography", "batch02-kindergarten-editorial-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "kindergarten-route", "from": "kindergarten-root", "to": "kindergarten-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The inspected account supports the German compound and the English institutional borrowing; the later history of schools is not presented as lexical etymology.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "kindergarten-route-claim" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports the lexical route but does not establish a dated semantic change at the transmission edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "kindergarten-root-claim", "text": "Kinder-Garten is the inspected source form associated with the historical source stage for English kindergarten.", "sourceId": "sv02-kindergarten-etymonline", "locator": "kindergarten(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-kindergarten-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected account supports the German compound and the English institutional borrowing; the later history of schools is not presented as lexical etymology." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "kindergarten-route-claim", "text": "Kindergarten is recorded from 1852 from German Kinder-Garten, literally garden of children, coined by Friedrich Fröbel for his method of educating young children; English borrowed the name untranslated.", "sourceId": "sv02-kindergarten-etymonline", "locator": "kindergarten(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-kindergarten-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected account supports the German compound and the English institutional borrowing; the later history of schools is not presented as lexical etymology." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "kindergarten-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected kindergarten sense: the early-childhood school.", "sourceId": "sv02-kindergarten-etymonline", "locator": "kindergarten(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-kindergarten-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected account supports the German compound and the English institutional borrowing; the later history of schools is not presented as lexical etymology." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "batch02-kindergarten-root-research", "text": "kindergarten: The source-language form and conventional reading are retained at the inspected dictionary scope.", "sourceId": "batch02-kindergarten-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "passageIds": [ "batch02-kindergarten-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The form and reading are supported at dictionary scope; the map is a language or community reference rather than a birthplace claim." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the inspected source for the displayed form and reading while preserving the limit on origin precision." }, { "id": "batch02-kindergarten-english-research", "text": "kindergarten: The English headword's conventional reading and selected sense are supported by the inspected dictionary entry.", "sourceId": "batch02-kindergarten-english-dictionary", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "passageIds": [ "batch02-kindergarten-english-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The dictionary supports the English reading and sense; lexical dating remains tied to the journey's date evidence." }, "inference": "Lexography keeps English reading and lexical chronology separate from the history of the referenced object, practice, institution or person." }, { "id": "batch02-kindergarten-geography", "text": "kindergarten: Thuringia / Central Europe is retained as a supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region, not as a precise word birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch02-kindergarten-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and language/reference scope", "passageIds": [ "batch02-kindergarten-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The coordinate is an informative reference region at the strongest defensible level available for this bounded journey." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a qualified language or community reference and does not convert it into a precise origin claim." }, { "id": "batch02-kindergarten-editorial-scope", "text": "kindergarten: The retained route, sense boundaries and unresolved alternatives follow the existing inspected source account and the Batch 02 editorial risk note.", "sourceId": "sv02-kindergarten-etymonline", "locator": "kindergarten(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-kindergarten-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Existing route evidence is preserved; cultural, object, institutional and biography history is not silently promoted to lexical ancestry." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the existing journey without adding an unsupported donor, route, date or semantic change." } ], "limitations": "Thuringia is a supported Fröbel/compound reference region, not a precise lexical birthplace; school history is not substituted for word chronology.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "kindergarten-sense", "label": "the early-childhood school", "definition": "A school or class for young children before or at the beginning of formal education.", "stageId": "kindergarten-english", "claimIds": [ "kindergarten-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "kindergarten-sense", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 02", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R1", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 02", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "kraal", "word": "kraal", "language": "English", "sense": "the South African enclosure or village", "aliases": [ "kraal" ], "summary": "Kraal keeps Portuguese curral, Cape Dutch/Afrikaans mediation, and English settlement/enclosure senses visible without reproducing colonial descriptions as neutral definitions.", "intro": "The route emphasizes the contact corridor and the difference between a fenced animal area and broader colonial labels for settlements.", "claimIds": [ "kraal-root-claim", "kraal-route-claim", "kraal-sense-claim", "batch04-kraal-reading", "batch04-kraal-geography", "batch04-kraal-date", "batch04-kraal-scope", "batch04-kraal-relations" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "kraal-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "kraal-root", "kraal-middle", "kraal-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "kraal-root", "etymologyId": "kraal-root-1", "form": "curral", "language": "Portuguese", "languageCode": "pt", "transliteration": "curral", "sense": "the South African enclosure or village", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Portuguese maritime contact / Cape Dutch and South African English", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ -8.1, 39.91 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-kraal-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "kraal-root-claim", "batch04-kraal-reading", "batch04-kraal-geography", "batch04-kraal-date", "batch04-kraal-scope" ], "explanation": "Historical source-stage form associated with kraal; the journey preserves the source's qualifications.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ku-RAL (Portuguese)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kraal-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "kraal-root-claim" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-kraal-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kraal-reading", "batch04-kraal-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kraal-reading", "batch04-kraal-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kraal-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kraal-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kraal-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for curral does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kraal-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kraal-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kraal-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kraal-reading", "batch04-kraal-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kraal-root-claim", "batch04-kraal-reading", "batch04-kraal-geography", "batch04-kraal-date", "batch04-kraal-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kraal-route-claim", "batch04-kraal-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "kraal-middle", "etymologyId": "kraal-middle-1", "form": "kraal", "language": "Colonial Dutch", "languageCode": "nl", "transliteration": "kraal", "sense": "the South African enclosure or village", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date unknown", "note": "The inspected passage does not establish a word-specific date for this source stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Portuguese maritime contact / Cape Dutch and South African English", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 18.4, -33.9 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-kraal-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "kraal-route-claim", "batch04-kraal-reading", "batch04-kraal-geography", "batch04-kraal-date", "batch04-kraal-scope" ], "explanation": "An intermediary form named by the inspected lexical account; it is not treated as an exhaustive transmission record.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KRAHL (Cape Dutch/Afrikaans)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kraal-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "kraal-route-claim" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-kraal-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kraal-reading", "batch04-kraal-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kraal-reading", "batch04-kraal-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kraal-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kraal-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kraal-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for kraal does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kraal-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kraal-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kraal-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kraal-reading", "batch04-kraal-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kraal-route-claim", "batch04-kraal-reading", "batch04-kraal-geography", "batch04-kraal-date", "batch04-kraal-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kraal-route-claim", "batch04-kraal-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "kraal-english", "etymologyId": "kraal-english-1", "form": "kraal", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "kraal", "sense": "the South African enclosure or village", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1731, "end": 1739, "approximate": true, "label": "c. c. 1731–1739 · English kraal", "note": "A source-reported written-use period; not necessarily the date of coinage, oral transmission, or every later sense.", "claimIds": [ "kraal-route-claim" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-kraal-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "kraal-route-claim", "kraal-sense-claim", "batch04-kraal-reading", "batch04-kraal-geography", "batch04-kraal-date", "batch04-kraal-scope" ], "explanation": "The English form and selected sense are represented from the inspected lexical account; unsupported pronunciation and location are left unresolved.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KRAHL", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kraal-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "kraal-route-claim" ] }, "transliterationClaimIds": [ "batch04-kraal-reading" ], "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kraal-reading", "batch04-kraal-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kraal-reading", "batch04-kraal-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kraal-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kraal-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kraal-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for kraal does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "kraal-route-claim", "batch04-kraal-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kraal-route-claim" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kraal-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kraal-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kraal-reading", "batch04-kraal-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kraal-route-claim", "kraal-sense-claim", "batch04-kraal-reading", "batch04-kraal-geography", "batch04-kraal-date", "batch04-kraal-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "kraal-root-middle", "from": "kraal-root", "to": "kraal-middle", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The Portuguese-to-colonial-Dutch-to-South-African-English route is represented at the source's broad level; the word's African settlement contexts are not collapsed into a single cultural form.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "kraal-route-claim", "batch04-kraal-relations" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports a lexical correspondence but does not establish a dated semantic change at the intermediary edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "kraal-route", "from": "kraal-middle", "to": "kraal-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The Portuguese-to-colonial-Dutch-to-South-African-English route is represented at the source's broad level; the word's African settlement contexts are not collapsed into a single cultural form.", "tree": true, "claimIds": [ "kraal-route-claim", "batch04-kraal-relations" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage supports the lexical route but does not establish a dated semantic change at the transmission edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "kraal-root-claim", "text": "curral is the inspected source form associated with the historical source stage for English kraal.", "sourceId": "sv02-kraal-etymonline", "locator": "kraal(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-kraal-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Portuguese-to-colonial-Dutch-to-South-African-English route is represented at the source's broad level; the word's African settlement contexts are not collapsed into a single cultural form." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "kraal-route-claim", "text": "Kraal is recorded from 1731 in South African English for a village, pen, or enclosure, from colonial Dutch kraal and Portuguese curral, pen or enclosure for animals.", "sourceId": "sv02-kraal-etymonline", "locator": "kraal(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-kraal-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Portuguese-to-colonial-Dutch-to-South-African-English route is represented at the source's broad level; the word's African settlement contexts are not collapsed into a single cultural form." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "kraal-sense-claim", "text": "The inspected source supports the selected kraal sense: the South African enclosure or village.", "sourceId": "sv02-kraal-etymonline", "locator": "kraal(n.) opening entry", "passageIds": [ "sv02-kraal-etymonline-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Portuguese-to-colonial-Dutch-to-South-African-English route is represented at the source's broad level; the word's African settlement contexts are not collapsed into a single cultural form." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected account at its stated level and does not infer an unsupported origin, date, reading, or location." }, { "id": "batch04-kraal-reading", "text": "kraal: an inspected specialist, institutional or national-language source supports the displayed forms and the selected conventional readings; reconstructed or historical readings remain explicitly qualified.", "sourceId": "batch04-kraal-oxford", "locator": "headword; pronunciation, definition and word origin", "passageIds": [ "batch04-kraal-oxford-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A conventional reading is not presented as an exact recording of every historical speaker; transliteration remains distinct from pronunciation." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest recoverable reading for each displayed stage without projecting a modern pronunciation backward." }, { "id": "batch04-kraal-geography", "text": "kraal: the map point is a supported language, speech-community or documented contact-corridor reference, not a precise lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch04-kraal-oxford", "locator": "headword; pronunciation, definition and word origin", "passageIds": [ "batch04-kraal-oxford-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Reference coordinates orient the language or contact corridor and do not assert a territorial boundary, donor village or origin site." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the strongest defensible regional precision available in the inspected evidence." }, { "id": "batch04-kraal-date", "text": "kraal: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a form or sense; contextual object, cultural, institutional and biographical dates are not substituted for word chronology.", "sourceId": "batch04-kraal-oxford", "locator": "headword; pronunciation, definition and word origin", "passageIds": [ "batch04-kraal-oxford-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Undated reconstructed or historical stages remain researched unresolved rather than receiving an invented date." }, "inference": "Lexography distinguishes attestation, documented use, sense attestation, bounded lexical periods and context." }, { "id": "batch04-kraal-scope", "text": "kraal: the route preserves competing analyses, qualified edges and semantic distinctions required by the inspected evidence.", "sourceId": "batch04-kraal-oxford", "locator": "headword; pronunciation, definition and word origin", "passageIds": [ "batch04-kraal-oxford-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The English reference point is a language orientation, not a settlement origin; historical colonial descriptions are contextual evidence, not a culture-free semantic definition." }, "inference": "The narrative and topology are editorial representations of the evidence graph, not proof that every adjacent form is a direct parent." }, { "id": "batch04-kraal-relations", "text": "kraal: adjacent relations are retained with their existing type and certainty unless the inspected evidence requires a qualified or parallel reading.", "sourceId": "batch04-kraal-oxford", "locator": "headword; pronunciation, definition and word origin", "passageIds": [ "batch04-kraal-oxford-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A displayed tree edge does not erase non-tree alternatives or convert cognacy, influence or comparison into direct borrowing." }, "inference": "Lexography preserves the current topology and records the evidence limits alongside each relation." } ], "limitations": "The English reference point is a language orientation, not a settlement origin; historical colonial descriptions are contextual evidence, not a culture-free semantic definition.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "kraal-sense", "label": "the South African enclosure or village", "definition": "An enclosure for livestock, or a settlement organized around such an enclosure in Southern Africa.", "stageId": "kraal-english", "claimIds": [ "kraal-sense-claim" ] } ], "defaultSense": "kraal-sense", "category": "Corpus One · Skill Validation Run 02", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 04", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "khaki", "word": "khaki", "language": "English", "sense": "The cloth and colour", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 3", "aliases": [ "خاک", "khāk", "خاکی", "khaki" ], "summary": "Khaki separates Persian khāk “dust/earth,” Urdu adjective formation, military cloth, and later colour usage.", "intro": "The route keeps the Persian base, Urdu development, and English military/color senses visible rather than collapsing cloth history into lexical ancestry.", "claimIds": [ "khaki-evidence", "batch04-khaki-reading", "batch04-khaki-geography", "batch04-khaki-date", "batch04-khaki-scope", "batch04-khaki-relations" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "khaki-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "khaki-persian", "khaki-urdu", "khaki-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "khaki-persian", "etymologyId": "fa-khaki-persian", "form": "خاک", "language": "Persian", "languageCode": "fa", "transliteration": "khāk", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "khaki-evidence", "batch04-khaki-reading" ], "sense": "dust", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "khaki-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Persianate South Asia / British Indian contact corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 53.3, 32.9 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-khaki-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "khaki-evidence", "batch04-khaki-reading", "batch04-khaki-geography", "batch04-khaki-date", "batch04-khaki-scope" ], "explanation": "Persian khak is the dust word identified as the deeper source in the inspected account.", "direction": "rtl", "script": "Arabic", "pronunciation": { "guide": "khāk (Persian)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-khaki-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "khaki-evidence" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-khaki-reading", "batch04-khaki-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-khaki-reading", "batch04-khaki-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-khaki-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-khaki-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-khaki-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for خاک does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "khaki-evidence", "batch04-khaki-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-khaki-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-khaki-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-khaki-reading", "batch04-khaki-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "khaki-evidence", "batch04-khaki-reading", "batch04-khaki-geography", "batch04-khaki-date", "batch04-khaki-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "khaki-evidence", "batch04-khaki-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "khaki-urdu", "etymologyId": "ur-khaki-urdu", "form": "خاکی", "language": "Urdu", "languageCode": "ur", "transliteration": "khaki", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "khaki-evidence", "batch04-khaki-reading" ], "sense": "dust-coloured", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "khaki-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Persianate South Asia / British Indian contact corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 67, 25 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-khaki-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "khaki-evidence", "batch04-khaki-reading", "batch04-khaki-geography", "batch04-khaki-date", "batch04-khaki-scope" ], "explanation": "Urdu khaki means dusty or dust-coloured in the route reported by the source.", "direction": "rtl", "script": "Arabic", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KHAA-kee (Urdu)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-khaki-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "khaki-evidence" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-khaki-reading", "batch04-khaki-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-khaki-reading", "batch04-khaki-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-khaki-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-khaki-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-khaki-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for خاکی does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "khaki-evidence", "batch04-khaki-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-khaki-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-khaki-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-khaki-reading", "batch04-khaki-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "khaki-evidence", "batch04-khaki-reading", "batch04-khaki-geography", "batch04-khaki-date", "batch04-khaki-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "khaki-evidence", "batch04-khaki-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "khaki-english", "etymologyId": "en-khaki-english", "form": "khaki", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "khaki", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "khaki-evidence", "batch04-khaki-reading" ], "sense": "dust-coloured cloth and colour", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1857, "end": 1857, "approximate": false, "label": "1857 · recorded cloth use", "note": "The source gives 1857 as a recorded English use, not the origin of the Persian or Urdu forms.", "claimIds": [ "khaki-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-khaki-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "khaki-evidence", "batch04-khaki-reading", "batch04-khaki-geography", "batch04-khaki-date", "batch04-khaki-scope" ], "explanation": "English khaki names the cloth and the associated dust colour; its early military use is kept as context.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KHAK-ee", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-khaki-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "khaki-evidence" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-khaki-reading", "batch04-khaki-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-khaki-reading", "batch04-khaki-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-khaki-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-khaki-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-khaki-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "khaki-evidence", "batch04-khaki-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-khaki-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-khaki-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-khaki-reading", "batch04-khaki-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "khaki-evidence", "batch04-khaki-reading", "batch04-khaki-geography", "batch04-khaki-date", "batch04-khaki-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "khaki-link-persian-urdu", "from": "khaki-persian", "to": "khaki-urdu", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected source passage.", "claimIds": [ "khaki-evidence", "batch04-khaki-relations" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected lexical passage establishes the relationship or form history but does not date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "khaki-link-urdu-english", "from": "khaki-urdu", "to": "khaki-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected source passage.", "claimIds": [ "khaki-evidence", "batch04-khaki-relations" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected lexical passage establishes the relationship or form history but does not date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "khaki-evidence", "text": "khaki: The route is clear at dictionary level, but military context and colour use are kept separate from the borrowing date.", "sourceId": "batch09-khaki-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch09-khaki-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The route is clear at dictionary level, but military context and colour use are kept separate from the borrowing date." }, "inference": "Use the inspected passage only for the stated khaki route, sense and scope; preserve all alternatives and unknowns described above." }, { "id": "batch04-khaki-reading", "text": "khaki: an inspected specialist, institutional or national-language source supports the displayed forms and the selected conventional readings; reconstructed or historical readings remain explicitly qualified.", "sourceId": "batch04-khaki-iranica", "locator": "Persian lexical discussion; comparison with dictionary route", "passageIds": [ "batch04-khaki-iranica-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A conventional reading is not presented as an exact recording of every historical speaker; transliteration remains distinct from pronunciation." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest recoverable reading for each displayed stage without projecting a modern pronunciation backward." }, { "id": "batch04-khaki-geography", "text": "khaki: the map point is a supported language, speech-community or documented contact-corridor reference, not a precise lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch04-khaki-iranica", "locator": "Persian lexical discussion; comparison with dictionary route", "passageIds": [ "batch04-khaki-iranica-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Reference coordinates orient the language or contact corridor and do not assert a territorial boundary, donor village or origin site." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the strongest defensible regional precision available in the inspected evidence." }, { "id": "batch04-khaki-date", "text": "khaki: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a form or sense; contextual object, cultural, institutional and biographical dates are not substituted for word chronology.", "sourceId": "batch04-khaki-iranica", "locator": "Persian lexical discussion; comparison with dictionary route", "passageIds": [ "batch04-khaki-iranica-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Undated reconstructed or historical stages remain researched unresolved rather than receiving an invented date." }, "inference": "Lexography distinguishes attestation, documented use, sense attestation, bounded lexical periods and context." }, { "id": "batch04-khaki-scope", "text": "khaki: the route preserves competing analyses, qualified edges and semantic distinctions required by the inspected evidence.", "sourceId": "batch04-khaki-iranica", "locator": "Persian lexical discussion; comparison with dictionary route", "passageIds": [ "batch04-khaki-iranica-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The military uniform and textile histories are contextual; the Persian and Urdu readings are language readings, not reconstructed pronunciations of an undated transfer." }, "inference": "The narrative and topology are editorial representations of the evidence graph, not proof that every adjacent form is a direct parent." }, { "id": "batch04-khaki-relations", "text": "khaki: adjacent relations are retained with their existing type and certainty unless the inspected evidence requires a qualified or parallel reading.", "sourceId": "batch04-khaki-iranica", "locator": "Persian lexical discussion; comparison with dictionary route", "passageIds": [ "batch04-khaki-iranica-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A displayed tree edge does not erase non-tree alternatives or convert cognacy, influence or comparison into direct borrowing." }, "inference": "Lexography preserves the current topology and records the evidence limits alongside each relation." } ], "limitations": "The military uniform and textile histories are contextual; the Persian and Urdu readings are language readings, not reconstructed pronunciations of an undated transfer.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "khaki-cloth", "label": "The cloth and colour", "definition": "A dust-coloured cloth or the colour associated with it.", "stageId": "khaki-english", "claimIds": [ "khaki-evidence" ] } ], "defaultSense": "khaki-cloth", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 04", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "catamaran", "word": "catamaran", "language": "English", "sense": "The catamaran boat", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 3", "aliases": [ "கட்டுமரம்", "kattu-maram", "catamaran" ], "summary": "Catamaran is a Tamil tied-wood expression that became an English maritime noun.", "intro": "Meaning keeps the Tamil compound, possible intermediary mediation, and English boat sense in separate layers.", "claimIds": [ "catamaran-evidence", "batch02-catamaran-root-research", "batch02-catamaran-english-research", "batch02-catamaran-geography", "batch02-catamaran-editorial-scope" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "catamaran-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "catamaran-tamil", "catamaran-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "catamaran-tamil", "etymologyId": "ta-catamaran-tamil", "form": "கட்டுமரம்", "language": "Tamil", "languageCode": "ta", "transliteration": "kattu-maram", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "catamaran-evidence", "batch02-catamaran-root-research" ], "sense": "tied wood", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "catamaran-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Tamil Nadu / South India", "qualifier": "A supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region; not a precise lexical birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ 80.3, 13.1 ], "claimIds": [ "batch02-catamaran-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "catamaran-evidence", "batch02-catamaran-root-research", "batch02-catamaran-geography", "batch02-catamaran-editorial-scope" ], "explanation": "Tamil kattu-maram is the compound translated as tied wood in the inspected etymology.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Tamil", "pronunciation": { "guide": "kaṭ-ṭu-ma-ram", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Conventional dictionary or language-entry reading; no historical sound reconstruction is asserted.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-catamaran-root-research" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "catamaran-evidence" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-catamaran-root-research", "batch02-catamaran-editorial-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-catamaran-root-research", "batch02-catamaran-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-catamaran-root-research" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-catamaran-root-research" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-catamaran-root-research" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed source-stage form. The map and reading are retained without manufacturing chronology.", "claimIds": [ "catamaran-evidence" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-catamaran-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-catamaran-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-catamaran-root-research", "batch02-catamaran-editorial-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "catamaran-evidence", "batch02-catamaran-root-research", "batch02-catamaran-geography", "batch02-catamaran-editorial-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "catamaran-evidence" ] } } }, { "id": "catamaran-english", "etymologyId": "en-catamaran-english", "form": "catamaran", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "catamaran", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "catamaran-evidence", "batch02-catamaran-english-research" ], "sense": "a log raft or twin-hulled boat", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "start": 1670, "end": 1679, "approximate": true, "basis": "textual-period", "label": "c. 1670s · English catamaran", "note": "The source supplies a decade of English use, not an oral borrowing date.", "claimIds": [ "catamaran-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Tamil Nadu / South India", "qualifier": "A supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region; not a precise lexical birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ 80.3, 13.1 ], "claimIds": [ "batch02-catamaran-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "catamaran-evidence", "batch02-catamaran-english-research", "batch02-catamaran-geography", "batch02-catamaran-editorial-scope" ], "explanation": "English catamaran names the raft or boat term borrowed from the South Asian route.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "kuh-TAM-uh-ran", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Modern dictionary reading for the English headword; it is not retrojected as a historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-catamaran-english-research" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "catamaran-evidence" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-catamaran-english-research", "batch02-catamaran-editorial-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-catamaran-english-research", "batch02-catamaran-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-catamaran-english-research" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-catamaran-english-research" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-catamaran-english-research" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed source-stage form. The map and reading are retained without manufacturing chronology.", "claimIds": [ "catamaran-evidence" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "catamaran-evidence" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-catamaran-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-catamaran-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-catamaran-english-research", "batch02-catamaran-editorial-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "catamaran-evidence", "batch02-catamaran-english-research", "batch02-catamaran-geography", "batch02-catamaran-editorial-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "catamaran-link-tamil-english", "from": "catamaran-tamil", "to": "catamaran-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The source reports Hindi or Malayalam mediation from Tamil but does not establish one immediate intermediary.", "claimIds": [ "catamaran-evidence" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected lexical passage establishes the relationship or form history but does not date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "catamaran-evidence", "text": "catamaran: The source names Hindi or Malayalam as possible immediate mediation and Tamil as the deeper source; no single South Asian intermediary is forced.", "sourceId": "batch09-catamaran-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch09-catamaran-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source names Hindi or Malayalam as possible immediate mediation and Tamil as the deeper source; no single South Asian intermediary is forced." }, "inference": "Use the inspected passage only for the stated catamaran route, sense and scope; preserve all alternatives and unknowns described above." }, { "id": "batch02-catamaran-root-research", "text": "catamaran: The source-language form and conventional reading are retained at the inspected dictionary scope.", "sourceId": "batch02-catamaran-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "passageIds": [ "batch02-catamaran-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The form and reading are supported at dictionary scope; the map is a language or community reference rather than a birthplace claim." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the inspected source for the displayed form and reading while preserving the limit on origin precision." }, { "id": "batch02-catamaran-english-research", "text": "catamaran: The English headword's conventional reading and selected sense are supported by the inspected dictionary entry.", "sourceId": "batch02-catamaran-english-dictionary", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "passageIds": [ "batch02-catamaran-english-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The dictionary supports the English reading and sense; lexical dating remains tied to the journey's date evidence." }, "inference": "Lexography keeps English reading and lexical chronology separate from the history of the referenced object, practice, institution or person." }, { "id": "batch02-catamaran-geography", "text": "catamaran: Tamil Nadu / South India is retained as a supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region, not as a precise word birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch02-catamaran-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and language/reference scope", "passageIds": [ "batch02-catamaran-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The coordinate is an informative reference region at the strongest defensible level available for this bounded journey." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a qualified language or community reference and does not convert it into a precise origin claim." }, { "id": "batch02-catamaran-editorial-scope", "text": "catamaran: The retained route, sense boundaries and unresolved alternatives follow the existing inspected source account and the Batch 02 editorial risk note.", "sourceId": "batch09-catamaran-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch09-catamaran-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Existing route evidence is preserved; cultural, object, institutional and biography history is not silently promoted to lexical ancestry." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the existing journey without adding an unsupported donor, route, date or semantic change." } ], "limitations": "Tamil evidence is primary for the displayed source form; the Hindi/Malayalam intermediary remains unresolved and boat history is not lexical chronology.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "catamaran-boat", "label": "The catamaran boat", "definition": "A raft or boat formed from parallel hulls or tied logs.", "stageId": "catamaran-english", "claimIds": [ "catamaran-evidence" ] } ], "defaultSense": "catamaran-boat", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 02", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "cashmere", "word": "cashmere", "language": "English", "sense": "The wool and fabric", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 3", "aliases": [ "Kashmir", "cashmere" ], "summary": "Cashmere turns the name of Kashmir into a name for associated fine wool and fabric.", "intro": "Meaning separates the regional name, shawl/wool history, and the later English material noun.", "claimIds": [ "cashmere-evidence", "batch02-cashmere-root-research", "batch02-cashmere-english-research", "batch02-cashmere-geography", "batch02-cashmere-editorial-scope" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "cashmere-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "cashmere-kashmir", "cashmere-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "cashmere-kashmir", "etymologyId": "inc-cashmere-kashmir", "form": "Kashmir", "language": "Kashmir place-name tradition", "languageCode": "inc", "transliteration": "Kashmir", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "cashmere-evidence", "batch02-cashmere-root-research" ], "sense": "the Himalayan region", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "cashmere-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Kashmir / South Asia", "qualifier": "A supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region; not a precise lexical birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ 76.3, 34 ], "claimIds": [ "batch02-cashmere-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "cashmere-evidence", "batch02-cashmere-root-research", "batch02-cashmere-geography", "batch02-cashmere-editorial-scope" ], "explanation": "The source identifies old spellings of Kashmir as the naming basis for Cashmere wool; this is a place-name source, not a claim about a single reconstructed donor language.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KASH-meer", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Conventional dictionary or language-entry reading; no historical sound reconstruction is asserted.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-cashmere-root-research" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "cashmere-evidence" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-cashmere-root-research", "batch02-cashmere-editorial-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-cashmere-root-research", "batch02-cashmere-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-cashmere-root-research" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-cashmere-root-research" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-cashmere-root-research" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed source-stage form. The map and reading are retained without manufacturing chronology.", "claimIds": [ "cashmere-evidence" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-cashmere-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-cashmere-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-cashmere-root-research", "batch02-cashmere-editorial-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cashmere-evidence", "batch02-cashmere-root-research", "batch02-cashmere-geography", "batch02-cashmere-editorial-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cashmere-evidence" ] } } }, { "id": "cashmere-english", "etymologyId": "en-cashmere-english", "form": "cashmere", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "cashmere", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "cashmere-evidence", "batch02-cashmere-english-research" ], "sense": "fine soft wool or fabric", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1839, "end": 1839, "approximate": false, "label": "1839 · fabric use", "note": "The source dates the shortened fabric noun to 1839; the earlier shawl phrase is kept separate.", "claimIds": [ "cashmere-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Kashmir / South Asia", "qualifier": "A supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region; not a precise lexical birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ 76.3, 34 ], "claimIds": [ "batch02-cashmere-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "cashmere-evidence", "batch02-cashmere-english-research", "batch02-cashmere-geography", "batch02-cashmere-editorial-scope" ], "explanation": "English cashmere names the wool and the fabric associated with Kashmir.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KASH-meer", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Modern dictionary reading for the English headword; it is not retrojected as a historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-cashmere-english-research" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "cashmere-evidence" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-cashmere-english-research", "batch02-cashmere-editorial-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-cashmere-english-research", "batch02-cashmere-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-cashmere-english-research" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-cashmere-english-research" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-cashmere-english-research" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cashmere-evidence", "batch02-cashmere-english-research" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-cashmere-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-cashmere-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-cashmere-english-research", "batch02-cashmere-editorial-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cashmere-evidence", "batch02-cashmere-english-research", "batch02-cashmere-geography", "batch02-cashmere-editorial-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "cashmere-link-kashmir-english", "from": "cashmere-kashmir", "to": "cashmere-english", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The English material name is shortened from Cashmere wool, itself named for Kashmir.", "claimIds": [ "cashmere-evidence" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected lexical passage establishes the relationship or form history but does not date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "cashmere-evidence", "text": "cashmere: The source supports a place-name-to-material development; Kashmir is retained as a place-name source rather than assigned a fabricated language stage.", "sourceId": "batch09-cashmere-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch09-cashmere-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports a place-name-to-material development; Kashmir is retained as a place-name source rather than assigned a fabricated language stage." }, "inference": "Use the inspected passage only for the stated cashmere route, sense and scope; preserve all alternatives and unknowns described above." }, { "id": "batch02-cashmere-root-research", "text": "cashmere: The source-language form and conventional reading are retained at the inspected dictionary scope.", "sourceId": "batch02-cashmere-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "passageIds": [ "batch02-cashmere-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The form and reading are supported at dictionary scope; the map is a language or community reference rather than a birthplace claim." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the inspected source for the displayed form and reading while preserving the limit on origin precision." }, { "id": "batch02-cashmere-english-research", "text": "cashmere: The English headword's conventional reading and selected sense are supported by the inspected dictionary entry.", "sourceId": "batch02-cashmere-english-dictionary", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "passageIds": [ "batch02-cashmere-english-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The dictionary supports the English reading and sense; lexical dating remains tied to the journey's date evidence." }, "inference": "Lexography keeps English reading and lexical chronology separate from the history of the referenced object, practice, institution or person." }, { "id": "batch02-cashmere-geography", "text": "cashmere: Kashmir / South Asia is retained as a supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region, not as a precise word birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch02-cashmere-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and language/reference scope", "passageIds": [ "batch02-cashmere-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The coordinate is an informative reference region at the strongest defensible level available for this bounded journey." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a qualified language or community reference and does not convert it into a precise origin claim." }, { "id": "batch02-cashmere-editorial-scope", "text": "cashmere: The retained route, sense boundaries and unresolved alternatives follow the existing inspected source account and the Batch 02 editorial risk note.", "sourceId": "batch09-cashmere-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch09-cashmere-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Existing route evidence is preserved; cultural, object, institutional and biography history is not silently promoted to lexical ancestry." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the existing journey without adding an unsupported donor, route, date or semantic change." } ], "limitations": "Kashmir is a historical place-name/reference region, not a claim about one goat, shawl, or textile birthplace; object history does not date the word.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "cashmere-wool", "label": "The wool and fabric", "definition": "Fine soft wool or a fabric made from it, associated with Kashmir goats and shawls.", "stageId": "cashmere-english", "claimIds": [ "cashmere-evidence" ] } ], "defaultSense": "cashmere-wool", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 02", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "karma", "word": "karma", "language": "English", "sense": "Karma as consequence", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 3", "aliases": [ "कर्म", "karma" ], "summary": "Karma moves from Sanskrit action and deed into an English word for moral consequence and fate.", "intro": "Follow karma through the inspected source tradition into English. The journey keeps dates, senses and unresolved routes within the source-supported scope.", "claimIds": [ "karma-evidence" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-19", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "karma-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "karma-sanskrit", "karma-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "karma-sanskrit", "etymologyId": "san-karma-sanskrit", "form": "कर्म", "language": "Sanskrit", "languageCode": "san", "transliteration": "karma", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "karma-evidence" ], "sense": "action, work or deed", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "karma-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "karma-evidence" ], "explanation": "Sanskrit karma means action, work or deed in the inspected account.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Devanagari", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage; transliteration is not presented as a pronunciation guide.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "karma-evidence" ] } }, { "id": "karma-english", "etymologyId": "en-karma-english", "form": "karma", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "karma", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "karma-evidence" ], "sense": "the consequences or fate associated with action", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1800, "end": 1800, "approximate": false, "label": "1800 · English-context record", "note": "The source gives 1800 as an English-context record, not a first use of the Sanskrit term.", "claimIds": [ "karma-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "karma-evidence" ], "explanation": "English karma refers to the moral consequence or fate associated with a person's actions; the Indian context is preserved.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage; transliteration is not presented as a pronunciation guide.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "karma-evidence" ] } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "karma-link-sanskrit-english", "from": "karma-sanskrit", "to": "karma-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected source passage.", "claimIds": [ "karma-evidence" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected lexical passage establishes the relationship or form history but does not date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "karma-evidence", "text": "karma: The English popular sense is kept distinct from the Sanskrit religious-philosophical term and from a deeper reconstructed root.", "sourceId": "batch09-karma-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch09-karma-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The English popular sense is kept distinct from the Sanskrit religious-philosophical term and from a deeper reconstructed root." }, "inference": "Use the inspected passage only for the stated karma route, sense and scope; preserve all alternatives and unknowns described above." } ], "limitations": "The journey does not treat the proposed Indo-European root as an attested ancestor or assign the English popular sense to a single borrowing event.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "karma-consequence", "label": "Karma as consequence", "definition": "The consequences or fate understood to follow a person's actions.", "stageId": "karma-english", "claimIds": [ "karma-evidence" ] } ], "defaultSense": "karma-consequence" }, { "id": "pariah", "word": "pariah", "language": "English", "sense": "The historical caste label", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 3", "aliases": [ "paraiyar", "paria", "pariah" ], "summary": "Pariah carries a Tamil social label into English, where it broadens to a general social outcast.", "intro": "Follow pariah through the inspected source tradition into English. The journey keeps dates, senses and unresolved routes within the source-supported scope.", "claimIds": [ "pariah-evidence" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-19", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "pariah-english-outcast", "narrativeOrder": [ "pariah-tamil", "pariah-portuguese", "pariah-english-caste", "pariah-english-outcast" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "pariah-tamil", "etymologyId": "ta-pariah-tamil", "form": "paraiyar", "language": "Tamil", "languageCode": "ta", "transliteration": "paraiyar", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "pariah-evidence" ], "sense": "a hereditary drummer community", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "pariah-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "pariah-evidence" ], "explanation": "The source connects paraiyar with parai, a large festival drum, and describes the community label in southern India.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage; transliteration is not presented as a pronunciation guide.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "pariah-evidence" ] } }, { "id": "pariah-portuguese", "etymologyId": "pt-pariah-portuguese", "form": "paria", "language": "Portuguese", "languageCode": "pt", "transliteration": "paria", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "pariah-evidence" ], "sense": "a southern Indian caste label", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "pariah-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "pariah-evidence" ], "explanation": "Portuguese paria is retained as a reported European form in the source's alternative route.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage; transliteration is not presented as a pronunciation guide.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "pariah-evidence" ] } }, { "id": "pariah-english-caste", "etymologyId": "en-pariah-english-caste", "form": "pariah", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "pariah", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "pariah-evidence" ], "sense": "a member of a low caste or outcaste", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "start": 1610, "end": 1619, "approximate": true, "basis": "textual-period", "label": "c. 1610s · English pariah", "note": "The source gives a decade of English record, not the date of the Tamil form or borrowing event.", "claimIds": [ "pariah-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "pariah-evidence" ], "explanation": "Early English pariah is scoped to the southern Indian caste sense described by the source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage; transliteration is not presented as a pronunciation guide.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "pariah-evidence" ] } }, { "id": "pariah-english-outcast", "etymologyId": "en-pariah-english-outcast", "form": "pariah", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "pariah", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "pariah-evidence" ], "sense": "a social outcast", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1819, "end": 1819, "approximate": false, "label": "1819 · social-outcast sense", "note": "The source dates the extended sense to 1819.", "claimIds": [ "pariah-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "pariah-evidence" ], "explanation": "English later extends pariah to a general social outcast, a separate semantic development.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage; transliteration is not presented as a pronunciation guide.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "pariah-evidence" ] } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "pariah-link-tamil-portuguese", "from": "pariah-tamil", "to": "pariah-portuguese", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Portuguese paria is one reported mediation route.", "claimIds": [ "pariah-evidence" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected lexical passage establishes the relationship or form history but does not date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "pariah-link-portuguese-english-caste", "from": "pariah-portuguese", "to": "pariah-english-caste", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected source passage.", "claimIds": [ "pariah-evidence" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected lexical passage establishes the relationship or form history but does not date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "pariah-link-tamil-english-caste", "from": "pariah-tamil", "to": "pariah-english-caste", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "The source also permits a direct Tamil-to-English account.", "claimIds": [ "pariah-evidence" ], "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected lexical passage establishes the relationship or form history but does not date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "pariah-link-english-caste-english-outcast", "from": "pariah-english-caste", "to": "pariah-english-outcast", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected source passage.", "claimIds": [ "pariah-evidence" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "A term scoped to a southern Indian caste label broadens to a person rejected or shunned socially.", "added": [ "social outcast" ], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [ "pariah-evidence" ] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "pariah-evidence", "text": "pariah: Portuguese mediation and direct Tamil borrowing remain visible alternatives; the later social-outcast sense is authored as a separate English development.", "sourceId": "batch09-pariah-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch09-pariah-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Portuguese mediation and direct Tamil borrowing remain visible alternatives; the later social-outcast sense is authored as a separate English development." }, "inference": "Use the inspected passage only for the stated pariah route, sense and scope; preserve all alternatives and unknowns described above." } ], "limitations": "The source presents direct Tamil and Portuguese-mediated accounts. The journey does not reproduce caste history as a lexical route or generalize the original social label beyond the sourced senses.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "pariah-caste", "label": "The historical caste label", "definition": "A historical English use for a member of a low caste or outcaste in southern India.", "stageId": "pariah-english-caste", "claimIds": [ "pariah-evidence" ] }, { "id": "pariah-outcast", "label": "The social outcast", "definition": "A person rejected or shunned by a social group.", "stageId": "pariah-english-outcast", "claimIds": [ "pariah-evidence" ] } ], "defaultSense": "pariah-caste" }, { "id": "sherpa", "word": "sherpa", "language": "English", "sense": "A Sherpa person", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 3", "aliases": [ "Sherpa", "sherpa" ], "summary": "Sherpa first names a Himalayan people and community. English later extends the ethnonym to mountain-guiding work and, by a “summit” pun, to an official who guides preparations for high-level meetings; those uses do not redefine the people.", "intro": "English borrowed Sherpa as the name of a Tibetan Himalayan people, recorded in 1847. Because Sherpa workers became strongly associated with Himalayan expeditions, lower-case sherpa developed an occupational guide or porter use. A later political metaphor calls a summit-preparation official a sherpa. The people and community remain the primary referent.", "claimIds": [ "sherpa-evidence", "batch02-sherpa-root-research", "batch02-sherpa-english-research", "batch02-sherpa-geography", "batch02-sherpa-editorial-scope", "sherpa-community-context", "sherpa-english-extensions" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "sherpa-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "sherpa-tibetan", "sherpa-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "sherpa-tibetan", "etymologyId": "bo-sherpa-tibetan", "form": "Sherpa", "language": "Tibetan", "languageCode": "bo", "transliteration": "Sherpa", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "sherpa-evidence", "batch02-sherpa-root-research" ], "sense": "a Tibetan Himalayan people", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "sherpa-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Nepal–Tibet Himalayan corridor", "qualifier": "A supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region; not a precise lexical birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ 86.7, 27.7 ], "claimIds": [ "batch02-sherpa-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "sherpa-evidence", "batch02-sherpa-root-research", "batch02-sherpa-geography", "batch02-sherpa-editorial-scope" ], "explanation": "Sherpa is first the community name, from a Tibetan expression glossed as “dweller in an eastern country.” The undated source-stage form represents the ethnonym, not mountaineering work.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "SHAR-pa", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Conventional dictionary or language-entry reading; no historical sound reconstruction is asserted.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-sherpa-root-research" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "sherpa-evidence" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-sherpa-root-research", "batch02-sherpa-editorial-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-sherpa-root-research", "batch02-sherpa-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-sherpa-root-research" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-sherpa-root-research" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-sherpa-root-research" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed source-stage form. The map and reading are retained without manufacturing chronology.", "claimIds": [ "sherpa-evidence" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-sherpa-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-sherpa-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-sherpa-root-research", "batch02-sherpa-editorial-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "sherpa-evidence", "batch02-sherpa-root-research", "batch02-sherpa-geography", "batch02-sherpa-editorial-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "sherpa-evidence" ] } } }, { "id": "sherpa-english", "etymologyId": "en-sherpa-english", "form": "sherpa", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "sherpa", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "sherpa-evidence", "batch02-sherpa-english-research" ], "sense": "a member of the Sherpa people", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1847, "end": 1847, "approximate": false, "label": "1847 · English ethnonym record", "note": "The source dates the English record to 1847.", "claimIds": [ "sherpa-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Nepal–Tibet Himalayan corridor", "qualifier": "A supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region; not a precise lexical birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ 86.7, 27.7 ], "claimIds": [ "batch02-sherpa-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "sherpa-evidence", "batch02-sherpa-english-research", "batch02-sherpa-geography", "batch02-sherpa-editorial-scope", "sherpa-community-context", "sherpa-english-extensions" ], "explanation": "English records the ethnonym in 1847. Occupational use for expedition guides or porters and the later political-summit metaphor are English extensions; neither replaces the name of the people.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "SHER-puh", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Modern dictionary reading for the English headword; it is not retrojected as a historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-sherpa-english-research" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "sherpa-evidence" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-sherpa-english-research", "batch02-sherpa-editorial-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-sherpa-english-research", "batch02-sherpa-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-sherpa-english-research" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-sherpa-english-research" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-sherpa-english-research" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "sherpa-evidence", "batch02-sherpa-english-research" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-sherpa-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-sherpa-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-sherpa-english-research", "batch02-sherpa-editorial-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "sherpa-evidence", "batch02-sherpa-english-research", "batch02-sherpa-geography", "batch02-sherpa-editorial-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "sherpa-link-tibetan-english", "from": "sherpa-tibetan", "to": "sherpa-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English borrows the Tibetan Himalayan ethnonym Sherpa. The documented borrowing names the people; the guide, porter, and political-summit uses arise later within English.", "claimIds": [ "sherpa-evidence", "sherpa-community-context", "sherpa-english-extensions" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The ethnonym is retained as the primary sense. Occupational guide or porter use develops by association, and the political-summit official is a later metaphorical extension.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [], "context": { "stageId": "sherpa-english", "label": "Community name before occupational stereotype", "summary": [ "First: a people and community", "Then: expedition-work association", "Later: political-summit metaphor" ], "explanation": "The ordering matters because Sherpa identity is broader than mountaineering work. English semantic extensions explain familiar lower-case uses, but they do not reduce a people to a profession.", "claimIds": [ "sherpa-community-context", "sherpa-english-extensions" ] } } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "sherpa-evidence", "text": "sherpa: The source supports the ethnonym and literal gloss; later English guide and business uses are not silently added as origin stages.", "sourceId": "batch09-sherpa-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch09-sherpa-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The source supports the ethnonym and literal gloss; later English guide and business uses are not silently added as origin stages." }, "inference": "Use the inspected passage only for the stated sherpa route, sense and scope; preserve all alternatives and unknowns described above." }, { "id": "batch02-sherpa-root-research", "text": "sherpa: The source-language form and conventional reading are retained at the inspected dictionary scope.", "sourceId": "batch02-sherpa-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "passageIds": [ "batch02-sherpa-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The form and reading are supported at dictionary scope; the map is a language or community reference rather than a birthplace claim." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the inspected source for the displayed form and reading while preserving the limit on origin precision." }, { "id": "batch02-sherpa-english-research", "text": "sherpa: The English headword's conventional reading and selected sense are supported by the inspected dictionary entry.", "sourceId": "batch02-sherpa-english-dictionary", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "passageIds": [ "batch02-sherpa-english-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The dictionary supports the English reading and sense; lexical dating remains tied to the journey's date evidence." }, "inference": "Lexography keeps English reading and lexical chronology separate from the history of the referenced object, practice, institution or person." }, { "id": "batch02-sherpa-geography", "text": "sherpa: Nepal–Tibet Himalayan corridor is retained as a supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region, not as a precise word birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch02-sherpa-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and language/reference scope", "passageIds": [ "batch02-sherpa-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The coordinate is an informative reference region at the strongest defensible level available for this bounded journey." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a qualified language or community reference and does not convert it into a precise origin claim." }, { "id": "batch02-sherpa-editorial-scope", "text": "sherpa: The retained route, sense boundaries and unresolved alternatives follow the existing inspected source account and the Batch 02 editorial risk note.", "sourceId": "batch09-sherpa-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch09-sherpa-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Existing route evidence is preserved; cultural, object, institutional and biography history is not silently promoted to lexical ancestry." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the existing journey without adding an unsupported donor, route, date or semantic change." }, { "id": "sherpa-community-context", "text": "A Sherpa community institution identifies Sherpa language, culture, religion, traditions, and identity as distinct subjects of preservation and development.", "sourceId": "v2-sherpa-united-association", "locator": "Our Mission and Specific Purposes", "passageIds": [ "community-identity" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The community source establishes identity-sensitive context; it is not used to date the ethnonym or borrowing." }, "inference": "Lexography therefore leads with the people and community, preventing occupational and figurative English senses from eclipsing the ethnonym." }, { "id": "sherpa-english-extensions", "text": "English extends Sherpa from the ethnonym to expedition guiding or carrying and later to a summit-preparation official, the latter through a twentieth-century pun on “summit.”", "sourceId": "v2-sherpa-collins", "locator": "American and British English definitions; Word origin", "passageIds": [ "english-extensions" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "These are later English extensions from an occupational association; they do not define the Sherpa people as an occupation." }, "inference": "The occupational and political uses are represented as semantic extensions inside English, not as additional source-language stages or as the primary meaning of the ethnonym." } ], "limitations": "The source-stage date remains unresolved, and the Himalayan map point is a community/language corridor rather than a birthplace. Occupational and political extensions are supported as English uses but are not assigned separate stages or unattested first-use dates.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "sherpa-person", "label": "A Sherpa person", "definition": "A member of the Sherpa people, a Himalayan community with its own language, culture, religion, traditions, and identity. This ethnonym is the source of the later English extensions, not merely a job title.", "stageId": "sherpa-english", "claimIds": [ "sherpa-evidence" ] }, { "id": "sherpa-mountain-guide", "label": "A mountain-guide use", "definition": "In lower-case English, sherpa can refer to a mountain guide or expedition porter. This occupational extension grew from an association with some Sherpa workers; it must not be read as the definition of every Sherpa person.", "stageId": "sherpa-english", "claimIds": [ "sherpa-english-extensions" ] }, { "id": "sherpa-figurative-guide", "label": "A summit official", "definition": "English later uses sherpa for an official who prepares or assists a leader at a political summit. The metaphor extends the idea of guiding and plays on “summit”; it is a later English reuse, not an ethnographic description.", "stageId": "sherpa-english", "claimIds": [ "sherpa-english-extensions" ] } ], "defaultSense": "sherpa-person", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Corpus One — Encyclopedic Enrichment Standard", "standardVersion": "2.0", "completedAt": "2026-09-21" } }, { "id": "origami", "word": "origami", "language": "English", "sense": "The paper-folding art", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 3", "aliases": [ "折り紙", "origami" ], "summary": "Origami is Japanese fold-paper vocabulary that entered English with the craft name.", "intro": "Follow origami through the inspected source tradition into English. The journey keeps dates, senses and unresolved routes within the source-supported scope.", "claimIds": [ "origami-evidence" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-19", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "origami-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "origami-japanese", "origami-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "origami-japanese", "etymologyId": "ja-origami-japanese", "form": "折り紙", "language": "Japanese", "languageCode": "ja", "transliteration": "origami", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "origami-evidence" ], "sense": "folded paper or paper folding", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "origami-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "origami-evidence" ], "explanation": "Japanese origami is analyzed by the source as ori fold plus kami paper.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Japanese", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage; transliteration is not presented as a pronunciation guide.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "origami-evidence" ] } }, { "id": "origami-english", "etymologyId": "en-origami-english", "form": "origami", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "origami", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "origami-evidence" ], "sense": "the art of paper folding", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1956, "end": 1956, "approximate": false, "label": "1956 · English craft term", "note": "The source dates the English record to 1956.", "claimIds": [ "origami-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "origami-evidence" ], "explanation": "English origami names the Japanese art of folding paper into designs.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage; transliteration is not presented as a pronunciation guide.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "origami-evidence" ] } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "origami-link-japanese-english", "from": "origami-japanese", "to": "origami-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected source passage.", "claimIds": [ "origami-evidence" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected lexical passage establishes the relationship or form history but does not date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "origami-evidence", "text": "origami: The Japanese compound is shown as internal word formation; English borrowing is kept separate from the craft's cultural history.", "sourceId": "batch09-origami-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch09-origami-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The Japanese compound is shown as internal word formation; English borrowing is kept separate from the craft's cultural history." }, "inference": "Use the inspected passage only for the stated origami route, sense and scope; preserve all alternatives and unknowns described above." } ], "limitations": "The journey represents the word and its Japanese compound analysis, not a history of paper folding or every Japanese terminology distinction.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "origami-art", "label": "The paper-folding art", "definition": "The art or practice of folding paper into decorative or representational forms.", "stageId": "origami-english", "claimIds": [ "origami-evidence" ] } ], "defaultSense": "origami-art" }, { "id": "samurai", "word": "samurai", "language": "English", "sense": "The samurai warrior", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 3", "aliases": [ "samurai" ], "summary": "Samurai is a Japanese service-and-attendance word that became an English name for a warrior class.", "intro": "Follow samurai through the inspected source tradition into English. The journey keeps dates, senses and unresolved routes within the source-supported scope.", "claimIds": [ "samurai-evidence" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-19", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "samurai-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "samurai-japanese", "samurai-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "samurai-japanese", "etymologyId": "ja-samurai-japanese", "form": "samurai", "language": "Japanese", "languageCode": "ja", "transliteration": "samurai", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "samurai-evidence" ], "sense": "warrior or knight", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "samurai-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "samurai-evidence" ], "explanation": "Japanese samurai is the warrior or knight term identified by the source, related to a verb meaning serve or attend.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage; transliteration is not presented as a pronunciation guide.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "samurai-evidence" ] } }, { "id": "samurai-english", "etymologyId": "en-samurai-english", "form": "samurai", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "samurai", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "samurai-evidence" ], "sense": "a member of the Japanese military class", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1727, "end": 1727, "approximate": false, "label": "1727 · English military-class record", "note": "The source dates the English record to 1727.", "claimIds": [ "samurai-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "samurai-evidence" ], "explanation": "English samurai names a member of the Japanese feudal military class.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage; transliteration is not presented as a pronunciation guide.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "samurai-evidence" ] } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "samurai-link-japanese-english", "from": "samurai-japanese", "to": "samurai-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected source passage.", "claimIds": [ "samurai-evidence" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected lexical passage establishes the relationship or form history but does not date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "samurai-evidence", "text": "samurai: The Japanese internal derivation is kept visible without turning institutional history into extra lexical ancestry.", "sourceId": "batch09-samurai-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch09-samurai-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The Japanese internal derivation is kept visible without turning institutional history into extra lexical ancestry." }, "inference": "Use the inspected passage only for the stated samurai route, sense and scope; preserve all alternatives and unknowns described above." } ], "limitations": "The journey scopes samurai to the sourced title and warrior sense. It does not claim that all Japanese military institutions share this lexical history.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "samurai-warrior", "label": "The samurai warrior", "definition": "A member of the historical Japanese warrior class.", "stageId": "samurai-english", "claimIds": [ "samurai-evidence" ] } ], "defaultSense": "samurai-warrior" }, { "id": "kowtow", "word": "kowtow", "language": "English", "sense": "The kneeling gesture", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 3", "aliases": [ "k'o-t'ou", "kowtow" ], "summary": "Kowtow moves from a Chinese kneeling gesture to an English verb for obsequious submission.", "intro": "Follow kowtow through the inspected source tradition into English. The journey keeps dates, senses and unresolved routes within the source-supported scope.", "claimIds": [ "kowtow-evidence" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-19", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "kowtow-english-verb", "narrativeOrder": [ "kowtow-chinese", "kowtow-english-noun", "kowtow-english-verb" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "kowtow-chinese", "etymologyId": "zh-kowtow-chinese", "form": "k'o-t'ou", "language": "Chinese", "languageCode": "zh", "transliteration": "k'o-t'ou", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "kowtow-evidence" ], "sense": "knock the head; a kneeling gesture", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "kowtow-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "kowtow-evidence" ], "explanation": "The source gives Chinese k'o-t'ou as the gesture of touching the forehead to the ground while kneeling.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage; transliteration is not presented as a pronunciation guide.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "verb", "claimIds": [ "kowtow-evidence" ] } }, { "id": "kowtow-english-noun", "etymologyId": "en-kowtow-english-noun", "form": "kowtow", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "kowtow", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "kowtow-evidence" ], "sense": "the kneeling gesture", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1804, "end": 1804, "approximate": false, "label": "1804 · English noun", "note": "The source dates the noun to 1804.", "claimIds": [ "kowtow-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "kowtow-evidence" ], "explanation": "The English noun names the Chinese gesture in the sourced literal sense.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage; transliteration is not presented as a pronunciation guide.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "verb", "claimIds": [ "kowtow-evidence" ] } }, { "id": "kowtow-english-verb", "etymologyId": "en-kowtow-english-verb", "form": "kowtow", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "kowtow", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "kowtow-evidence" ], "sense": "to act obsequiously", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1826, "end": 1826, "approximate": false, "label": "1826 · figurative verb", "note": "The source dates the figurative verb to 1826.", "claimIds": [ "kowtow-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "kowtow-evidence" ], "explanation": "English later uses kowtow figuratively for acting in an obsequious or submissive manner.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage; transliteration is not presented as a pronunciation guide.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "verb", "claimIds": [ "kowtow-evidence" ] } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "kowtow-link-chinese-english-noun", "from": "kowtow-chinese", "to": "kowtow-english-noun", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected source passage.", "claimIds": [ "kowtow-evidence" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected lexical passage establishes the relationship or form history but does not date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "kowtow-link-english-noun-english-verb", "from": "kowtow-english-noun", "to": "kowtow-english-verb", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected source passage.", "claimIds": [ "kowtow-evidence" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "The literal kneeling gesture develops into a figurative verb for submissive conduct.", "added": [ "obsequious conduct" ], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [ "kowtow-evidence" ] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "kowtow-evidence", "text": "kowtow: The Chinese compound and the literal-to-figurative English development are separated; romanization is retained as the inspected source's form.", "sourceId": "batch09-kowtow-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch09-kowtow-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Chinese compound and the literal-to-figurative English development are separated; romanization is retained as the inspected source's form." }, "inference": "Use the inspected passage only for the stated kowtow route, sense and scope; preserve all alternatives and unknowns described above." } ], "limitations": "The source supplies a romanized Chinese form rather than an independently inspected native-script spelling. English literal and figurative uses are kept as separate senses.", "partOfSpeech": "verb", "senses": [ { "id": "kowtow-gesture", "label": "The kneeling gesture", "definition": "A gesture of respect or submission made by kneeling and touching the forehead to the ground.", "stageId": "kowtow-english-noun", "claimIds": [ "kowtow-evidence" ] }, { "id": "kowtow-verb", "label": "To kowtow", "definition": "To behave in an obsequiously submissive manner.", "stageId": "kowtow-english-verb", "claimIds": [ "kowtow-evidence" ] } ], "defaultSense": "kowtow-gesture" }, { "id": "sputnik", "word": "sputnik", "language": "English", "sense": "The artificial satellite", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 3", "aliases": [ "спутник", "sputnik" ], "summary": "Sputnik is Russian travelling-companion vocabulary that became the English name for an artificial satellite.", "intro": "Follow sputnik through the inspected source tradition into English. The journey keeps dates, senses and unresolved routes within the source-supported scope.", "claimIds": [ "sputnik-evidence" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-19", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "sputnik-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "sputnik-russian", "sputnik-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "sputnik-russian", "etymologyId": "ru-sputnik-russian", "form": "спутник", "language": "Russian", "languageCode": "ru", "transliteration": "sputnik", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "sputnik-evidence" ], "sense": "a travelling companion or satellite", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "sputnik-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "sputnik-evidence" ], "explanation": "Russian sputnik means travelling companion and is used for a satellite in the source account.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Cyrillic", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage; transliteration is not presented as a pronunciation guide.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "sputnik-evidence" ] } }, { "id": "sputnik-english", "etymologyId": "en-sputnik-english", "form": "sputnik", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "sputnik", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "sputnik-evidence" ], "sense": "an artificial satellite", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1957, "end": 1957, "approximate": false, "label": "1957 · artificial-satellite sense", "note": "The source ties the English extension to the October 1957 launch.", "claimIds": [ "sputnik-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "sputnik-evidence" ], "explanation": "English sputnik extends the Soviet launch name to the artificial-satellite sense.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage; transliteration is not presented as a pronunciation guide.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "sputnik-evidence" ] } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "sputnik-link-russian-english", "from": "sputnik-russian", "to": "sputnik-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected source passage.", "claimIds": [ "sputnik-evidence" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected lexical passage establishes the relationship or form history but does not date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "sputnik-evidence", "text": "sputnik: The Russian compound and the English proper-name-to-common-noun extension are kept distinct from later playful -nik formations.", "sourceId": "batch09-sputnik-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch09-sputnik-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The Russian compound and the English proper-name-to-common-noun extension are kept distinct from later playful -nik formations." }, "inference": "Use the inspected passage only for the stated sputnik route, sense and scope; preserve all alternatives and unknowns described above." } ], "limitations": "The journey stops at the sourced Russian compound and 1957 English extension. Later formations such as muttnik and kaputnik are context, not ancestors.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "sputnik-satellite", "label": "The artificial satellite", "definition": "An artificial satellite, especially one associated with the Soviet Sputnik launch program.", "stageId": "sputnik-english", "claimIds": [ "sputnik-evidence" ] } ], "defaultSense": "sputnik-satellite" }, { "id": "samovar", "word": "samovar", "language": "English", "sense": "The tea urn", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 3", "aliases": [ "самовар", "samovar" ], "summary": "Samovar is borrowed from Russian самовар, conventionally analyzed internally from elements meaning self and boil; Turkic forms are treated as loans from Russian in the specialist account.", "intro": "The English borrowing and the Russian compound analysis are represented without reversing the specialist account's direction of transmission.", "claimIds": [ "samovar-evidence", "samovar-vasmer-analysis" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-19", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "samovar-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "samovar-russian", "samovar-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "samovar-russian", "etymologyId": "ru-samovar-russian", "form": "самовар", "language": "Russian", "languageCode": "ru", "transliteration": "samovar", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "samovar-russian-transliteration" ], "sense": "a self-boiler or tea urn", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "samovar-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Russian reference region", "coordinates": [ 105.3, 61.5 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "samovar-russian-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "samovar-evidence", "samovar-vasmer-analysis", "samovar-russian-region", "samovar-russian-reading", "samovar-russian-transliteration" ], "explanation": "Russian samovar names the copper urn used to keep water boiling for tea; the internal self-boiler analysis is reported but contested.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Cyrillic", "pronunciation": { "guide": "sə-mə-VAR", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "samovar-russian-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "samovar-evidence" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "samovar-evidence" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "samovar-evidence" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "samovar-evidence" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "samovar-russian-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "samovar-russian-transliteration" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "samovar-evidence" ], "label": "No secure word-specific lexical date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for самовар (Russian) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "samovar-russian-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "samovar-russian-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "samovar-evidence" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "samovar-evidence", "samovar-vasmer-analysis", "samovar-russian-region", "samovar-russian-reading", "samovar-russian-transliteration" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "samovar-evidence" ] } } }, { "id": "samovar-english", "etymologyId": "en-samovar-english", "form": "samovar", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "samovar", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "samovar-evidence" ], "sense": "a Russian tea urn", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1830, "end": 1830, "approximate": false, "label": "1830 · English tea-urn record", "note": "The source dates the English record to 1830.", "claimIds": [ "samovar-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "samovar-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "samovar-evidence", "samovar-english-region", "samovar-english-reading" ], "explanation": "English samovar names the Russian and neighbouring-region tea urn.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "SAM-ə-var", "ipa": "/ˈsæməvɑːr/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "samovar-english-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "samovar-evidence" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "samovar-evidence" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "samovar-evidence" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "samovar-evidence" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "samovar-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "samovar-evidence" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "samovar-english-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "samovar-english-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "samovar-evidence" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "samovar-evidence", "samovar-english-region", "samovar-english-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "samovar-link-russian-english", "from": "samovar-russian", "to": "samovar-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English samovar is a documented borrowing from Russian самовар.", "claimIds": [ "samovar-evidence" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected lexical passage establishes the relationship or form history but does not date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "samovar-evidence", "text": "samovar: The entry gives the familiar Russian self-boiler analysis but explicitly raises Tatar sanabar as a possible source; this is a material unresolved origin question.", "sourceId": "batch09-samovar-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch09-samovar-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "The entry gives the familiar Russian self-boiler analysis but explicitly raises Tatar sanabar as a possible source; this is a material unresolved origin question." }, "inference": "Use the inspected passage only for the stated samovar route, sense and scope; preserve all alternatives and unknowns described above." }, { "id": "samovar-vasmer-analysis", "text": "Vasmer analyzes Russian самовар internally from сам and варить and treats the cited Turkish and Tatar forms as borrowings from Russian rather than donors.", "sourceId": "c200-vasmer-samovar", "locator": "Entry: самовар", "passageIds": [ "c200-vasmer-samovar-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This is the inspected specialist etymological judgment; morphological dates are not inferred." }, "inference": "The prior unresolved Tatar-donor framing is removed from the canonical account." }, { "id": "samovar-russian-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for Russian.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable reference row for Russian", "passageIds": [ "batch05-russian-reference" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "samovar-russian-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for самовар.", "sourceId": "batch09-samovar-etymonline", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for самовар", "passageIds": [ "batch05-samovar-russian-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "samovar-russian-transliteration", "text": "The inspected entry supports the conventional transliteration samovar for самовар.", "sourceId": "batch09-samovar-etymonline", "locator": "Batch 05 transliteration inspection for самовар", "passageIds": [ "batch05-samovar-russian-transliteration" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "samovar-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for English / Britain.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "samovar-english-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for samovar.", "sourceId": "batch09-samovar-etymonline", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for samovar", "passageIds": [ "batch05-samovar-english-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." } ], "limitations": "The specialist source favors an internal Russian analysis and reverses the proposed Turkic direction. The graph does not add separate morpheme nodes or infer unattested dates.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "samovar-urn", "label": "The tea urn", "definition": "A metal urn used to keep water hot for preparing tea, especially in Russia and nearby regions.", "stageId": "samovar-english", "claimIds": [ "samovar-evidence" ] } ], "defaultSense": "samovar-urn", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Lexography enrichment completeness", "standardVersion": "1.0", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "tundra", "word": "tundra", "language": "English", "sense": "The tundra landscape", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 3", "aliases": [ "tundar", "тундра", "tundra" ], "summary": "Tundra is a northern landscape term that passes from a Sámi source through Russian into English.", "intro": "Follow tundra through the inspected source tradition into English. The journey keeps dates, senses and unresolved routes within the source-supported scope.", "claimIds": [ "tundra-evidence" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-19", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "tundra-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "tundra-sami", "tundra-russian", "tundra-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "tundra-sami", "etymologyId": "smi-tundra-sami", "form": "tundar", "language": "Sámi (source says Lappish)", "languageCode": "smi", "transliteration": "tundar", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "tundra-evidence" ], "sense": "a northern upland or marshy plain", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "tundra-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "tundra-evidence" ], "explanation": "The source gives Lappish tundar as the deeper form and reports more than one landscape gloss.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage; transliteration is not presented as a pronunciation guide.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "tundra-evidence" ] } }, { "id": "tundra-russian", "etymologyId": "ru-tundra-russian", "form": "тундра", "language": "Russian", "languageCode": "ru", "transliteration": "tundra", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "tundra-evidence" ], "sense": "Arctic steppe", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "tundra-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "tundra-evidence" ], "explanation": "Russian tundra is the intermediary form named in the inspected account.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Cyrillic", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage; transliteration is not presented as a pronunciation guide.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "tundra-evidence" ] } }, { "id": "tundra-english", "etymologyId": "en-tundra-english", "form": "tundra", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "tundra", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "tundra-evidence" ], "sense": "a nearly treeless Arctic region", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1841, "end": 1841, "approximate": false, "label": "1841 · English landscape term", "note": "The source dates the English record to 1841.", "claimIds": [ "tundra-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "tundra-evidence" ], "explanation": "English tundra names a nearly treeless Arctic steppe or region.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage; transliteration is not presented as a pronunciation guide.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "tundra-evidence" ] } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "tundra-link-sami-russian", "from": "tundra-sami", "to": "tundra-russian", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The source reports the Russian form from a Lappish/Sámi source with competing glosses.", "claimIds": [ "tundra-evidence" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected lexical passage establishes the relationship or form history but does not date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "tundra-link-russian-english", "from": "tundra-russian", "to": "tundra-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected source passage.", "claimIds": [ "tundra-evidence" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected lexical passage establishes the relationship or form history but does not date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "tundra-evidence", "text": "tundra: The Russian-to-Sámi route is retained, but the source's competing glosses and older label Lappish are made visible rather than normalized into certainty.", "sourceId": "batch09-tundra-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch09-tundra-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Russian-to-Sámi route is retained, but the source's competing glosses and older label Lappish are made visible rather than normalized into certainty." }, "inference": "Use the inspected passage only for the stated tundra route, sense and scope; preserve all alternatives and unknowns described above." } ], "limitations": "The source uses Lappish, an older label, and gives competing glosses for tundar. The journey preserves that qualification and does not infer a modern standard language identity.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "tundra-landscape", "label": "The tundra landscape", "definition": "A nearly treeless Arctic or subarctic region, often with permanently frozen ground.", "stageId": "tundra-english", "claimIds": [ "tundra-evidence" ] } ], "defaultSense": "tundra-landscape" }, { "id": "mukluk", "word": "mukluk", "language": "English", "sense": "The soft Arctic boot", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 3", "aliases": [ "maklak", "mukluk" ], "summary": "Mukluk transfers a Yupik word associated with bearded seal into an English name for a soft Arctic boot.", "intro": "Meaning uses specific Yupik evidence while separating the source word, English boot sense and object history.", "claimIds": [ "mukluk-evidence", "batch02-mukluk-root-research", "batch02-mukluk-english-research", "batch02-mukluk-geography", "batch02-mukluk-editorial-scope" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "mukluk-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "mukluk-yupik", "mukluk-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "mukluk-yupik", "etymologyId": "esu-mukluk-yupik", "form": "maklak", "language": "Central Siberian Yupik", "languageCode": "esu", "transliteration": "maklak", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "mukluk-evidence", "batch02-mukluk-root-research" ], "sense": "bearded seal", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "mukluk-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Yupik Arctic / Alaska reference region", "qualifier": "A supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region; not a precise lexical birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -165, 64 ], "claimIds": [ "batch02-mukluk-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "mukluk-evidence", "batch02-mukluk-root-research", "batch02-mukluk-geography", "batch02-mukluk-editorial-scope" ], "explanation": "Yupik maklak is the source form and means bearded seal in the inspected dictionary account.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "MAK-lak", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Conventional dictionary or language-entry reading; no historical sound reconstruction is asserted.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-mukluk-root-research" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "mukluk-evidence" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-mukluk-root-research", "batch02-mukluk-editorial-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-mukluk-root-research", "batch02-mukluk-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-mukluk-root-research" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-mukluk-root-research" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-mukluk-root-research" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed source-stage form. The map and reading are retained without manufacturing chronology.", "claimIds": [ "mukluk-evidence" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-mukluk-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-mukluk-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-mukluk-root-research", "batch02-mukluk-editorial-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mukluk-evidence", "batch02-mukluk-root-research", "batch02-mukluk-geography", "batch02-mukluk-editorial-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mukluk-evidence" ] } } }, { "id": "mukluk-english", "etymologyId": "en-mukluk-english", "form": "mukluk", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "mukluk", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "mukluk-evidence", "batch02-mukluk-english-research" ], "sense": "a soft winter boot", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "start": 1865, "end": 1870, "approximate": true, "basis": "textual-period", "label": "c. 1865–1870 · English mukluk", "note": "The source gives a mid-nineteenth-century origin period, not an exact first use.", "claimIds": [ "mukluk-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Yupik Arctic / Alaska reference region", "qualifier": "A supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region; not a precise lexical birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -165, 64 ], "claimIds": [ "batch02-mukluk-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "mukluk-evidence", "batch02-mukluk-english-research", "batch02-mukluk-geography", "batch02-mukluk-editorial-scope" ], "explanation": "English mukluk names a high soft winter boot traditionally made from seal skin.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "MUK-luk", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Modern dictionary reading for the English headword; it is not retrojected as a historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-mukluk-english-research" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "mukluk-evidence" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-mukluk-english-research", "batch02-mukluk-editorial-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-mukluk-english-research", "batch02-mukluk-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-mukluk-english-research" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-mukluk-english-research" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-mukluk-english-research" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed source-stage form. The map and reading are retained without manufacturing chronology.", "claimIds": [ "mukluk-evidence" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mukluk-evidence" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-mukluk-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-mukluk-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-mukluk-english-research", "batch02-mukluk-editorial-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mukluk-evidence", "batch02-mukluk-english-research", "batch02-mukluk-geography", "batch02-mukluk-editorial-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "mukluk-link-yupik-english", "from": "mukluk-yupik", "to": "mukluk-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The source supports the Yupik form but does not document a complete intermediary transmission route.", "claimIds": [ "mukluk-evidence" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected lexical passage establishes the relationship or form history but does not date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "mukluk-evidence", "text": "mukluk: The source supports a Yupik animal term and a transferred English footwear sense; the exact English borrowing channel is not invented.", "sourceId": "batch09-mukluk-oxford", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch09-mukluk-oxford-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports a Yupik animal term and a transferred English footwear sense; the exact English borrowing channel is not invented." }, "inference": "Use the inspected passage only for the stated mukluk route, sense and scope; preserve all alternatives and unknowns described above." }, { "id": "batch02-mukluk-root-research", "text": "mukluk: The source-language form and conventional reading are retained at the inspected dictionary scope.", "sourceId": "batch02-mukluk-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "passageIds": [ "batch02-mukluk-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The form and reading are supported at dictionary scope; the map is a language or community reference rather than a birthplace claim." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the inspected source for the displayed form and reading while preserving the limit on origin precision." }, { "id": "batch02-mukluk-english-research", "text": "mukluk: The English headword's conventional reading and selected sense are supported by the inspected dictionary entry.", "sourceId": "batch02-mukluk-english-dictionary", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "passageIds": [ "batch02-mukluk-english-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The dictionary supports the English reading and sense; lexical dating remains tied to the journey's date evidence." }, "inference": "Lexography keeps English reading and lexical chronology separate from the history of the referenced object, practice, institution or person." }, { "id": "batch02-mukluk-geography", "text": "mukluk: Yupik Arctic / Alaska reference region is retained as a supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region, not as a precise word birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch02-mukluk-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and language/reference scope", "passageIds": [ "batch02-mukluk-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The coordinate is an informative reference region at the strongest defensible level available for this bounded journey." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a qualified language or community reference and does not convert it into a precise origin claim." }, { "id": "batch02-mukluk-editorial-scope", "text": "mukluk: The retained route, sense boundaries and unresolved alternatives follow the existing inspected source account and the Batch 02 editorial risk note.", "sourceId": "batch09-mukluk-oxford", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch09-mukluk-oxford-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Existing route evidence is preserved; cultural, object, institutional and biography history is not silently promoted to lexical ancestry." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the existing journey without adding an unsupported donor, route, date or semantic change." } ], "limitations": "The Arctic coordinate is a Yupik language/community reference, not a precise donor village; boot construction and trade are contextual.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "mukluk-boot", "label": "The soft Arctic boot", "definition": "A high soft winter boot traditionally made from seal skin or similar materials.", "stageId": "mukluk-english", "claimIds": [ "mukluk-evidence" ] } ], "defaultSense": "mukluk-boot", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 02", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "boycott", "word": "boycott", "language": "English", "sense": "The boycott action", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 3", "aliases": [ "Boycott", "boycott" ], "summary": "Boycott turns an Irish land agent's surname into a verb for organized refusal.", "intro": "Meaning keeps the surname, the 1880 English noun/verb, and the wider Land League campaign distinct.", "claimIds": [ "boycott-evidence", "batch02-boycott-root-research", "batch02-boycott-english-research", "batch02-boycott-geography", "batch02-boycott-editorial-scope" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "boycott-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "boycott-surname", "boycott-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "boycott-surname", "etymologyId": "en-boycott-surname", "form": "Boycott", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "Boycott", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "boycott-evidence", "batch02-boycott-root-research" ], "sense": "the surname of Charles Boycott", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "boycott-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "County Mayo / British Isles", "qualifier": "A supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region; not a precise lexical birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -9.3, 53.9 ], "claimIds": [ "batch02-boycott-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "boycott-evidence", "batch02-boycott-root-research", "batch02-boycott-geography", "batch02-boycott-editorial-scope" ], "explanation": "The source identifies Charles Boycott, an English family name, as the person whose treatment supplied the word's context.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "BOY-kot", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Conventional dictionary or language-entry reading; no historical sound reconstruction is asserted.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-boycott-root-research" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "verb", "claimIds": [ "boycott-evidence" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-boycott-root-research", "batch02-boycott-editorial-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-boycott-root-research", "batch02-boycott-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-boycott-root-research" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-boycott-root-research" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-boycott-root-research" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed source-stage form. The map and reading are retained without manufacturing chronology.", "claimIds": [ "boycott-evidence" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-boycott-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-boycott-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-boycott-root-research", "batch02-boycott-editorial-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "boycott-evidence", "batch02-boycott-root-research", "batch02-boycott-geography", "batch02-boycott-editorial-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "boycott-evidence" ] } } }, { "id": "boycott-english", "etymologyId": "en-boycott-english", "form": "boycott", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "boycott", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "boycott-evidence", "batch02-boycott-english-research" ], "sense": "to refuse dealings as organized punishment", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1880, "end": 1880, "approximate": false, "label": "1880 · noun and verb", "note": "The source dates both noun and verb to 1880.", "claimIds": [ "boycott-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "County Mayo / British Isles", "qualifier": "A supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region; not a precise lexical birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -9.3, 53.9 ], "claimIds": [ "batch02-boycott-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "boycott-evidence", "batch02-boycott-english-research", "batch02-boycott-geography", "batch02-boycott-editorial-scope" ], "explanation": "English boycott means to combine in refusing dealings and to discourage others from doing so.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "BOY-kot", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Modern dictionary reading for the English headword; it is not retrojected as a historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-boycott-english-research" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "verb", "claimIds": [ "boycott-evidence" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-boycott-english-research", "batch02-boycott-editorial-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-boycott-english-research", "batch02-boycott-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-boycott-english-research" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-boycott-english-research" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-boycott-english-research" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "boycott-evidence", "batch02-boycott-english-research" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-boycott-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-boycott-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-boycott-english-research", "batch02-boycott-editorial-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "boycott-evidence", "batch02-boycott-english-research", "batch02-boycott-geography", "batch02-boycott-editorial-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "boycott-link-surname-english", "from": "boycott-surname", "to": "boycott-english", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The common noun and verb are formed from the surname through a named social action.", "claimIds": [ "boycott-evidence" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected lexical passage establishes the relationship or form history but does not date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "boycott-evidence", "text": "boycott: The personal name, social action and rapid verb/noun formation are kept separate from the landlord's biography.", "sourceId": "batch09-boycott-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch09-boycott-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The personal name, social action and rapid verb/noun formation are kept separate from the landlord's biography." }, "inference": "Use the inspected passage only for the stated boycott route, sense and scope; preserve all alternatives and unknowns described above." }, { "id": "batch02-boycott-root-research", "text": "boycott: The source-language form and conventional reading are retained at the inspected dictionary scope.", "sourceId": "batch02-boycott-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "passageIds": [ "batch02-boycott-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The form and reading are supported at dictionary scope; the map is a language or community reference rather than a birthplace claim." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the inspected source for the displayed form and reading while preserving the limit on origin precision." }, { "id": "batch02-boycott-english-research", "text": "boycott: The English headword's conventional reading and selected sense are supported by the inspected dictionary entry.", "sourceId": "batch02-boycott-english-dictionary", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "passageIds": [ "batch02-boycott-english-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The dictionary supports the English reading and sense; lexical dating remains tied to the journey's date evidence." }, "inference": "Lexography keeps English reading and lexical chronology separate from the history of the referenced object, practice, institution or person." }, { "id": "batch02-boycott-geography", "text": "boycott: County Mayo / British Isles is retained as a supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region, not as a precise word birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch02-boycott-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and language/reference scope", "passageIds": [ "batch02-boycott-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The coordinate is an informative reference region at the strongest defensible level available for this bounded journey." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a qualified language or community reference and does not convert it into a precise origin claim." }, { "id": "batch02-boycott-editorial-scope", "text": "boycott: The retained route, sense boundaries and unresolved alternatives follow the existing inspected source account and the Batch 02 editorial risk note.", "sourceId": "batch09-boycott-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch09-boycott-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Existing route evidence is preserved; cultural, object, institutional and biography history is not silently promoted to lexical ancestry." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the existing journey without adding an unsupported donor, route, date or semantic change." } ], "limitations": "County Mayo is a historical social reference, not a claim that the common verb was born at one coordinate; the campaign is context, not an extra lexical stage.", "partOfSpeech": "verb", "senses": [ { "id": "boycott-action", "label": "The boycott action", "definition": "An organized refusal to deal with a person, group or institution as a form of protest or punishment.", "stageId": "boycott-english", "claimIds": [ "boycott-evidence" ] } ], "defaultSense": "boycott-action", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R1", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 02", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "braille", "word": "braille", "language": "English", "sense": "The tactile writing system", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 3", "aliases": [ "Braille", "braille" ], "summary": "Braille is a French eponym for a tactile writing system read by touch.", "intro": "Meaning distinguishes Louis Braille's surname from the later name of the raised-dot system.", "claimIds": [ "braille-evidence", "batch02-braille-root-research", "batch02-braille-english-research", "batch02-braille-geography", "batch02-braille-editorial-scope" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "braille-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "braille-braille-name", "braille-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "braille-braille-name", "etymologyId": "fr-braille-braille-name", "form": "Braille", "language": "French", "languageCode": "fr", "transliteration": "Braille", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "braille-evidence", "batch02-braille-root-research" ], "sense": "Louis Braille's surname", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "braille-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "France / Western Europe", "qualifier": "A supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region; not a precise lexical birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ 2.8, 48.9 ], "claimIds": [ "batch02-braille-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "braille-evidence", "batch02-braille-root-research", "batch02-braille-geography", "batch02-braille-editorial-scope" ], "explanation": "The source identifies Louis Braille, a French educator and inventor, as the name behind the system.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "bray", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Conventional dictionary or language-entry reading; no historical sound reconstruction is asserted.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-braille-root-research" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "braille-evidence" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-braille-root-research", "batch02-braille-editorial-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-braille-root-research", "batch02-braille-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-braille-root-research" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-braille-root-research" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-braille-root-research" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed source-stage form. The map and reading are retained without manufacturing chronology.", "claimIds": [ "braille-evidence" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-braille-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-braille-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-braille-root-research", "batch02-braille-editorial-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "braille-evidence", "batch02-braille-root-research", "batch02-braille-geography", "batch02-braille-editorial-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "braille-evidence" ] } } }, { "id": "braille-english", "etymologyId": "en-braille-english", "form": "braille", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "braille", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "braille-evidence", "batch02-braille-english-research" ], "sense": "a raised-dot writing system", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "start": 1850, "end": 1859, "approximate": true, "basis": "textual-period", "label": "c. mid-19th century · English braille", "note": "The source gives a mid-nineteenth-century word origin rather than an exact first use.", "claimIds": [ "braille-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "France / Western Europe", "qualifier": "A supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region; not a precise lexical birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ 2.8, 48.9 ], "claimIds": [ "batch02-braille-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "braille-evidence", "batch02-braille-english-research", "batch02-braille-geography", "batch02-braille-editorial-scope" ], "explanation": "English braille names the system of raised dots used for reading and writing by touch.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "BRAYL", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Modern dictionary reading for the English headword; it is not retrojected as a historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-braille-english-research" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "braille-evidence" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-braille-english-research", "batch02-braille-editorial-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-braille-english-research", "batch02-braille-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-braille-english-research" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-braille-english-research" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-braille-english-research" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed source-stage form. The map and reading are retained without manufacturing chronology.", "claimIds": [ "braille-evidence" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "braille-evidence" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-braille-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-braille-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-braille-english-research", "batch02-braille-editorial-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "braille-evidence", "batch02-braille-english-research", "batch02-braille-geography", "batch02-braille-editorial-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "braille-link-braille-name-english", "from": "braille-braille-name", "to": "braille-english", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The common noun is named after Louis Braille.", "claimIds": [ "braille-evidence" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected lexical passage establishes the relationship or form history but does not date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "braille-evidence", "text": "braille: The eponym and writing-system sense are source-supported; Louis Braille's biography is not used as a lexical route.", "sourceId": "batch09-braille-oxford", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch09-braille-oxford-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The eponym and writing-system sense are source-supported; Louis Braille's biography is not used as a lexical route." }, "inference": "Use the inspected passage only for the stated braille route, sense and scope; preserve all alternatives and unknowns described above." }, { "id": "batch02-braille-root-research", "text": "braille: The source-language form and conventional reading are retained at the inspected dictionary scope.", "sourceId": "batch02-braille-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "passageIds": [ "batch02-braille-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The form and reading are supported at dictionary scope; the map is a language or community reference rather than a birthplace claim." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the inspected source for the displayed form and reading while preserving the limit on origin precision." }, { "id": "batch02-braille-english-research", "text": "braille: The English headword's conventional reading and selected sense are supported by the inspected dictionary entry.", "sourceId": "batch02-braille-english-dictionary", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "passageIds": [ "batch02-braille-english-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The dictionary supports the English reading and sense; lexical dating remains tied to the journey's date evidence." }, "inference": "Lexography keeps English reading and lexical chronology separate from the history of the referenced object, practice, institution or person." }, { "id": "batch02-braille-geography", "text": "braille: France / Western Europe is retained as a supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region, not as a precise word birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch02-braille-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and language/reference scope", "passageIds": [ "batch02-braille-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The coordinate is an informative reference region at the strongest defensible level available for this bounded journey." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a qualified language or community reference and does not convert it into a precise origin claim." }, { "id": "batch02-braille-editorial-scope", "text": "braille: The retained route, sense boundaries and unresolved alternatives follow the existing inspected source account and the Batch 02 editorial risk note.", "sourceId": "batch09-braille-oxford", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch09-braille-oxford-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Existing route evidence is preserved; cultural, object, institutional and biography history is not silently promoted to lexical ancestry." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the existing journey without adding an unsupported donor, route, date or semantic change." } ], "limitations": "France is a surname and inventor reference region; the code's technical development is contextual history, not a second etymological route.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "braille-system", "label": "The tactile writing system", "definition": "A writing and reading system made of raised dots that can be read by touch.", "stageId": "braille-english", "claimIds": [ "braille-evidence" ] } ], "defaultSense": "braille-system", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R1", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 02", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "bwana", "word": "bwana", "language": "English", "sense": "The form of address", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 3", "aliases": [ "bwana" ], "summary": "Bwana is a Swahili form of address that entered English through East African contact.", "intro": "Follow bwana through the inspected source tradition into English. The journey keeps dates, senses and unresolved routes within the source-supported scope.", "claimIds": [ "bwana-evidence" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-19", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "bwana-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "bwana-swahili", "bwana-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "bwana-swahili", "etymologyId": "sw-bwana-swahili", "form": "bwana", "language": "Swahili", "languageCode": "sw", "transliteration": "bwana", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "bwana-evidence" ], "sense": "a respectful form of address", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "bwana-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "bwana-evidence" ], "explanation": "Swahili bwana is the respectful or reverential form of address identified by the source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage; transliteration is not presented as a pronunciation guide.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "bwana-evidence" ] } }, { "id": "bwana-english", "etymologyId": "en-bwana-english", "form": "bwana", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "bwana", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "bwana-evidence" ], "sense": "an East African form of address", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1875, "end": 1875, "approximate": false, "label": "1875 · English/East African address record", "note": "The source dates the English record to 1875.", "claimIds": [ "bwana-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "bwana-evidence" ], "explanation": "English bwana records the East African address term in the scope supplied by the source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage; transliteration is not presented as a pronunciation guide.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "bwana-evidence" ] } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "bwana-link-swahili-english", "from": "bwana-swahili", "to": "bwana-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected source passage.", "claimIds": [ "bwana-evidence" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected lexical passage establishes the relationship or form history but does not date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "bwana-evidence", "text": "bwana: The source gives a direct Swahili origin and an East African address term; colonial social context is not converted into an extra route.", "sourceId": "batch09-bwana-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch09-bwana-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The source gives a direct Swahili origin and an East African address term; colonial social context is not converted into an extra route." }, "inference": "Use the inspected passage only for the stated bwana route, sense and scope; preserve all alternatives and unknowns described above." } ], "limitations": "The journey scopes the term to the respectful or reverential address sense recorded by the source. Later stereotypes and colonial usage are not generalized as lexical origin.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "bwana-address", "label": "The form of address", "definition": "A respectful or reverential form of address in an East African context.", "stageId": "bwana-english", "claimIds": [ "bwana-evidence" ] } ], "defaultSense": "bwana-address" }, { "id": "kava", "word": "kava", "language": "English", "sense": "The kava drink", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 3", "aliases": [ "*kawa", "kava" ], "summary": "Kava separates reconstructed Pacific ancestry from dated Tongan evidence and later English borrowing.", "intro": "The route treats the reconstructed form as a comparative hypothesis, keeps Tongan kava as a later lexical witness, and shows English as a distinct contact edge.", "claimIds": [ "kava-evidence", "batch04-kava-reading", "batch04-kava-geography", "batch04-kava-date", "batch04-kava-scope", "batch04-kava-relations" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "kava-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "kava-proto-polynesian", "kava-tongan", "kava-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "kava-proto-polynesian", "etymologyId": "poz-pro-kava-proto-polynesian", "form": "*kawa", "language": "Proto-Polynesian", "languageCode": "poz-pro", "transliteration": "*kawa", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "kava-evidence", "batch04-kava-reading" ], "sense": "a bitter or potent root", "formStatus": "reconstructed", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "kava-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Pacific / Proto-Oceanic–Polynesian contact corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ -175, -21 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-kava-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "kava-evidence", "batch04-kava-reading", "batch04-kava-geography", "batch04-kava-date", "batch04-kava-scope" ], "explanation": "The source represents Proto-Polynesian *kawa as the reconstructed source of the Tongan and English forms.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "*KAWA (reconstructed)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional or scholarly reconstruction is shown as reconstruction; no exact historical sound is asserted.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kava-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "kava-evidence" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kava-reading", "batch04-kava-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kava-reading", "batch04-kava-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kava-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kava-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kava-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for *kawa does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "kava-evidence", "batch04-kava-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kava-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kava-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kava-reading", "batch04-kava-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kava-evidence", "batch04-kava-reading", "batch04-kava-geography", "batch04-kava-date", "batch04-kava-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kava-evidence", "batch04-kava-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "kava-tongan", "etymologyId": "to-kava-tongan", "form": "kava", "language": "Tongan", "languageCode": "to", "transliteration": "kava", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "kava-evidence", "batch04-kava-reading" ], "sense": "bitter; the kava root and drink", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "kava-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Pacific / Proto-Oceanic–Polynesian contact corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ -175.2, -21.2 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-kava-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "kava-evidence", "batch04-kava-reading", "batch04-kava-geography", "batch04-kava-date", "batch04-kava-scope" ], "explanation": "Tongan kava is the attested Polynesian stage named by the source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KA-va (Tongan)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kava-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "kava-evidence" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kava-reading", "batch04-kava-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kava-reading", "batch04-kava-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kava-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kava-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kava-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for kava does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "kava-evidence", "batch04-kava-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kava-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kava-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kava-reading", "batch04-kava-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kava-evidence", "batch04-kava-reading", "batch04-kava-geography", "batch04-kava-date", "batch04-kava-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kava-evidence", "batch04-kava-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "kava-english", "etymologyId": "en-kava-english", "form": "kava", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "kava", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "kava-evidence", "batch04-kava-reading" ], "sense": "the Pacific intoxicating drink", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source supplies the route and sense but no English first-use date.", "claimIds": [ "kava-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-kava-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "kava-evidence", "batch04-kava-reading", "batch04-kava-geography", "batch04-kava-date", "batch04-kava-scope" ], "explanation": "English kava names the root and drink used in Pacific cultural contexts; no unsupported English date is assigned.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KA-va", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kava-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "kava-evidence" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kava-reading", "batch04-kava-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kava-reading", "batch04-kava-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kava-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kava-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kava-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for kava does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "kava-evidence", "batch04-kava-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kava-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kava-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-kava-reading", "batch04-kava-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kava-evidence", "batch04-kava-reading", "batch04-kava-geography", "batch04-kava-date", "batch04-kava-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "kava-link-proto-polynesian-tongan", "from": "kava-proto-polynesian", "to": "kava-tongan", "type": "inheritance", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The source presents a reconstructed Proto-Polynesian form.", "claimIds": [ "kava-evidence", "batch04-kava-relations" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected lexical passage establishes the relationship or form history but does not date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "kava-link-tongan-english", "from": "kava-tongan", "to": "kava-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected source passage.", "claimIds": [ "kava-evidence", "batch04-kava-relations" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected lexical passage establishes the relationship or form history but does not date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "kava-evidence", "text": "kava: The Proto-Polynesian form is visibly reconstructed; the journey preserves it as reconstruction and does not claim a precise English first-use date.", "sourceId": "batch09-kava-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch09-kava-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Proto-Polynesian form is visibly reconstructed; the journey preserves it as reconstruction and does not claim a precise English first-use date." }, "inference": "Use the inspected passage only for the stated kava route, sense and scope; preserve all alternatives and unknowns described above." }, { "id": "batch04-kava-reading", "text": "kava: an inspected specialist, institutional or national-language source supports the displayed forms and the selected conventional readings; reconstructed or historical readings remain explicitly qualified.", "sourceId": "batch04-kava-lynch", "locator": "abstract; lexical reconstruction and semantic change", "passageIds": [ "batch04-kava-lynch-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A conventional reading is not presented as an exact recording of every historical speaker; transliteration remains distinct from pronunciation." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest recoverable reading for each displayed stage without projecting a modern pronunciation backward." }, { "id": "batch04-kava-geography", "text": "kava: the map point is a supported language, speech-community or documented contact-corridor reference, not a precise lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch04-kava-lynch", "locator": "abstract; lexical reconstruction and semantic change", "passageIds": [ "batch04-kava-lynch-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Reference coordinates orient the language or contact corridor and do not assert a territorial boundary, donor village or origin site." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the strongest defensible regional precision available in the inspected evidence." }, { "id": "batch04-kava-date", "text": "kava: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a form or sense; contextual object, cultural, institutional and biographical dates are not substituted for word chronology.", "sourceId": "batch04-kava-lynch", "locator": "abstract; lexical reconstruction and semantic change", "passageIds": [ "batch04-kava-lynch-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Undated reconstructed or historical stages remain researched unresolved rather than receiving an invented date." }, "inference": "Lexography distinguishes attestation, documented use, sense attestation, bounded lexical periods and context." }, { "id": "batch04-kava-scope", "text": "kava: the route preserves competing analyses, qualified edges and semantic distinctions required by the inspected evidence.", "sourceId": "batch04-kava-lynch", "locator": "abstract; lexical reconstruction and semantic change", "passageIds": [ "batch04-kava-lynch-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A reconstruction has no ordinary attestation date; the origin and earliest meaning of the term remain a specialist question, and botanical domestication is contextual." }, "inference": "The narrative and topology are editorial representations of the evidence graph, not proof that every adjacent form is a direct parent." }, { "id": "batch04-kava-relations", "text": "kava: adjacent relations are retained with their existing type and certainty unless the inspected evidence requires a qualified or parallel reading.", "sourceId": "batch04-kava-lynch", "locator": "abstract; lexical reconstruction and semantic change", "passageIds": [ "batch04-kava-lynch-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A displayed tree edge does not erase non-tree alternatives or convert cognacy, influence or comparison into direct borrowing." }, "inference": "Lexography preserves the current topology and records the evidence limits alongside each relation." } ], "limitations": "A reconstruction has no ordinary attestation date; the origin and earliest meaning of the term remain a specialist question, and botanical domestication is contextual.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "kava-drink", "label": "The kava drink", "definition": "A Pacific drink made from the root of the kava plant and used in cultural or ceremonial contexts.", "stageId": "kava-english", "claimIds": [ "kava-evidence" ] } ], "defaultSense": "kava-drink", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R3", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 04", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "koala", "word": "koala", "language": "English", "sense": "The koala", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 3", "aliases": [ "koola", "koala" ], "summary": "Koala is an Australian Aboriginal animal name adopted into English.", "intro": "Follow koala through the inspected source tradition into English. The journey keeps dates, senses and unresolved routes within the source-supported scope.", "claimIds": [ "koala-evidence" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-19", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "koala-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "koala-aboriginal", "koala-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "koala-aboriginal", "etymologyId": "aus-koala-aboriginal", "form": "koola", "language": "Australian Aboriginal source (unidentified)", "languageCode": "aus", "transliteration": "koola", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "koala-evidence" ], "sense": "the koala animal", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "koala-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "koala-evidence" ], "explanation": "The source gives koola, kulla and kula as variant Aboriginal names for the animal without identifying one donor language.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage; transliteration is not presented as a pronunciation guide.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "koala-evidence" ] } }, { "id": "koala-english", "etymologyId": "en-koala-english", "form": "koala", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "koala", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "koala-evidence" ], "sense": "the Australian marsupial", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1808, "end": 1808, "approximate": false, "label": "1808 · English animal name", "note": "The source dates the English record to 1808.", "claimIds": [ "koala-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "koala-evidence" ], "explanation": "English koala names the Australian marsupial.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage; transliteration is not presented as a pronunciation guide.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "koala-evidence" ] } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "koala-link-aboriginal-english", "from": "koala-aboriginal", "to": "koala-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The Aboriginal source tradition is clear, but the precise donor language is not identified by the inspected passage.", "claimIds": [ "koala-evidence" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected lexical passage establishes the relationship or form history but does not date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "koala-evidence", "text": "koala: The source preserves an unidentified Aboriginal source tradition rather than assigning a modern language without evidence.", "sourceId": "batch09-koala-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch09-koala-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source preserves an unidentified Aboriginal source tradition rather than assigning a modern language without evidence." }, "inference": "Use the inspected passage only for the stated koala route, sense and scope; preserve all alternatives and unknowns described above." } ], "limitations": "The source gives variant Aboriginal forms but no secure donor language. The journey therefore retains an unidentified Australian source and does not infer a more specific language.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "koala-animal", "label": "The koala", "definition": "An Australian tree-dwelling marsupial of the genus Phascolarctos.", "stageId": "koala-english", "claimIds": [ "koala-evidence" ] } ], "defaultSense": "koala-animal" }, { "id": "cannibal", "word": "cannibal", "language": "English", "sense": "The human-eater sense", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 3", "aliases": [ "Caniba", "canibal", "cannibal" ], "summary": "Cannibal follows colonial Spanish transcriptions of reported Caribbean names into a European label and an English generic term; alleged anthropophagy is not treated as ethnographic fact.", "intro": "The graph separates the 1492 contact record, the reshaped Spanish label and the 1553 English record while keeping the Indigenous donor and interpretation explicitly unresolved.", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-evidence", "cannibal-modern-analysis", "cannibal-colonial-caution" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-19", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "cannibal-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "cannibal-carib", "cannibal-spanish", "cannibal-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "cannibal-carib", "etymologyId": "car-cannibal-carib", "form": "Caniba", "language": "Spanish colonial transcription", "languageCode": "es", "transliteration": "Caniba", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "cannibal-evidence" ], "sense": "a reported ethnonym or place-name in colonial transcription", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1492, "end": 1492, "approximate": false, "label": "26 Nov 1492 · diary record", "note": "A dated Spanish diary record in a north-coast Cuba contact context; not a date for an underlying Indigenous form.", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-caniba-1492-specialist" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "North coast of Cuba · contact context", "coordinates": [ -78.5, 22 ], "qualifier": "Approximate contact-corridor point for the diary report, not a lexical birthplace, historical border, or identified speech community.", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-caniba-1492-specialist" ] }, "claimIds": [ "cannibal-evidence", "cannibal-modern-analysis", "cannibal-caniba-1492-specialist" ], "explanation": "Caniba is shown as a Spanish colonial transcription of a reported name. The record was mediated through imperfect early contact, and neither an Indigenous self-name nor a single donor language is treated as established.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The bounded sources did not supply a defensible reading for this historical or disputed form; no pronunciation is invented.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-evidence" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-evidence" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-caniba-1492-specialist", "cannibal-modern-analysis" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-evidence" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-caniba-1492-specialist" ], "label": "Historical reading frozen", "note": "The spelling is a colonial transcription mediated through uncertain contact. No inspected source supplies a defensible 1492 reading, so modern Carib, Taíno or Spanish readings are not projected backward." }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-caniba-1492-specialist" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-caniba-1492-specialist" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-caniba-1492-specialist" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-evidence" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-evidence", "cannibal-modern-analysis", "cannibal-caniba-1492-specialist" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-caniba-1492-specialist", "cannibal-spanish-1492-specialist", "cannibal-modern-analysis" ] } } }, { "id": "cannibal-spanish", "etymologyId": "es-cannibal-spanish", "form": "canibal", "language": "Spanish", "languageCode": "es", "transliteration": "canibal", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "cannibal-evidence" ], "sense": "a Spanish colonial ethnonym and label", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1492, "end": 1492, "approximate": false, "label": "1492 · colonial Spanish record", "note": "Dated written variants in the first-voyage diary tradition; not a claim that the generic human-eater sense was already stable.", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-spanish-1492-specialist" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Spanish reference region", "coordinates": [ -1.11788, 40.4414 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-spanish-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "cannibal-evidence", "cannibal-colonial-caution", "cannibal-spanish-region", "cannibal-spanish-reading", "cannibal-spanish-1492-specialist" ], "explanation": "Spanish canibal or caribal carries the rendered ethnonym into European lexical records.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ka-nee-BAL", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-spanish-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-evidence" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-evidence" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-evidence" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-evidence" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-spanish-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-spanish-1492-specialist" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-spanish-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-spanish-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-evidence" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-evidence", "cannibal-colonial-caution", "cannibal-spanish-region", "cannibal-spanish-reading", "cannibal-spanish-1492-specialist" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-evidence" ] } } }, { "id": "cannibal-english", "etymologyId": "en-cannibal-english", "form": "cannibal", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "cannibal", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "cannibal-evidence" ], "sense": "a human who eats human flesh", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1553, "end": 1553, "approximate": false, "label": "1553 · cited first English record", "note": "Specialist secondary report citing the OED and Richard Eden; a written witness, not an oral-borrowing date.", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-english-1553-specialist" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "cannibal-evidence", "cannibal-english-region", "cannibal-english-reading", "cannibal-english-1553-specialist" ], "explanation": "English cannibal generalizes the European interpretation into the generic human-eater sense.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KAN-ə-bəl", "ipa": "/ˈkænɪbəl/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-english-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-evidence" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-evidence" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-evidence" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-evidence" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-english-1553-specialist" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-english-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-english-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-evidence" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-evidence", "cannibal-english-region", "cannibal-english-reading", "cannibal-english-1553-specialist" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "cannibal-link-carib-spanish", "from": "cannibal-carib", "to": "cannibal-spanish", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Caniba and caníbal are Spanish colonial records shaped through early contact. The exact Indigenous report, donor language and morphological history remain disputed; this is not represented as a direct borrowing from a securely identified Carib self-name.", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-caniba-1492-specialist", "cannibal-spanish-1492-specialist", "cannibal-modern-analysis" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected lexical passage establishes the relationship or form history but does not date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "cannibal-link-spanish-english", "from": "cannibal-spanish", "to": "cannibal-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English borrowed the generic term through Spanish; the graph does not endorse colonial allegations about the named peoples.", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-evidence" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected lexical passage establishes the relationship or form history but does not date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "cannibal-evidence", "text": "cannibal: The donor ethnonym, European transcription and generic human-eater sense are materially entangled; this is queued for targeted stronger review.", "sourceId": "batch09-cannibal-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch09-cannibal-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "The donor ethnonym, European transcription and generic human-eater sense are materially entangled; this is queued for targeted stronger review." }, "inference": "Use the inspected passage only for the stated cannibal route, sense and scope; preserve all alternatives and unknowns described above." }, { "id": "cannibal-modern-analysis", "text": "Modern Spanish lexicography relates caníbal to the Caribbean ethnonym carib through Arawak transmission and compares caríbal.", "sourceId": "c200-rae-cannibal", "locator": "Entry etymology", "passageIds": [ "c200-rae-cannibal-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This analysis does not eliminate uncertainty in Columbus-era transcription." }, "inference": "The source supports an ethnonymic route, not the historical truth of an accusation attached to it." }, { "id": "cannibal-colonial-caution", "text": "Oxford records Spanish Canibales as a Columbus-era variant of Caribes and presents human-eating as a reputation attributed to the people.", "sourceId": "c200-oxford-cannibal", "locator": "Word origin", "passageIds": [ "c200-oxford-cannibal-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The reported reputation is historical framing, not evidence that the practice characterized the people." }, "inference": "The journey describes the semantic history without repeating colonial discourse as fact." }, { "id": "cannibal-spanish-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for Spanish.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1288; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1288" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "cannibal-spanish-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for canibal.", "sourceId": "c200-oxford-cannibal", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for canibal", "passageIds": [ "batch05-cannibal-spanish-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "cannibal-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for English / Britain.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "cannibal-english-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for cannibal.", "sourceId": "c200-oxford-cannibal", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for cannibal", "passageIds": [ "batch05-cannibal-english-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "cannibal-caniba-1492-specialist", "sourceId": "specialist-jansen-caniba", "passageIds": [ "caniba-diary" ], "text": "Caniba or Canima is recorded on 26 November 1492 in the diary context of the north coast of Cuba.", "locator": "Diary discussion for 26 November 1492", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This dates and locates the colonial written record. It does not establish an Indigenous self-name, a precise speech community, or the pronunciation of the reported form." }, "inference": "Represent Caniba as a Spanish colonial transcription at a documented contact context, not as a securely identified Carib-language autonym." }, { "id": "cannibal-spanish-1492-specialist", "sourceId": "specialist-jansen-caniba", "passageIds": [ "canibal-variants" ], "text": "The 1492–1493 diary tradition records caníbal among related Caniba and carib(e) variants.", "locator": "Variant discussion across the first-voyage diary", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports the dated Spanish record but leaves the exact Indigenous input and the relationships among variants unresolved." }, "inference": "Date the Spanish lexical stage to the 1492 diary record while retaining a qualified derivational relation." }, { "id": "cannibal-english-1553-specialist", "sourceId": "specialist-cardiff-cannibal", "passageIds": [ "english-1553" ], "text": "Richard Eden's 1553 Treatyse of Newe India is reported as the first English cannibal record.", "locator": "OED-cited discussion of Eden (1553)", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a specialist secondary report of the OED chronology; it dates a written witness, not oral adoption." }, "inference": "Use 1553 as a cited first English record with the source limitation visible." } ], "limitations": "Caniba is a Spanish colonial transcription recorded in a north-coast Cuba contact context, not a proven Carib self-name. Taíno/Arawakan reporting and later carib(e)/caníbal variants remain competing analyses. The 1492 and 1553 dates are written witnesses. No defensible historical pronunciation was found for Caniba, and colonial accusations of anthropophagy are not accepted as ethnographic fact.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "cannibal-human-eater", "label": "The human-eater sense", "definition": "A person who eats human flesh, in the generic English sense recorded by the source.", "stageId": "cannibal-english", "claimIds": [ "cannibal-evidence" ] } ], "defaultSense": "cannibal-human-eater", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R3", "standard": "Milestone-100 specialist review", "standardVersion": "2026-09-21", "completedAt": "2026-09-21" } }, { "id": "boondocks", "word": "boondocks", "language": "English", "sense": "The remote place", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 3", "aliases": [ "bundok", "boondocks" ], "summary": "Boondocks is Tagalog mountain vocabulary reshaped in American English into a word for a remote place.", "intro": "Follow boondocks through the inspected source tradition into English. The journey keeps dates, senses and unresolved routes within the source-supported scope.", "claimIds": [ "boondocks-evidence" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-19", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "boondocks-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "boondocks-tagalog", "boondocks-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "boondocks-tagalog", "etymologyId": "tl-boondocks-tagalog", "form": "bundok", "language": "Tagalog", "languageCode": "tl", "transliteration": "bundok", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "boondocks-evidence" ], "sense": "mountain", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "boondocks-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "boondocks-evidence" ], "explanation": "Tagalog bundok means mountain in the inspected source account.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage; transliteration is not presented as a pronunciation guide.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "boondocks-evidence" ] } }, { "id": "boondocks-english", "etymologyId": "en-US-boondocks-english", "form": "boondocks", "language": "American English", "languageCode": "en-US", "transliteration": "boondocks", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "boondocks-evidence" ], "sense": "a remote and wild place", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "start": 1910, "end": 1919, "approximate": true, "basis": "textual-period", "label": "c. 1910s · American English boondocks", "note": "The source dates the English term to the 1910s.", "claimIds": [ "boondocks-evidence" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "boondocks-evidence" ], "explanation": "American English boondocks names a remote or wild place in the military-contact route described by the source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage; transliteration is not presented as a pronunciation guide.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "boondocks-evidence" ] } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "boondocks-link-tagalog-english", "from": "boondocks-tagalog", "to": "boondocks-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The source supports Tagalog bundok as the source and American military adoption as context; the semantic transfer is not separately dated.", "claimIds": [ "boondocks-evidence" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected lexical passage establishes the relationship or form history but does not date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "boondocks-evidence", "text": "boondocks: The Tagalog source and English military contact are supported; the shift from mountain to remote place is preserved without claiming a precise first semantic step.", "sourceId": "batch09-boondocks-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — etymology paragraph", "passageIds": [ "batch09-boondocks-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Tagalog source and English military contact are supported; the shift from mountain to remote place is preserved without claiming a precise first semantic step." }, "inference": "Use the inspected passage only for the stated boondocks route, sense and scope; preserve all alternatives and unknowns described above." } ], "limitations": "The journey uses the sourced Tagalog-to-English route and broadens the English sense only at the level the entry supports. Later Vietnam-era usage and boondockers are context.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "boondocks-place", "label": "The remote place", "definition": "A remote, rural or wild place away from a city or settled area.", "stageId": "boondocks-english", "claimIds": [ "boondocks-evidence" ] } ], "defaultSense": "boondocks-place" }, { "id": "mahjong", "word": "mahjong", "language": "English", "sense": "The mahjong game", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 4", "aliases": [ "麻將", "májiàng", "mahjong" ], "summary": "Mahjong carries Chinese 麻將/麻将 and Mandarin májiàng into English, with Oxford’s dialectal ‘sparrows’ analysis and a 1922 English lexical date kept distinct.", "intro": "Follow 麻將/麻将 (májiàng) into English mahjong; the game’s later international history is context rather than the word’s first attestation.", "claimIds": [ "mahjong-route", "mahjong-enrichment-route", "mahjong-enrichment-sense", "mahjong-mahjong-mandarin-geo", "mahjong-mahjong-mandarin-reading", "mahjong-mahjong-mandarin-date-unresolved", "mahjong-mahjong-english-geo", "mahjong-mahjong-english-reading", "mahjong-date-english" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "mahjong-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "mahjong-mandarin", "mahjong-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "mahjong-mandarin", "etymologyId": "zh-mahjong-mandarin", "form": "麻將", "language": "Mandarin", "languageCode": "zh", "transliteration": "májiàng", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "mahjong-enrichment-route", "mahjong-mahjong-mandarin-reading" ], "sense": "the tile game", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected Chinese dictionary and etymological sources establish the form and reading but not a secure earliest lexical date for Mandarin 麻將.", "claimIds": [ "mahjong-mahjong-mandarin-date-unresolved" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "China · Chinese-language reference region", "coordinates": [ 109.05, 34.09 ], "qualifier": "A broad Chinese-language reference coordinate; the game’s regional history is kept separate from word attestation.", "claimIds": [ "mahjong-mahjong-mandarin-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "mahjong-route", "mahjong-enrichment-route", "mahjong-enrichment-sense", "mahjong-mahjong-mandarin-geo", "mahjong-mahjong-mandarin-reading", "mahjong-mahjong-mandarin-date-unresolved" ], "explanation": "The stage is presented with inspected lexical evidence, a qualified route, and a supported reading; dates and regional coordinates retain their stated limits.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Han", "pronunciation": { "guide": "MAH-jyang", "ipa": "/ˈmǎ.tɕjâŋ/", "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional or dictionary-supported reading is shown; it is not treated as transliteration or as proof of historical phonology.", "claimIds": [ "mahjong-mahjong-mandarin-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "mahjong-route" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mahjong-enrichment-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mahjong-enrichment-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mahjong-enrichment-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mahjong-mahjong-mandarin-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mahjong-enrichment-route" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected Chinese dictionary and etymological sources establish the form and reading but not a secure earliest lexical date for Mandarin 麻將.", "claimIds": [ "mahjong-enrichment-route", "mahjong-mahjong-mandarin-date-unresolved" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mahjong-mahjong-mandarin-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mahjong-mahjong-mandarin-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mahjong-enrichment-sense" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mahjong-route", "mahjong-enrichment-route", "mahjong-enrichment-sense", "mahjong-mahjong-mandarin-geo", "mahjong-mahjong-mandarin-reading", "mahjong-mahjong-mandarin-date-unresolved" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mahjong-route", "mahjong-enrichment-route" ] } } }, { "id": "mahjong-english", "etymologyId": "en-mahjong-english", "form": "mahjong", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "mahjong", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "mahjong-enrichment-route", "mahjong-mahjong-english-reading" ], "sense": "a tile game", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1922, "end": 1922, "approximate": false, "label": "1922 · English mah-jongg/mahjong", "note": "Online Etymology Dictionary dates the English game word to 1922; spelling variants and the underlying Chinese game history are not collapsed.", "claimIds": [ "mahjong-date-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region", "coordinates": [ 109.05, 34.09 ], "qualifier": "A broad Chinese-language reference coordinate; the game’s regional history is kept separate from word attestation.", "claimIds": [ "mahjong-mahjong-english-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "mahjong-route", "mahjong-enrichment-route", "mahjong-enrichment-sense", "mahjong-mahjong-english-geo", "mahjong-mahjong-english-reading", "mahjong-date-english" ], "explanation": "The stage is presented with inspected lexical evidence, a qualified route, and a supported reading; dates and regional coordinates retain their stated limits.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "mah-JONG", "ipa": "/mɑːˈdʒɒŋ/", "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional or dictionary-supported reading is shown; it is not treated as transliteration or as proof of historical phonology.", "claimIds": [ "mahjong-mahjong-english-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "mahjong-route" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mahjong-enrichment-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mahjong-enrichment-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mahjong-enrichment-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mahjong-mahjong-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mahjong-enrichment-route" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mahjong-date-english" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mahjong-mahjong-english-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mahjong-mahjong-english-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mahjong-enrichment-sense" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mahjong-route", "mahjong-enrichment-route", "mahjong-enrichment-sense", "mahjong-mahjong-english-geo", "mahjong-mahjong-english-reading", "mahjong-date-english" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "mahjong-link-mandarin-english", "from": "mahjong-mandarin", "to": "mahjong-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English mahjong is an orthographic borrowing from Chinese 麻將/麻将, with Oxford’s Chinese-dialect ma-tsiang and the existing Mandarin májiàng account retained as related evidence; the sparrow element is not made into a single universal dialect claim.", "claimIds": [ "mahjong-route", "mahjong-enrichment-route" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "mahjong-route", "text": "Mandarin 麻將/麻将 (májiàng) is traced through 麻雀 (máquè, sparrow) and a Wu diminutive suffix.", "sourceId": "batch10-mahjong-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-mahjong-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "mahjong-enrichment-route", "text": "English mahjong is an orthographic borrowing from Chinese 麻將/麻将, with Oxford’s Chinese-dialect ma-tsiang and the existing Mandarin májiàng account retained as related evidence; the sparrow element is not made into a single universal dialect claim.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-mahjong-oxford", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The selected route is retained with explicit scope and alternatives where the inspected sources do not agree." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "mahjong-enrichment-sense", "text": "Mahjong is a Chinese tile game; game-history chronology is kept separate from the lexical date of the English spelling.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-mahjong-oxford", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "mahjong-mahjong-mandarin-reading", "text": "The inspected source supports the conventional reading MAH-jyang for 麻將; it is presented as a reading, not as transliteration.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-mahjong-oxford", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "mahjong-mahjong-mandarin-geo", "text": "China · Chinese-language reference region is used as a broad language, speech-community, or documented contact-corridor reference for this stage; it is not presented as a lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-regions", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "mahjong-china" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "The regional record supports map orientation only; it does not prove a lexical origin coordinate." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "mahjong-mahjong-mandarin-date-unresolved", "text": "The inspected sources establish the displayed form and route but do not establish a secure word-specific lexical date for 麻將.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-mahjong-oxford", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "unresolved", "text": "Normal lexical and historical sources were inspected; the retained evidence does not support a more precise date." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "mahjong-mahjong-english-reading", "text": "The inspected source supports the conventional reading mah-JONG for mahjong; it is presented as a reading, not as transliteration.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-mahjong-oxford", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "mahjong-mahjong-english-geo", "text": "China · Chinese-language reference region is used as a broad language, speech-community, or documented contact-corridor reference for this stage; it is not presented as a lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-regions", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "mahjong-china" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "The regional record supports map orientation only; it does not prove a lexical origin coordinate." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "mahjong-date-english", "text": "The inspected source supports the bounded lexical or textual period shown for mahjong.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-mahjong-date", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "date" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." } ], "limitations": "The Chinese form has regional variants and competing historical naming traditions; 1922 is retained for the English word record, not for the game’s origin or every Chinese name.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "mahjong-game", "label": "The mahjong game", "definition": "A game played with numbered or symbolic tiles.", "stage": "english", "claimIds": [ "mahjong-route" ], "stageId": "mahjong-english" } ], "defaultSense": "mahjong-game", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 01 Slice-03", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "feng-shui", "word": "feng shui", "language": "English", "sense": "The feng shui practice", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 4", "aliases": [ "風水", "feng shui" ], "summary": "Feng shui is Chinese wind-water vocabulary that entered English for a geomantic practice.", "intro": "Meaning presents the compound and English practice term without turning the practice's long history into one lexical date.", "claimIds": [ "feng-shui-terms", "feng-shui-date", "batch02-feng-shui-root-research", "batch02-feng-shui-english-research", "batch02-feng-shui-geography", "batch02-feng-shui-editorial-scope" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "feng-shui-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "feng-shui-chinese", "feng-shui-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "feng-shui-chinese", "etymologyId": "zh-feng-shui-chinese", "form": "風水", "language": "Chinese", "languageCode": "zh", "transliteration": "風水", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "feng-shui-terms", "batch02-feng-shui-root-research" ], "sense": "wind-water; geomantic landscape practice", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "feng-shui-terms" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "China / East Asia", "qualifier": "A supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region; not a precise lexical birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ 116.4, 39.9 ], "claimIds": [ "batch02-feng-shui-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "feng-shui-terms", "batch02-feng-shui-root-research", "batch02-feng-shui-geography", "batch02-feng-shui-editorial-scope" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Han", "pronunciation": { "guide": "fēng shuǐ", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Conventional dictionary or language-entry reading; no historical sound reconstruction is asserted.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-feng-shui-root-research" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "feng-shui-terms" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-feng-shui-root-research", "batch02-feng-shui-editorial-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-feng-shui-root-research", "batch02-feng-shui-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-feng-shui-root-research" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-feng-shui-root-research" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-feng-shui-root-research" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed source-stage form. The map and reading are retained without manufacturing chronology.", "claimIds": [ "feng-shui-terms" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-feng-shui-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-feng-shui-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-feng-shui-root-research", "batch02-feng-shui-editorial-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "feng-shui-terms", "batch02-feng-shui-root-research", "batch02-feng-shui-geography", "batch02-feng-shui-editorial-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "feng-shui-terms", "feng-shui-date" ] } } }, { "id": "feng-shui-english", "etymologyId": "en-feng-shui-english", "form": "feng shui", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "feng shui", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "feng-shui-date", "batch02-feng-shui-english-research" ], "sense": "a system of landscape influences and their regulation", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1797, "end": 1797, "approximate": false, "label": "1797 · English record", "note": "The date is an English record, not the origin date of the Chinese compound.", "claimIds": [ "feng-shui-date" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "China / East Asia", "qualifier": "A supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region; not a precise lexical birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ 116.4, 39.9 ], "claimIds": [ "batch02-feng-shui-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "feng-shui-date", "batch02-feng-shui-english-research", "batch02-feng-shui-geography", "batch02-feng-shui-editorial-scope" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "fung SHWAY", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Modern dictionary reading for the English headword; it is not retrojected as a historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-feng-shui-english-research" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "feng-shui-date" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-feng-shui-english-research", "batch02-feng-shui-editorial-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-feng-shui-english-research", "batch02-feng-shui-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-feng-shui-english-research" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-feng-shui-english-research" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-feng-shui-english-research" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "feng-shui-date", "batch02-feng-shui-english-research" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-feng-shui-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-feng-shui-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-feng-shui-english-research", "batch02-feng-shui-editorial-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "feng-shui-date", "batch02-feng-shui-english-research", "batch02-feng-shui-geography", "batch02-feng-shui-editorial-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "feng-shui-link-chinese-english", "from": "feng-shui-chinese", "to": "feng-shui-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected passage.", "claimIds": [ "feng-shui-terms", "feng-shui-date" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "feng-shui-terms", "text": "Chinese feng means wind and shui means water in the compound feng shui.", "sourceId": "batch10-feng-shui-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-feng-shui-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "feng-shui-date", "text": "The English entry is recorded from 1797 for a system of spiritual influences in landscapes.", "sourceId": "batch10-feng-shui-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-feng-shui-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "batch02-feng-shui-root-research", "text": "feng-shui: The source-language form and conventional reading are retained at the inspected dictionary scope.", "sourceId": "batch02-feng-shui-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "passageIds": [ "batch02-feng-shui-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The form and reading are supported at dictionary scope; the map is a language or community reference rather than a birthplace claim." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the inspected source for the displayed form and reading while preserving the limit on origin precision." }, { "id": "batch02-feng-shui-english-research", "text": "feng-shui: The English headword's conventional reading and selected sense are supported by the inspected dictionary entry.", "sourceId": "batch02-feng-shui-english-dictionary", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "passageIds": [ "batch02-feng-shui-english-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The dictionary supports the English reading and sense; lexical dating remains tied to the journey's date evidence." }, "inference": "Lexography keeps English reading and lexical chronology separate from the history of the referenced object, practice, institution or person." }, { "id": "batch02-feng-shui-geography", "text": "feng-shui: China / East Asia is retained as a supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region, not as a precise word birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch02-feng-shui-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and language/reference scope", "passageIds": [ "batch02-feng-shui-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The coordinate is an informative reference region at the strongest defensible level available for this bounded journey." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a qualified language or community reference and does not convert it into a precise origin claim." }, { "id": "batch02-feng-shui-editorial-scope", "text": "feng-shui: The retained route, sense boundaries and unresolved alternatives follow the existing inspected source account and the Batch 02 editorial risk note.", "sourceId": "batch10-feng-shui-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-feng-shui-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Existing route evidence is preserved; cultural, object, institutional and biography history is not silently promoted to lexical ancestry." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the existing journey without adding an unsupported donor, route, date or semantic change." } ], "limitations": "The China point is a language/reference region; the 1797 English record is kept separate from the history of geomantic practice.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "feng-shui-practice", "label": "The feng shui practice", "definition": "A system concerned with spiritual influences in natural landscapes and ways of regulating them.", "stage": "english", "claimIds": [ "feng-shui-terms", "feng-shui-date" ], "stageId": "feng-shui-english" } ], "defaultSense": "feng-shui-practice", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 02", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "kibbutz", "word": "kibbutz", "language": "English", "sense": "The kibbutz community", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 4", "aliases": [ "קִבּוּץ", "kibúts", "kibbutz" ], "summary": "Kibbutz carries a Hebrew gathering noun into English, with the English 1931 lexical date kept separate from the settlement movement’s earlier institutional history.", "intro": "Follow קִבּוּץ from Hebrew gathering morphology into English kibbutz, distinguishing word history from the history of kibbutzim.", "claimIds": [ "kibbutz-route", "kibbutz-sense", "kibbutz-enrichment-route", "kibbutz-enrichment-sense", "kibbutz-kibbutz-hebrew-geo", "kibbutz-kibbutz-hebrew-reading", "kibbutz-kibbutz-hebrew-date-unresolved", "kibbutz-kibbutz-english-geo", "kibbutz-kibbutz-english-reading", "kibbutz-date-english" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "kibbutz-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "kibbutz-hebrew", "kibbutz-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "kibbutz-hebrew", "etymologyId": "he-kibbutz-hebrew", "form": "קִבּוּץ", "language": "Hebrew", "languageCode": "he", "transliteration": "qibbūṣ", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "kibbutz-enrichment-route", "kibbutz-kibbutz-hebrew-reading" ], "sense": "gathering or collective", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "Collins establishes the Modern Hebrew morphology but not the earliest dated lexical witness of קִבּוּץ in this investigation.", "claimIds": [ "kibbutz-kibbutz-hebrew-date-unresolved" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Israel · Modern Hebrew reference region", "coordinates": [ 35, 31.5 ], "qualifier": "A broad Modern Hebrew reference region, not the date or birthplace of the communal institution.", "claimIds": [ "kibbutz-kibbutz-hebrew-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "kibbutz-route", "kibbutz-enrichment-route", "kibbutz-enrichment-sense", "kibbutz-kibbutz-hebrew-geo", "kibbutz-kibbutz-hebrew-reading", "kibbutz-kibbutz-hebrew-date-unresolved" ], "explanation": "The stage is presented with inspected lexical evidence, a qualified route, and a supported reading; dates and regional coordinates retain their stated limits.", "direction": "rtl", "script": "Hebrew", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ki-BOOTS", "ipa": "/kiˈbusː/", "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional or dictionary-supported reading is shown; it is not treated as transliteration or as proof of historical phonology.", "claimIds": [ "kibbutz-kibbutz-hebrew-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "kibbutz-route" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kibbutz-enrichment-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kibbutz-enrichment-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kibbutz-enrichment-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kibbutz-kibbutz-hebrew-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kibbutz-enrichment-route" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Collins establishes the Modern Hebrew morphology but not the earliest dated lexical witness of קִבּוּץ in this investigation.", "claimIds": [ "kibbutz-enrichment-route", "kibbutz-kibbutz-hebrew-date-unresolved" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kibbutz-kibbutz-hebrew-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kibbutz-kibbutz-hebrew-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kibbutz-enrichment-sense" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kibbutz-route", "kibbutz-enrichment-route", "kibbutz-enrichment-sense", "kibbutz-kibbutz-hebrew-geo", "kibbutz-kibbutz-hebrew-reading", "kibbutz-kibbutz-hebrew-date-unresolved" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kibbutz-route", "kibbutz-enrichment-route" ] } } }, { "id": "kibbutz-english", "etymologyId": "en-kibbutz-english", "form": "kibbutz", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "kibbutz", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "kibbutz-enrichment-route", "kibbutz-kibbutz-english-reading" ], "sense": "a communal settlement in Israel", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1931, "end": 1931, "approximate": false, "label": "1931 · English kibbutz", "note": "Online Etymology Dictionary dates the English noun to 1931; the date is lexical and is not borrowed from the history of kibbutz settlements.", "claimIds": [ "kibbutz-date-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region", "coordinates": [ 35, 31.5 ], "qualifier": "A broad Modern Hebrew reference region, not the date or birthplace of the communal institution.", "claimIds": [ "kibbutz-kibbutz-english-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "kibbutz-route", "kibbutz-sense", "kibbutz-enrichment-route", "kibbutz-enrichment-sense", "kibbutz-kibbutz-english-geo", "kibbutz-kibbutz-english-reading", "kibbutz-date-english" ], "explanation": "The stage is presented with inspected lexical evidence, a qualified route, and a supported reading; dates and regional coordinates retain their stated limits.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ki-BOOTZ", "ipa": "/kɪˈbʊts/", "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional or dictionary-supported reading is shown; it is not treated as transliteration or as proof of historical phonology.", "claimIds": [ "kibbutz-kibbutz-english-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "kibbutz-route", "kibbutz-sense" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kibbutz-enrichment-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kibbutz-enrichment-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kibbutz-enrichment-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kibbutz-kibbutz-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kibbutz-enrichment-route" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kibbutz-date-english" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kibbutz-kibbutz-english-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kibbutz-kibbutz-english-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kibbutz-enrichment-sense" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "kibbutz-route", "kibbutz-sense", "kibbutz-enrichment-route", "kibbutz-enrichment-sense", "kibbutz-kibbutz-english-geo", "kibbutz-kibbutz-english-reading", "kibbutz-date-english" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "kibbutz-link-hebrew-english", "from": "kibbutz-hebrew", "to": "kibbutz-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English kibbutz is borrowed from Modern Hebrew קִבּוּץ/qibbūtz, a gathering noun related to the Hebrew root for gathering; the lexical morphology is separated from the later institutional history of kibbutzim.", "claimIds": [ "kibbutz-route", "kibbutz-enrichment-route" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "kibbutz-route", "text": "English kibbutz is traced to Hebrew קִבּוּץ (kibúts), from קָבַץ (kaváts), to gather or assemble.", "sourceId": "batch10-kibbutz-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-kibbutz-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "kibbutz-sense", "text": "The English noun denotes a usually agricultural communal settlement in Israel organized around sharing and equality.", "sourceId": "batch10-kibbutz-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-kibbutz-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "kibbutz-enrichment-route", "text": "English kibbutz is borrowed from Modern Hebrew קִבּוּץ/qibbūtz, a gathering noun related to the Hebrew root for gathering; the lexical morphology is separated from the later institutional history of kibbutzim.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-kibbutz-collins", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The selected route is retained with explicit scope and alternatives where the inspected sources do not agree." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "kibbutz-enrichment-sense", "text": "Kibbutz denotes a communal settlement in Israel; the collective institution’s history is context, not the lexical origin of the Hebrew noun.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-kibbutz-collins", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "kibbutz-kibbutz-hebrew-reading", "text": "The inspected source supports the conventional reading ki-BOOTS for קִבּוּץ; it is presented as a reading, not as transliteration.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-kibbutz-collins", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "kibbutz-kibbutz-hebrew-geo", "text": "Israel · Modern Hebrew reference region is used as a broad language, speech-community, or documented contact-corridor reference for this stage; it is not presented as a lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-regions", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "kibbutz-hebrew" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "The regional record supports map orientation only; it does not prove a lexical origin coordinate." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "kibbutz-kibbutz-hebrew-date-unresolved", "text": "The inspected sources establish the displayed form and route but do not establish a secure word-specific lexical date for קִבּוּץ.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-kibbutz-collins", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "unresolved", "text": "Normal lexical and historical sources were inspected; the retained evidence does not support a more precise date." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "kibbutz-kibbutz-english-reading", "text": "The inspected source supports the conventional reading ki-BOOTZ for kibbutz; it is presented as a reading, not as transliteration.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-kibbutz-collins", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "kibbutz-kibbutz-english-geo", "text": "Israel · Modern Hebrew reference region is used as a broad language, speech-community, or documented contact-corridor reference for this stage; it is not presented as a lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-regions", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "kibbutz-hebrew" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "The regional record supports map orientation only; it does not prove a lexical origin coordinate." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "kibbutz-date-english", "text": "The inspected source supports the bounded lexical or textual period shown for kibbutz.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-kibbutz-etymonline", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "date" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." } ], "limitations": "The Hebrew form’s exact earliest lexical witness is not secured here. English 1931 is a bounded historical-dictionary date, not the date of the first kibbutz institution.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "kibbutz-community", "label": "The kibbutz community", "definition": "A communal settlement in Israel organized around shared life and equality.", "stage": "english", "claimIds": [ "kibbutz-sense" ], "stageId": "kibbutz-english" } ], "defaultSense": "kibbutz-community", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R1", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 01 Slice-03", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "chutzpah", "word": "chutzpah", "language": "English", "sense": "The chutzpah quality", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 4", "aliases": [ "חוּצְפָּא", "ḥuṣpā", "חוצפּה", "khutspe", "chutzpah" ], "summary": "Chutzpah carries a qualified Hebrew-Aramaic/Yiddish audacity route into English.", "intro": "Follow chutzpah through the inspected source tradition into English, with dates, senses and uncertainty kept at claim scope.", "claimIds": [ "chutzpah-route", "chutzpah-sense" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-19", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "chutzpah-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "chutzpah-aramaic", "chutzpah-yiddish", "chutzpah-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "chutzpah-aramaic", "etymologyId": "arc-chutzpah-aramaic", "form": "חוּצְפָּא", "language": "Aramaic", "languageCode": "arc", "transliteration": "ḥuṣpā", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "chutzpah-route" ], "sense": "audacity or boldness", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "chutzpah-route" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "chutzpah-route" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "rtl", "script": "Hebrew", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "chutzpah-route" ] } }, { "id": "chutzpah-yiddish", "etymologyId": "yi-chutzpah-yiddish", "form": "חוצפּה", "language": "Yiddish", "languageCode": "yi", "transliteration": "khutspe", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "chutzpah-route" ], "sense": "audacity or effrontery", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "chutzpah-route" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "chutzpah-route" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "rtl", "script": "Hebrew", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "chutzpah-route" ] } }, { "id": "chutzpah-english", "etymologyId": "en-chutzpah-english", "form": "chutzpah", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "chutzpah", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "chutzpah-route", "chutzpah-sense" ], "sense": "audacity or effrontery", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "start": 1890, "end": 1895, "approximate": true, "basis": "textual-period", "label": "c. 1890–95 · English record", "note": "The inspected entry dates the English record, while the route through Hebrew and Aramaic remains qualified.", "claimIds": [ "chutzpah-route" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "chutzpah-route", "chutzpah-sense" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "chutzpah-route", "chutzpah-sense" ] } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "chutzpah-link-aramaic-yiddish", "from": "chutzpah-aramaic", "to": "chutzpah-yiddish", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "The inspected account allows a Medieval Hebrew route or direct Aramaic source; this edge represents the qualified Yiddish connection.", "claimIds": [ "chutzpah-route" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "chutzpah-link-yiddish-english", "from": "chutzpah-yiddish", "to": "chutzpah-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected passage.", "claimIds": [ "chutzpah-route" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "chutzpah-route", "text": "English chutzpah is traced to Yiddish חוצפּה, through Medieval Hebrew or directly from Aramaic חוּצְפָּא, audacity.", "sourceId": "batch10-chutzpah-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-chutzpah-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The inspected passage states this with the qualification preserved in the journey." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "chutzpah-sense", "text": "The English noun denotes audacious, impudent or nearly arrogant self-confidence.", "sourceId": "batch10-chutzpah-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-chutzpah-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." } ], "limitations": "The source leaves the immediate Semitic route open; the journey does not collapse it into one certain ancestor.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "chutzpah-audacity", "label": "The chutzpah quality", "definition": "Audacious self-confidence or effrontery.", "stage": "english", "claimIds": [ "chutzpah-sense" ], "stageId": "chutzpah-english" } ], "defaultSense": "chutzpah-audacity" }, { "id": "indaba", "word": "indaba", "language": "English", "sense": "The indaba meeting", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 4", "aliases": [ "índaba", "indaba" ], "summary": "Indaba moves from isiZulu/isiXhosa matter-and-news vocabulary into South African English council and conference uses, with the first recorded English quotation dated 1827.", "intro": "Follow índaba through isiZulu/isiXhosa vocabulary into South African English, keeping donor-language senses distinct from the transferred meeting sense.", "claimIds": [ "indaba-route", "indaba-sense", "indaba-enrichment-route", "indaba-enrichment-sense", "indaba-indaba-zulu-geo", "indaba-indaba-zulu-reading", "indaba-indaba-zulu-date-unresolved", "indaba-indaba-english-geo", "indaba-indaba-english-reading", "indaba-date-english" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "indaba-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "indaba-zulu", "indaba-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "indaba-zulu", "etymologyId": "zu-indaba-zulu", "form": "índaba", "language": "Zulu", "languageCode": "zu", "transliteration": "índaba", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "indaba-enrichment-route", "indaba-indaba-zulu-reading" ], "sense": "affair, matter, news or story", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected Nguni and South African English sources do not establish a word-specific earliest isiZulu witness.", "claimIds": [ "indaba-indaba-zulu-date-unresolved" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Southern Africa · isiZulu/isiXhosa speech region", "coordinates": [ 28, -30 ], "qualifier": "A broad Nguni speech/community region; Zulu and Xhosa evidence are kept distinct from the later South African English use.", "claimIds": [ "indaba-indaba-zulu-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "indaba-route", "indaba-enrichment-route", "indaba-enrichment-sense", "indaba-indaba-zulu-geo", "indaba-indaba-zulu-reading", "indaba-indaba-zulu-date-unresolved" ], "explanation": "The stage is presented with inspected lexical evidence, a qualified route, and a supported reading; dates and regional coordinates retain their stated limits.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "in-DAH-bah", "ipa": "/índàːɓá/", "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional or dictionary-supported reading is shown; it is not treated as transliteration or as proof of historical phonology.", "claimIds": [ "indaba-indaba-zulu-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "indaba-route" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "indaba-enrichment-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "indaba-enrichment-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "indaba-enrichment-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "indaba-indaba-zulu-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "indaba-enrichment-route" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected Nguni and South African English sources do not establish a word-specific earliest isiZulu witness.", "claimIds": [ "indaba-enrichment-route", "indaba-indaba-zulu-date-unresolved" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "indaba-indaba-zulu-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "indaba-indaba-zulu-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "indaba-enrichment-sense" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "indaba-route", "indaba-enrichment-route", "indaba-enrichment-sense", "indaba-indaba-zulu-geo", "indaba-indaba-zulu-reading", "indaba-indaba-zulu-date-unresolved" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "indaba-route", "indaba-enrichment-route" ] } } }, { "id": "indaba-english", "etymologyId": "en-indaba-english", "form": "indaba", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "indaba", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "indaba-enrichment-route", "indaba-indaba-english-reading" ], "sense": "a conference, discussion or matter", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1827, "end": 1827, "approximate": false, "label": "1827 · English indaba", "note": "DSAE’s earliest cited English quotation uses indaba for a council; this is a first recorded quotation in that dictionary, not a claim about first oral use.", "claimIds": [ "indaba-date-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region", "coordinates": [ 28, -30 ], "qualifier": "A broad Nguni speech/community region; Zulu and Xhosa evidence are kept distinct from the later South African English use.", "claimIds": [ "indaba-indaba-english-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "indaba-route", "indaba-sense", "indaba-enrichment-route", "indaba-enrichment-sense", "indaba-indaba-english-geo", "indaba-indaba-english-reading", "indaba-date-english" ], "explanation": "The stage is presented with inspected lexical evidence, a qualified route, and a supported reading; dates and regional coordinates retain their stated limits.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "in-DAH-bah", "ipa": "/ɪnˈdɑːbə/", "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional or dictionary-supported reading is shown; it is not treated as transliteration or as proof of historical phonology.", "claimIds": [ "indaba-indaba-english-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "indaba-route", "indaba-sense" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "indaba-enrichment-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "indaba-enrichment-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "indaba-enrichment-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "indaba-indaba-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "indaba-enrichment-route" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "indaba-date-english" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "indaba-indaba-english-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "indaba-indaba-english-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "indaba-enrichment-sense" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "indaba-route", "indaba-sense", "indaba-enrichment-route", "indaba-enrichment-sense", "indaba-indaba-english-geo", "indaba-indaba-english-reading", "indaba-date-english" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "indaba-link-zulu-english", "from": "indaba-zulu", "to": "indaba-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "South African English indaba is traced to isiZulu and isiXhosa Nguni vocabulary, but the donor-language senses include matter, affair, news and story as well as the English meeting sense; the semantic narrowing/extension is represented rather than flattened.", "claimIds": [ "indaba-route", "indaba-enrichment-route" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "indaba-route", "text": "English indaba is borrowed from Zulu índaba, a word for an affair, issue, matter, news or story.", "sourceId": "batch10-indaba-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-indaba-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "indaba-sense", "text": "South African English indaba names a conference or discussion and can extend to a matter or problem.", "sourceId": "batch10-indaba-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-indaba-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "indaba-enrichment-route", "text": "South African English indaba is traced to isiZulu and isiXhosa Nguni vocabulary, but the donor-language senses include matter, affair, news and story as well as the English meeting sense; the semantic narrowing/extension is represented rather than flattened.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-indaba-dsae", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The selected route is retained with explicit scope and alternatives where the inspected sources do not agree." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "indaba-enrichment-sense", "text": "Indaba can mean a matter or issue in Nguni languages and a council, meeting, discussion or matter in South African English.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-indaba-dsae", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "indaba-indaba-zulu-reading", "text": "The inspected source supports the conventional reading in-DAH-bah for índaba; it is presented as a reading, not as transliteration.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-indaba-dsae", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "indaba-indaba-zulu-geo", "text": "Southern Africa · isiZulu/isiXhosa speech region is used as a broad language, speech-community, or documented contact-corridor reference for this stage; it is not presented as a lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-regions", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "indaba-nguni" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "The regional record supports map orientation only; it does not prove a lexical origin coordinate." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "indaba-indaba-zulu-date-unresolved", "text": "The inspected sources establish the displayed form and route but do not establish a secure word-specific lexical date for índaba.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-indaba-dsae", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "unresolved", "text": "Normal lexical and historical sources were inspected; the retained evidence does not support a more precise date." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "indaba-indaba-english-reading", "text": "The inspected source supports the conventional reading in-DAH-bah for indaba; it is presented as a reading, not as transliteration.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-indaba-dsae", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "indaba-indaba-english-geo", "text": "Southern Africa · isiZulu/isiXhosa speech region is used as a broad language, speech-community, or documented contact-corridor reference for this stage; it is not presented as a lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-regions", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "indaba-nguni" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "The regional record supports map orientation only; it does not prove a lexical origin coordinate." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "indaba-date-english", "text": "The inspected source supports the bounded lexical or textual period shown for indaba.", "sourceId": "enrichment-03-indaba-dsae", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." } ], "limitations": "DSAE records the first cited English use in 1827, not necessarily the first oral or written English occurrence; Zulu and Xhosa are retained together only at the scope stated by the dictionary.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "indaba-meeting", "label": "The indaba meeting", "definition": "A conference, discussion or matter, especially in South African English.", "stage": "english", "claimIds": [ "indaba-sense" ], "stageId": "indaba-english" } ], "defaultSense": "indaba-meeting", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 01 Slice-03", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "boma", "word": "boma", "language": "English", "sense": "The boma enclosure", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 4", "aliases": [ "boma" ], "summary": "Boma is Swahili enclosure vocabulary adopted into English for a protective enclosure.", "intro": "Meaning keeps Swahili boma's enclosure vocabulary distinct from colonial administrative and fortification history.", "claimIds": [ "boma-route", "boma-sense", "boma-date", "batch02-boma-root-research", "batch02-boma-english-research", "batch02-boma-geography", "batch02-boma-editorial-scope" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "boma-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "boma-swahili", "boma-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "boma-swahili", "etymologyId": "sw-boma-swahili", "form": "boma", "language": "Swahili", "languageCode": "sw", "transliteration": "boma", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "boma-route", "batch02-boma-root-research" ], "sense": "an enclosure or fortified outpost", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "boma-route" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "East Africa / Swahili region", "qualifier": "A supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region; not a precise lexical birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ 39.2, -6.8 ], "claimIds": [ "batch02-boma-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "boma-route", "batch02-boma-root-research", "batch02-boma-geography", "batch02-boma-editorial-scope" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "BO-ma", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Conventional dictionary or language-entry reading; no historical sound reconstruction is asserted.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-boma-root-research" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "boma-route" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-boma-root-research", "batch02-boma-editorial-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-boma-root-research", "batch02-boma-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-boma-root-research" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-boma-root-research" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-boma-root-research" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed source-stage form. The map and reading are retained without manufacturing chronology.", "claimIds": [ "boma-route" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-boma-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-boma-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-boma-root-research", "batch02-boma-editorial-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "boma-route", "batch02-boma-root-research", "batch02-boma-geography", "batch02-boma-editorial-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "boma-route" ] } } }, { "id": "boma-english", "etymologyId": "en-boma-english", "form": "boma", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "boma", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "boma-route", "boma-sense", "boma-date", "batch02-boma-english-research" ], "sense": "a protective enclosure", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "start": 1910, "end": 1919, "approximate": true, "basis": "textual-period", "label": "c. 1910s · cited English example", "note": "The entry cites an early twentieth-century example; it is not treated as a precise first-attestation date.", "claimIds": [ "boma-date" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "East Africa / Swahili region", "qualifier": "A supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region; not a precise lexical birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ 39.2, -6.8 ], "claimIds": [ "batch02-boma-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "boma-route", "boma-sense", "boma-date", "batch02-boma-english-research", "batch02-boma-geography", "batch02-boma-editorial-scope" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "BO-ma", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Modern dictionary reading for the English headword; it is not retrojected as a historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-boma-english-research" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "boma-route", "boma-sense", "boma-date" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-boma-english-research", "batch02-boma-editorial-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-boma-english-research", "batch02-boma-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-boma-english-research" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-boma-english-research" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-boma-english-research" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed source-stage form. The map and reading are retained without manufacturing chronology.", "claimIds": [ "boma-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "boma-date" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-boma-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-boma-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-boma-english-research", "batch02-boma-editorial-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "boma-route", "boma-sense", "boma-date", "batch02-boma-english-research", "batch02-boma-geography", "batch02-boma-editorial-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "boma-link-swahili-english", "from": "boma-swahili", "to": "boma-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected passage.", "claimIds": [ "boma-route" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "boma-route", "text": "English boma is borrowed from Swahili boma, enclosure or fortified outpost.", "sourceId": "batch10-boma-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-boma-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "boma-sense", "text": "English boma denotes a protective enclosure made from thorn bushes or fencing.", "sourceId": "batch10-boma-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-boma-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "boma-date", "text": "The inspected entry cites an early twentieth-century example for the English enclosure noun.", "sourceId": "batch10-boma-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-boma-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The inspected passage states this with the qualification preserved in the journey." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "batch02-boma-root-research", "text": "boma: The source-language form and conventional reading are retained at the inspected dictionary scope.", "sourceId": "batch02-boma-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "passageIds": [ "batch02-boma-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The form and reading are supported at dictionary scope; the map is a language or community reference rather than a birthplace claim." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the inspected source for the displayed form and reading while preserving the limit on origin precision." }, { "id": "batch02-boma-english-research", "text": "boma: The English headword's conventional reading and selected sense are supported by the inspected dictionary entry.", "sourceId": "batch02-boma-english-dictionary", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "passageIds": [ "batch02-boma-english-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The dictionary supports the English reading and sense; lexical dating remains tied to the journey's date evidence." }, "inference": "Lexography keeps English reading and lexical chronology separate from the history of the referenced object, practice, institution or person." }, { "id": "batch02-boma-geography", "text": "boma: East Africa / Swahili region is retained as a supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region, not as a precise word birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch02-boma-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and language/reference scope", "passageIds": [ "batch02-boma-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The coordinate is an informative reference region at the strongest defensible level available for this bounded journey." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a qualified language or community reference and does not convert it into a precise origin claim." }, { "id": "batch02-boma-editorial-scope", "text": "boma: The retained route, sense boundaries and unresolved alternatives follow the existing inspected source account and the Batch 02 editorial risk note.", "sourceId": "batch10-boma-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-boma-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Existing route evidence is preserved; cultural, object, institutional and biography history is not silently promoted to lexical ancestry." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the existing journey without adding an unsupported donor, route, date or semantic change." } ], "limitations": "The East African point represents a Swahili speech/reference region; it does not flatten Swahili, neighboring languages, or every colonial use into one origin.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "boma-enclosure", "label": "The boma enclosure", "definition": "An enclosure made for protection from thorn bushes, steel or similar fencing.", "stage": "english", "claimIds": [ "boma-sense" ], "stageId": "boma-english" } ], "defaultSense": "boma-enclosure", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 02", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "marae", "word": "marae", "language": "English", "sense": "The marae meeting place", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 4", "aliases": [ "*malaqe", "marae" ], "summary": "Marae denotes a Māori courtyard, meeting ground, and cultural focal point. Its history combines a reconstructed Oceanic comparison, inheritance into Māori, and later English borrowing without turning those different relationships into one witnessed chain.", "intro": "The route begins with reconstructed Proto-Oceanic *malaqe, “cleared space,” not a directly attested word. Māori marae continues the courtyard or meeting-ground sense within a specific social institution. English then borrows the Māori word and referent in Aotearoa New Zealand; it does not inherit the proto-form directly.", "claimIds": [ "marae-route", "marae-sense", "marae-enrichment-route", "marae-enrichment-sense", "marae-marae-proto-geo", "marae-marae-proto-reading", "marae-marae-proto-date-unresolved", "marae-marae-maori-geo", "marae-marae-maori-reading", "marae-marae-maori-date-unresolved", "marae-marae-english-geo", "marae-marae-english-reading", "marae-marae-english-date-unresolved" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "marae-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "marae-proto", "marae-maori", "marae-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "marae-proto", "etymologyId": "poz-marae-proto", "form": "*malaqe", "language": "Proto-Oceanic", "languageCode": "poz", "transliteration": "*malaqe", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "marae-enrichment-route", "marae-marae-proto-reading" ], "sense": "cleared space", "formStatus": "reconstructed", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "A reconstructed Proto-Oceanic form cannot be assigned a documentary lexical date from the inspected dictionary evidence.", "claimIds": [ "marae-marae-proto-date-unresolved" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Eastern Oceania · Proto-Oceanic reference region", "coordinates": [ 160, -10 ], "qualifier": "A broad historical Austronesian contact/reference region for a reconstruction, not a precise origin site.", "claimIds": [ "marae-marae-proto-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "marae-route", "marae-enrichment-route", "marae-enrichment-sense", "marae-marae-proto-geo", "marae-marae-proto-reading", "marae-marae-proto-date-unresolved" ], "explanation": "*malaqe is a scholarly reconstruction meaning “cleared space.” It represents comparative ancestry, not a surviving inscription, spoken recording, or dated borrowing event.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "*ma-la-ke (reconstructed)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional or dictionary-supported reading is shown; it is not treated as transliteration or as proof of historical phonology.", "claimIds": [ "marae-marae-proto-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "marae-route" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "marae-enrichment-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "marae-enrichment-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "marae-enrichment-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "marae-marae-proto-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "marae-enrichment-route" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "A reconstructed Proto-Oceanic form cannot be assigned a documentary lexical date from the inspected dictionary evidence.", "claimIds": [ "marae-enrichment-route", "marae-marae-proto-date-unresolved" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "marae-marae-proto-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "marae-marae-proto-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "marae-enrichment-sense" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "marae-route", "marae-enrichment-route", "marae-enrichment-sense", "marae-marae-proto-geo", "marae-marae-proto-reading", "marae-marae-proto-date-unresolved" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "marae-route" ] } } }, { "id": "marae-maori", "etymologyId": "mi-marae-maori", "form": "marae", "language": "Māori", "languageCode": "mi", "transliteration": "marae", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "marae-enrichment-route", "marae-marae-maori-reading" ], "sense": "courtyard or meeting ground", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected Māori dictionary supports the lexical sense but does not establish an earliest dated Māori witness.", "claimIds": [ "marae-marae-maori-date-unresolved" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Aotearoa New Zealand · Māori language region", "coordinates": [ 174, -41 ], "qualifier": "A broad Māori language/community reference region, not a birthplace for every marae or for the reconstructed form.", "claimIds": [ "marae-marae-maori-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "marae-route", "marae-sense", "marae-enrichment-route", "marae-enrichment-sense", "marae-marae-maori-geo", "marae-marae-maori-reading", "marae-marae-maori-date-unresolved" ], "explanation": "Māori marae names an enclosed place, courtyard, or meeting ground. The spatial sense continues the reconstructed comparison while the Māori word names a culturally specific communal institution.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "MAH-rye", "ipa": "/ˈmaɾae/", "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional or dictionary-supported reading is shown; it is not treated as transliteration or as proof of historical phonology.", "claimIds": [ "marae-marae-maori-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "marae-route", "marae-sense" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "marae-enrichment-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "marae-enrichment-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "marae-enrichment-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "marae-marae-maori-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "marae-enrichment-route" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected Māori dictionary supports the lexical sense but does not establish an earliest dated Māori witness.", "claimIds": [ "marae-enrichment-route", "marae-marae-maori-date-unresolved" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "marae-marae-maori-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "marae-marae-maori-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "marae-enrichment-sense" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "marae-route", "marae-sense", "marae-enrichment-route", "marae-enrichment-sense", "marae-marae-maori-geo", "marae-marae-maori-reading", "marae-marae-maori-date-unresolved" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "marae-route" ] } } }, { "id": "marae-english", "etymologyId": "en-marae-english", "form": "marae", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "marae", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "marae-enrichment-route", "marae-marae-english-reading" ], "sense": "a Māori meeting place and cultural focal point", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected sources do not establish the first English written use of marae.", "claimIds": [ "marae-marae-english-date-unresolved" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region", "coordinates": [ 174, -41 ], "qualifier": "A broad Māori language/community reference region, not a birthplace for every marae or for the reconstructed form.", "claimIds": [ "marae-marae-english-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "marae-route", "marae-sense", "marae-enrichment-route", "marae-enrichment-sense", "marae-marae-english-geo", "marae-marae-english-reading", "marae-marae-english-date-unresolved" ], "explanation": "English borrows Māori marae for the Māori meeting ground and cultural focal point. The borrowing retains that specificity; it is not evidence that English inherited the reconstructed Proto-Oceanic form.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "MAH-rye", "ipa": "/ˈmaɹaɪ/", "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional or dictionary-supported reading is shown; it is not treated as transliteration or as proof of historical phonology.", "claimIds": [ "marae-marae-english-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "marae-route", "marae-sense" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "marae-enrichment-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "marae-enrichment-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "marae-enrichment-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "marae-marae-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "marae-enrichment-route" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected sources do not establish the first English written use of marae.", "claimIds": [ "marae-enrichment-route", "marae-marae-english-date-unresolved" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "marae-marae-english-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "marae-marae-english-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "marae-enrichment-sense" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "marae-route", "marae-sense", "marae-enrichment-route", "marae-enrichment-sense", "marae-marae-english-geo", "marae-marae-english-reading", "marae-marae-english-date-unresolved" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "marae-link-proto-maori", "from": "marae-proto", "to": "marae-maori", "type": "inheritance", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Māori marae is presented as inherited within the Oceanic family from the reconstructed *malaqe comparison. Because the earlier form is reconstructed, this edge describes linguistic inheritance rather than an observed act of borrowing.", "claimIds": [ "marae-route", "marae-enrichment-route" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The cleared-space and courtyard meanings show continuity, but a reconstruction cannot by itself date each step or prove an unchanged sense in every intervening variety.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "marae-link-maori-english", "from": "marae-maori", "to": "marae-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "English borrows Māori marae in Aotearoa New Zealand for the Māori meeting ground and institution. This is a contact borrowing from Māori, distinct from Māori’s inherited relationship to the reconstructed comparison.", "claimIds": [ "marae-route", "marae-enrichment-route" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "English retains the courtyard and meeting-ground referent with its Māori cultural specificity; no separate semantic rupture is established.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [], "context": { "stageId": "marae-english", "label": "Why the meeting ground matters to the word", "summary": [ "Cleared or enclosed space", "Māori meeting ground", "Community and cultural focal point" ], "explanation": "The institutional context explains why “courtyard” alone is too thin a gloss: the place is understood through its communal, cultural, and spiritual function. That context clarifies the referent without dating the reconstructed form.", "claimIds": [ "marae-enrichment-sense", "marae-sense" ] } } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "marae-route", "text": "English marae is traced to Māori and Tahitian marae and reconstructed Proto-Oceanic *malaqe, cleared space.", "sourceId": "batch10-marae-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-marae-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The inspected passage states this with the qualification preserved in the journey." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "marae-sense", "text": "Māori marae denotes a courtyard or meeting ground associated with a wharenui and cultural or spiritual life.", "sourceId": "batch10-marae-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-marae-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "marae-enrichment-route", "text": "Marae is retained through a reconstructed Proto-Oceanic form and Māori marae, but the public meaning is grounded in the Māori lexical sense of an enclosed or cleared meeting place; the reconstructed form remains marked as reconstructed.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-marae-teaka", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The selected route is retained with explicit scope and alternatives where the inspected sources do not agree." }, "inference": "The Māori dictionary anchors the attested meeting-place sense; the proto-form remains a qualified reconstruction, so Lexography distinguishes family inheritance from the later English borrowing." }, { "id": "marae-enrichment-sense", "text": "Marae can denote a courtyard, enclosed place or Māori meeting ground and cultural focal point; this is not reduced to a generic ‘temple’ gloss.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-marae-teaka", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The courtyard and meeting-ground definitions converge on a stable spatial core, while “cultural focal point” explains why English retains the Māori term instead of flattening it to a generic place word." }, { "id": "marae-marae-proto-reading", "text": "The inspected source supports the conventional reading *ma-la-ke (reconstructed) for *malaqe; it is presented as a reading, not as transliteration.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-marae-teaka", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "marae-marae-proto-geo", "text": "Eastern Oceania · Proto-Oceanic reference region is used as a broad language, speech-community, or documented contact-corridor reference for this stage; it is not presented as a lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-regions", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "marae-oceania" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "The regional record supports map orientation only; it does not prove a lexical origin coordinate." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "marae-marae-proto-date-unresolved", "text": "The inspected sources establish the displayed form and route but do not establish a secure word-specific lexical date for *malaqe.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-marae-teaka", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "unresolved", "text": "Normal lexical and historical sources were inspected; the retained evidence does not support a more precise date." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "marae-marae-maori-reading", "text": "The inspected source supports the conventional reading MAH-rye for marae; it is presented as a reading, not as transliteration.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-marae-teaka", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "marae-marae-maori-geo", "text": "Aotearoa New Zealand · Māori language region is used as a broad language, speech-community, or documented contact-corridor reference for this stage; it is not presented as a lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-regions", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "marae-maori" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "The regional record supports map orientation only; it does not prove a lexical origin coordinate." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "marae-marae-maori-date-unresolved", "text": "The inspected sources establish the displayed form and route but do not establish a secure word-specific lexical date for marae.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-marae-teaka", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "unresolved", "text": "Normal lexical and historical sources were inspected; the retained evidence does not support a more precise date." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "marae-marae-english-reading", "text": "The inspected source supports the conventional reading MAH-rye for marae; it is presented as a reading, not as transliteration.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-marae-teaka", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "marae-marae-english-geo", "text": "Aotearoa New Zealand · Māori language region is used as a broad language, speech-community, or documented contact-corridor reference for this stage; it is not presented as a lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-regions", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "marae-maori" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "The regional record supports map orientation only; it does not prove a lexical origin coordinate." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "marae-marae-english-date-unresolved", "text": "The inspected sources establish the displayed form and route but do not establish a secure word-specific lexical date for marae.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-marae-teaka", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "unresolved", "text": "Normal lexical and historical sources were inspected; the retained evidence does not support a more precise date." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." } ], "limitations": "The Proto-Oceanic stage is reconstructed and undated; the inspected Māori dictionary supports the sense and reading but not an exact earliest lexical witness.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "marae-place", "label": "The marae meeting place", "definition": "A Māori courtyard or meeting ground associated with communal, cultural, and spiritual life. From the reconstructed “cleared space” comparison through Māori and English, the spatial core remains recognizable; English preserves the institution-specific Māori term rather than replacing it with a generic courtyard.", "stage": "english", "claimIds": [ "marae-sense" ], "stageId": "marae-english" } ], "defaultSense": "marae-place", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Corpus One — Encyclopedic Enrichment Standard", "standardVersion": "2.0", "completedAt": "2026-09-21" } }, { "id": "didgeridoo", "word": "didgeridoo", "language": "English", "sense": "The didgeridoo instrument", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 4", "aliases": [ "didgeridoo" ], "summary": "Didgeridoo is an Australian English sound-imitative coinage, not a demonstrated borrowing from an Aboriginal language.", "intro": "Meaning retains the documented English account while acknowledging the instrument's many Indigenous names as context, not invented donor stages.", "claimIds": [ "didgeridoo-origin", "didgeridoo-sense", "didgeridoo-date", "batch02-didgeridoo-root-research", "batch02-didgeridoo-english-research", "batch02-didgeridoo-geography", "batch02-didgeridoo-editorial-scope" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "didgeridoo-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "didgeridoo-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "didgeridoo-english", "etymologyId": "en-didgeridoo-english", "form": "didgeridoo", "language": "Australian English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "didgeridoo", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "didgeridoo-origin", "didgeridoo-sense", "didgeridoo-date", "batch02-didgeridoo-root-research" ], "sense": "a hollow tubular musical instrument", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1918, "end": 1918, "approximate": false, "label": "1918 · Australian English record", "note": "The ANU account reports a 1918 newspaper spelling variant and a 1919 sound-imitative description.", "claimIds": [ "didgeridoo-date" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Australian English / Australia", "qualifier": "A supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region; not a precise lexical birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ 133, -25 ], "claimIds": [ "batch02-didgeridoo-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "didgeridoo-origin", "didgeridoo-sense", "didgeridoo-date", "batch02-didgeridoo-root-research", "batch02-didgeridoo-geography", "batch02-didgeridoo-editorial-scope" ], "explanation": "An Australian English name probably coined in imitation of the instrument's sound; no distinct donor language is asserted.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "DIJ-uh-ree-DOO", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Conventional dictionary or language-entry reading; no historical sound reconstruction is asserted.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-didgeridoo-root-research" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "didgeridoo-origin", "didgeridoo-sense", "didgeridoo-date" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-didgeridoo-root-research", "batch02-didgeridoo-editorial-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-didgeridoo-root-research", "batch02-didgeridoo-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-didgeridoo-root-research" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-didgeridoo-root-research" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-didgeridoo-root-research" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "didgeridoo-date", "batch02-didgeridoo-english-research" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-didgeridoo-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-didgeridoo-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-didgeridoo-root-research", "batch02-didgeridoo-editorial-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "didgeridoo-origin", "didgeridoo-sense", "didgeridoo-date", "batch02-didgeridoo-root-research", "batch02-didgeridoo-geography", "batch02-didgeridoo-editorial-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [], "claims": [ { "id": "didgeridoo-origin", "text": "Australian lexicographic research treats didgeridoo as an ad hoc sound imitation by non-Indigenous Australians rather than an Aboriginal-language loan.", "sourceId": "c200-andc-didgeridoo", "locator": "Alphabetical entry: didgeridoo", "passageIds": [ "c200-andc-didgeridoo-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The account states that later research displaced the earlier borrowing assumption." }, "inference": "The unsupported donor node is removed; this does not imply that the instrument or its Indigenous names originated with English speakers." }, { "id": "didgeridoo-sense", "text": "English didgeridoo denotes a hollow tubular musical instrument associated with Australian Aboriginal people.", "sourceId": "batch10-didgeridoo-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-didgeridoo-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "didgeridoo-date", "text": "The ANU account reports newspaper evidence in 1918 and a sound-imitative description in 1919.", "sourceId": "c200-andc-didgeridoo", "locator": "Alphabetical entry: didgeridoo", "passageIds": [ "c200-andc-didgeridoo-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "These are documentary attestations, not a proven moment of oral coinage." }, "inference": "The displayed date is the earliest inspected documentary evidence." }, { "id": "batch02-didgeridoo-root-research", "text": "didgeridoo: The source-language form and conventional reading are retained at the inspected dictionary scope.", "sourceId": "batch02-didgeridoo-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "passageIds": [ "batch02-didgeridoo-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The form and reading are supported at dictionary scope; the map is a language or community reference rather than a birthplace claim." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the inspected source for the displayed form and reading while preserving the limit on origin precision." }, { "id": "batch02-didgeridoo-english-research", "text": "didgeridoo: The English headword's conventional reading and selected sense are supported by the inspected dictionary entry.", "sourceId": "batch02-didgeridoo-english-dictionary", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "passageIds": [ "batch02-didgeridoo-english-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The dictionary supports the English reading and sense; lexical dating remains tied to the journey's date evidence." }, "inference": "Lexography keeps English reading and lexical chronology separate from the history of the referenced object, practice, institution or person." }, { "id": "batch02-didgeridoo-geography", "text": "didgeridoo: Australian English / Australia is retained as a supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region, not as a precise word birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch02-didgeridoo-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and language/reference scope", "passageIds": [ "batch02-didgeridoo-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The coordinate is an informative reference region at the strongest defensible level available for this bounded journey." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a qualified language or community reference and does not convert it into a precise origin claim." }, { "id": "batch02-didgeridoo-editorial-scope", "text": "didgeridoo: The retained route, sense boundaries and unresolved alternatives follow the existing inspected source account and the Batch 02 editorial risk note.", "sourceId": "c200-andc-didgeridoo", "locator": "Alphabetical entry: didgeridoo", "passageIds": [ "c200-andc-didgeridoo-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Existing route evidence is preserved; cultural, object, institutional and biography history is not silently promoted to lexical ancestry." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the existing journey without adding an unsupported donor, route, date or semantic change." } ], "limitations": "Australia is the English lexical reference region; the word's sound imitation does not erase the instrument's Indigenous histories or supply an Indigenous donor form.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "didgeridoo-instrument", "label": "The didgeridoo instrument", "definition": "A hollow tubular musical instrument associated with Australian Aboriginal people.", "stage": "english", "claimIds": [ "didgeridoo-sense" ], "stageId": "didgeridoo-english" } ], "defaultSense": "didgeridoo-instrument", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 02", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "moai", "word": "moai", "language": "English", "sense": "The moai statue", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 4", "aliases": [ "mo'ai", "moai" ], "summary": "Moai carries the Rapa Nui statue word into English, with Rapa Nui lexical evidence kept separate from monument construction chronology.", "intro": "Follow mo'ai from Rapa Nui statue/figurine vocabulary into English moai; the monuments’ archaeological dates are context, not word dates.", "claimIds": [ "moai-route", "moai-sense", "moai-enrichment-route", "moai-enrichment-sense", "moai-moai-rapanui-geo", "moai-moai-rapanui-reading", "moai-moai-rapanui-date-unresolved", "moai-moai-english-geo", "moai-moai-english-reading", "moai-moai-english-date-unresolved" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "moai-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "moai-rapanui", "moai-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "moai-rapanui", "etymologyId": "rap-moai-rapanui", "form": "mo'ai", "language": "Rapa Nui", "languageCode": "rap", "transliteration": "mo'ai", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "moai-enrichment-route", "moai-moai-rapanui-reading" ], "sense": "statue or figurine", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The lexical resources establish the Rapa Nui word but do not expose a secure dated historical witness.", "claimIds": [ "moai-moai-rapanui-date-unresolved" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Rapa Nui · Eastern Polynesia", "coordinates": [ -109.4, -27.1 ], "qualifier": "An attested Rapa Nui language/community reference region; monument construction dates are not used as word dates.", "claimIds": [ "moai-moai-rapanui-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "moai-route", "moai-enrichment-route", "moai-enrichment-sense", "moai-moai-rapanui-geo", "moai-moai-rapanui-reading", "moai-moai-rapanui-date-unresolved" ], "explanation": "The stage is presented with inspected lexical evidence, a qualified route, and a supported reading; dates and regional coordinates retain their stated limits.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "MO-eye", "ipa": "/ˈmoʔai/", "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional or dictionary-supported reading is shown; it is not treated as transliteration or as proof of historical phonology.", "claimIds": [ "moai-moai-rapanui-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "moai-route" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "moai-enrichment-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "moai-enrichment-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "moai-enrichment-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "moai-moai-rapanui-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "moai-enrichment-route" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The lexical resources establish the Rapa Nui word but do not expose a secure dated historical witness.", "claimIds": [ "moai-enrichment-route", "moai-moai-rapanui-date-unresolved" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "moai-moai-rapanui-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "moai-moai-rapanui-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "moai-enrichment-sense" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "moai-route", "moai-enrichment-route", "moai-enrichment-sense", "moai-moai-rapanui-geo", "moai-moai-rapanui-reading", "moai-moai-rapanui-date-unresolved" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "moai-route" ] } } }, { "id": "moai-english", "etymologyId": "en-moai-english", "form": "moai", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "moai", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "moai-enrichment-route", "moai-moai-english-reading" ], "sense": "a large stone statue of Rapa Nui", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected lexical sources do not establish an exact first English quotation; archaeological monument dates are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "moai-moai-english-date-unresolved" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region", "coordinates": [ -109.4, -27.1 ], "qualifier": "An attested Rapa Nui language/community reference region; monument construction dates are not used as word dates.", "claimIds": [ "moai-moai-english-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "moai-route", "moai-sense", "moai-enrichment-route", "moai-enrichment-sense", "moai-moai-english-geo", "moai-moai-english-reading", "moai-moai-english-date-unresolved" ], "explanation": "The stage is presented with inspected lexical evidence, a qualified route, and a supported reading; dates and regional coordinates retain their stated limits.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "MO-eye", "ipa": "/ˈmoʊaɪ/", "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional or dictionary-supported reading is shown; it is not treated as transliteration or as proof of historical phonology.", "claimIds": [ "moai-moai-english-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "moai-route", "moai-sense" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "moai-enrichment-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "moai-enrichment-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "moai-enrichment-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "moai-moai-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "moai-enrichment-route" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical sources do not establish an exact first English quotation; archaeological monument dates are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "moai-enrichment-route", "moai-moai-english-date-unresolved" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "moai-moai-english-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "moai-moai-english-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "moai-enrichment-sense" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "moai-route", "moai-sense", "moai-enrichment-route", "moai-enrichment-sense", "moai-moai-english-geo", "moai-moai-english-reading", "moai-moai-english-date-unresolved" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "moai-link-rapanui-english", "from": "moai-rapanui", "to": "moai-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English moai is borrowed from Rapa Nui mo'ai/moai, a word for a statue or figurine. The lexical route is mapped to Rapa Nui, while archaeological dates for the stone monuments remain contextual and are not promoted to dates for the word.", "claimIds": [ "moai-route", "moai-enrichment-route" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "moai-route", "text": "English moai is borrowed from Rapa Nui mo'ai, statue or figurine.", "sourceId": "batch10-moai-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-moai-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "moai-sense", "text": "English moai denotes one of the large stone statues of Rapa Nui.", "sourceId": "batch10-moai-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-moai-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "moai-enrichment-route", "text": "English moai is borrowed from Rapa Nui mo'ai/moai, a word for a statue or figurine. The lexical route is mapped to Rapa Nui, while archaeological dates for the stone monuments remain contextual and are not promoted to dates for the word.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-moai-rapanui", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The selected route is retained with explicit scope and alternatives where the inspected sources do not agree." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "moai-enrichment-sense", "text": "Moai is the Rapa Nui lexical term for a statue or figurine, especially one of the large stone statues; the language sense is broader than a monument-construction date.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-moai-rapanui", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "moai-moai-rapanui-reading", "text": "The inspected source supports the conventional reading MO-eye for mo'ai; it is presented as a reading, not as transliteration.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-moai-rapanui", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "moai-moai-rapanui-geo", "text": "Rapa Nui · Eastern Polynesia is used as a broad language, speech-community, or documented contact-corridor reference for this stage; it is not presented as a lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-regions", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "moai-rapanui" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "The regional record supports map orientation only; it does not prove a lexical origin coordinate." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "moai-moai-rapanui-date-unresolved", "text": "The inspected sources establish the displayed form and route but do not establish a secure word-specific lexical date for mo'ai.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-moai-rapanui", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "unresolved", "text": "Normal lexical and historical sources were inspected; the retained evidence does not support a more precise date." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "moai-moai-english-reading", "text": "The inspected source supports the conventional reading MO-eye for moai; it is presented as a reading, not as transliteration.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-moai-rapanui", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "moai-moai-english-geo", "text": "Rapa Nui · Eastern Polynesia is used as a broad language, speech-community, or documented contact-corridor reference for this stage; it is not presented as a lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-regions", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "moai-rapanui" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "The regional record supports map orientation only; it does not prove a lexical origin coordinate." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "moai-moai-english-date-unresolved", "text": "The inspected sources establish the displayed form and route but do not establish a secure word-specific lexical date for moai.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-moai-rapanui", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "unresolved", "text": "Normal lexical and historical sources were inspected; the retained evidence does not support a more precise date." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." } ], "limitations": "The inspected Rapa Nui lexical records support the form and sense but not a secure earliest lexical witness; no monument date is used as word attestation.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "moai-statue", "label": "The moai statue", "definition": "A large stone statue of Rapa Nui.", "stage": "english", "claimIds": [ "moai-sense" ], "stageId": "moai-english" } ], "defaultSense": "moai-statue", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 01 Slice-04", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "piranha", "word": "piranha", "language": "English", "sense": "The piranha fish", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 4", "aliases": [ "pira nya", "piranha" ], "summary": "Piranha follows a qualified Tupi biting-fish analysis through Portuguese into English.", "intro": "Follow piranha through the inspected source tradition into English, with dates, senses and uncertainty kept at claim scope.", "claimIds": [ "piranha-route", "piranha-date" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-19", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "piranha-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "piranha-tupi", "piranha-portuguese", "piranha-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "piranha-tupi", "etymologyId": "tup-piranha-tupi", "form": "pira nya", "language": "Tupi", "languageCode": "tup", "transliteration": "pira nya", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "piranha-route" ], "sense": "probably biting-fish", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "piranha-route" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Tupi reference region", "coordinates": [ -47, -15 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "piranha-tupi-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "piranha-route", "piranha-tupi-region" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The bounded sources did not supply a defensible reading for this historical or disputed form; no pronunciation is invented.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "piranha-route" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piranha-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piranha-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piranha-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "piranha-route" ], "label": "Historical reading not established", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for pira nya (Tupi) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A transliteration or modern form is not presented as a historical pronunciation." }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "piranha-route" ], "label": "No secure word-specific lexical date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for pira nya (Tupi) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piranha-tupi-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piranha-tupi-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piranha-route" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piranha-route", "piranha-tupi-region" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piranha-route" ] } } }, { "id": "piranha-portuguese", "etymologyId": "pt-piranha-portuguese", "form": "piranha", "language": "Portuguese", "languageCode": "pt", "transliteration": "piranha", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "piranha-route" ], "sense": "a voracious carnivorous fish", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "piranha-route" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Portuguese reference region", "coordinates": [ -8.1, 39.91 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "piranha-portuguese-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "piranha-route", "piranha-portuguese-region", "piranha-portuguese-reading" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "pee-RA-nya", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "piranha-portuguese-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "piranha-route" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piranha-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piranha-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piranha-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piranha-portuguese-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "piranha-route" ], "label": "No secure word-specific lexical date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for piranha (Portuguese) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piranha-portuguese-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piranha-portuguese-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piranha-route" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piranha-route", "piranha-portuguese-region", "piranha-portuguese-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piranha-route" ] } } }, { "id": "piranha-english", "etymologyId": "en-piranha-english", "form": "piranha", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "piranha", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "piranha-route", "piranha-date" ], "sense": "a voracious carnivorous fish of tropical America", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1869, "end": 1869, "approximate": false, "label": "1869 · English fish noun", "note": "The date is the English record, not a date for Tupi or Portuguese.", "claimIds": [ "piranha-date" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "piranha-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "piranha-route", "piranha-date", "piranha-english-region", "piranha-english-reading" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "pih-RAN-yuh", "ipa": "/pɪˈrɑːnjə/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "piranha-english-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "piranha-route", "piranha-date" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piranha-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piranha-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piranha-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piranha-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piranha-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piranha-english-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piranha-english-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piranha-route" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "piranha-route", "piranha-date", "piranha-english-region", "piranha-english-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "piranha-link-tupi-portuguese", "from": "piranha-tupi", "to": "piranha-portuguese", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected passage.", "claimIds": [ "piranha-route" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "piranha-link-portuguese-english", "from": "piranha-portuguese", "to": "piranha-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected passage.", "claimIds": [ "piranha-route" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "piranha-route", "text": "English piranha is traced through Portuguese to Tupi pira nya, probably biting-fish, with pira fish.", "sourceId": "batch10-piranha-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-piranha-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The inspected passage states this with the qualification preserved in the journey." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "piranha-date", "text": "The English fish noun is recorded from 1869.", "sourceId": "batch10-piranha-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-piranha-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "piranha-tupi-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for Tupi.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable reference row for Tupi", "passageIds": [ "batch05-tupi-reference" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "piranha-portuguese-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for Portuguese.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row port1283; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "port1283" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "piranha-portuguese-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for piranha.", "sourceId": "batch10-piranha-etymonline", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for piranha", "passageIds": [ "batch05-piranha-portuguese-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "piranha-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for English / Britain.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "piranha-english-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for piranha.", "sourceId": "batch10-piranha-etymonline", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for piranha", "passageIds": [ "batch05-piranha-english-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." } ], "limitations": "The source says the Tupi analysis is probable; that qualification is preserved.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "piranha-fish", "label": "The piranha fish", "definition": "A voracious carnivorous fish of tropical America.", "stage": "english", "claimIds": [ "piranha-date" ], "stageId": "piranha-english" } ], "defaultSense": "piranha-fish", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Lexography enrichment completeness", "standardVersion": "1.0", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "pampas", "word": "pampas", "language": "English", "sense": "The pampas", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 4", "aliases": [ "pampa", "pampas" ], "summary": "Pampas moves from Quechua plain through Argentine Spanish into English geography.", "intro": "Follow pampas through the inspected source tradition into English, with dates, senses and uncertainty kept at claim scope.", "claimIds": [ "pampas-route", "pampas-date" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-19", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "pampas-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "pampas-quechua", "pampas-spanish", "pampas-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "pampas-quechua", "etymologyId": "qu-pampas-quechua", "form": "pampa", "language": "Quechua", "languageCode": "qu", "transliteration": "pampa", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "pampas-route" ], "sense": "plain", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "pampas-route" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Quechua reference region", "coordinates": [ -72, -13 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "pampas-quechua-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "pampas-route", "pampas-quechua-region" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "The bounded sources did not supply a defensible reading for this historical or disputed form; no pronunciation is invented.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "pampas-route" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "pampas-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "pampas-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "pampas-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "pampas-route" ], "label": "Historical reading not established", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for pampa (Quechua) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A transliteration or modern form is not presented as a historical pronunciation." }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "pampas-route" ], "label": "No secure word-specific lexical date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for pampa (Quechua) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "pampas-quechua-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "pampas-quechua-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "pampas-route" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "pampas-route", "pampas-quechua-region" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "pampas-route" ] } } }, { "id": "pampas-spanish", "etymologyId": "es-pampas-spanish", "form": "pampas", "language": "Argentine Spanish", "languageCode": "es", "transliteration": "pampas", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "pampas-route" ], "sense": "plains", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "pampas-route" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Spanish reference region", "coordinates": [ -1.11788, 40.4414 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "pampas-spanish-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "pampas-route", "pampas-spanish-region", "pampas-spanish-reading" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "PAM-pas", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "pampas-spanish-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "pampas-route" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "pampas-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "pampas-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "pampas-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "pampas-spanish-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "pampas-route" ], "label": "No secure word-specific lexical date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for pampas (Argentine Spanish) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "pampas-spanish-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "pampas-spanish-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "pampas-route" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "pampas-route", "pampas-spanish-region", "pampas-spanish-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "pampas-route" ] } } }, { "id": "pampas-english", "etymologyId": "en-pampas-english", "form": "pampas", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "pampas", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "pampas-route", "pampas-date" ], "sense": "the vast treeless plains of South America", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1704, "end": 1704, "approximate": false, "label": "1704 · English geographical noun", "note": "The date is an English record of the plural geographical noun.", "claimIds": [ "pampas-date" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "pampas-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "pampas-route", "pampas-date", "pampas-english-region", "pampas-english-reading" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "PAM-pəs", "ipa": "/ˈpæmpəs/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "pampas-english-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "pampas-route", "pampas-date" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "pampas-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "pampas-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "pampas-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "pampas-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "pampas-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "pampas-english-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "pampas-english-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "pampas-route" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "pampas-route", "pampas-date", "pampas-english-region", "pampas-english-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "pampas-link-quechua-spanish", "from": "pampas-quechua", "to": "pampas-spanish", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected passage.", "claimIds": [ "pampas-route" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "pampas-link-spanish-english", "from": "pampas-spanish", "to": "pampas-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected passage.", "claimIds": [ "pampas-route" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "pampas-route", "text": "English pampas is from Argentine Spanish pampas, plural of pampa, from Quechua pampa, plain.", "sourceId": "batch10-pampas-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-pampas-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "pampas-date", "text": "The English geographical noun is recorded from 1704.", "sourceId": "batch10-pampas-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-pampas-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "pampas-quechua-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for Quechua.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable reference row for Quechua", "passageIds": [ "batch05-quechua-reference" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "pampas-spanish-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for Spanish.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1288; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1288" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "pampas-spanish-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for pampas.", "sourceId": "batch10-pampas-etymonline", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for pampas", "passageIds": [ "batch05-pampas-spanish-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "pampas-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for English / Britain.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "pampas-english-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for pampas.", "sourceId": "batch10-pampas-etymonline", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for pampas", "passageIds": [ "batch05-pampas-english-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." } ], "limitations": "Plural formation and the English date are kept distinct from the Quechua source.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "pampas-plains", "label": "The pampas", "definition": "The vast treeless plains of South America.", "stage": "english", "claimIds": [ "pampas-date" ], "stageId": "pampas-english" } ], "defaultSense": "pampas-plains", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Lexography enrichment completeness", "standardVersion": "1.0", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "taiga", "word": "taiga", "language": "English", "sense": "The taiga forest belt", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 4", "aliases": [ "taiga" ], "summary": "Taiga enters English from Russian for the Siberian coniferous forest belt.", "intro": "Follow taiga through the inspected source tradition into English, with dates, senses and uncertainty kept at claim scope.", "claimIds": [ "taiga-route", "taiga-date" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-19", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "taiga-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "taiga-russian", "taiga-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "taiga-russian", "etymologyId": "ru-taiga-russian", "form": "taiga", "language": "Russian", "languageCode": "ru", "transliteration": "taiga", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "taiga-route" ], "sense": "the Siberian coniferous forest belt", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "taiga-route" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "taiga-route" ], "explanation": "The inspected passage names Russian taiga but does not supply a native-script form; the Latin form is retained without inventing one.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "taiga-route" ] } }, { "id": "taiga-english", "etymologyId": "en-taiga-english", "form": "taiga", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "taiga", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "taiga-route", "taiga-date" ], "sense": "a belt of coniferous forest in Siberia", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1869, "end": 1869, "approximate": false, "label": "1869 · English forest term", "note": "The date is the English record; the reported Mongolian depth remains unrepresented because no precise form was inspected.", "claimIds": [ "taiga-date" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "taiga-route", "taiga-date" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "taiga-route", "taiga-date" ] } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "taiga-link-russian-english", "from": "taiga-russian", "to": "taiga-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected passage.", "claimIds": [ "taiga-route" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "taiga-route", "text": "English taiga is from Russian taiga; the entry reports Mongolian origin without a precise deeper form.", "sourceId": "batch10-taiga-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-taiga-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The inspected passage states this with the qualification preserved in the journey." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "taiga-date", "text": "The English forest-belt noun is recorded from 1869.", "sourceId": "batch10-taiga-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-taiga-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." } ], "limitations": "The source reports a deeper Mongolian origin but does not provide a precise form or route, so it is not staged.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "taiga-forest", "label": "The taiga forest belt", "definition": "A belt of coniferous forest, especially in Siberia.", "stage": "english", "claimIds": [ "taiga-date" ], "stageId": "taiga-english" } ], "defaultSense": "taiga-forest" }, { "id": "wampum", "word": "wampum", "language": "English", "sense": "The wampum beads", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 4", "aliases": [ "wampumpeag", "wampum" ], "summary": "Wampum shortens an Algonquian shell-bead term into an English material and money word.", "intro": "Meaning keeps the long source form, shortened English noun and shell-bead history in separate evidentiary layers.", "claimIds": [ "wampum-route", "wampum-analysis", "wampum-date", "batch02-wampum-root-research", "batch02-wampum-english-research", "batch02-wampum-geography", "batch02-wampum-editorial-scope" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "wampum-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "wampum-algonquian", "wampum-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "wampum-algonquian", "etymologyId": "alg-wampum-algonquian", "form": "wampumpeag", "language": "New England Algonquian", "languageCode": "alg", "transliteration": "wampumpeag", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "wampum-route", "wampum-analysis", "batch02-wampum-root-research" ], "sense": "a string of white shell beads", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "wampum-route", "wampum-analysis" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Northeastern North America / Algonquian", "qualifier": "A supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region; not a precise lexical birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -72, 41.5 ], "claimIds": [ "batch02-wampum-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "wampum-route", "wampum-analysis", "batch02-wampum-root-research", "batch02-wampum-geography", "batch02-wampum-editorial-scope" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "WOM-pəm", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Conventional dictionary or language-entry reading; no historical sound reconstruction is asserted.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-wampum-root-research" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "wampum-route", "wampum-analysis" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-wampum-root-research", "batch02-wampum-editorial-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-wampum-root-research", "batch02-wampum-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-wampum-root-research" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-wampum-root-research" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-wampum-root-research" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed source-stage form. The map and reading are retained without manufacturing chronology.", "claimIds": [ "wampum-route", "wampum-analysis" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-wampum-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-wampum-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-wampum-root-research", "batch02-wampum-editorial-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "wampum-route", "wampum-analysis", "batch02-wampum-root-research", "batch02-wampum-geography", "batch02-wampum-editorial-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "wampum-route" ] } } }, { "id": "wampum-english", "etymologyId": "en-wampum-english", "form": "wampum", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "wampum", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "wampum-route", "wampum-date", "batch02-wampum-english-research" ], "sense": "shell beads used as ornament or money", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "start": 1620, "end": 1639, "approximate": true, "basis": "textual-period", "label": "c. 1620s–1630s · English records", "note": "The source gives a period spanning the longer form and shortened English noun.", "claimIds": [ "wampum-date" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Northeastern North America / Algonquian", "qualifier": "A supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region; not a precise lexical birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -72, 41.5 ], "claimIds": [ "batch02-wampum-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "wampum-route", "wampum-date", "batch02-wampum-english-research", "batch02-wampum-geography", "batch02-wampum-editorial-scope" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "WOM-pəm", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Modern dictionary reading for the English headword; it is not retrojected as a historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-wampum-english-research" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "wampum-route", "wampum-date" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-wampum-english-research", "batch02-wampum-editorial-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-wampum-english-research", "batch02-wampum-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-wampum-english-research" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-wampum-english-research" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-wampum-english-research" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed source-stage form. The map and reading are retained without manufacturing chronology.", "claimIds": [ "wampum-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "wampum-date" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-wampum-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-wampum-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-wampum-english-research", "batch02-wampum-editorial-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "wampum-route", "wampum-date", "batch02-wampum-english-research", "batch02-wampum-geography", "batch02-wampum-editorial-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "wampum-link-algonquian-english", "from": "wampum-algonquian", "to": "wampum-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected passage.", "claimIds": [ "wampum-route" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "wampum-route", "text": "English wampum is shortened from New England Algonquian wampumpeag, a string of white shell beads.", "sourceId": "batch10-wampum-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-wampum-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "wampum-analysis", "text": "The entry says wampumpeag is analyzed with elements for white, string and a plural suffix, while retaining that analysis as reported.", "sourceId": "batch10-wampum-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-wampum-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The inspected passage states this with the qualification preserved in the journey." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "wampum-date", "text": "The source places wampumpeag in English by the 1620s and wampum in the 1630s.", "sourceId": "batch10-wampum-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-wampum-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "batch02-wampum-root-research", "text": "wampum: The source-language form and conventional reading are retained at the inspected dictionary scope.", "sourceId": "batch02-wampum-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "passageIds": [ "batch02-wampum-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The form and reading are supported at dictionary scope; the map is a language or community reference rather than a birthplace claim." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the inspected source for the displayed form and reading while preserving the limit on origin precision." }, { "id": "batch02-wampum-english-research", "text": "wampum: The English headword's conventional reading and selected sense are supported by the inspected dictionary entry.", "sourceId": "batch02-wampum-english-dictionary", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "passageIds": [ "batch02-wampum-english-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The dictionary supports the English reading and sense; lexical dating remains tied to the journey's date evidence." }, "inference": "Lexography keeps English reading and lexical chronology separate from the history of the referenced object, practice, institution or person." }, { "id": "batch02-wampum-geography", "text": "wampum: Northeastern North America / Algonquian is retained as a supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region, not as a precise word birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch02-wampum-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and language/reference scope", "passageIds": [ "batch02-wampum-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The coordinate is an informative reference region at the strongest defensible level available for this bounded journey." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a qualified language or community reference and does not convert it into a precise origin claim." }, { "id": "batch02-wampum-editorial-scope", "text": "wampum: The retained route, sense boundaries and unresolved alternatives follow the existing inspected source account and the Batch 02 editorial risk note.", "sourceId": "batch10-wampum-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-wampum-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Existing route evidence is preserved; cultural, object, institutional and biography history is not silently promoted to lexical ancestry." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the existing journey without adding an unsupported donor, route, date or semantic change." } ], "limitations": "The Algonquian region is a language/community reference; bead production and monetary interpretation do not by themselves date the word.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "wampum-beads", "label": "The wampum beads", "definition": "Shell beads used ornamentally and as money by Native American communities.", "stage": "english", "claimIds": [ "wampum-route", "wampum-date" ], "stageId": "wampum-english" } ], "defaultSense": "wampum-beads", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 02", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "veranda", "word": "veranda", "language": "English", "sense": "The veranda portico", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 4", "aliases": [ "varanda", "veranda" ], "summary": "Veranda is attested in Portuguese by 1498, appears in North Indian baramda/baranda records, and entered English in India; the exact Portuguese–Indic direction and Hindi-versus-Bengali intermediary remain qualified.", "intro": "The graph shows separately dated Portuguese and Hindi records before English while treating the transfer direction as a supported but non-exclusive analysis.", "claimIds": [ "veranda-route", "veranda-sense", "veranda-date", "veranda-corroboration" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-19", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "veranda-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "veranda-portuguese", "veranda-hindi", "veranda-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "veranda-hindi", "etymologyId": "hi-veranda-hindi", "form": "बरामदा", "language": "Hindi", "languageCode": "hi", "transliteration": "barāmdā", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "veranda-hindi-form-specialist" ], "sense": "a porch or veranda", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1888, "end": 1888, "approximate": false, "label": "1888 · North Indian glossary", "note": "A dated romanized glossary witness, not a first use or proof of the direction of borrowing.", "claimIds": [ "veranda-hindi-date-specialist" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Hindi reference region", "coordinates": [ 77, 25 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "veranda-hindi-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "veranda-route", "veranda-corroboration", "veranda-hindi-form-specialist", "veranda-hindi-date-specialist", "veranda-origin-disagreement-specialist" ], "explanation": "Hindi बरामदा (barāmdā) is the displayed Indic form. An 1888 North Indian glossary supplies a dated romanized witness; the exact Portuguese/Indic direction remains qualified.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Devanagari", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ba-RAAM-da", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "English-readable approximation of the modern Hindi dictionary romanization; not a reconstructed historical reading.", "claimIds": [ "veranda-hindi-form-specialist" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "veranda-route" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "veranda-hindi-form-specialist" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "veranda-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "veranda-hindi-form-specialist" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "veranda-hindi-form-specialist" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "veranda-hindi-form-specialist" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "veranda-hindi-date-specialist" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "veranda-hindi-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "veranda-hindi-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "veranda-route" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "veranda-route", "veranda-corroboration", "veranda-hindi-form-specialist", "veranda-hindi-date-specialist", "veranda-origin-disagreement-specialist", "veranda-hindi-region" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "veranda-route", "veranda-date", "veranda-corroboration" ] } } }, { "id": "veranda-portuguese", "etymologyId": "pt-veranda-portuguese", "form": "varanda", "language": "Portuguese", "languageCode": "pt", "transliteration": "varanda", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "veranda-route" ], "sense": "a balcony or terrace", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1498, "end": 1498, "approximate": false, "label": "1498 · Portuguese written use", "note": "A securely reported witness in the Vasco da Gama voyage account; not claimed as the first use.", "claimIds": [ "veranda-portuguese-date-specialist" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Portuguese reference region", "coordinates": [ -8.1, 39.91 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "veranda-portuguese-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "veranda-route", "veranda-corroboration", "veranda-portuguese-region", "veranda-portuguese-reading", "veranda-portuguese-date-specialist", "veranda-origin-disagreement-specialist" ], "explanation": "Portuguese varanda is retained as a probable intermediary, not a settled exclusive route.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "və-RAN-də", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "veranda-portuguese-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "veranda-route" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "veranda-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "veranda-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "veranda-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "veranda-portuguese-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "veranda-portuguese-date-specialist" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "veranda-portuguese-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "veranda-portuguese-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "veranda-route" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "veranda-route", "veranda-corroboration", "veranda-portuguese-region", "veranda-portuguese-reading", "veranda-portuguese-date-specialist", "veranda-origin-disagreement-specialist" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "veranda-route", "veranda-corroboration" ] } } }, { "id": "veranda-english", "etymologyId": "en-veranda-english", "form": "veranda", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "veranda", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "veranda-route", "veranda-sense", "veranda-date" ], "sense": "an open portico or terrace", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1711, "end": 1711, "approximate": false, "label": "1711 · English noun", "note": "The source dates the English noun while leaving the deeper route uncertain.", "claimIds": [ "veranda-date" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "veranda-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "veranda-route", "veranda-sense", "veranda-date", "veranda-english-region", "veranda-english-reading" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "və-RAN-də", "ipa": "/vəˈrændə/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "veranda-english-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "veranda-route", "veranda-sense", "veranda-date" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "veranda-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "veranda-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "veranda-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "veranda-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "veranda-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "veranda-english-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "veranda-english-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "veranda-route" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "veranda-route", "veranda-sense", "veranda-date", "veranda-english-region", "veranda-english-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "veranda-link-portuguese-hindi", "from": "veranda-portuguese", "to": "veranda-hindi", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "DWEE and WEHD trace Indic forms to Portuguese, while the deeper etymology and exact transfer remain disputed. The early Portuguese witness prevents treating Portuguese as first learned in India, but does not alone prove this edge.", "claimIds": [ "veranda-route", "veranda-corroboration", "veranda-portuguese-date-specialist", "veranda-origin-disagreement-specialist" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "veranda-link-hindi-english", "from": "veranda-hindi", "to": "veranda-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "English acquired the word in India through a Hindi or Bengali form. Hindi is the displayed intermediary, but the sources do not uniquely select it over Bengali.", "claimIds": [ "veranda-route", "veranda-date", "veranda-corroboration", "veranda-hindi-form-specialist" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "veranda-route", "text": "English veranda came through Hindi or Bengali forms that are traced to Portuguese varanda.", "sourceId": "c200-dwee-veranda", "locator": "Etymology summary", "passageIds": [ "c200-dwee-veranda-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The exact Indic intermediary and deeper Romance history remain qualified." }, "inference": "The relation directions are corrected to Portuguese → Indic → English." }, { "id": "veranda-sense", "text": "English veranda denotes an open portico, balcony or terrace, especially in the Anglo-Indian route.", "sourceId": "batch10-veranda-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-veranda-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "veranda-date", "text": "The English noun is recorded from 1711.", "sourceId": "batch10-veranda-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-veranda-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "veranda-corroboration", "text": "The World English Historical Dictionary independently describes English adoption in India from Hindi varandā or Bengali bārāndā, apparently adapted from Portuguese varanda or older Spanish baranda.", "sourceId": "c200-wehd-veranda", "locator": "Etymology", "passageIds": [ "c200-wehd-veranda-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source allows Hindi or Bengali and keeps older Spanish as a deeper possibility." }, "inference": "This corroborates the corrected direction without collapsing alternative intermediaries." }, { "id": "veranda-hindi-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for Hindi.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row hind1269; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "hind1269" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "veranda-hindi-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for varanda.", "sourceId": "batch10-veranda-etymonline", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for varanda", "passageIds": [ "batch05-veranda-hindi-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "veranda-portuguese-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for Portuguese.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row port1283; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "port1283" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "veranda-portuguese-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for varanda.", "sourceId": "batch10-veranda-etymonline", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for varanda", "passageIds": [ "batch05-veranda-portuguese-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "veranda-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for English / Britain.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "veranda-english-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for veranda.", "sourceId": "batch10-veranda-etymonline", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for veranda", "passageIds": [ "batch05-veranda-english-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "veranda-hindi-form-specialist", "sourceId": "specialist-collins-hindi-baramda", "passageIds": [ "form-transliteration" ], "text": "Collins records Hindi बरामदा, romanized barāmadā, for a porch or veranda.", "locator": "Hindi headword and romanization", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This establishes a present dictionary form and romanization, not a first historical date or the direction of borrowing." }, "inference": "Replace the Latin-script placeholder varanda with the attested Devanagari form and a transparent romanization." }, { "id": "veranda-hindi-date-specialist", "sourceId": "specialist-crooke-baramda", "passageIds": [ "baramda-entry" ], "text": "Crooke's 1888 North Indian glossary records baramda/baranda for a house veranda.", "locator": "Baramda / Baranda entry", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "This is a dated romanized dictionary witness, not the first Hindi use and not proof of the borrowing direction." }, "inference": "Use 1888 as a documented lexical witness for the Indic stage." }, { "id": "veranda-portuguese-date-specialist", "sourceId": "specialist-portuguese-varanda-1498", "passageIds": [ "portuguese-1498" ], "text": "A scholarly architectural history records Portuguese varanda in the 1498 Roteiro da Viagem de Vasco da Gama.", "locator": "p. 13, Portuguese historical witness", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The paper reports that still earlier examples exist, so 1498 is used as a dated witness rather than a first-attestation claim." }, "inference": "Date the Portuguese stage to a securely reported 1498 written use." }, { "id": "veranda-origin-disagreement-specialist", "sourceId": "specialist-ciberduvidas-varanda", "passageIds": [ "origin-disagreement" ], "text": "Portuguese etymological discussions treat the deeper origin of varanda as obscure or controversial.", "locator": "Etymological discussion", "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "This concerns deeper origin and does not negate the early Portuguese witness or prove a particular Portuguese–Indic transfer event." }, "inference": "Keep Portuguese-to-Hindi and Hindi-to-English edges qualified and avoid presenting either as an exclusive forced route." } ], "limitations": "Portuguese varanda is securely witnessed by 1498 and Hindi baramda/baranda by an 1888 glossary, but dates alone do not prove borrowing direction. DWEE and WEHD support Portuguese → Indic → English, while the deeper origin is disputed and the exact English intermediary may be Hindi or Bengali. The displayed Hindi बरामदा and barāmdā are a modern dictionary form and romanization, not a reconstruction of an early borrowing pronunciation.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "veranda-portico", "label": "The veranda portico", "definition": "An open portico, balcony or terrace attached to a building.", "stage": "english", "claimIds": [ "veranda-sense", "veranda-date" ], "stageId": "veranda-english" } ], "defaultSense": "veranda-portico", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R3", "standard": "Milestone-100 specialist review", "standardVersion": "2026-09-21", "completedAt": "2026-09-21" } }, { "id": "thug", "word": "thug", "language": "English", "sense": "The historical thug", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 4", "aliases": [ "thag", "thug" ], "summary": "Thug distinguishes South Asian lexical evidence, colonial group labels, and the later generalized English ruffian sense.", "intro": "The route starts with Marathi and Hindi lexical evidence and treats British Thuggee narratives as a later classification layer rather than the donor-word definition.", "claimIds": [ "thug-route", "thug-original", "thug-broadened", "batch04-thug-reading", "batch04-thug-geography", "batch04-thug-date", "batch04-thug-scope", "batch04-thug-relations" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "thug-english-ruffian", "narrativeOrder": [ "thug-marathi", "thug-hindi", "thug-english-gang", "thug-english-ruffian" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "thug-marathi", "etymologyId": "mr-thug-marathi", "form": "thag", "language": "Marathi", "languageCode": "mr", "transliteration": "thag", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "thug-route", "batch04-thug-reading" ], "sense": "a criminal or deceiver", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "thug-route" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "South Asian Marathi–Hindi–English corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 73.8, 19.2 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "thug-route", "batch04-thug-reading", "batch04-thug-geography", "batch04-thug-date", "batch04-thug-scope" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "thag (Marathi)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "thug-route" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-reading", "batch04-thug-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-reading", "batch04-thug-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for thag does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "thug-route", "batch04-thug-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-reading", "batch04-thug-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "thug-route", "batch04-thug-reading", "batch04-thug-geography", "batch04-thug-date", "batch04-thug-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "thug-route", "batch04-thug-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "thug-hindi", "etymologyId": "hi-thug-hindi", "form": "thag", "language": "Hindi", "languageCode": "hi", "transliteration": "thag", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "thug-route", "batch04-thug-reading" ], "sense": "a criminal or deceiver", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "thug-route" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "South Asian Marathi–Hindi–English corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 77, 25 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "thug-route", "batch04-thug-reading", "batch04-thug-geography", "batch04-thug-date", "batch04-thug-scope" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "thag (Hindi)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "thug-route" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-reading", "batch04-thug-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-reading", "batch04-thug-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected lexical evidence for thag does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage; contextual history and the date of an object or practice are not substituted.", "claimIds": [ "thug-route", "batch04-thug-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-reading", "batch04-thug-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "thug-route", "batch04-thug-reading", "batch04-thug-geography", "batch04-thug-date", "batch04-thug-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "thug-route", "thug-original", "batch04-thug-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "thug-english-gang", "etymologyId": "en-thug-english-gang", "form": "thug", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "thug", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "thug-route", "thug-original", "batch04-thug-reading" ], "sense": "a member of a murderous or criminal gang in India", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1810, "end": 1810, "approximate": false, "label": "1810 · English gang sense", "note": "The source dates the early English gang sense.", "claimIds": [ "thug-original" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "thug-route", "thug-original", "batch04-thug-reading", "batch04-thug-geography", "batch04-thug-date", "batch04-thug-scope" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "THUG", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "thug-route", "thug-original" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-reading", "batch04-thug-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-reading", "batch04-thug-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "thug-original", "batch04-thug-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-reading", "batch04-thug-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "thug-route", "thug-original", "batch04-thug-reading", "batch04-thug-geography", "batch04-thug-date", "batch04-thug-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "thug-broadened", "batch04-thug-relations" ] } } }, { "id": "thug-english-ruffian", "etymologyId": "en-thug-english-ruffian", "form": "thug", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "thug", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "thug-broadened", "batch04-thug-reading" ], "sense": "a violent or brutal person", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1839, "end": 1839, "approximate": false, "label": "1839 · general ruffian sense", "note": "The source dates the broadened English sense.", "claimIds": [ "thug-broadened" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "thug-broadened", "batch04-thug-reading", "batch04-thug-geography", "batch04-thug-date", "batch04-thug-scope" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "THUG", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "The inspected language or dictionary reading is shown for orientation and is not retrojected into earlier stages.", "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "thug-broadened" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-reading", "batch04-thug-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-reading", "batch04-thug-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "thug-broadened", "batch04-thug-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch04-thug-reading", "batch04-thug-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "thug-broadened", "batch04-thug-reading", "batch04-thug-geography", "batch04-thug-date", "batch04-thug-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "thug-link-marathi-hindi", "from": "thug-marathi", "to": "thug-hindi", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected passage.", "claimIds": [ "thug-route", "batch04-thug-relations" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "thug-link-hindi-english-gang", "from": "thug-hindi", "to": "thug-english-gang", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected passage.", "claimIds": [ "thug-route", "thug-original", "batch04-thug-relations" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "thug-link-english-gang-english-ruffian", "from": "thug-english-gang", "to": "thug-english-ruffian", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected passage.", "claimIds": [ "thug-broadened", "batch04-thug-relations" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "The English term extends from a historically specific Indian gang-member sense to a general violent or brutal person.", "added": [ "general violent person" ], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [ "thug-broadened" ] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "thug-route", "text": "English thug is traced through Marathi thag or thak and Hindi thag; a Sanskrit source is presented only as possible.", "sourceId": "batch10-thug-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-thug-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The inspected passage states this with the qualification preserved in the journey." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "thug-original", "text": "The early English noun denoted a member of a murderous or criminal gang in India and is recorded from 1810.", "sourceId": "batch10-thug-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-thug-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "thug-broadened", "text": "The general ruffian sense is recorded from 1839.", "sourceId": "batch10-thug-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-thug-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "batch04-thug-reading", "text": "thug: an inspected specialist, institutional or national-language source supports the displayed forms and the selected conventional readings; reconstructed or historical readings remain explicitly qualified.", "sourceId": "batch04-thug-precolonial", "locator": "lexical history and pre-colonial evidence", "passageIds": [ "batch04-thug-precolonial-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A conventional reading is not presented as an exact recording of every historical speaker; transliteration remains distinct from pronunciation." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest recoverable reading for each displayed stage without projecting a modern pronunciation backward." }, { "id": "batch04-thug-geography", "text": "thug: the map point is a supported language, speech-community or documented contact-corridor reference, not a precise lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch04-thug-precolonial", "locator": "lexical history and pre-colonial evidence", "passageIds": [ "batch04-thug-precolonial-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Reference coordinates orient the language or contact corridor and do not assert a territorial boundary, donor village or origin site." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the strongest defensible regional precision available in the inspected evidence." }, { "id": "batch04-thug-date", "text": "thug: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a form or sense; contextual object, cultural, institutional and biographical dates are not substituted for word chronology.", "sourceId": "batch04-thug-precolonial", "locator": "lexical history and pre-colonial evidence", "passageIds": [ "batch04-thug-precolonial-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Undated reconstructed or historical stages remain researched unresolved rather than receiving an invented date." }, "inference": "Lexography distinguishes attestation, documented use, sense attestation, bounded lexical periods and context." }, { "id": "batch04-thug-scope", "text": "thug: the route preserves competing analyses, qualified edges and semantic distinctions required by the inspected evidence.", "sourceId": "batch04-thug-precolonial", "locator": "lexical history and pre-colonial evidence", "passageIds": [ "batch04-thug-precolonial-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The Sanskrit comparison is qualified and the colonial group narrative is not used to define the entire semantic history; English dates remain bounded." }, "inference": "The narrative and topology are editorial representations of the evidence graph, not proof that every adjacent form is a direct parent." }, { "id": "batch04-thug-relations", "text": "thug: adjacent relations are retained with their existing type and certainty unless the inspected evidence requires a qualified or parallel reading.", "sourceId": "batch04-thug-precolonial", "locator": "lexical history and pre-colonial evidence", "passageIds": [ "batch04-thug-precolonial-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A displayed tree edge does not erase non-tree alternatives or convert cognacy, influence or comparison into direct borrowing." }, "inference": "Lexography preserves the current topology and records the evidence limits alongside each relation." } ], "limitations": "The Sanskrit comparison is qualified and the colonial group narrative is not used to define the entire semantic history; English dates remain bounded.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "thug-gang", "label": "The historical thug", "definition": "A member of a murderous or criminal gang in India.", "stage": "english-gang", "claimIds": [ "thug-original" ], "stageId": "thug-english-gang" }, { "id": "thug-ruffian", "label": "The general thug", "definition": "A violent or brutal person.", "stage": "english-ruffian", "claimIds": [ "thug-broadened" ], "stageId": "thug-english-ruffian" } ], "defaultSense": "thug-gang", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R3", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 04", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "nirvana", "word": "nirvana", "language": "English", "sense": "The Buddhist nirvana", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 4", "aliases": [ "निर्वाण", "nirvāṇa-s", "nirvana" ], "summary": "Nirvana moves from Sanskrit extinction into English Buddhist and figurative bliss senses.", "intro": "Follow nirvana through the inspected source tradition into English, with dates, senses and uncertainty kept at claim scope.", "claimIds": [ "nirvana-route", "nirvana-buddhist", "nirvana-figurative" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-19", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "nirvana-english-figurative", "narrativeOrder": [ "nirvana-sanskrit", "nirvana-english-buddhist", "nirvana-english-figurative" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "nirvana-sanskrit", "etymologyId": "san-nirvana-sanskrit", "form": "निर्वाण", "language": "Sanskrit", "languageCode": "san", "transliteration": "nirvāṇa-s", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "nirvana-route" ], "sense": "extinction or disappearance", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "nirvana-route" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "nirvana-route" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Devanagari", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "nirvana-route" ] } }, { "id": "nirvana-english-buddhist", "etymologyId": "en-nirvana-english-buddhist", "form": "nirvana", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "nirvana", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "nirvana-route", "nirvana-buddhist" ], "sense": "the Buddhist condition of release", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1836, "end": 1836, "approximate": false, "label": "1836 · English Buddhist sense", "note": "The source dates the English Buddhist sense.", "claimIds": [ "nirvana-buddhist" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "nirvana-route", "nirvana-buddhist" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "nirvana-route", "nirvana-buddhist" ] } }, { "id": "nirvana-english-figurative", "etymologyId": "en-nirvana-english-figurative", "form": "nirvana", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "nirvana", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "nirvana-figurative" ], "sense": "a state of perfect bliss", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1895, "end": 1895, "approximate": false, "label": "1895 · figurative sense", "note": "The source dates the figurative perfect-bliss sense.", "claimIds": [ "nirvana-figurative" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "nirvana-figurative" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "nirvana-figurative" ] } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "nirvana-link-sanskrit-english-buddhist", "from": "nirvana-sanskrit", "to": "nirvana-english-buddhist", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected passage.", "claimIds": [ "nirvana-route" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "nirvana-link-english-buddhist-english-figurative", "from": "nirvana-english-buddhist", "to": "nirvana-english-figurative", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected passage.", "claimIds": [ "nirvana-figurative" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "The English term extends from a Buddhist condition to a figurative state of perfect bliss.", "added": [ "perfect bliss" ], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [ "nirvana-figurative" ] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "nirvana-route", "text": "English nirvana is traced to Sanskrit nirvana-s, extinction or disappearance, literally to blow out.", "sourceId": "batch10-nirvana-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-nirvana-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "nirvana-buddhist", "text": "The English Buddhist condition sense is recorded from 1836.", "sourceId": "batch10-nirvana-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-nirvana-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "nirvana-figurative", "text": "The figurative sense of perfect bliss is recorded from 1895.", "sourceId": "batch10-nirvana-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-nirvana-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." } ], "limitations": "The source's deeper derivation is not expanded beyond the Sanskrit form and gloss inspected.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "nirvana-buddhist", "label": "The Buddhist nirvana", "definition": "The Buddhist condition of release or extinction.", "stage": "english-buddhist", "claimIds": [ "nirvana-buddhist" ], "stageId": "nirvana-english-buddhist" }, { "id": "nirvana-bliss", "label": "Nirvana as bliss", "definition": "A state of perfect bliss.", "stage": "english-figurative", "claimIds": [ "nirvana-figurative" ], "stageId": "nirvana-english-figurative" } ], "defaultSense": "nirvana-buddhist" }, { "id": "madrasa", "word": "madrasa", "language": "English", "sense": "The madrasa school", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 4", "aliases": [ "مَدْرَسَة", "madrasa" ], "summary": "Madrasa carries an Arabic place-of-study formation into English for an Islamic school.", "intro": "Meaning separates Arabic morphology and the English school term from the much broader history of Islamic institutions.", "claimIds": [ "madrasa-route", "madrasa-date", "batch02-madrasa-root-research", "batch02-madrasa-english-research", "batch02-madrasa-geography", "batch02-madrasa-editorial-scope" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "madrasa-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "madrasa-arabic", "madrasa-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "madrasa-arabic", "etymologyId": "ar-madrasa-arabic", "form": "مَدْرَسَة", "language": "Arabic", "languageCode": "ar", "transliteration": "madrasa", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "madrasa-route", "batch02-madrasa-root-research" ], "sense": "a place of study", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "madrasa-route" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Arabic-speaking West Asia", "qualifier": "A supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region; not a precise lexical birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ 35.9, 31.9 ], "claimIds": [ "batch02-madrasa-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "madrasa-route", "batch02-madrasa-root-research", "batch02-madrasa-geography", "batch02-madrasa-editorial-scope" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "rtl", "script": "Arabic", "pronunciation": { "guide": "MAD-ra-sa", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Conventional dictionary or language-entry reading; no historical sound reconstruction is asserted.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-madrasa-root-research" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "madrasa-route" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-madrasa-root-research", "batch02-madrasa-editorial-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-madrasa-root-research", "batch02-madrasa-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-madrasa-root-research" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-madrasa-root-research" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-madrasa-root-research" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed source-stage form. The map and reading are retained without manufacturing chronology.", "claimIds": [ "madrasa-route" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-madrasa-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-madrasa-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-madrasa-root-research", "batch02-madrasa-editorial-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "madrasa-route", "batch02-madrasa-root-research", "batch02-madrasa-geography", "batch02-madrasa-editorial-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "madrasa-route" ] } } }, { "id": "madrasa-english", "etymologyId": "en-madrasa-english", "form": "madrasa", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "madrasa", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "madrasa-route", "madrasa-date", "batch02-madrasa-english-research" ], "sense": "an Islamic college or religious school", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "start": 1620, "end": 1629, "approximate": true, "basis": "textual-period", "label": "c. 1620s · English school term", "note": "The source gives a decade of English record.", "claimIds": [ "madrasa-date" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Arabic-speaking West Asia", "qualifier": "A supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region; not a precise lexical birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ 35.9, 31.9 ], "claimIds": [ "batch02-madrasa-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "madrasa-route", "madrasa-date", "batch02-madrasa-english-research", "batch02-madrasa-geography", "batch02-madrasa-editorial-scope" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "muh-DRASS-uh", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Modern dictionary reading for the English headword; it is not retrojected as a historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-madrasa-english-research" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "madrasa-route", "madrasa-date" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-madrasa-english-research", "batch02-madrasa-editorial-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-madrasa-english-research", "batch02-madrasa-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-madrasa-english-research" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-madrasa-english-research" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-madrasa-english-research" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed source-stage form. The map and reading are retained without manufacturing chronology.", "claimIds": [ "madrasa-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "madrasa-date" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-madrasa-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-madrasa-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-madrasa-english-research", "batch02-madrasa-editorial-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "madrasa-route", "madrasa-date", "batch02-madrasa-english-research", "batch02-madrasa-geography", "batch02-madrasa-editorial-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "madrasa-link-arabic-english", "from": "madrasa-arabic", "to": "madrasa-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected passage.", "claimIds": [ "madrasa-route" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "madrasa-route", "text": "English madrasa is from Arabic مَدْرَسَة, literally place of study, built from a locative prefix and darasa, to study.", "sourceId": "batch10-madrasa-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-madrasa-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "madrasa-date", "text": "The English Islamic-school noun is recorded from the 1620s.", "sourceId": "batch10-madrasa-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-madrasa-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "batch02-madrasa-root-research", "text": "madrasa: The source-language form and conventional reading are retained at the inspected dictionary scope.", "sourceId": "batch02-madrasa-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "passageIds": [ "batch02-madrasa-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The form and reading are supported at dictionary scope; the map is a language or community reference rather than a birthplace claim." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the inspected source for the displayed form and reading while preserving the limit on origin precision." }, { "id": "batch02-madrasa-english-research", "text": "madrasa: The English headword's conventional reading and selected sense are supported by the inspected dictionary entry.", "sourceId": "batch02-madrasa-english-dictionary", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "passageIds": [ "batch02-madrasa-english-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The dictionary supports the English reading and sense; lexical dating remains tied to the journey's date evidence." }, "inference": "Lexography keeps English reading and lexical chronology separate from the history of the referenced object, practice, institution or person." }, { "id": "batch02-madrasa-geography", "text": "madrasa: Arabic-speaking West Asia is retained as a supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region, not as a precise word birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch02-madrasa-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and language/reference scope", "passageIds": [ "batch02-madrasa-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The coordinate is an informative reference region at the strongest defensible level available for this bounded journey." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a qualified language or community reference and does not convert it into a precise origin claim." }, { "id": "batch02-madrasa-editorial-scope", "text": "madrasa: The retained route, sense boundaries and unresolved alternatives follow the existing inspected source account and the Batch 02 editorial risk note.", "sourceId": "batch10-madrasa-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-madrasa-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Existing route evidence is preserved; cultural, object, institutional and biography history is not silently promoted to lexical ancestry." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the existing journey without adding an unsupported donor, route, date or semantic change." } ], "limitations": "The Arabic-speaking region is a language/reference region, not a single birthplace; institutional history is contextual rather than an extra lexical stage.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "madrasa-school", "label": "The madrasa school", "definition": "An Islamic college or school for religious education.", "stage": "english", "claimIds": [ "madrasa-date" ], "stageId": "madrasa-english" } ], "defaultSense": "madrasa-school", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R1", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 02", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "schadenfreude", "word": "schadenfreude", "language": "English", "sense": "The Schadenfreude feeling", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 4", "aliases": [ "Schadenfreude", "schadenfreude" ], "summary": "Schadenfreude brings a German damage-joy compound into English.", "intro": "Follow schadenfreude through the inspected source tradition into English, with dates, senses and uncertainty kept at claim scope.", "claimIds": [ "schadenfreude-route", "schadenfreude-date" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-19", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "schadenfreude-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "schadenfreude-german", "schadenfreude-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "schadenfreude-german", "etymologyId": "de-schadenfreude-german", "form": "Schadenfreude", "language": "German", "languageCode": "de", "transliteration": "Schadenfreude", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "schadenfreude-route" ], "sense": "malicious joy at another's misfortune", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "schadenfreude-route" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "schadenfreude-route" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "schadenfreude-route" ] } }, { "id": "schadenfreude-english", "etymologyId": "en-schadenfreude-english", "form": "schadenfreude", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "schadenfreude", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "schadenfreude-route", "schadenfreude-date" ], "sense": "malicious joy at another's misfortune", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1922, "end": 1922, "approximate": false, "label": "1922 · English noun", "note": "The source dates the English record.", "claimIds": [ "schadenfreude-date" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "schadenfreude-route", "schadenfreude-date" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "schadenfreude-route", "schadenfreude-date" ] } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "schadenfreude-link-german-english", "from": "schadenfreude-german", "to": "schadenfreude-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected passage.", "claimIds": [ "schadenfreude-route" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "schadenfreude-route", "text": "English schadenfreude is from German Schadenfreude, literally damage-joy, from Schaden harm and Freude joy.", "sourceId": "batch10-schadenfreude-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-schadenfreude-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "schadenfreude-date", "text": "The English noun is recorded from 1922.", "sourceId": "batch10-schadenfreude-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-schadenfreude-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." } ], "limitations": "The German compound is represented as the donor expression; its internal components are not made separate journey stages.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "schadenfreude-joy", "label": "The Schadenfreude feeling", "definition": "Pleasure or malicious joy at another person's misfortune.", "stage": "english", "claimIds": [ "schadenfreude-date" ], "stageId": "schadenfreude-english" } ], "defaultSense": "schadenfreude-joy" }, { "id": "quark", "word": "quark", "language": "English", "sense": "The quark particle", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 4", "aliases": [ "quark" ], "summary": "Gell-Mann first chose the sound quork for the particle and then adopted Joyce's spelling quark; the literary text influenced the spelling, not the scientific concept.", "intro": "The coiner's own account resolves the scope of the Joyce connection and leaves no donor-language stage to invent.", "claimIds": [ "quark-literary", "quark-physics", "quark-german" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-19", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "quark-physics", "narrativeOrder": [ "quark-joyce", "quark-physics" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "quark-joyce", "etymologyId": "en-quark-joyce", "form": "quark", "language": "English literary usage", "languageCode": "en", "sense": "a word in Finnegans Wake", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1939, "end": 1939, "approximate": false, "label": "1939 · literary occurrence", "note": "The source reports the word in Joyce's work; it does not say the physics term was borrowed directly from it.", "claimIds": [ "quark-literary" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "quark-joyce-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "quark-literary", "quark-joyce-region", "quark-joyce-reading", "quark-joyce-reading" ], "explanation": "Joyce's attested spelling supplied the written form after Gell-Mann had independently chosen the sound.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KWARK", "ipa": "/kwɑːrk/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "quark-joyce-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "quark-literary" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quark-literary" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quark-literary" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quark-literary" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quark-joyce-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quark-literary" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quark-joyce-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quark-joyce-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quark-literary" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quark-literary", "quark-joyce-region", "quark-joyce-reading", "quark-joyce-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quark-literary" ] } }, "transliteration": "quark" }, { "id": "quark-physics", "etymologyId": "en-quark-physics", "form": "quark", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "sense": "a subatomic particle", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1964, "end": 1964, "approximate": false, "label": "1964 · physics coinage", "note": "The source dates the physics application to 1964.", "claimIds": [ "quark-physics" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "quark-physics-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "quark-physics", "quark-physics-region", "quark-physics-reading", "quark-physics-reading" ], "explanation": "Gell-Mann's 1964 physics coinage, with spelling selected from Joyce's text.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KWARK", "ipa": "/kwɑːrk/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "quark-physics-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "quark-physics" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quark-physics" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quark-physics" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quark-physics" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quark-physics-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quark-physics" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quark-physics-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quark-physics-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quark-physics" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quark-physics", "quark-physics-region", "quark-physics-reading", "quark-physics-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } }, "transliteration": "quark" } ], "relations": [ { "id": "quark-link-joyce-physics", "from": "quark-joyce", "to": "quark-physics", "type": "influence", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Gell-Mann's account documents Joyce's influence on the spelling after he had independently selected the sound quork.", "claimIds": [ "quark-literary" ], "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "quark-literary", "text": "Gell-Mann says he had already selected the sound quork, then found Joyce's phrase and adopted its spelling quark.", "sourceId": "c200-gellmann-quark", "locator": "Interview segment: naming quarks", "passageIds": [ "c200-gellmann-quark-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The primary account supports spelling influence, not direct borrowing of the particle concept." }, "inference": "The graph's influence edge is limited to the spelling decision." }, { "id": "quark-physics", "text": "English quark is the name of a subatomic particle from 1964.", "sourceId": "batch10-quark-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-quark-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "quark-german", "text": "A proposed connection with German Quark is secondary speculation and is not part of Gell-Mann's own naming account.", "sourceId": "batch10-quark-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-quark-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "Retained only as a historiographic alternative; it is not represented as a donor stage." }, "inference": "The coiner's direct account controls the canonical graph." }, { "id": "quark-joyce-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for English / Britain.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "quark-joyce-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for quark.", "sourceId": "batch10-quark-etymonline", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for quark", "passageIds": [ "batch05-quark-joyce-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "quark-physics-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for English / Britain.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "quark-physics-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for quark.", "sourceId": "batch10-quark-etymonline", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for quark", "passageIds": [ "batch05-quark-physics-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." } ], "limitations": "The primary account resolves Joyce's role as spelling influence. It does not establish German Quark as a source, so that proposal remains outside the canonical graph.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "quark-particle", "label": "The quark particle", "definition": "A subatomic particle in particle physics.", "stage": "physics", "claimIds": [ "quark-physics" ], "stageId": "quark-physics" } ], "defaultSense": "quark-particle", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R1", "standard": "Lexography enrichment completeness", "standardVersion": "1.0", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "cosplay", "word": "cosplay", "language": "English", "sense": "The cosplay hobby", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 4", "aliases": [ "コスプレ", "kosupure", "cosplay" ], "summary": "Cosplay returns English costume-play elements through Japanese into modern English.", "intro": "Follow cosplay through the inspected source tradition into English, with dates, senses and uncertainty kept at claim scope.", "claimIds": [ "cosplay-route", "cosplay-date" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-19", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "cosplay-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "cosplay-japanese", "cosplay-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "cosplay-japanese", "etymologyId": "ja-cosplay-japanese", "form": "コスプレ", "language": "Japanese", "languageCode": "ja", "transliteration": "kosupure", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "cosplay-route" ], "sense": "costume play; dressing as a character", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "cosplay-route" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "cosplay-route" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Japanese", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "cosplay-route" ] } }, { "id": "cosplay-english", "etymologyId": "en-cosplay-english", "form": "cosplay", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "cosplay", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "cosplay-route", "cosplay-date" ], "sense": "dressing as a fictional character", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1993, "end": 1993, "approximate": false, "label": "1993 · English hobby term", "note": "The source dates the English record; the Japanese formation is described separately.", "claimIds": [ "cosplay-date" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "cosplay-route", "cosplay-date" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "cosplay-route", "cosplay-date" ] } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "cosplay-link-japanese-english", "from": "cosplay-japanese", "to": "cosplay-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected passage.", "claimIds": [ "cosplay-route", "cosplay-date" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "cosplay-route", "text": "English cosplay is traced to Japanese コスプレ (kosupure), clipped from コスチュームプレイ, formed from English costume and play.", "sourceId": "batch10-cosplay-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-cosplay-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "cosplay-date", "text": "English cosplay is recorded from 1993, while the Japanese formation is reported from the 1980s.", "sourceId": "batch10-cosplay-etymonline", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch10-cosplay-etymonline-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." } ], "limitations": "The Japanese route and English date are supported by separate inspected passages and are not collapsed into one source claim.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "cosplay-hobby", "label": "The cosplay hobby", "definition": "The practice of dressing as a character, especially from fiction or popular culture.", "stage": "english", "claimIds": [ "cosplay-route", "cosplay-date" ], "stageId": "cosplay-english" } ], "defaultSense": "cosplay-hobby" }, { "id": "chaebol", "word": "chaebol", "language": "English", "sense": "The chaebol conglomerate", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 01 · Slice 1", "aliases": [ "재벌", "財閥", "jaebeol", "chaebŏl", "chaebol" ], "summary": "Chaebol carries a Korean wealth-and-faction compound into English, where the borrowed spelling names South Korea’s family-controlled conglomerate type.", "intro": "Follow 재벌 from Korean business vocabulary into English, keeping Korean morphology, English adoption and the postwar economic history of chaebol institutions in separate layers.", "claimIds": [ "chaebol-route-enriched", "chaebol-korean-form", "chaebol-morphology", "chaebol-english-date", "chaebol-english-reading" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R1", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 01 Slice 1", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" }, "defaultStage": "chaebol-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "chaebol-korean", "chaebol-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "chaebol-korean", "etymologyId": "ko-chaebol-korean", "form": "재벌", "language": "Korean", "languageCode": "ko", "transliteration": "jaebeol", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "chaebol-korean-reading" ], "sense": "a powerful large-capital business group", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1950, "end": 1979, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1950–1979 · postwar Korean institutional context", "note": "The Korean encyclopedia dates the material formation of Korean chaebol institutions from the 1950s onward; it does not establish the first lexical occurrence of 재벌.", "claimIds": [ "chaebol-korean-form" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "id": "geo-korean", "label": "Korea · Korean reference region", "coordinates": [ 127.8, 36.2 ], "qualifier": "Broad Glottolog language reference coordinate, not a lexical birthplace or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "chaebol-korean-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "chaebol-korean-form", "chaebol-korean-reading", "chaebol-korean-geo" ], "explanation": "Korean 재벌 is a Sino-Korean compound whose institutional sense developed alongside large family-controlled business groups; the word’s morphology and the institutions’ economic history are related but not identical.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Hangul", "pronunciation": { "guide": "JAE-bŏl", "ipa": "/ˈtɕɛ(ː)bʌl/", "status": "verified", "note": "Seoul-standard Korean reading reported by the Korean-language entry; the macron-like length marking is variable in contemporary speech.", "claimIds": [ "chaebol-korean-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "chaebol-korean-form" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "chaebol-korean-form", "chaebol-korean-reading", "chaebol-korean-geo" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "chaebol-korean-form", "chaebol-korean-reading", "chaebol-korean-geo" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "chaebol-korean-form", "chaebol-korean-reading", "chaebol-korean-geo" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "chaebol-korean-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "chaebol-korean-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but they do not supply a secure dated witness for this stage’s displayed form.", "claimIds": [ "chaebol-korean-form" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "chaebol-korean-form" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "chaebol-korean-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "chaebol-korean-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "chaebol-korean-form", "chaebol-korean-reading", "chaebol-korean-geo" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "chaebol-korean-form", "chaebol-korean-reading", "chaebol-korean-geo" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "chaebol-route-enriched" ] } } }, { "id": "chaebol-english", "etymologyId": "en-chaebol-english", "form": "chaebol", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "chaebol", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "chaebol-route-enriched", "chaebol-english-date", "chaebol-english-reading" ], "sense": "a South Korean family-controlled conglomerate", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1970, "end": 1975, "label": "1970–75 · English recorded range", "approximate": true, "note": "Dictionary.com gives a 1970–75 first-recorded range; it is a bounded lexical period rather than a single first quotation.", "claimIds": [ "chaebol-english-date" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "id": "geo-english", "label": "Britain · English reference region", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point, not a word origin or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "chaebol-english-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "chaebol-route-enriched", "chaebol-english-date", "chaebol-english-reading", "chaebol-english-geo" ], "explanation": "English adopts the Korean institutional term and uses it for the South Korean conglomerate type, while retaining the older Korean romanization spelling chaebol.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "JAY-bəl", "ipa": "/ˈdʒeɪbəl/", "status": "verified", "note": "American dictionary reading; British usage also has a CHAY-bəl variant, so the guide is not universal.", "claimIds": [ "chaebol-english-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "chaebol-route-enriched" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "chaebol-route-enriched", "chaebol-english-date", "chaebol-english-reading", "chaebol-english-geo" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "chaebol-route-enriched", "chaebol-english-date", "chaebol-english-reading", "chaebol-english-geo" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "chaebol-route-enriched", "chaebol-english-date", "chaebol-english-reading", "chaebol-english-geo" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "chaebol-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "chaebol-route-enriched", "chaebol-english-date", "chaebol-english-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "chaebol-english-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "chaebol-english-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "chaebol-english-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "chaebol-route-enriched", "chaebol-english-date", "chaebol-english-reading", "chaebol-english-geo" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "chaebol-route-enriched", "chaebol-english-date", "chaebol-english-reading", "chaebol-english-geo" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "chaebol-link-korean-english", "from": "chaebol-korean", "to": "chaebol-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The English entry identifies chaebol as from Korean 재벌; the English form preserves an older romanization convention.", "claimIds": [ "chaebol-route-enriched" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "narrowed", "explanation": "Korean 재벌 is a broad economic term for a powerful large-capital group; English usage is centered on the South Korean family-controlled conglomerate type. The evidence does not date the semantic narrowing at the borrowing moment.", "added": [ "South Korean family-controlled conglomerate" ], "removed": [], "associations": [ "chaebol-morphology" ], "claimIds": [ "chaebol-korean-form", "chaebol-morphology" ] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "chaebol-route-enriched", "text": "English chaebol is a borrowing of Korean 재벌; the established English spelling reflects an older McCune–Reischauer romanization, while current Korean Revised Romanization is jaebeol.", "sourceId": "enrichment-01-chaebol-english", "locator": "noun and Origin of chaebol", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Supported by the inspected passage at the stated scope." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source scope and does not infer more than the passage establishes." }, { "id": "chaebol-korean-form", "text": "The Korean Encyclopedia records 재벌 (財閥) as a term for a powerful large-capital business group and separately describes the post-1945 economic conditions that shaped Korean chaebol institutions.", "sourceId": "enrichment-01-chaebol-korea", "locator": "개설 and 연원 및 변천 / 현황", "passageIds": [ "definition" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Supported by the inspected passage at the stated scope." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source scope and does not infer more than the passage establishes." }, { "id": "chaebol-morphology", "text": "English dictionary evidence analyzes the Korean form as chae ‘wealth, property’ plus pŏl ‘clique, faction’; the Sino-Korean characters also connect the term historically to Japanese zaibatsu without making Japanese the English donor.", "sourceId": "enrichment-01-chaebol-english", "locator": "noun and Origin of chaebol", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports the bounded claim but does not establish a stronger or more precise history." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source scope and does not infer more than the passage establishes." }, { "id": "chaebol-korean-reading", "text": "The Korean entry gives a Seoul-standard reading around [ˈtɕɛ(ː)bʌl] and Revised Romanization jaebeol.", "sourceId": "enrichment-01-chaebol-reading", "locator": "발음 and 로마자 표기", "passageIds": [ "korean-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Supported by the inspected passage at the stated scope." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source scope and does not infer more than the passage establishes." }, { "id": "chaebol-english-reading", "text": "The English dictionary reading is approximately JAY-bəl /ˈdʒeɪbəl/ in the American entry; the established British spelling is also commonly read CHAY-bəl.", "sourceId": "enrichment-01-chaebol-english", "locator": "noun and Origin of chaebol", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports the bounded claim but does not establish a stronger or more precise history." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source scope and does not infer more than the passage establishes." }, { "id": "chaebol-english-date", "text": "Dictionary.com records English chaebol in 1970–75.", "sourceId": "enrichment-01-chaebol-english", "locator": "noun and Origin of chaebol", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Supported by the inspected passage at the stated scope." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source scope and does not infer more than the passage establishes." }, { "id": "chaebol-korean-geo", "text": "Korean is represented with a broad Korea reference region.", "sourceId": "enrichment-01-regions", "locator": "Korean languoid record and map", "passageIds": [ "korean" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports the bounded claim but does not establish a stronger or more precise history." }, "inference": "The point orients the language and does not identify a lexical birthplace." }, { "id": "chaebol-english-geo", "text": "English is represented with the existing Glottolog English reference point.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports the bounded claim but does not establish a stronger or more precise history." }, "inference": "The point orients the language and is not a word-origin claim." } ], "limitations": "The Korean encyclopedia’s 1950s–1970s economic context is not treated as a first word-use date. English’s 1970–75 range is retained as a recorded adoption window, and the spelling chaebol is distinguished from current Revised Romanization jaebeol.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "chaebol-conglomerate", "label": "The chaebol conglomerate", "definition": "A large family-controlled South Korean business conglomerate.", "stageId": "chaebol-english", "claimIds": [ "chaebol-route-enriched", "chaebol-korean-form" ] } ], "defaultSense": "chaebol-conglomerate" }, { "id": "hanbok", "word": "hanbok", "language": "English", "sense": "The hanbok dress", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 5", "aliases": [ "한복", "hanbok" ], "summary": "Hanbok names traditional Korean dress in English, borrowed from Korean 한복, literally “Korean clothing.” Its notable chronology belongs to the name: the late-nineteenth-century contrast with Western dress is far newer than Korean clothing itself.", "intro": "Korean 한복 (hanbok) is a Sino-Korean compound meaning “Korean clothing.” English borrows both the form and its culturally specific clothing referent. The displayed late-nineteenth-century period marks a modern naming contrast in Korean, not the age of the garments and not a date for first English use.", "claimIds": [ "hanbok-route", "hanbok-sense", "hanbok-enrichment-route", "hanbok-enrichment-sense", "hanbok-hanbok-korean-geo", "hanbok-hanbok-korean-reading", "hanbok-date-korean", "hanbok-hanbok-english-geo", "hanbok-hanbok-english-reading", "hanbok-hanbok-english-date-unresolved" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "hanbok-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "hanbok-korean", "hanbok-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "hanbok-korean", "etymologyId": "ko-hanbok-korean", "form": "한복", "language": "Korean", "languageCode": "ko", "transliteration": "hanbok", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "hanbok-enrichment-route", "hanbok-hanbok-korean-reading" ], "sense": "Korean clothing", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1880, "end": 1899, "approximate": true, "label": "Late 19th century · Korean hanbok naming period", "note": "The Korean Ministry of Culture says the term began to distinguish native clothing from Western-style clothing in the late nineteenth century; this is a bounded lexical period, not an exact quotation.", "claimIds": [ "hanbok-date-korean" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Korea · Korean language region", "coordinates": [ 127.8, 36.2 ], "qualifier": "A broad Korean language reference coordinate, not a lexical birthplace or modern-border claim.", "claimIds": [ "hanbok-hanbok-korean-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "hanbok-route", "hanbok-enrichment-route", "hanbok-enrichment-sense", "hanbok-hanbok-korean-geo", "hanbok-hanbok-korean-reading", "hanbok-date-korean" ], "explanation": "한복 combines 한, “Korean,” with 복, “clothing.” A Korean institutional source places the modern naming contrast with Western-style clothing in the late nineteenth century; that dates the label’s contrast, not the origin of Korean dress.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Hangul", "pronunciation": { "guide": "HAN-bok", "ipa": "/ˈhanbok̚/", "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional or dictionary-supported reading is shown; it is not treated as transliteration or as proof of historical phonology.", "claimIds": [ "hanbok-hanbok-korean-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "hanbok-route" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hanbok-enrichment-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hanbok-enrichment-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hanbok-enrichment-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hanbok-hanbok-korean-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hanbok-enrichment-route" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hanbok-date-korean" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hanbok-hanbok-korean-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hanbok-hanbok-korean-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hanbok-enrichment-sense" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hanbok-route", "hanbok-enrichment-route", "hanbok-enrichment-sense", "hanbok-hanbok-korean-geo", "hanbok-hanbok-korean-reading", "hanbok-date-korean" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hanbok-route", "hanbok-enrichment-route" ] } } }, { "id": "hanbok-english", "etymologyId": "en-hanbok-english", "form": "hanbok", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "hanbok", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "hanbok-enrichment-route", "hanbok-hanbok-english-reading" ], "sense": "traditional Korean dress", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected Korean institutional sources do not establish the first English written use of hanbok.", "claimIds": [ "hanbok-hanbok-english-date-unresolved" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region", "coordinates": [ 127.8, 36.2 ], "qualifier": "A broad Korean language reference coordinate, not a lexical birthplace or modern-border claim.", "claimIds": [ "hanbok-hanbok-english-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "hanbok-route", "hanbok-sense", "hanbok-enrichment-route", "hanbok-enrichment-sense", "hanbok-hanbok-english-geo", "hanbok-hanbok-english-reading", "hanbok-hanbok-english-date-unresolved" ], "explanation": "English hanbok borrows the Korean compound for traditional Korean dress. The form and culturally specific referent travel together; the retained evidence does not establish the first English written use.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "HAN-bok", "ipa": "/ˈhɑːnbɒk/", "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional or dictionary-supported reading is shown; it is not treated as transliteration or as proof of historical phonology.", "claimIds": [ "hanbok-hanbok-english-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "hanbok-route", "hanbok-sense" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hanbok-enrichment-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hanbok-enrichment-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hanbok-enrichment-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hanbok-hanbok-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hanbok-enrichment-route" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected Korean institutional sources do not establish the first English written use of hanbok.", "claimIds": [ "hanbok-enrichment-route", "hanbok-hanbok-english-date-unresolved" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hanbok-hanbok-english-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hanbok-hanbok-english-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hanbok-enrichment-sense" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hanbok-route", "hanbok-sense", "hanbok-enrichment-route", "hanbok-enrichment-sense", "hanbok-hanbok-english-geo", "hanbok-hanbok-english-reading", "hanbok-hanbok-english-date-unresolved" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "hanbok-link-korean-english", "from": "hanbok-korean", "to": "hanbok-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English borrows Korean 한복 directly. The source form is a transparent compound, and English keeps its Korean clothing referent rather than translating it into a generic dress term.", "claimIds": [ "hanbok-route", "hanbok-enrichment-route" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "No material change of referent is established. English commonly foregrounds traditional dress, but the evidence does not date a separate narrowing event.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [], "context": { "stageId": "hanbok-english", "label": "A name and a clothing history are different chronologies", "summary": [ "Late nineteenth century: naming contrast", "Much older: Korean clothing traditions", "English: culturally specific borrowing" ], "explanation": "The naming period explains why the compound became salient beside Western-style clothing. It does not date the clothing itself or supply an English first-use date.", "claimIds": [ "hanbok-enrichment-route", "hanbok-enrichment-sense" ] } } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "hanbok-route", "text": "English hanbok is borrowed from Korean 한복 (韓服), literally Korean clothing.", "sourceId": "batch11-hanbok-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch11-hanbok-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "hanbok-sense", "text": "The English noun denotes traditional Korean dress.", "sourceId": "batch11-hanbok-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch11-hanbok-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "hanbok-enrichment-route", "text": "Korean 한복 is a transparent Sino-Korean compound meaning Korean clothing, while the Korean institutional source dates the modern naming contrast with Western-style clothing to the late nineteenth century. Clothing history is retained as context and not used to backdate the lexical term.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-hanbok-mcst", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "date" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The selected route is retained with explicit scope and alternatives where the inspected sources do not agree." }, "inference": "Together with the direct-borrowing record, this Korean institutional account supports a late naming contrast and a stable culturally specific referent; it does not backdate the word from the history of the clothing." }, { "id": "hanbok-enrichment-sense", "text": "Hanbok is the Korean lexical category for traditional Korean clothing; its forms changed over time, but the term’s naming history is represented separately.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-hanbok-mcst", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "date" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography treats hanbok as a Korean clothing category retained in English, while keeping changes in garments separate from a claim of lexical semantic change." }, { "id": "hanbok-hanbok-korean-reading", "text": "The inspected source supports the conventional reading HAN-bok for 한복; it is presented as a reading, not as transliteration.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-hanbok-nikl", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "hanbok-hanbok-korean-geo", "text": "Korea · Korean language region is used as a broad language, speech-community, or documented contact-corridor reference for this stage; it is not presented as a lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-regions", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "hanbok-korea" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "The regional record supports map orientation only; it does not prove a lexical origin coordinate." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "hanbok-date-korean", "text": "The inspected source supports the bounded lexical or textual period shown for 한복.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-hanbok-mcst", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "date" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "hanbok-hanbok-english-reading", "text": "The inspected source supports the conventional reading HAN-bok for hanbok; it is presented as a reading, not as transliteration.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-hanbok-nikl", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "hanbok-hanbok-english-geo", "text": "Korea · Korean language region is used as a broad language, speech-community, or documented contact-corridor reference for this stage; it is not presented as a lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-regions", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "hanbok-korea" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "The regional record supports map orientation only; it does not prove a lexical origin coordinate." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "hanbok-hanbok-english-date-unresolved", "text": "The inspected sources establish the displayed form and route but do not establish a secure word-specific lexical date for hanbok.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-hanbok-mcst", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "date" ], "qualification": { "status": "unresolved", "text": "Normal lexical and historical sources were inspected; the retained evidence does not support a more precise date." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." } ], "limitations": "The Korean institution supports a late-nineteenth-century naming period, not a single first quotation. English adoption is not assigned an invented date.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "hanbok-dress", "label": "The hanbok dress", "definition": "Traditional Korean dress. The referent remains substantially stable in English: the borrowing keeps a Korean cultural category, while English often makes the traditional-dress framing explicit.", "stage": "english", "claimIds": [ "hanbok-sense" ], "stageId": "hanbok-english" } ], "defaultSense": "hanbok-dress", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R1", "standard": "Corpus One — Encyclopedic Enrichment Standard", "standardVersion": "2.0", "completedAt": "2026-09-21" } }, { "id": "powwow", "word": "powwow", "language": "English", "sense": "The powwow gathering", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 5", "aliases": [ "pauwau / powwáw", "powwow" ], "summary": "Powwow preserves an Eastern Algonquian ritual route while English broadens it to a gathering and council.", "intro": "Meaning preserves alternative donor forms and keeps the living event distinct from English semantic broadening.", "claimIds": [ "powwow-route", "powwow-sense", "batch02-powwow-root-research", "batch02-powwow-english-research", "batch02-powwow-geography", "batch02-powwow-editorial-scope" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "powwow-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "powwow-algonquian", "powwow-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "powwow-algonquian", "etymologyId": "alg-powwow-algonquian", "form": "pauwau / powwáw", "language": "Eastern Algonquian", "languageCode": "alg", "transliteration": "pauwau / powwáw", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "powwow-route", "batch02-powwow-root-research" ], "sense": "a diviner, magician or shaman", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "powwow-route" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Northeastern North America / Eastern Algonquian", "qualifier": "A supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region; not a precise lexical birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -71, 42.3 ], "claimIds": [ "batch02-powwow-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "powwow-route", "batch02-powwow-root-research", "batch02-powwow-geography", "batch02-powwow-editorial-scope" ], "explanation": "The source reports more than one Eastern Algonquian form; this stage preserves the alternative rather than choosing one donor language.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "pow-wow", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Conventional dictionary or language-entry reading; no historical sound reconstruction is asserted.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-powwow-root-research" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "powwow-route" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-powwow-root-research", "batch02-powwow-editorial-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-powwow-root-research", "batch02-powwow-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-powwow-root-research" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-powwow-root-research" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-powwow-root-research" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed source-stage form. The map and reading are retained without manufacturing chronology.", "claimIds": [ "powwow-route" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-powwow-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-powwow-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-powwow-root-research", "batch02-powwow-editorial-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "powwow-route", "batch02-powwow-root-research", "batch02-powwow-geography", "batch02-powwow-editorial-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "powwow-route" ] } } }, { "id": "powwow-english", "etymologyId": "en-powwow-english", "form": "powwow", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "powwow", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "powwow-route", "powwow-sense", "batch02-powwow-english-research" ], "sense": "a council or gathering with songs and dances", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "powwow-route", "powwow-sense" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Northeastern North America / Eastern Algonquian", "qualifier": "A supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region; not a precise lexical birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -71, 42.3 ], "claimIds": [ "batch02-powwow-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "powwow-route", "powwow-sense", "batch02-powwow-english-research", "batch02-powwow-geography", "batch02-powwow-editorial-scope" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "POW-wow", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Modern dictionary reading for the English headword; it is not retrojected as a historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "batch02-powwow-english-research" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "powwow-route", "powwow-sense" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-powwow-english-research", "batch02-powwow-editorial-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-powwow-english-research", "batch02-powwow-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-powwow-english-research" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-powwow-english-research" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-powwow-english-research" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed source-stage form. The map and reading are retained without manufacturing chronology.", "claimIds": [ "powwow-route", "powwow-sense" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-powwow-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-powwow-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch02-powwow-english-research", "batch02-powwow-editorial-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "powwow-route", "powwow-sense", "batch02-powwow-english-research", "batch02-powwow-geography", "batch02-powwow-editorial-scope" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "powwow-link-algonquian-english", "from": "powwow-algonquian", "to": "powwow-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "The source supports an Eastern Algonquian origin but leaves the immediate donor form open.", "claimIds": [ "powwow-route" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "powwow-route", "text": "The source allows an Eastern Algonquian route through Massachusett pauwau or Narragansett powwáw, with the source forms carrying divination, magic or shaman senses.", "sourceId": "batch11-powwow-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch11-powwow-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "The inspected passage states this with the qualification preserved in the journey." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "powwow-sense", "text": "English powwow includes a Native American council or gathering and a modern gathering with songs and dances.", "sourceId": "batch11-powwow-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch11-powwow-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "batch02-powwow-root-research", "text": "powwow: The source-language form and conventional reading are retained at the inspected dictionary scope.", "sourceId": "batch02-powwow-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and pronunciation section", "passageIds": [ "batch02-powwow-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The form and reading are supported at dictionary scope; the map is a language or community reference rather than a birthplace claim." }, "inference": "Lexography uses the inspected source for the displayed form and reading while preserving the limit on origin precision." }, { "id": "batch02-powwow-english-research", "text": "powwow: The English headword's conventional reading and selected sense are supported by the inspected dictionary entry.", "sourceId": "batch02-powwow-english-dictionary", "locator": "headword, pronunciation and word-history sections", "passageIds": [ "batch02-powwow-english-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The dictionary supports the English reading and sense; lexical dating remains tied to the journey's date evidence." }, "inference": "Lexography keeps English reading and lexical chronology separate from the history of the referenced object, practice, institution or person." }, { "id": "batch02-powwow-geography", "text": "powwow: Northeastern North America / Eastern Algonquian is retained as a supported language, speech, community or historical-reference region, not as a precise word birthplace.", "sourceId": "batch02-powwow-root-dictionary", "locator": "headword and language/reference scope", "passageIds": [ "batch02-powwow-root-dictionary-passage" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The coordinate is an informative reference region at the strongest defensible level available for this bounded journey." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a qualified language or community reference and does not convert it into a precise origin claim." }, { "id": "batch02-powwow-editorial-scope", "text": "powwow: The retained route, sense boundaries and unresolved alternatives follow the existing inspected source account and the Batch 02 editorial risk note.", "sourceId": "batch11-powwow-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch11-powwow-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Existing route evidence is preserved; cultural, object, institutional and biography history is not silently promoted to lexical ancestry." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the existing journey without adding an unsupported donor, route, date or semantic change." } ], "limitations": "The Northeast point is an Eastern Algonquian reference region; no single donor language is forced and the cultural practice is not reduced to a word date.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "powwow-gathering", "label": "The powwow gathering", "definition": "A Native American council or a modern gathering with songs and dances.", "stage": "english", "claimIds": [ "powwow-sense" ], "stageId": "powwow-english" } ], "defaultSense": "powwow-gathering", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 02", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "quinine", "word": "quinine", "language": "English", "sense": "The quinine medicine", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 5", "aliases": [ "kina-kina", "quina / quinine", "quinine" ], "summary": "Quinine separates the proposed Quechua bark ancestry, Spanish quina, French quinine in 1820, and English quinine in 1825 instead of bundling distinct forms and dates.", "intro": "Follow the disputed Quechua proposal through a qualified Spanish route to the separately dated French and English alkaloid names.", "claimIds": [ "quinine-route", "quinine-sense", "quinine-enrichment-route", "quinine-enrichment-sense", "quinine-quinine-quechua-geo", "quinine-quinine-quechua-reading", "quinine-quinine-quechua-date-unresolved", "quinine-quinine-romance-geo", "quinine-quinine-romance-reading", "quinine-quinine-romance-date-unresolved", "quinine-quinine-english-geo", "quinine-quinine-english-reading", "quinine-quinine-english-date-unresolved" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "quinine-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "quinine-quechua", "quinine-romance", "quinine-french", "quinine-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "quinine-quechua", "etymologyId": "qu-quinine-quechua", "form": "kina-kina", "language": "Quechua", "languageCode": "qu", "transliteration": "kina-kina", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "quinine-enrichment-route", "quinine-quinine-quechua-reading" ], "sense": "bark or cinchona bark", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The Quechua-related form is supported as an etymological proposal, but the inspected sources do not establish its earliest lexical witness.", "claimIds": [ "quinine-quinine-quechua-date-unresolved" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Northern Andes · Quechua language region", "coordinates": [ -78, -3 ], "qualifier": "A broad Quechua/Andean language reference region for the bark term, not a coordinate for the later drug’s isolation.", "claimIds": [ "quinine-quinine-quechua-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "quinine-route", "quinine-enrichment-route", "quinine-enrichment-sense", "quinine-quinine-quechua-geo", "quinine-quinine-quechua-reading", "quinine-quinine-quechua-date-unresolved", "quinine-quechua-disagreement-specialist" ], "explanation": "The stage is presented with inspected lexical evidence, a qualified route, and a supported reading; dates and regional coordinates retain their stated limits.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KEE-nah KEE-nah", "ipa": "/ˈki.na ˈki.na/", "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional or dictionary-supported reading is shown; it is not treated as transliteration or as proof of historical phonology.", "claimIds": [ "quinine-quinine-quechua-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "quinine-route" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-enrichment-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-enrichment-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-enrichment-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-quinine-quechua-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-enrichment-route" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-enrichment-route", "quinine-quechua-disagreement-specialist" ], "label": "Exact Quechua date frozen", "note": "The proposed Quechua ancestry is retained, but CNRTL records objections and the lack of an early Quechua witness. No cultural or medicinal chronology is substituted for a lexical date." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-quinine-quechua-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-quinine-quechua-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-enrichment-sense" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-route", "quinine-enrichment-route", "quinine-enrichment-sense", "quinine-quinine-quechua-geo", "quinine-quinine-quechua-reading", "quinine-quinine-quechua-date-unresolved", "quinine-quechua-disagreement-specialist" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-route" ] } } }, { "id": "quinine-romance", "etymologyId": "und-quinine-romance", "form": "quina", "language": "Spanish", "languageCode": "es", "transliteration": "quina", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "quinine-enrichment-route", "quinine-quinine-romance-reading" ], "sense": "cinchona bark", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Exact Spanish date frozen", "note": "The inspected sources identify Spanish quina in the route but do not establish a secure word-specific first witness for this stage." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Spanish reference region", "coordinates": [ -1.11788, 40.4414 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not the bark's origin, a transfer site or a historical border.", "claimIds": [ "quinine-spanish-region-specialist" ] }, "claimIds": [ "quinine-enrichment-route", "quinine-enrichment-sense", "quinine-spanish-french-route-specialist", "quinine-spanish-region-specialist" ], "explanation": "Spanish quina names cinchona bark in the transmission account. Its exact early lexical date remains frozen; it is no longer bundled with French quinine.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KEE-na", "ipa": "/ˈkina/", "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional Spanish reading of the displayed form; not a historical Quechua reconstruction.", "claimIds": [ "quinine-quinine-romance-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "quinine-route" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-enrichment-route", "quinine-spanish-french-route-specialist" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-enrichment-route", "quinine-spanish-french-route-specialist" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-enrichment-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-quinine-romance-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-spanish-french-route-specialist" ], "label": "Exact Spanish lexical date frozen", "note": "The sources establish Spanish quina in the route but not a secure word-specific first Spanish witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-spanish-region-specialist" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-spanish-region-specialist" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-enrichment-sense" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-enrichment-route", "quinine-enrichment-sense", "quinine-spanish-french-route-specialist", "quinine-spanish-region-specialist", "quinine-quinine-romance-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-french-date-specialist", "quinine-spanish-french-route-specialist" ] } } }, { "id": "quinine-english", "etymologyId": "en-quinine-english", "form": "quinine", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "quinine", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "quinine-enrichment-route", "quinine-quinine-english-reading" ], "sense": "a cinchona-bark alkaloid", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1825, "end": 1825, "approximate": false, "label": "1825 · first known English use", "note": "Merriam-Webster first-known-use date; not the 1820 French naming or the alkaloid's isolation date.", "claimIds": [ "quinine-english-date-specialist" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, laboratory, borrowing site or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "quinine-english-region-specialist" ] }, "claimIds": [ "quinine-route", "quinine-sense", "quinine-enrichment-route", "quinine-enrichment-sense", "quinine-quinine-english-geo", "quinine-quinine-english-reading", "quinine-quinine-english-date-unresolved", "quinine-english-date-specialist", "quinine-english-region-specialist" ], "explanation": "English quinine is documented from 1825 for the alkaloid name, following French quinine. The date is lexical and remains distinct from the 1820 French formation and scientific isolation history.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KWIN-een; kwy-NINE", "ipa": "/ˈkwɪniːn/; /ˈkwaɪnaɪn/", "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional or dictionary-supported reading is shown; it is not treated as transliteration or as proof of historical phonology.", "claimIds": [ "quinine-quinine-english-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "quinine-route", "quinine-sense" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-enrichment-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-enrichment-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-enrichment-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-quinine-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-enrichment-route" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-english-date-specialist" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-english-region-specialist" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-english-region-specialist" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-enrichment-sense" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-route", "quinine-sense", "quinine-enrichment-route", "quinine-enrichment-sense", "quinine-quinine-english-geo", "quinine-quinine-english-reading", "quinine-quinine-english-date-unresolved", "quinine-english-date-specialist", "quinine-english-region-specialist" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } }, { "id": "quinine-french", "etymologyId": "fr-quinine-alkaloid", "form": "quinine", "language": "French", "languageCode": "fr", "transliteration": "quinine", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "quinine-enrichment-route", "quinine-quinine-romance-reading" ], "sense": "the named cinchona-bark alkaloid", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1820, "end": 1820, "approximate": false, "label": "1820 · French quinine", "note": "CNRTL lexical attestation; not the date of Spanish quina or English adoption.", "claimIds": [ "quinine-french-date-specialist" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "French reference region", "coordinates": [ 2, 48 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, laboratory, borrowing site or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "quinine-french-region-specialist" ] }, "claimIds": [ "quinine-french-date-specialist", "quinine-spanish-french-route-specialist", "quinine-french-region-specialist" ], "explanation": "French quinine is the 1820 derivative formed in the scientific naming of the alkaloid. It is separated from Spanish quina and from the later English record.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "kee-NEEN", "ipa": "/ki.nin/", "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional present-day French reading; not a historical reading for Spanish or Quechua forms.", "claimIds": [ "quinine-quinine-romance-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "quinine-route" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-french-date-specialist" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-french-date-specialist" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-french-date-specialist" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-quinine-romance-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-french-date-specialist" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-french-region-specialist" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-french-region-specialist" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-french-date-specialist" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-french-date-specialist", "quinine-spanish-french-route-specialist", "quinine-french-region-specialist", "quinine-quinine-romance-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "quinine-english-date-specialist", "quinine-spanish-french-route-specialist" ] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "quinine-link-quechua-romance", "from": "quinine-quechua", "to": "quinine-romance", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "The Quechua kina/kina-kina ancestry is a retained proposal with recorded objections and no early Quechua lexical witness. Spanish quina is represented separately from French quinine.", "claimIds": [ "quinine-route", "quinine-enrichment-route", "quinine-quechua-disagreement-specialist" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "quinine-link-romance-french", "from": "quinine-romance", "to": "quinine-french", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "qualified", "tree": true, "note": "The route passes through Spanish quina in Merriam-Webster, while CNRTL derives French quinine from French quina/quinquina. The compressed Spanish-to-French connection is therefore qualified.", "claimIds": [ "quinine-french-date-specialist", "quinine-spanish-french-route-specialist" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The cited route and French derivation establish related lexical forms but do not assign a separately dated semantic change to this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [ "quinine-french-date-specialist", "quinine-spanish-french-route-specialist" ] } }, { "id": "quinine-link-french-english", "from": "quinine-french", "to": "quinine-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "tree": true, "note": "Merriam-Webster identifies French quinine as the immediate source of English quinine; French 1820 and English 1825 remain separate lexical dates.", "claimIds": [ "quinine-french-date-specialist", "quinine-english-date-specialist", "quinine-spanish-french-route-specialist" ], "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "Both stages name the alkaloid; the evidence does not establish a semantic change at borrowing.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [ "quinine-french-date-specialist", "quinine-english-date-specialist" ] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "quinine-route", "text": "English quinine is traced either through Spanish quina or through French quinine to Quechua kina-kina, bark or cinchona bark.", "sourceId": "batch11-quinine-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch11-quinine-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "The inspected passage states this with the qualification preserved in the journey." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "quinine-sense", "text": "The English noun denotes an alkaloid from cinchona bark used to treat malaria.", "sourceId": "batch11-quinine-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch11-quinine-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "quinine-enrichment-route", "text": "Quinine retains a qualified Quechua-to-Romance route: Quechua kina means bark, Spanish quina is an immediate form in one account, and French quinine is documented as a nineteenth-century derivative. The medical isolation of the alkaloid is kept separate from lexical chronology.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-quinine-oxford", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The selected route is retained with explicit scope and alternatives where the inspected sources do not agree." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "quinine-enrichment-sense", "text": "Quinine is the alkaloid associated with cinchona bark and historical antimalarial treatment; quina is bark, while quinine is the derived chemical name.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-quinine-oxford", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "quinine-quinine-quechua-reading", "text": "The inspected source supports the conventional reading KEE-nah KEE-nah for kina-kina; it is presented as a reading, not as transliteration.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-quinine-oxford", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "quinine-quinine-quechua-geo", "text": "Northern Andes · Quechua language region is used as a broad language, speech-community, or documented contact-corridor reference for this stage; it is not presented as a lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-regions", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "quinine-andes" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "The regional record supports map orientation only; it does not prove a lexical origin coordinate." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "quinine-quinine-quechua-date-unresolved", "text": "The inspected sources establish the displayed form and route but do not establish a secure word-specific lexical date for kina-kina.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-quinine-oxford", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "unresolved", "text": "Normal lexical and historical sources were inspected; the retained evidence does not support a more precise date." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "quinine-quinine-romance-reading", "text": "The inspected source supports the conventional reading KEE-nah / kee-NEEN for quina / quinine; it is presented as a reading, not as transliteration.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-quinine-cnrtl", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "quinine-quinine-romance-geo", "text": "Northern Andes · Quechua language region is used as a broad language, speech-community, or documented contact-corridor reference for this stage; it is not presented as a lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-regions", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "quinine-andes" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "The regional record supports map orientation only; it does not prove a lexical origin coordinate." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "quinine-quinine-romance-date-unresolved", "text": "The inspected sources establish the displayed form and route but do not establish a secure word-specific lexical date for quina / quinine.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-quinine-oxford", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "unresolved", "text": "Normal lexical and historical sources were inspected; the retained evidence does not support a more precise date." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "quinine-quinine-english-reading", "text": "The inspected source supports the conventional reading KWIN-een; kwy-NINE for quinine; it is presented as a reading, not as transliteration.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-quinine-oxford", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "quinine-quinine-english-geo", "text": "Northern Andes · Quechua language region is used as a broad language, speech-community, or documented contact-corridor reference for this stage; it is not presented as a lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-regions", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "quinine-andes" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "The regional record supports map orientation only; it does not prove a lexical origin coordinate." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "quinine-quinine-english-date-unresolved", "text": "The inspected sources establish the displayed form and route but do not establish a secure word-specific lexical date for quinine.", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-quinine-oxford", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "unresolved", "text": "Normal lexical and historical sources were inspected; the retained evidence does not support a more precise date." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "quinine-french-date-specialist", "sourceId": "enrichment-04-quinine-cnrtl", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "text": "CNRTL dates French quinine to 1820 and French quina to 1682.", "locator": "Étymologie et histoire", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "These are French lexical records. They do not date Spanish quina, Quechua kina-kina or English quinine." }, "inference": "Separate French quinine from Spanish quina and assign the 1820 date only to the French stage." }, { "id": "quinine-english-date-specialist", "sourceId": "specialist-mw-quinine", "passageIds": [ "route-and-first-use" ], "text": "Merriam-Webster reports 1825 as the first known English use of quinine.", "locator": "First Known Use", "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A reported first written use, not the invention or isolation date of the alkaloid." }, "inference": "Use 1825 for the English lexical stage." }, { "id": "quinine-spanish-french-route-specialist", "sourceId": "specialist-mw-quinine", "passageIds": [ "route-and-first-use" ], "text": "Merriam-Webster routes English quinine through French quinine and Spanish quina.", "locator": "Word History", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "CNRTL derives French quinine from French quina and quinquina; the exact Spanish-to-French transfer remains a compressed, qualified route." }, "inference": "Represent Spanish quina and French quinine as separate nodes joined by a qualified derivational route." }, { "id": "quinine-quechua-disagreement-specialist", "sourceId": "specialist-cnrtl-quinquina", "passageIds": [ "history-and-dispute" ], "text": "CNRTL records both the proposed Quechua kinakina ancestry and objections based on the lack of an early Quechua attestation.", "locator": "Étymologie et histoire", "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "The source does not resolve the donor question; it documents why the Quechua route must remain proposed." }, "inference": "Keep the Quechua stage and edge alternative and freeze its exact lexical date." }, { "id": "quinine-spanish-region-specialist", "sourceId": "glottolog", "passageIds": [ "stan1288" ], "text": "Glottolog records a reference coordinate for Spanish.", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1288", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A language reference point, not the bark's origin or a borrowing site." }, "inference": "Use the point only to map the Spanish lexical stage." }, { "id": "quinine-french-region-specialist", "sourceId": "glottolog", "passageIds": [ "stan1290" ], "text": "Glottolog records a reference coordinate for French.", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1290", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A language reference point, not an isolation laboratory or origin site." }, "inference": "Use the point only to map the French lexical stage." }, { "id": "quinine-english-region-specialist", "sourceId": "glottolog", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "text": "Glottolog records a reference coordinate for English.", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293", "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A language reference point, not an isolation laboratory or origin site." }, "inference": "Correct the English stage's former Andean map point." } ], "limitations": "The Quechua kina-kina ancestry is proposed and explicitly disputed; no early Quechua lexical date was established. Spanish quina has no secure exact date in the bounded evidence. French quinine is dated to 1820 and English quinine to 1825. Lexical chronology remains separate from cinchona use and alkaloid isolation. The legacy node id quinine-romance is retained for compatibility but now represents Spanish quina only.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "quinine-medicine", "label": "The quinine medicine", "definition": "An alkaloid obtained from cinchona bark and used to treat malaria.", "stage": "english", "claimIds": [ "quinine-sense" ], "stageId": "quinine-english" } ], "defaultSense": "quinine-medicine", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R3", "standard": "Milestone-100 specialist review", "standardVersion": "2026-09-21", "completedAt": "2026-09-21" } }, { "id": "dugong", "word": "dugong", "language": "English", "sense": "The dugong animal", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 5", "aliases": [ "*duyuŋ", "duyung", "dugong" ], "summary": "Dugong preserves the Cebuano/Visayan route while recording Oxford’s Malay-based alternative and an early-nineteenth-century English word-origin period.", "intro": "Follow dugong through the Cebuano/Visayan account and the related Malay duyung tradition; the animal’s natural history is not substituted for lexical chronology.", "claimIds": [ "dugong-route", "dugong-doublet", "dugong-sense", "dugong-enrichment-route", "dugong-enrichment-sense", "dugong-dugong-austronesian-geo", "dugong-dugong-austronesian-reading", "dugong-dugong-austronesian-date-unresolved", "dugong-dugong-malay-geo", "dugong-dugong-malay-reading", "dugong-dugong-malay-date-unresolved", "dugong-dugong-cebuano-geo", "dugong-dugong-cebuano-reading", "dugong-dugong-cebuano-date-unresolved", "dugong-dugong-english-geo", "dugong-dugong-english-reading", "dugong-date-english" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "dugong-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "dugong-austronesian", "dugong-malay", "dugong-cebuano", "dugong-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "dugong-austronesian", "etymologyId": "poz-dugong-austronesian", "form": "*duyuŋ", "language": "Proto-Austronesian", "languageCode": "poz", "transliteration": "*duyuŋ", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "dugong-enrichment-route", "dugong-dugong-austronesian-reading" ], "sense": "a reconstructed sea-mammal term", "formStatus": "reconstructed", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The reconstructed family form is not independently dated by the inspected lexical sources.", "claimIds": [ "dugong-dugong-austronesian-date-unresolved" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Austronesian reference region", "coordinates": [ 101.7, 3.1 ], "qualifier": "A broad Standard Malay reference point, not a claim that Malay is the direct English donor.", "claimIds": [ "dugong-dugong-austronesian-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "dugong-doublet", "dugong-enrichment-route", "dugong-enrichment-sense", "dugong-dugong-austronesian-geo", "dugong-dugong-austronesian-reading", "dugong-dugong-austronesian-date-unresolved" ], "explanation": "The stage is presented with inspected lexical evidence, a qualified route, and a supported reading; dates and regional coordinates retain their stated limits.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "DU-yuŋ", "ipa": "/ˈdu.juŋ/", "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional or dictionary-supported reading is shown; it is not treated as transliteration or as proof of historical phonology.", "claimIds": [ "dugong-dugong-austronesian-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "dugong-doublet" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dugong-enrichment-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dugong-enrichment-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dugong-enrichment-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dugong-dugong-austronesian-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dugong-enrichment-route" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The reconstructed family form is not independently dated by the inspected lexical sources.", "claimIds": [ "dugong-enrichment-route", "dugong-dugong-austronesian-date-unresolved" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dugong-dugong-austronesian-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dugong-dugong-austronesian-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dugong-enrichment-sense" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dugong-doublet", "dugong-enrichment-route", "dugong-enrichment-sense", "dugong-dugong-austronesian-geo", "dugong-dugong-austronesian-reading", "dugong-dugong-austronesian-date-unresolved" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dugong-doublet", "dugong-enrichment-route" ] } } }, { "id": "dugong-malay", "etymologyId": "ms-dugong-malay", "form": "duyung", "language": "Malay", "languageCode": "ms", "transliteration": "duyung", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "dugong-enrichment-route", "dugong-dugong-malay-reading" ], "sense": "the dugong", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "Oxford supports Malay duyong as the basis of the English word-origin account but does not date a Malay lexical witness here.", "claimIds": [ "dugong-dugong-malay-date-unresolved" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Malay · maritime Southeast Asia", "coordinates": [ 101.7, 3.1 ], "qualifier": "A broad Standard Malay reference point, not a claim that Malay is the direct English donor.", "claimIds": [ "dugong-dugong-malay-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "dugong-doublet", "dugong-enrichment-route", "dugong-enrichment-sense", "dugong-dugong-malay-geo", "dugong-dugong-malay-reading", "dugong-dugong-malay-date-unresolved" ], "explanation": "The stage is presented with inspected lexical evidence, a qualified route, and a supported reading; dates and regional coordinates retain their stated limits.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "DOO-yung", "ipa": "/ˈdu.juŋ/", "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional or dictionary-supported reading is shown; it is not treated as transliteration or as proof of historical phonology.", "claimIds": [ "dugong-dugong-malay-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "dugong-doublet" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dugong-enrichment-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dugong-enrichment-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dugong-enrichment-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dugong-dugong-malay-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dugong-enrichment-route" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Oxford supports Malay duyong as the basis of the English word-origin account but does not date a Malay lexical witness here.", "claimIds": [ "dugong-enrichment-route", "dugong-dugong-malay-date-unresolved" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dugong-dugong-malay-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dugong-dugong-malay-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dugong-enrichment-sense" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dugong-doublet", "dugong-enrichment-route", "dugong-enrichment-sense", "dugong-dugong-malay-geo", "dugong-dugong-malay-reading", "dugong-dugong-malay-date-unresolved" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } }, { "id": "dugong-cebuano", "etymologyId": "ceb-dugong-cebuano", "form": "dugong", "language": "Cebuano", "languageCode": "ceb", "transliteration": "dugong", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "dugong-enrichment-route", "dugong-dugong-cebuano-reading" ], "sense": "the dugong", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The existing Cebuano/Visayan route is retained, but the inspected sources do not provide a secure dated Cebuano witness.", "claimIds": [ "dugong-dugong-cebuano-date-unresolved" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Visayan Philippines · Cebuano reference region", "coordinates": [ 123.9, 10.3 ], "qualifier": "A regional Cebuano/Visayan reference point for the donor-language corridor, not a zoological origin site.", "claimIds": [ "dugong-dugong-cebuano-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "dugong-route", "dugong-enrichment-route", "dugong-enrichment-sense", "dugong-dugong-cebuano-geo", "dugong-dugong-cebuano-reading", "dugong-dugong-cebuano-date-unresolved" ], "explanation": "The stage is presented with inspected lexical evidence, a qualified route, and a supported reading; dates and regional coordinates retain their stated limits.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "DOO-gong", "ipa": "/ˈduːɡoŋ/", "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional or dictionary-supported reading is shown; it is not treated as transliteration or as proof of historical phonology.", "claimIds": [ "dugong-dugong-cebuano-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "dugong-route" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dugong-enrichment-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dugong-enrichment-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dugong-enrichment-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dugong-dugong-cebuano-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dugong-enrichment-route" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The existing Cebuano/Visayan route is retained, but the inspected sources do not provide a secure dated Cebuano witness.", "claimIds": [ "dugong-enrichment-route", "dugong-dugong-cebuano-date-unresolved" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dugong-dugong-cebuano-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dugong-dugong-cebuano-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dugong-enrichment-sense" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dugong-route", "dugong-enrichment-route", "dugong-enrichment-sense", "dugong-dugong-cebuano-geo", "dugong-dugong-cebuano-reading", "dugong-dugong-cebuano-date-unresolved" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dugong-route", "dugong-enrichment-route" ] } } }, { "id": "dugong-english", "etymologyId": "en-dugong-english", "form": "dugong", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "dugong", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "dugong-enrichment-route", "dugong-dugong-english-reading" ], "sense": "a sirenian sea mammal", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1800, "end": 1825, "approximate": true, "label": "Early 19th century · English dugong word-origin period", "note": "Oxford dates the English word origin to the early nineteenth century; this is a bounded dictionary period, not an exact first quotation.", "claimIds": [ "dugong-date-english" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region", "coordinates": [ 123.9, 10.3 ], "qualifier": "A regional Cebuano/Visayan reference point for the donor-language corridor, not a zoological origin site.", "claimIds": [ "dugong-dugong-english-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "dugong-route", "dugong-doublet", "dugong-sense", "dugong-enrichment-route", "dugong-enrichment-sense", "dugong-dugong-english-geo", "dugong-dugong-english-reading", "dugong-date-english" ], "explanation": "The stage is presented with inspected lexical evidence, a qualified route, and a supported reading; dates and regional coordinates retain their stated limits.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "DOO-gong", "ipa": "/ˈduːɡɒŋ/", "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional or dictionary-supported reading is shown; it is not treated as transliteration or as proof of historical phonology.", "claimIds": [ "dugong-dugong-english-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "dugong-route", "dugong-doublet", "dugong-sense" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dugong-enrichment-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dugong-enrichment-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dugong-enrichment-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dugong-dugong-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dugong-enrichment-route" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dugong-date-english" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dugong-dugong-english-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dugong-dugong-english-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dugong-enrichment-sense" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "dugong-route", "dugong-doublet", "dugong-sense", "dugong-enrichment-route", "dugong-enrichment-sense", "dugong-dugong-english-geo", "dugong-dugong-english-reading", "dugong-date-english" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "dugong-link-austronesian-malay", "from": "dugong-austronesian", "to": "dugong-malay", "type": "inheritance", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English dugong is retained with two source-backed dimensions: the existing Cebuano/Visayan route and Oxford’s Malay-based early-nineteenth-century account. Malay duyung is therefore shown as a related or alternative donor tradition, not silently collapsed into the Cebuano route.", "claimIds": [ "dugong-doublet", "dugong-enrichment-route" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "dugong-link-malay-english", "from": "dugong-malay", "to": "dugong-english", "type": "influence", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "English dugong is retained with two source-backed dimensions: the existing Cebuano/Visayan route and Oxford’s Malay-based early-nineteenth-century account. Malay duyung is therefore shown as a related or alternative donor tradition, not silently collapsed into the Cebuano route.", "claimIds": [ "dugong-doublet", "dugong-enrichment-route" ], "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "dugong-link-cebuano-english", "from": "dugong-cebuano", "to": "dugong-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "English dugong is retained with two source-backed dimensions: the existing Cebuano/Visayan route and Oxford’s Malay-based early-nineteenth-century account. Malay duyung is therefore shown as a related or alternative donor tradition, not silently collapsed into the Cebuano route.", "claimIds": [ "dugong-route", "dugong-enrichment-route" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "dugong-route", "text": "English dugong is traced ultimately to Cebuano dugong.", "sourceId": "batch11-dugong-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch11-dugong-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "dugong-doublet", "text": "Malay duyung is traced to Proto-Malayo-Polynesian and Proto-Austronesian *duyuŋ and is identified as a doublet of dugong.", "sourceId": "batch11-duyung-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch11-duyung-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "dugong-sense", "text": "Dugong is the name of a sirenian sea mammal.", "sourceId": "batch11-dugong-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch11-dugong-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "dugong-enrichment-route", "text": "English dugong is retained with two source-backed dimensions: the existing Cebuano/Visayan route and Oxford’s Malay-based early-nineteenth-century account. Malay duyung is therefore shown as a related or alternative donor tradition, not silently collapsed into the Cebuano route.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-dugong-oxford", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The selected route is retained with explicit scope and alternatives where the inspected sources do not agree." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "dugong-enrichment-sense", "text": "Dugong names a sirenian sea mammal; zoological taxonomy and Malay mermaid expressions are kept separate from the English word’s transmission.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-dugong-oxford", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "dugong-dugong-austronesian-reading", "text": "The inspected source supports the conventional reading DU-yuŋ for *duyuŋ; it is presented as a reading, not as transliteration.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-dugong-oxford", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "dugong-dugong-austronesian-geo", "text": "Malay · maritime Southeast Asia is used as a broad language, speech-community, or documented contact-corridor reference for this stage; it is not presented as a lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-regions", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "dugong-malay" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "The regional record supports map orientation only; it does not prove a lexical origin coordinate." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "dugong-dugong-malay-reading", "text": "The inspected source supports the conventional reading DOO-yung for duyung; it is presented as a reading, not as transliteration.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-dugong-oxford", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "dugong-dugong-malay-geo", "text": "Malay · maritime Southeast Asia is used as a broad language, speech-community, or documented contact-corridor reference for this stage; it is not presented as a lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-regions", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "dugong-malay" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "The regional record supports map orientation only; it does not prove a lexical origin coordinate." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "dugong-dugong-cebuano-reading", "text": "The inspected source supports the conventional reading DOO-gong for dugong; it is presented as a reading, not as transliteration.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-dugong-oxford", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "dugong-dugong-cebuano-geo", "text": "Visayan Philippines · Cebuano reference region is used as a broad language, speech-community, or documented contact-corridor reference for this stage; it is not presented as a lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-regions", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "dugong-philippines" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "The regional record supports map orientation only; it does not prove a lexical origin coordinate." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "dugong-dugong-english-reading", "text": "The inspected source supports the conventional reading DOO-gong for dugong; it is presented as a reading, not as transliteration.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-dugong-oxford", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "dugong-dugong-english-geo", "text": "Visayan Philippines · Cebuano reference region is used as a broad language, speech-community, or documented contact-corridor reference for this stage; it is not presented as a lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-regions", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "dugong-philippines" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "The regional record supports map orientation only; it does not prove a lexical origin coordinate." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "dugong-date-english", "text": "The inspected source supports the bounded lexical or textual period shown for dugong.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-dugong-oxford", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "dugong-dugong-austronesian-date-unresolved", "text": "The inspected sources establish the displayed form and route but do not establish a secure word-specific lexical date for *duyuŋ.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-dugong-oxford", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "unresolved", "text": "Normal lexical and historical sources were inspected; the retained evidence does not support a more precise date." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "dugong-dugong-malay-date-unresolved", "text": "The inspected sources establish the displayed form and route but do not establish a secure word-specific lexical date for duyung.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-dugong-oxford", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "unresolved", "text": "Normal lexical and historical sources were inspected; the retained evidence does not support a more precise date." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "dugong-dugong-cebuano-date-unresolved", "text": "The inspected sources establish the displayed form and route but do not establish a secure word-specific lexical date for dugong.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-dugong-oxford", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "unresolved", "text": "Normal lexical and historical sources were inspected; the retained evidence does not support a more precise date." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." } ], "limitations": "The inspected sources disagree in emphasis between Cebuano/Visayan and Malay-based accounts. The English date is a bounded early-nineteenth-century dictionary period, not an exact first quotation.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "dugong-animal", "label": "The dugong animal", "definition": "A sirenian sea mammal.", "stage": "english", "claimIds": [ "dugong-sense" ], "stageId": "dugong-english" } ], "defaultSense": "dugong-animal", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 01 Slice-02", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "griot", "word": "griot", "language": "English", "sense": "The griot storyteller", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 5", "aliases": [ "criado", "griot" ], "summary": "Griot enters English through French, while French historical lexicography keeps its deeper origin uncertain and the Portuguese criado proposal qualified.", "intro": "Follow griot through French historical lexicography into English, keeping the West African social role distinct from a disputed donor-language story.", "claimIds": [ "griot-route", "griot-sense", "griot-enrichment-route", "griot-enrichment-sense", "griot-griot-portuguese-geo", "griot-griot-portuguese-reading", "griot-griot-portuguese-date-unresolved", "griot-griot-french-geo", "griot-griot-french-reading", "griot-date-french", "griot-griot-english-geo", "griot-griot-english-reading", "griot-griot-english-date-unresolved" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "griot-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "griot-portuguese", "griot-french", "griot-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "griot-portuguese", "etymologyId": "pt-griot-portuguese", "form": "criado", "language": "Portuguese", "languageCode": "pt", "transliteration": "criado", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "griot-enrichment-route", "griot-griot-portuguese-reading" ], "sense": "a servant", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The Portuguese form is a proposed source or intermediary, not a securely established first lexical stage for griot.", "claimIds": [ "griot-griot-portuguese-date-unresolved" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Portuguese reference region", "coordinates": [ -10, 14 ], "qualifier": "A qualified speech/community region for the social role; the French label is not treated as proof of one deeper African etymon.", "claimIds": [ "griot-griot-portuguese-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "griot-route", "griot-enrichment-route", "griot-enrichment-sense", "griot-griot-portuguese-geo", "griot-griot-portuguese-reading", "griot-griot-portuguese-date-unresolved" ], "explanation": "The stage is presented with inspected lexical evidence, a qualified route, and a supported reading; dates and regional coordinates retain their stated limits.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "kree-AH-doo", "ipa": "/kɾiˈa.du/", "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional or dictionary-supported reading is shown; it is not treated as transliteration or as proof of historical phonology.", "claimIds": [ "griot-griot-portuguese-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "griot-route" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "griot-enrichment-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "griot-enrichment-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "griot-enrichment-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "griot-griot-portuguese-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "griot-enrichment-route" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The Portuguese form is a proposed source or intermediary, not a securely established first lexical stage for griot.", "claimIds": [ "griot-enrichment-route", "griot-griot-portuguese-date-unresolved" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "griot-griot-portuguese-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "griot-griot-portuguese-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "griot-enrichment-sense" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "griot-route", "griot-enrichment-route", "griot-enrichment-sense", "griot-griot-portuguese-geo", "griot-griot-portuguese-reading", "griot-griot-portuguese-date-unresolved" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "griot-route", "griot-enrichment-route" ] } } }, { "id": "griot-french", "etymologyId": "fr-griot-french", "form": "griot", "language": "French", "languageCode": "fr", "transliteration": "griot", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "griot-enrichment-route", "griot-griot-french-reading" ], "sense": "a West African oral historian", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1600, "end": 1699, "approximate": true, "label": "17th century · French guiriot/griot", "note": "The Académie dates the French historical form to the seventeenth century; the form’s deeper origin remains uncertain.", "claimIds": [ "griot-date-french" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "French reference region", "coordinates": [ -10, 14 ], "qualifier": "A qualified speech/community region for the social role; the French label is not treated as proof of one deeper African etymon.", "claimIds": [ "griot-griot-french-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "griot-route", "griot-enrichment-route", "griot-enrichment-sense", "griot-griot-french-geo", "griot-griot-french-reading", "griot-date-french" ], "explanation": "The stage is presented with inspected lexical evidence, a qualified route, and a supported reading; dates and regional coordinates retain their stated limits.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "gree-YOH", "ipa": "/ɡʁi.jo/", "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional or dictionary-supported reading is shown; it is not treated as transliteration or as proof of historical phonology.", "claimIds": [ "griot-griot-french-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "griot-route" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "griot-enrichment-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "griot-enrichment-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "griot-enrichment-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "griot-griot-french-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "griot-enrichment-route" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "griot-date-french" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "griot-griot-french-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "griot-griot-french-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "griot-enrichment-sense" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "griot-route", "griot-enrichment-route", "griot-enrichment-sense", "griot-griot-french-geo", "griot-griot-french-reading", "griot-date-french" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "griot-route", "griot-enrichment-route" ] } } }, { "id": "griot-english", "etymologyId": "en-griot-english", "form": "griot", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "griot", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "griot-enrichment-route", "griot-griot-english-reading" ], "sense": "a West African storyteller, musician or poet", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected French historical sources do not establish the first English written use of griot.", "claimIds": [ "griot-griot-english-date-unresolved" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region", "coordinates": [ -10, 14 ], "qualifier": "A qualified speech/community region for the social role; the French label is not treated as proof of one deeper African etymon.", "claimIds": [ "griot-griot-english-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "griot-route", "griot-sense", "griot-enrichment-route", "griot-enrichment-sense", "griot-griot-english-geo", "griot-griot-english-reading", "griot-griot-english-date-unresolved" ], "explanation": "The stage is presented with inspected lexical evidence, a qualified route, and a supported reading; dates and regional coordinates retain their stated limits.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "GREE-oh", "ipa": "/ˈɡriːoʊ/", "status": "verified", "note": "A conventional or dictionary-supported reading is shown; it is not treated as transliteration or as proof of historical phonology.", "claimIds": [ "griot-griot-english-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "griot-route", "griot-sense" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "griot-enrichment-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "griot-enrichment-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "griot-enrichment-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "griot-griot-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "griot-enrichment-route" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected French historical sources do not establish the first English written use of griot.", "claimIds": [ "griot-enrichment-route", "griot-griot-english-date-unresolved" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "griot-griot-english-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "griot-griot-english-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "griot-enrichment-sense" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "griot-route", "griot-sense", "griot-enrichment-route", "griot-enrichment-sense", "griot-griot-english-geo", "griot-griot-english-reading", "griot-griot-english-date-unresolved" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "griot-link-portuguese-french", "from": "griot-portuguese", "to": "griot-french", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "French griot is documented as a West African poet, reciter and musician, but the Académie and CNRTL both preserve an uncertain origin; the Portuguese criado proposal remains a qualified mediation hypothesis rather than a proven deeper ancestry.", "claimIds": [ "griot-route", "griot-enrichment-route" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "griot-link-french-english", "from": "griot-french", "to": "griot-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "French griot is documented as a West African poet, reciter and musician, but the Académie and CNRTL both preserve an uncertain origin; the Portuguese criado proposal remains a qualified mediation hypothesis rather than a proven deeper ancestry.", "claimIds": [ "griot-route", "griot-enrichment-route" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "griot-route", "text": "English griot is borrowed from French griot, which the source traces to Portuguese criado, servant.", "sourceId": "batch11-griot-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch11-griot-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The inspected passage states this with the qualification preserved in the journey." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "griot-sense", "text": "A griot is a West African storyteller who preserves oral traditions and may be a musician or poet.", "sourceId": "batch11-griot-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch11-griot-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "griot-enrichment-route", "text": "French griot is documented as a West African poet, reciter and musician, but the Académie and CNRTL both preserve an uncertain origin; the Portuguese criado proposal remains a qualified mediation hypothesis rather than a proven deeper ancestry.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-griot-academie", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The selected route is retained with explicit scope and alternatives where the inspected sources do not agree." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "griot-enrichment-sense", "text": "A griot is a West African oral specialist whose roles may include poetry, music, recitation and preservation of tradition; role history is not lexical ancestry.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-griot-academie", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "griot-griot-portuguese-reading", "text": "The inspected source supports the conventional reading kree-AH-doo for criado; it is presented as a reading, not as transliteration.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-griot-cnrtl", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "griot-griot-portuguese-geo", "text": "West Africa · Manding and neighboring speech communities is used as a broad language, speech-community, or documented contact-corridor reference for this stage; it is not presented as a lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-regions", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "griot-west-africa" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "The regional record supports map orientation only; it does not prove a lexical origin coordinate." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "griot-griot-french-reading", "text": "The inspected source supports the conventional reading gree-YOH for griot; it is presented as a reading, not as transliteration.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-griot-academie", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "griot-griot-french-geo", "text": "West Africa · Manding and neighboring speech communities is used as a broad language, speech-community, or documented contact-corridor reference for this stage; it is not presented as a lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-regions", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "griot-west-africa" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "The regional record supports map orientation only; it does not prove a lexical origin coordinate." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "griot-date-french", "text": "The inspected source supports the bounded lexical or textual period shown for griot.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-griot-academie", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "griot-griot-english-reading", "text": "The inspected source supports the conventional reading GREE-oh for griot; it is presented as a reading, not as transliteration.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-griot-academie", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "griot-griot-english-geo", "text": "West Africa · Manding and neighboring speech communities is used as a broad language, speech-community, or documented contact-corridor reference for this stage; it is not presented as a lexical birthplace.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-regions", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "griot-west-africa" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "The regional record supports map orientation only; it does not prove a lexical origin coordinate." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "griot-griot-portuguese-date-unresolved", "text": "The inspected sources establish the displayed form and route but do not establish a secure word-specific lexical date for criado.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-griot-academie", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "unresolved", "text": "Normal lexical and historical sources were inspected; the retained evidence does not support a more precise date." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." }, { "id": "griot-griot-english-date-unresolved", "text": "The inspected sources establish the displayed form and route but do not establish a secure word-specific lexical date for griot.", "sourceId": "enrichment-02-griot-academie", "locator": "Inspected lexical, historical, or regional record", "passageIds": [ "route" ], "qualification": { "status": "unresolved", "text": "Normal lexical and historical sources were inspected; the retained evidence does not support a more precise date." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source-backed value at its stated scope and does not infer a stronger origin, date, or location than the inspected evidence supports." } ], "limitations": "The French word is securely described and dated to the seventeenth century as guiriot, but its deeper origin remains uncertain; criado is only a proposed intermediary.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "griot-storyteller", "label": "The griot storyteller", "definition": "A West African storyteller who preserves oral traditions and may perform as a musician or poet.", "stage": "english", "claimIds": [ "griot-sense" ], "stageId": "griot-english" } ], "defaultSense": "griot-storyteller", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 01 Slice-02", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "voodoo", "word": "voodoo", "language": "English", "sense": "The voodoo religion", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 5", "aliases": [ "vódũ / vòdún", "voudou / Vodou", "voodoo" ], "summary": "Voodoo separates Fon/Ewe source vocabulary, Haitian Vodou, Louisiana Creole voudou, and English voodoo instead of treating two living Creole traditions as one mediation stage.", "intro": "Serious anthropological and historical-linguistic sources anchor Fon vodún and Haitian Vodou, while a historical dictionary route identifies Louisiana Creole as English’s immediate lexical channel.", "claimIds": [ "voodoo-route", "voodoo-sense", "batch03-voodoo-reading", "batch03-voodoo-geography", "batch03-voodoo-scope", "batch03-voodoo-date", "hard7-voodoo-african", "hard7-voodoo-linguistic", "hard7-voodoo-louisiana-english", "hard7-voodoo-english-date" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "voodoo-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "voodoo-west-african", "voodoo-creole", "voodoo-louisiana", "voodoo-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "voodoo-west-african", "etymologyId": "und-voodoo-west-african", "form": "vodún / vodu", "language": "Fon / Ewe (Gbe)", "languageCode": "und", "transliteration": "vódũ / vòdún", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "voodoo-route", "batch03-voodoo-reading" ], "sense": "A deity, spirit, divinity or power in the West African source-language field.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "voodoo-route" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Fon/Ewe region and Haitian/Louisiana Creole", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ -1.5, 7 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-voodoo-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "voodoo-route", "batch03-voodoo-reading", "batch03-voodoo-geography", "batch03-voodoo-scope", "batch03-voodoo-date", "hard7-voodoo-african", "hard7-voodoo-linguistic" ], "explanation": "Fon vodún has direct historical-linguistic support; broader Fon-Ewe forms remain a qualified source-language family rather than one undifferentiated word.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "VO-dũ / vo-DUN", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-voodoo-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "voodoo-route" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-voodoo-reading", "batch03-voodoo-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-voodoo-reading", "batch03-voodoo-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-voodoo-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-voodoo-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-voodoo-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "hard7-voodoo-african", "hard7-voodoo-linguistic" ], "label": "Fon-Ewe lexical witness undated", "note": "The inspected anthropological and historical-linguistic sources identify Fon-Ewe forms and meanings but do not provide a directly inspected dated lexical witness for the displayed source-language stage." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-voodoo-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-voodoo-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-voodoo-reading", "batch03-voodoo-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "voodoo-route", "batch03-voodoo-reading", "batch03-voodoo-geography", "batch03-voodoo-scope", "batch03-voodoo-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "voodoo-route" ] } } }, { "id": "voodoo-creole", "etymologyId": "ht-voodoo-creole", "form": "Vodou", "language": "Haitian Creole", "languageCode": "ht", "transliteration": "voudou / Vodou", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "voodoo-route", "batch03-voodoo-reading" ], "sense": "The Haitian religious tradition and its name.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "voodoo-route" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Fon/Ewe region and Haitian/Louisiana Creole", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ -1.5, 7 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-voodoo-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "voodoo-route", "batch03-voodoo-reading", "batch03-voodoo-geography", "batch03-voodoo-scope", "batch03-voodoo-date", "hard7-voodoo-african", "hard7-voodoo-linguistic" ], "explanation": "Haitian Vodou is a living, internally diverse religion; its name reflects Fon/Ewe lexical inheritance within a broader African and Caribbean history.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "vo-DOO", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-voodoo-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "voodoo-route" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-voodoo-reading", "batch03-voodoo-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-voodoo-reading", "batch03-voodoo-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-voodoo-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-voodoo-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-voodoo-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "hard7-voodoo-african", "hard7-voodoo-linguistic" ], "label": "Haitian Vodou lexical date unresolved", "note": "The inspected scholarship supports the Haitian form and its Fon-derived religious vocabulary but does not supply an independently inspected first Haitian lexical witness for Vodou." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-voodoo-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-voodoo-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-voodoo-reading", "batch03-voodoo-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "voodoo-route", "batch03-voodoo-reading", "batch03-voodoo-geography", "batch03-voodoo-scope", "batch03-voodoo-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } }, { "id": "voodoo-louisiana", "etymologyId": "voodoo-louisiana-1", "form": "voudou", "language": "Louisiana Creole", "languageCode": "lou", "transliteration": "voudou", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "hard7-voodoo-louisiana-english" ], "sense": "The Louisiana Creole form named as the immediate source of English voodoo.", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Louisiana Creole date unresolved", "note": "The inspected English dictionary identifies the donor form but does not date its earliest Louisiana Creole witness." }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Fon/Ewe region and Haitian/Louisiana Creole", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ -1.5, 7 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-voodoo-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "voodoo-route", "hard7-voodoo-louisiana-english", "hard7-voodoo-english-date", "batch03-voodoo-reading", "batch03-voodoo-geography", "batch03-voodoo-scope", "batch03-voodoo-date" ], "explanation": "Louisiana voudou is kept separate from Haitian Vodou; Merriam-Webster identifies it as the immediate lexical channel into English.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "voo-DOO (conventional guide)", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-voodoo-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "voodoo-route", "hard7-voodoo-louisiana-english" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hard7-voodoo-louisiana-english" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hard7-voodoo-louisiana-english" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hard7-voodoo-louisiana-english" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-voodoo-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hard7-voodoo-louisiana-english" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "hard7-voodoo-louisiana-english" ], "label": "Louisiana voudou witness undated", "note": "Merriam-Webster identifies Louisiana Creole voudou as English’s immediate donor but does not supply an inspected first Louisiana Creole attestation." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-voodoo-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-voodoo-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hard7-voodoo-louisiana-english" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hard7-voodoo-louisiana-english" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hard7-voodoo-louisiana-english", "hard7-voodoo-english-date" ] } } }, { "id": "voodoo-english", "etymologyId": "en-voodoo-english", "form": "voodoo", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "voodoo", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "voodoo-route", "voodoo-sense", "batch03-voodoo-reading" ], "sense": "an Afro-Caribbean religion or irrational practice", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1850, "end": 1850, "approximate": false, "label": "1850 · English religious noun", "note": "Merriam-Webster’s first-known-use date for the English noun; it does not date Haitian Vodou, Louisiana Voodoo or the West African source forms.", "claimIds": [ "hard7-voodoo-english-date" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-voodoo-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "voodoo-route", "voodoo-sense", "batch03-voodoo-reading", "batch03-voodoo-geography", "batch03-voodoo-scope", "batch03-voodoo-date", "hard7-voodoo-louisiana-english", "hard7-voodoo-english-date" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "VOO-doo", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-voodoo-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "voodoo-route", "voodoo-sense" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-voodoo-reading", "batch03-voodoo-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-voodoo-reading", "batch03-voodoo-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-voodoo-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-voodoo-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-voodoo-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "hard7-voodoo-english-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-voodoo-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-voodoo-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-voodoo-reading", "batch03-voodoo-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "voodoo-route", "voodoo-sense", "batch03-voodoo-reading", "batch03-voodoo-geography", "batch03-voodoo-scope", "batch03-voodoo-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "voodoo-link-west-african-creole", "from": "voodoo-west-african", "to": "voodoo-creole", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Fon vodún is the strongest inspected lexical anchor for Haitian Vodou, with broader Fon/Ewe comparison retained.", "claimIds": [ "voodoo-route", "hard7-voodoo-african", "hard7-voodoo-linguistic" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "voodoo-west-african-louisiana", "from": "voodoo-west-african", "to": "voodoo-louisiana", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The English dictionary compares Louisiana Creole voudou with Ewe vódũ; the full Louisiana transmission history is not reduced to one donor event.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The lexical relationship is supported, while the cultural and religious history is more complex.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "hard7-voodoo-louisiana-english", "hard7-voodoo-african" ] }, { "id": "voodoo-haitian-english-influence", "from": "voodoo-creole", "to": "voodoo-english", "type": "influence", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "English uses Vodou/voodoo for the Haitian tradition, but this cultural reference is not substituted for the Louisiana lexical channel.", "tree": false, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The English religious sense refers to Haiti without proving direct lexical borrowing from Haitian Creole.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "hard7-voodoo-african", "hard7-voodoo-english-date" ] }, { "id": "voodoo-louisiana-english", "from": "voodoo-louisiana", "to": "voodoo-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Merriam-Webster identifies Louisiana Creole voudou as the immediate English donor.", "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The lexical borrowing does not collapse Louisiana and Haitian religious histories.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] }, "claimIds": [ "hard7-voodoo-louisiana-english", "hard7-voodoo-english-date" ] } ], "claims": [ { "id": "voodoo-route", "text": "English voodoo is traced through Louisiana Creole voudou and Haitian Creole Vodou to Ewe vódũ, Fon vòdún or a related Kwa form.", "sourceId": "batch11-voodoo-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch11-voodoo-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "The inspected passage states this with the qualification preserved in the journey." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "voodoo-sense", "text": "English voodoo names an Afro-Caribbean religion and also has a figurative irrational-practice sense.", "sourceId": "batch11-voodoo-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch11-voodoo-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "batch03-voodoo-reading", "text": "voodoo: inspected lexical sources support the displayed forms and conventional readings, with reconstructions kept visibly reconstructed where relevant.", "sourceId": "batch11-voodoo-wiktionary", "locator": "English entry — inspected etymology and definition", "passageIds": [ "batch11-voodoo-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A modern or conventional reading is not presented as an exact historical sound; reconstructed forms remain reconstructed." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest inspected reading available for the displayed stage and keeps transliteration separate from pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch03-voodoo-geography", "text": "voodoo: the displayed map point represents a supported language, speech, community or contact region at the strongest defensible precision.", "sourceId": "batch11-voodoo-wiktionary", "locator": "English entry — inspected etymology and definition", "passageIds": [ "batch11-voodoo-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The region is not a fabricated birthplace; language-reference and contact-corridor coordinates are used only for orientation." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a defensible lexical or speech region while preserving uncertainty about exact donor location." }, { "id": "batch03-voodoo-scope", "text": "voodoo: the batch keeps lexical chronology, contextual history, semantic development and competing routes distinct.", "sourceId": "batch11-voodoo-wiktionary", "locator": "English entry — inspected etymology and definition", "passageIds": [ "batch11-voodoo-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Earlier reviewed ambiguity and source limits remain visible; no cultural, object, institutional or biographical date is promoted to word history." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the published journey without silently replacing a reviewed route or manufacturing a cleaner topology." }, { "id": "batch03-voodoo-date", "text": "voodoo: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a word, sense or documented use; conflicting witnesses remain recorded as conflicts.", "sourceId": "batch11-voodoo-wiktionary", "locator": "English entry — inspected etymology and definition", "passageIds": [ "batch11-voodoo-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A dated witness is not treated as a coinage date, and competing dictionary dates are not silently reconciled." }, "inference": "Lexography separates lexical attestation from contextual periodization and reports bounded uncertainty." }, { "id": "hard7-voodoo-african", "text": "Métraux’s reviewed account treats vaudou/vodou/vodu as Fon-Ewe vocabulary for divinity or power and distinguishes that source meaning from the Haitian religious complex.", "sourceId": "hard7-voodoo-metraux", "locator": "review opening paragraph", "passageIds": [ "fon-ewe-haiti" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports the donor-language field and Haitian use without reducing the living religion to a literal gloss." }, "inference": "Lexography separates West African lexical meaning from Haitian religious identity." }, { "id": "hard7-voodoo-linguistic", "text": "Historical-linguistic work specifically aligns Haitian Creole Vodou with Fon vodún ‘deity, spirit’ within a vocabulary containing multiple African layers.", "sourceId": "hard7-voodoo-hebblethwaite", "locator": "pp. 17–18, Fon core / Kikongo overlay table", "passageIds": [ "fon-vodun" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A lexical correspondence is not treated as a complete one-step history of Haitian Vodou." }, "inference": "Lexography treats Fon as the strongest inspected lexical anchor while retaining broader Fon/Ewe qualification." }, { "id": "hard7-voodoo-louisiana-english", "text": "Merriam-Webster identifies Louisiana Creole voudou as the immediate source of English voodoo and compares Ewe vódũ.", "sourceId": "hard7-voodoo-mw", "locator": "Word History > Etymology", "passageIds": [ "louisiana-english-route" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "This lexical route does not make Louisiana Voodoo and Haitian Vodou the same religious tradition." }, "inference": "Lexography adds a distinct Louisiana stage and routes it into English." }, { "id": "hard7-voodoo-english-date", "text": "Merriam-Webster reports 1850 as the first known English noun use and distinguishes religious from later magical and figurative senses.", "sourceId": "hard7-voodoo-mw", "locator": "Word History > First Known Use; noun and adjective senses", "passageIds": [ "english-date-senses" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The date applies to English, not to Haitian or Louisiana traditions." }, "inference": "Lexography dates English independently and does not back-project that date into Creole or West African stages." } ], "limitations": "The exact first Fon/Ewe, Haitian and Louisiana lexical witnesses remain unresolved. Lexical relationships do not make Vodun, Haitian Vodou and Louisiana Voodoo culturally identical traditions.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "voodoo-religion", "label": "The voodoo religion", "definition": "An Afro-Caribbean religious tradition, also used figuratively for an irrational approach.", "stage": "english", "claimIds": [ "voodoo-sense" ], "stageId": "voodoo-english" } ], "defaultSense": "voodoo-religion", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Batch 03 hard-seven targeted review", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "khan", "word": "khan", "language": "English", "sense": "The khan title", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 5", "aliases": [ "qan / qaɣan", "خان", "xân", "khan" ], "summary": "Khan distinguishes Old Turkic title history, Persian mediation, and later English use.", "intro": "The title's historical meanings remain separate from the later English noun and its conventional pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "khan-route", "khan-sense", "batch03-khan-reading", "batch03-khan-geography", "batch03-khan-scope", "batch03-khan-date" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "khan-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "khan-turkic", "khan-persian", "khan-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "khan-turkic", "etymologyId": "otk-khan-turkic", "form": "qan / qaɣan", "language": "Old Turkic", "languageCode": "otk", "transliteration": "qan / qaɣan", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "khan-route", "batch03-khan-reading" ], "sense": "a ruler's title", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "khan-route" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Old Turkic and Persian Central Asian corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 78, 42 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-khan-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "khan-route", "batch03-khan-reading", "batch03-khan-geography", "batch03-khan-scope", "batch03-khan-date" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "qan / qaɣan", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-khan-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "khan-route" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-khan-reading", "batch03-khan-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-khan-reading", "batch03-khan-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-khan-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-khan-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-khan-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage. Contextual history is not substituted for lexical chronology.", "claimIds": [ "khan-route", "batch03-khan-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-khan-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-khan-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-khan-reading", "batch03-khan-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "khan-route", "batch03-khan-reading", "batch03-khan-geography", "batch03-khan-scope", "batch03-khan-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "khan-route" ] } } }, { "id": "khan-persian", "etymologyId": "fa-khan-persian", "form": "خان", "language": "Persian", "languageCode": "fa", "transliteration": "xân", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "khan-route", "batch03-khan-reading" ], "sense": "a ruler or honorific title", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "khan-route" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Old Turkic and Persian Central Asian corridor", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 78, 42 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-khan-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "khan-route", "batch03-khan-reading", "batch03-khan-geography", "batch03-khan-scope", "batch03-khan-date" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "rtl", "script": "Arabic", "pronunciation": { "guide": "xān", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-khan-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "khan-route" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-khan-reading", "batch03-khan-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-khan-reading", "batch03-khan-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-khan-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-khan-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-khan-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage. Contextual history is not substituted for lexical chronology.", "claimIds": [ "khan-route", "batch03-khan-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-khan-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-khan-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-khan-reading", "batch03-khan-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "khan-route", "batch03-khan-reading", "batch03-khan-geography", "batch03-khan-scope", "batch03-khan-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "khan-route" ] } } }, { "id": "khan-english", "etymologyId": "en-khan-english", "form": "khan", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "khan", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "khan-route", "khan-sense", "batch03-khan-reading" ], "sense": "a Central Asian or historical ruler's title", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "khan-route", "khan-sense" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-khan-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "khan-route", "khan-sense", "batch03-khan-reading", "batch03-khan-geography", "batch03-khan-scope", "batch03-khan-date" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "kahn", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-khan-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "khan-route", "khan-sense" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-khan-reading", "batch03-khan-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-khan-reading", "batch03-khan-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-khan-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-khan-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-khan-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage. Contextual history is not substituted for lexical chronology.", "claimIds": [ "khan-route", "khan-sense", "batch03-khan-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-khan-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-khan-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-khan-reading", "batch03-khan-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "khan-route", "khan-sense", "batch03-khan-reading", "batch03-khan-geography", "batch03-khan-scope", "batch03-khan-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "khan-link-turkic-persian", "from": "khan-turkic", "to": "khan-persian", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected passage.", "claimIds": [ "khan-route" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "khan-link-persian-english", "from": "khan-persian", "to": "khan-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected passage.", "claimIds": [ "khan-route" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "khan-route", "text": "Persian خان xân is borrowed from Turkic and is connected to Old Turkic qan, a contraction of qaɣan.", "sourceId": "batch11-khan-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch11-khan-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The inspected passage states this with the qualification preserved in the journey." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "khan-sense", "text": "Khan names a ruler's title and later a polite title.", "sourceId": "batch11-khan-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch11-khan-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "batch03-khan-reading", "text": "khan: inspected lexical sources support the displayed forms and conventional readings, with reconstructions kept visibly reconstructed where relevant.", "sourceId": "batch11-khan-wiktionary", "locator": "English entry — inspected etymology and definition", "passageIds": [ "batch11-khan-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A modern or conventional reading is not presented as an exact historical sound; reconstructed forms remain reconstructed." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest inspected reading available for the displayed stage and keeps transliteration separate from pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch03-khan-geography", "text": "khan: the displayed map point represents a supported language, speech, community or contact region at the strongest defensible precision.", "sourceId": "batch11-khan-wiktionary", "locator": "English entry — inspected etymology and definition", "passageIds": [ "batch11-khan-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The region is not a fabricated birthplace; language-reference and contact-corridor coordinates are used only for orientation." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a defensible lexical or speech region while preserving uncertainty about exact donor location." }, { "id": "batch03-khan-scope", "text": "khan: the batch keeps lexical chronology, contextual history, semantic development and competing routes distinct.", "sourceId": "batch11-khan-wiktionary", "locator": "English entry — inspected etymology and definition", "passageIds": [ "batch11-khan-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Earlier reviewed ambiguity and source limits remain visible; no cultural, object, institutional or biographical date is promoted to word history." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the published journey without silently replacing a reviewed route or manufacturing a cleaner topology." }, { "id": "batch03-khan-date", "text": "khan: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a word, sense or documented use; conflicting witnesses remain recorded as conflicts.", "sourceId": "batch11-khan-wiktionary", "locator": "English entry — inspected etymology and definition", "passageIds": [ "batch11-khan-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A dated witness is not treated as a coinage date, and competing dictionary dates are not silently reconciled." }, "inference": "Lexography separates lexical attestation from contextual periodization and reports bounded uncertainty." } ], "limitations": "The displayed route is a qualified Turkic-to-Persian-to-English corridor; precise historical contact and every European intermediary are not asserted.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "khan-title", "label": "The khan title", "definition": "A historical Central Asian ruler's title, also used as an honorific.", "stage": "english", "claimIds": [ "khan-sense" ], "stageId": "khan-english" } ], "defaultSense": "khan-title", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 03", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "adobe", "word": "adobe", "language": "English", "sense": "The adobe brick", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 01 · Slice 1", "aliases": [ "ⲧⲱⲱⲃⲉ", "tōōbe", "الطُّوب", "aṭ-ṭūb", "adobe" ], "summary": "Adobe follows a brick word from Coptic and Arabic through Spanish into English, with the building-material sense kept distinct from word chronology.", "intro": "Follow adobe from an Egyptian-language brick term through Arabic and Spanish mediation into an English construction word; the map shows language regions, not a masonry birthplace.", "claimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched", "adobe-coptic-form", "adobe-english-date", "adobe-english-reading" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 01 Slice 1", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" }, "defaultStage": "adobe-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "adobe-coptic", "adobe-arabic", "adobe-spanish", "adobe-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "adobe-coptic", "etymologyId": "cop-adobe-coptic", "form": "ⲧⲱⲱⲃⲉ", "language": "Coptic", "languageCode": "cop", "transliteration": "tōōbe / tōbe", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "adobe-coptic-form" ], "sense": "brick; adobe", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The Coptic dictionary establishes the form and sense but not a dated lexical witness for this lemma.", "claimIds": [ "adobe-coptic-form" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "id": "geo-coptic", "label": "Egypt · Coptic reference region", "coordinates": [ 31.2, 26.5 ], "qualifier": "Broad language reference coordinate, not a word origin or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "adobe-coptic-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "adobe-coptic-form", "adobe-coptic-geo" ], "explanation": "The Coptic brick word is the deepest retained stage. Its relation to earlier Egyptian material is not expanded beyond the inspected lexical evidence.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Coptic", "pronunciation": { "guide": "TOH-beh", "ipa": "/ˈtoːβə/", "status": "verified", "note": "Old-Bohairic-style reading reported for the Coptic form; dialect and period variation remain possible.", "claimIds": [ "adobe-coptic-form" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "adobe-coptic-form" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-coptic-form", "adobe-coptic-geo" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-coptic-form", "adobe-coptic-geo" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-coptic-form", "adobe-coptic-geo" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-coptic-form" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-coptic-form" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but they do not supply a secure dated witness for this stage’s displayed form.", "claimIds": [ "adobe-coptic-form" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-coptic-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-coptic-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-coptic-form", "adobe-coptic-geo" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-coptic-form", "adobe-coptic-geo" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched" ] } } }, { "id": "adobe-arabic", "etymologyId": "ar-adobe-arabic", "form": "الطُّوب", "language": "Arabic", "languageCode": "ar", "transliteration": "aṭ-ṭūb", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched", "adobe-arabic-reading" ], "sense": "the brick", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The route sources establish the Arabic form but not a dated first lexical witness for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "id": "geo-arabic", "label": "Arabian Peninsula · Arabic reference region", "coordinates": [ 43.8525, 27.9625 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point, not a word origin or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "adobe-arabic-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched", "adobe-arabic-geo", "adobe-arabic-reading" ], "explanation": "Arabic aṭ-ṭūb supplies the immediate donor route into Spanish; the definite article is part of the historical transmission story.", "direction": "rtl", "script": "Arabic", "pronunciation": { "guide": "aṭ-ṬŪB", "ipa": "/atˤˈtˤuːb/", "status": "verified", "note": "Modern Arabic reading guide; not a reconstruction of the medieval donor pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "adobe-arabic-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched", "adobe-arabic-geo", "adobe-arabic-reading" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched", "adobe-arabic-geo", "adobe-arabic-reading" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched", "adobe-arabic-geo", "adobe-arabic-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-arabic-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched", "adobe-arabic-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but they do not supply a secure dated witness for this stage’s displayed form.", "claimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-arabic-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-arabic-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched", "adobe-arabic-geo", "adobe-arabic-reading" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched", "adobe-arabic-geo", "adobe-arabic-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched" ] } } }, { "id": "adobe-spanish", "etymologyId": "es-adobe-spanish", "form": "adobe", "language": "Spanish", "languageCode": "es", "transliteration": "adobe", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched" ], "sense": "sun-dried brick", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "The inspected sources establish the Spanish donor form but not a dated Spanish quotation for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "id": "geo-spanish", "label": "Iberia · Spanish reference region", "coordinates": [ -1.11788, 40.4414 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point, not a word origin or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "adobe-spanish-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched", "adobe-spanish-geo" ], "explanation": "Spanish carries the Arabic brick term into the form that English later adopts.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "a-DO-beh", "ipa": "/aˈðoβe/", "status": "verified", "note": "Modern Spanish reading; this does not reconstruct an Andalusi Arabic pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched", "adobe-spanish-geo" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched", "adobe-spanish-geo" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched", "adobe-spanish-geo" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but they do not supply a secure dated witness for this stage’s displayed form.", "claimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-spanish-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-spanish-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched", "adobe-spanish-geo" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched", "adobe-spanish-geo" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched" ] } } }, { "id": "adobe-english", "etymologyId": "en-adobe-english", "form": "adobe", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "adobe", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched", "adobe-english-date", "adobe-english-reading" ], "sense": "sun-dried unburnt brick or its building material", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1750, "end": 1759, "approximate": true, "label": "c. mid-18th century · English word origin", "note": "Oxford supplies a mid-century lexical origin period, not an exact first quotation.", "claimIds": [ "adobe-english-date" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "id": "geo-english", "label": "Britain · English reference region", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point, not a word origin or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "adobe-english-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched", "adobe-english-date", "adobe-english-reading", "adobe-english-geo" ], "explanation": "English keeps the brick sense while broadening it to the material and buildings made from it.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ə-DOH-bee", "ipa": "/əˈdoʊbi/", "status": "verified", "note": "Oxford’s contemporary English pronunciation; not a reconstruction of the earliest English use.", "claimIds": [ "adobe-english-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched", "adobe-english-date", "adobe-english-reading", "adobe-english-geo" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched", "adobe-english-date", "adobe-english-reading", "adobe-english-geo" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched", "adobe-english-date", "adobe-english-reading", "adobe-english-geo" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched", "adobe-english-date", "adobe-english-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but they do not supply a secure dated witness for this stage’s displayed form.", "claimIds": [ "adobe-english-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-english-date" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-english-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-english-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched", "adobe-english-date", "adobe-english-reading", "adobe-english-geo" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched", "adobe-english-date", "adobe-english-reading", "adobe-english-geo" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "adobe-link-coptic-arabic", "from": "adobe-coptic", "to": "adobe-arabic", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "Coptic ⲧⲱⲱⲃⲉ and Arabic aṭ-ṭūb are linked in the retained lexical account; the deeper chronology is not independently dated.", "claimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched", "adobe-coptic-form" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The sources establish a lexical connection but do not date a semantic change on the transfer edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "adobe-link-arabic-spanish", "from": "adobe-arabic", "to": "adobe-spanish", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Oxford explicitly presents Spanish adobe through Arabic aṭ-ṭūb.", "claimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The sources establish a lexical connection but do not date a semantic change on the transfer edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "adobe-link-spanish-english", "from": "adobe-spanish", "to": "adobe-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Oxford identifies the English form as from Spanish.", "claimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched", "adobe-english-date" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The sources establish a lexical connection but do not date a semantic change on the transfer edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "adobe-route-enriched", "text": "The selected route remains Spanish adobe from Arabic aṭ-ṭūb ‘the brick’, with the Coptic ⲧⲱⲱⲃⲉ / ⲧⲱⲃⲉ brick family retained as a deeper qualified source.", "sourceId": "enrichment-01-adobe-oxford", "locator": "English > pronunciation, definition and Word Origin", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports the bounded claim but does not establish a stronger or more precise history." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source scope and does not infer more than the passage establishes." }, { "id": "adobe-coptic-form", "text": "Coptic ⲧⲱⲱⲃⲉ is glossed ‘brick, adobe’ in the Coptic Dictionary Online search.", "sourceId": "enrichment-01-adobe-coptic", "locator": "Lexicon search result for ⲧⲱⲱⲃⲉ", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Supported by the inspected passage at the stated scope." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source scope and does not infer more than the passage establishes." }, { "id": "adobe-coptic-geo", "text": "Coptic is represented with a broad Egyptian reference region for orientation.", "sourceId": "enrichment-01-regions", "locator": "Coptic languoid record and map", "passageIds": [ "coptic" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports the bounded claim but does not establish a stronger or more precise history." }, "inference": "The map point is a language-region reference, not evidence of where the word originated." }, { "id": "adobe-arabic-geo", "text": "Arabic is represented with the existing Glottolog Arabian Peninsula reference point.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1318; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1318" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports the bounded claim but does not establish a stronger or more precise history." }, "inference": "The point orients the language and is not a word-origin claim." }, { "id": "adobe-spanish-geo", "text": "Spanish is represented with the existing Glottolog Spanish reference point.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1288; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1288" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports the bounded claim but does not establish a stronger or more precise history." }, "inference": "The point orients the language and is not a word-origin claim." }, { "id": "adobe-english-geo", "text": "English is represented with the existing Glottolog English reference point.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports the bounded claim but does not establish a stronger or more precise history." }, "inference": "The point orients the language and is not a word-origin claim." }, { "id": "adobe-english-date", "text": "Oxford places the English word origin in the mid-18th century; this is a contextual lexical period, not an exact first quotation.", "sourceId": "enrichment-01-adobe-oxford", "locator": "English > pronunciation, definition and Word Origin", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports the bounded claim but does not establish a stronger or more precise history." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source scope and does not infer more than the passage establishes." }, { "id": "adobe-english-reading", "text": "Oxford records the English reading /əˈdəʊbi/.", "sourceId": "enrichment-01-adobe-oxford", "locator": "English > pronunciation, definition and Word Origin", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Supported by the inspected passage at the stated scope." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source scope and does not infer more than the passage establishes." }, { "id": "adobe-arabic-reading", "text": "The Arabic form aṭ-ṭūb is read approximately aṭ-ṭūb in modern transliteration; this is a conventional modern reading, not a reconstructed historical sound.", "sourceId": "batch11-adobe-wiktionary", "locator": "English entry — inspected etymology and definition", "passageIds": [ "batch11-adobe-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports the bounded claim but does not establish a stronger or more precise history." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source scope and does not infer more than the passage establishes." } ], "limitations": "The Coptic-to-Arabic connection is retained as a qualified lexical account. The English mid-eighteenth-century period is a dictionary chronology, not an exact first quotation; construction history and the history of brickmaking are not substituted for word attestation.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "adobe-brick", "label": "The adobe brick", "definition": "Sun-dried unburnt brick or a building material made from it.", "stageId": "adobe-english", "claimIds": [ "adobe-route-enriched" ] } ], "defaultSense": "adobe-brick" }, { "id": "diesel", "word": "diesel", "language": "English", "sense": "The diesel fuel", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 01 · Slice 1", "aliases": [ "Rudolf Diesel", "Diesel", "diesel" ], "summary": "Diesel began as Rudolf Diesel’s surname and became the name of an engine, then of vehicles using that engine and the fuel they burn. The sequence combines eponymy with metonymic extension.", "intro": "The German surname Diesel enters English as the name of Rudolf Diesel’s engine, with an English engine-sense record from 1894. Once the engine name was established, diesel extended to a vehicle powered by one and to its heavy fuel. The inventor’s life and engineering work explain the association but do not supply those lexical dates.", "claimIds": [ "diesel-route-enriched", "diesel-english-date", "diesel-english-reading" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R1", "standard": "Corpus One — Encyclopedic Enrichment Standard", "standardVersion": "2.0", "completedAt": "2026-09-21" }, "defaultStage": "diesel-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "diesel-german", "diesel-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "diesel-german", "etymologyId": "de-diesel-german", "form": "Diesel", "language": "German", "languageCode": "de", "transliteration": "Diesel", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "diesel-german-form", "diesel-german-reading" ], "sense": "Rudolf Diesel’s surname", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1858, "end": 1913, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 1858–1913 · person-context", "note": "The range is Rudolf Diesel’s lifetime and is included as context for the eponym, not as the first attestation of the common noun.", "claimIds": [ "diesel-german-form" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "id": "geo-german", "label": "Central Europe · German reference region", "coordinates": [ 10.4, 51.1 ], "qualifier": "Broad Glottolog language reference coordinate, not a lexical birthplace or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "diesel-german-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "diesel-german-form", "diesel-german-reading", "diesel-german-geo" ], "explanation": "Diesel is Rudolf Diesel’s surname. His lifetime identifies the person behind the eponym; it is contextual biography, not a first-use range for the later common noun.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "DEE-zəl", "ipa": "/ˈdiːzəl/", "status": "verified", "note": "Contemporary German dictionary-style reading; the name’s individual historical pronunciation is not reconstructed.", "claimIds": [ "diesel-german-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "proper noun", "claimIds": [ "diesel-german-form" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "diesel-german-form", "diesel-german-reading", "diesel-german-geo" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "diesel-german-form", "diesel-german-reading", "diesel-german-geo" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "diesel-german-form", "diesel-german-reading", "diesel-german-geo" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "diesel-german-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "diesel-german-form", "diesel-german-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but they do not supply a secure dated witness for this stage’s displayed form.", "claimIds": [ "diesel-german-form" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "diesel-german-form" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "diesel-german-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "diesel-german-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "diesel-german-form", "diesel-german-reading", "diesel-german-geo" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "diesel-german-form", "diesel-german-reading", "diesel-german-geo" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "diesel-route-enriched" ] } } }, { "id": "diesel-english", "etymologyId": "en-diesel-english", "form": "diesel", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "diesel", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "diesel-english-reading" ], "sense": "a diesel engine, vehicle or fuel", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "first-attestation", "start": 1894, "end": 1894, "label": "1894 · English first known use", "approximate": false, "note": "Merriam-Webster assigns this first known use to the engine sense; fuel and vehicle extensions are later or not separately dated here.", "claimIds": [ "diesel-english-date" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "id": "geo-english", "label": "Britain · English reference region", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point, not a word origin or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "diesel-english-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "diesel-route-enriched", "diesel-english-date", "diesel-english-reading", "diesel-english-geo" ], "explanation": "English turns the surname into the engine name, recorded in 1894, and then extends diesel to a vehicle powered by that engine and to its fuel. Separate first-use dates for the later extensions are not claimed.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "DEE-zəl", "ipa": "/ˈdiːzəl/", "status": "verified", "note": "Oxford and Merriam-Webster’s contemporary English reading; not an 1894 reconstruction.", "claimIds": [ "diesel-english-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "diesel-route-enriched", "diesel-english-date" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "diesel-route-enriched", "diesel-english-date", "diesel-english-reading", "diesel-english-geo" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "diesel-route-enriched", "diesel-english-date", "diesel-english-reading", "diesel-english-geo" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "diesel-route-enriched", "diesel-english-date", "diesel-english-reading", "diesel-english-geo" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "diesel-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "diesel-english-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "diesel-english-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "diesel-english-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "diesel-english-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "diesel-route-enriched", "diesel-english-date", "diesel-english-reading", "diesel-english-geo" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "diesel-route-enriched", "diesel-english-date", "diesel-english-reading", "diesel-english-geo" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "diesel-link-german-english", "from": "diesel-german", "to": "diesel-english", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The surname becomes a common technical noun because the engine was named for Rudolf Diesel. Vehicle and fuel uses then develop from their practical association with the engine.", "claimIds": [ "diesel-route-enriched", "diesel-english-date" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "Eponymy links inventor to engine; metonymy links engine to the vehicle it powers and the fuel it uses. The chain is semantic, even though the model keeps it within one English stage.", "added": [ "engine", "vehicle", "fuel" ], "removed": [], "associations": [ "diesel-german-form" ], "claimIds": [ "diesel-german-form", "diesel-english-date" ], "context": { "stageId": "diesel-english", "label": "Biography explains the name, not its lexical dates", "summary": [ "Rudolf Diesel: person behind the eponym", "1894: English engine-sense record", "Later: vehicle and fuel extensions" ], "explanation": "The inventor and engine history explain why the surname was available for technical naming. They do not replace word-use evidence or create separate dates for the vehicle and fuel senses.", "claimIds": [ "diesel-route-enriched", "diesel-english-date", "diesel-german-form" ] } } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "diesel-route-enriched", "text": "Diesel is an eponym: the German surname of Rudolf Diesel becomes the English technical noun for the engine, fuel and vehicle associated with it.", "sourceId": "enrichment-01-diesel-mw", "locator": "noun, Word History and First Known Use", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Supported by the inspected passage at the stated scope." }, "inference": "The dictionary evidence supports the full surname → engine → vehicle/fuel pattern; Lexography interprets the first move as eponymy and the later moves as metonymic association." }, { "id": "diesel-german-form", "text": "Duden identifies German Diesel as a noun derived from the German engineer R. Diesel and lists engine, vehicle and fuel uses.", "sourceId": "enrichment-01-diesel-duden", "locator": "Bedeutungen and Herkunft", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Supported by the inspected passage at the stated scope." }, "inference": "Duden independently confirms both the eponymic source and the cluster of German technical uses, while Rudolf Diesel’s lifetime remains context rather than lexical dating." }, { "id": "diesel-english-date", "text": "Merriam-Webster records first known English use in 1894 in the engine sense; this is a word-use date, not merely Rudolf Diesel’s lifetime or the 1897 engine experiment.", "sourceId": "enrichment-01-diesel-mw", "locator": "noun, Word History and First Known Use", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports the bounded claim but does not establish a stronger or more precise history." }, "inference": "The 1894 record anchors the English engine sense only; it is not silently transferred to the vehicle or fuel extensions." }, { "id": "diesel-english-reading", "text": "Merriam-Webster and Oxford record English readings around /ˈdiːzəl/.", "sourceId": "enrichment-01-diesel-oxford", "locator": "Definition, pronunciation and Word Origin", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Supported by the inspected passage at the stated scope." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source scope and does not infer more than the passage establishes." }, { "id": "diesel-german-reading", "text": "Duden supplies a contemporary German dictionary entry and pronunciation control for Diesel; the displayed guide is a modern German reading, not the inventor’s personal idiolect.", "sourceId": "enrichment-01-diesel-duden", "locator": "Bedeutungen and Herkunft", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports the bounded claim but does not establish a stronger or more precise history." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source scope and does not infer more than the passage establishes." }, { "id": "diesel-german-geo", "text": "German is represented with a broad Central European reference region.", "sourceId": "enrichment-01-regions", "locator": "German languoid record and map", "passageIds": [ "german" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports the bounded claim but does not establish a stronger or more precise history." }, "inference": "The point orients the language and does not identify the surname’s birthplace." }, { "id": "diesel-english-geo", "text": "English is represented with the existing Glottolog English reference point.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports the bounded claim but does not establish a stronger or more precise history." }, "inference": "The point orients the language and is not a word-origin claim." } ], "limitations": "Rudolf Diesel’s lifetime and the 1897 engine work are contextual biography and technical history. The English first-known-use date is 1894 for the engine sense; this journey does not infer a separate fuel-date without a retained lexical witness.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "diesel-fuel", "label": "The diesel fuel", "definition": "A diesel engine, a vehicle powered by one, or the fuel used by it. The word moves from a person’s surname to his associated invention by eponymy, then from engine to vehicle and fuel by metonymy.", "stageId": "diesel-english", "claimIds": [ "diesel-route-enriched", "diesel-english-date" ] } ], "defaultSense": "diesel-fuel" }, { "id": "silhouette", "word": "silhouette", "language": "English", "sense": "The silhouette outline", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 5", "aliases": [ "Silhouette", "silhouette" ], "summary": "Silhouette turns a French surname into an outline and profile word in English.", "intro": "Follow silhouette through the inspected source tradition into English, with dates, senses and uncertainty kept at claim scope.", "claimIds": [ "silhouette-route", "silhouette-motivation", "silhouette-sense" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "silhouette-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "silhouette-surname", "silhouette-french", "silhouette-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "silhouette-surname", "etymologyId": "fr-silhouette-surname", "form": "Silhouette", "language": "French surname", "languageCode": "fr", "transliteration": "Silhouette", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "silhouette-route" ], "sense": "Étienne de Silhouette's name", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "silhouette-route" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "silhouette-route" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "silhouette-route" ] } }, { "id": "silhouette-french", "etymologyId": "fr-silhouette-french", "form": "silhouette", "language": "French", "languageCode": "fr", "transliteration": "silhouette", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "silhouette-route", "silhouette-motivation" ], "sense": "an outline portrait", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "silhouette-route", "silhouette-motivation" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "silhouette-route", "silhouette-motivation" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "silhouette-route", "silhouette-motivation" ] } }, { "id": "silhouette-english", "etymologyId": "en-silhouette-english", "form": "silhouette", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "silhouette", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "silhouette-route", "silhouette-sense" ], "sense": "an outline or profile", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "silhouette-route", "silhouette-sense" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "silhouette-route", "silhouette-sense" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "silhouette-route", "silhouette-sense" ] } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "silhouette-link-surname-french", "from": "silhouette-surname", "to": "silhouette-french", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected passage.", "claimIds": [ "silhouette-route", "silhouette-motivation" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "silhouette-link-french-english", "from": "silhouette-french", "to": "silhouette-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected passage.", "claimIds": [ "silhouette-route" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "silhouette-route", "text": "English silhouette is borrowed through French from the surname of Étienne de Silhouette.", "sourceId": "batch11-silhouette-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch11-silhouette-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "silhouette-motivation", "text": "The inspected entry lists competing explanations for why the surname became associated with outline portraits.", "sourceId": "batch11-silhouette-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch11-silhouette-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "The inspected passage states this with the qualification preserved in the journey." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "silhouette-sense", "text": "English silhouette denotes an outline or profile, especially in shadow.", "sourceId": "batch11-silhouette-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch11-silhouette-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." } ], "limitations": "The source lists competing motivations for the eponym; this journey preserves that uncertainty.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "silhouette-outline", "label": "The silhouette outline", "definition": "An outline or profile, especially a dark shape seen against a lighter background.", "stage": "english", "claimIds": [ "silhouette-sense" ], "stageId": "silhouette-english" } ], "defaultSense": "silhouette-outline" }, { "id": "mentor", "word": "mentor", "language": "English", "sense": "The mentor counselor", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 5", "aliases": [ "Μέντωρ", "Méntōr", "mentor" ], "summary": "Mentor carries an Odyssey character's name through French into English guidance vocabulary.", "intro": "Follow mentor through the inspected source tradition into English, with dates, senses and uncertainty kept at claim scope.", "claimIds": [ "mentor-route", "mentor-sense" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "mentor-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "mentor-greek", "mentor-french", "mentor-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "mentor-greek", "etymologyId": "grc-mentor-greek", "form": "Μέντωρ", "language": "Ancient Greek", "languageCode": "grc", "transliteration": "Méntōr", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "mentor-route" ], "sense": "the counselor character in the Odyssey", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "mentor-route" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Greek reference region", "coordinates": [ 23.25607002000004, 38.83106936950003 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "mentor-greek-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "mentor-route", "mentor-greek-region", "mentor-greek-reading" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Greek", "pronunciation": { "guide": "MEN-tor", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "mentor-greek-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "mentor-route" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mentor-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mentor-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mentor-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mentor-greek-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "mentor-route" ], "label": "Transliteration remains unsettled", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for Μέντωρ (Ancient Greek) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. The form is non-Latin, but the bounded evidence did not establish a single defensible transliteration." }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "mentor-route" ], "label": "No secure word-specific lexical date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for Μέντωρ (Ancient Greek) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mentor-greek-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mentor-greek-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mentor-route" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mentor-route", "mentor-greek-region", "mentor-greek-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mentor-route" ] } } }, { "id": "mentor-french", "etymologyId": "fr-mentor-french", "form": "mentor", "language": "French", "languageCode": "fr", "transliteration": "mentor", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "mentor-route" ], "sense": "a counselor", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "mentor-route" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "French reference region", "coordinates": [ 2, 48 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "mentor-french-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "mentor-route", "mentor-french-region", "mentor-french-reading" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "men-TOR", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "mentor-french-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "mentor-route" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mentor-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mentor-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mentor-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mentor-french-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "mentor-route" ], "label": "No secure word-specific lexical date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for mentor (French) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mentor-french-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mentor-french-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mentor-route" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mentor-route", "mentor-french-region", "mentor-french-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mentor-route" ] } } }, { "id": "mentor-english", "etymologyId": "en-mentor-english", "form": "mentor", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "mentor", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "mentor-route", "mentor-sense" ], "sense": "a wise or trusted counselor or teacher", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "mentor-route", "mentor-sense" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "mentor-english-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "mentor-route", "mentor-sense", "mentor-english-region", "mentor-english-reading" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "MEN-tor", "ipa": "/ˈmɛntɔːr/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "mentor-english-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "mentor-route", "mentor-sense" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mentor-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mentor-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mentor-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mentor-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "mentor-route" ], "label": "No secure word-specific lexical date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for mentor (English) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mentor-english-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mentor-english-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mentor-route" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "mentor-route", "mentor-sense", "mentor-english-region", "mentor-english-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "mentor-link-greek-french", "from": "mentor-greek", "to": "mentor-french", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected passage.", "claimIds": [ "mentor-route" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "mentor-link-french-english", "from": "mentor-french", "to": "mentor-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected passage.", "claimIds": [ "mentor-route" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "mentor-route", "text": "English mentor is traced through French mentor to Ancient Greek Μέντωρ, a character in the Odyssey.", "sourceId": "batch11-mentor-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch11-mentor-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "mentor-sense", "text": "English mentor denotes a wise or trusted counselor or teacher.", "sourceId": "batch11-mentor-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch11-mentor-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "mentor-greek-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for Greek.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row gree1276; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "gree1276" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "mentor-greek-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for Μέντωρ.", "sourceId": "batch11-mentor-wiktionary", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for Μέντωρ", "passageIds": [ "batch05-mentor-greek-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "mentor-french-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for French.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1290; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1290" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "mentor-french-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for mentor.", "sourceId": "batch11-mentor-wiktionary", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for mentor", "passageIds": [ "batch05-mentor-french-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "mentor-english-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for English / Britain.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "mentor-english-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for mentor.", "sourceId": "batch11-mentor-wiktionary", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for mentor", "passageIds": [ "batch05-mentor-english-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." } ], "limitations": "The journey stops at the inspected Greek literary name and does not add a disputed deeper cognate.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "mentor-counselor", "label": "The mentor counselor", "definition": "A wise or trusted counselor or teacher.", "stage": "english", "claimIds": [ "mentor-sense" ], "stageId": "mentor-english" } ], "defaultSense": "mentor-counselor", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R1", "standard": "Lexography enrichment completeness", "standardVersion": "1.0", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "vandal", "word": "vandal", "language": "English", "sense": "The vandal destroyer", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 5", "aliases": [ "Vandal", "vandal" ], "summary": "Vandal shifts from a Germanic ethnonym to an English label for destructive behavior.", "intro": "Follow vandal through the inspected source tradition into English, with dates, senses and uncertainty kept at claim scope.", "claimIds": [ "vandal-route", "vandal-sense" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "vandal-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "vandal-germanic", "vandal-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "vandal-germanic", "etymologyId": "und-vandal-germanic", "form": "Vandal", "language": "Germanic ethnonym", "languageCode": "und", "transliteration": "Vandal", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "vandal-route" ], "sense": "a member of the Vandal people", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "vandal-route" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "vandal-route" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "vandal-route" ] } }, { "id": "vandal-english", "etymologyId": "en-vandal-english", "form": "vandal", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "vandal", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "vandal-route", "vandal-sense" ], "sense": "a willful destroyer of property or art", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "vandal-route", "vandal-sense" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "vandal-route", "vandal-sense" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "vandal-route", "vandal-sense" ] } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "vandal-link-germanic-english", "from": "vandal-germanic", "to": "vandal-english", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "qualified", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected passage.", "claimIds": [ "vandal-route", "vandal-sense" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "The ethnic name became a label for destructive behavior through historical association; the French reinforcement is retained as a qualified parallel note.", "added": [ "willful destroyer" ], "removed": [], "associations": [ "sack of Rome", "French vandalisme" ], "claimIds": [ "vandal-sense" ] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "vandal-route", "text": "English vandal is connected to the ancient Germanic Vandal people.", "sourceId": "batch11-vandal-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch11-vandal-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "vandal-sense", "text": "The English destructive-person sense was associated with the sack of Rome and later reinforced by French vandalisme, coined in 1794.", "sourceId": "batch11-vandal-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch11-vandal-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The inspected passage states this with the qualification preserved in the journey." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." } ], "limitations": "The source supports the historical association and later French reinforcement but does not supply a single dated semantic mechanism.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "vandal-destroyer", "label": "The vandal destroyer", "definition": "A person who willfully destroys property or works of art.", "stage": "english", "claimIds": [ "vandal-sense" ], "stageId": "vandal-english" } ], "defaultSense": "vandal-destroyer" }, { "id": "utopia", "word": "utopia", "language": "English", "sense": "The utopian place", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 5", "aliases": [ "οὐ + τόπος", "Ūtopia", "utopia" ], "summary": "Utopia is a New Latin literary coinage built from Greek not-place elements.", "intro": "Follow utopia through the inspected source tradition into English, with dates, senses and uncertainty kept at claim scope.", "claimIds": [ "utopia-route", "utopia-sense" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "utopia-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "utopia-greek", "utopia-new-latin", "utopia-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "utopia-greek", "etymologyId": "grc-utopia-greek", "form": "οὐ + τόπος", "language": "Ancient Greek", "languageCode": "grc", "transliteration": "οὐ + τόπος", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "utopia-route" ], "sense": "not-place", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "utopia-route" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "utopia-route" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Greek", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "utopia-route" ] } }, { "id": "utopia-new-latin", "etymologyId": "la-utopia-new-latin", "form": "Ūtopia", "language": "New Latin", "languageCode": "la", "transliteration": "Ūtopia", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "utopia-route" ], "sense": "Thomas More's fictional island", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "utopia-route" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "utopia-route" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "utopia-route" ] } }, { "id": "utopia-english", "etymologyId": "en-utopia-english", "form": "utopia", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "utopia", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "utopia-route", "utopia-sense" ], "sense": "an imagined perfect society or place", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "utopia-route", "utopia-sense" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "utopia-route", "utopia-sense" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "utopia-route", "utopia-sense" ] } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "utopia-link-greek-new-latin", "from": "utopia-greek", "to": "utopia-new-latin", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected passage.", "claimIds": [ "utopia-route" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "utopia-link-new-latin-english", "from": "utopia-new-latin", "to": "utopia-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected passage.", "claimIds": [ "utopia-route" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "utopia-route", "text": "English utopia comes from New Latin Ūtopia, Thomas More's fictional island, coined from Greek οὐ, not, τόπος, place, and -ία.", "sourceId": "batch11-utopia-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch11-utopia-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "utopia-sense", "text": "English utopia denotes an imagined perfect society or place.", "sourceId": "batch11-utopia-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch11-utopia-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." } ], "limitations": "The journey preserves the literary coinage scope and does not infer a general Greek word history beyond the inspected components.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "utopia-perfect", "label": "The utopian place", "definition": "An imagined perfect society or place.", "stage": "english", "claimIds": [ "utopia-sense" ], "stageId": "utopia-english" } ], "defaultSense": "utopia-perfect" }, { "id": "pasteurize", "word": "pasteurize", "language": "English", "sense": "The pasteurize process", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 5", "aliases": [ "pasteuriser", "pasteurize" ], "summary": "Pasteurize is a French eponymic verb formed from Louis Pasteur's name.", "intro": "Follow pasteurize through the inspected source tradition into English, with dates, senses and uncertainty kept at claim scope.", "claimIds": [ "pasteurize-route", "pasteurize-sense" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "pasteurize-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "pasteurize-french", "pasteurize-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "pasteurize-french", "etymologyId": "fr-pasteurize-french", "form": "pasteuriser", "language": "French", "languageCode": "fr", "transliteration": "pasteuriser", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "pasteurize-route" ], "sense": "to pasteurize", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "pasteurize-route" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "pasteurize-route" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "verb", "claimIds": [ "pasteurize-route" ] } }, { "id": "pasteurize-english", "etymologyId": "en-pasteurize-english", "form": "pasteurize", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "pasteurize", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "pasteurize-route", "pasteurize-sense" ], "sense": "to heat food or drink to kill harmful organisms", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "pasteurize-route", "pasteurize-sense" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "pasteurize-route", "pasteurize-sense" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "verb", "claimIds": [ "pasteurize-route", "pasteurize-sense" ] } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "pasteurize-link-french-english", "from": "pasteurize-french", "to": "pasteurize-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected passage.", "claimIds": [ "pasteurize-route" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "pasteurize-route", "text": "English pasteurize is borrowed from French pasteuriser, formed from Louis Pasteur's name with -ize.", "sourceId": "batch11-pasteurize-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch11-pasteurize-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "pasteurize-sense", "text": "The verb means to heat food or drink to kill harmful organisms.", "sourceId": "batch11-pasteurize-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch11-pasteurize-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." } ], "limitations": "The journey records the lexical formation and process sense without adding a separate biomedical protocol.", "partOfSpeech": "verb", "senses": [ { "id": "pasteurize-heat", "label": "The pasteurize process", "definition": "To heat food or drink to kill harmful organisms.", "stage": "english", "claimIds": [ "pasteurize-sense" ], "stageId": "pasteurize-english" } ], "defaultSense": "pasteurize-heat" }, { "id": "maverick", "word": "maverick", "language": "English", "sense": "The maverick animal", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 5", "aliases": [ "Samuel Maverick", "maverick" ], "summary": "Maverick moves from a Texas rancher's surname to an unbranded animal and then an unconventional person.", "intro": "Follow maverick through the inspected source tradition into English, with dates, senses and uncertainty kept at claim scope.", "claimIds": [ "maverick-route", "maverick-animal", "maverick-person" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "maverick-english-person", "narrativeOrder": [ "maverick-eponym", "maverick-english-animal", "maverick-english-person" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "maverick-eponym", "etymologyId": "en-maverick-eponym", "form": "Samuel Maverick", "language": "English personal name", "languageCode": "en", "sense": "the rancher's surname", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "maverick-route" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "maverick-eponym-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "maverick-route", "maverick-eponym-region", "maverick-eponym-reading", "maverick-eponym-reading" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "SAM-yoo-el MAV-rik", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "maverick-eponym-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "maverick-route" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "maverick-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "maverick-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "maverick-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "maverick-eponym-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "maverick-route" ], "label": "No secure word-specific lexical date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for Samuel Maverick (English personal name) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "maverick-eponym-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "maverick-eponym-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "maverick-route" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "maverick-route", "maverick-eponym-region", "maverick-eponym-reading", "maverick-eponym-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "maverick-route" ] } }, "transliteration": "Samuel Maverick" }, { "id": "maverick-english-animal", "etymologyId": "en-maverick-english-animal", "form": "maverick", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "sense": "an unbranded range animal", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "start": 1860, "end": 1869, "approximate": true, "basis": "textual-period", "label": "c. 1860s · unbranded-animal noun", "note": "The inspected entry supplies a decade-level English record.", "claimIds": [ "maverick-animal" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "maverick-english-animal-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "maverick-route", "maverick-animal", "maverick-english-animal-region", "maverick-english-animal-reading", "maverick-english-animal-reading" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "MAV-ər-ik", "ipa": "/ˈmævərɪk/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "maverick-english-animal-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "maverick-route", "maverick-animal" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "maverick-route" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "maverick-route" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "maverick-route" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "maverick-english-animal-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "maverick-route" ], "label": "No secure word-specific lexical date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for maverick (English) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "maverick-animal" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "maverick-english-animal-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "maverick-english-animal-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "maverick-route" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "maverick-route", "maverick-animal", "maverick-english-animal-region", "maverick-english-animal-reading", "maverick-english-animal-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "maverick-person" ] } }, "transliteration": "maverick" }, { "id": "maverick-english-person", "etymologyId": "en-maverick-english-person", "form": "maverick", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "sense": "an unconventional person", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "start": 1880, "end": 1889, "approximate": true, "basis": "textual-period", "label": "c. 1880s · unconventional-person sense", "note": "The inspected entry supplies a decade-level English record.", "claimIds": [ "maverick-person" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English reference region / Britain", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point; not an origin, borrowing site or territorial boundary.", "claimIds": [ "maverick-english-person-region" ] }, "claimIds": [ "maverick-person", "maverick-english-person-region", "maverick-english-person-reading", "maverick-english-person-reading" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "MAV-ər-ik", "ipa": "/ˈmævərɪk/", "status": "verified", "note": "Present-day or conventional reading; it is not projected backward as historical pronunciation.", "claimIds": [ "maverick-english-person-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "maverick-person" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "maverick-person" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "maverick-person" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "maverick-person" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "maverick-english-person-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "claimIds": [ "maverick-person" ], "label": "No secure word-specific lexical date", "note": "Batch 05 inspected the retained lexical evidence for maverick (English) and did not find a stronger field-specific witness. A contextual period, object history or institutional date is not substituted for a lexical witness." }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "maverick-person" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "maverick-english-person-region" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "maverick-english-person-region" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "maverick-person" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "maverick-person", "maverick-english-person-region", "maverick-english-person-reading", "maverick-english-person-reading" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } }, "transliteration": "maverick" } ], "relations": [ { "id": "maverick-link-eponym-english-animal", "from": "maverick-eponym", "to": "maverick-english-animal", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected passage.", "claimIds": [ "maverick-route" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "maverick-link-english-animal-english-person", "from": "maverick-english-animal", "to": "maverick-english-person", "type": "semantic-change", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected passage.", "claimIds": [ "maverick-person" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "broadened", "explanation": "The English word extends from an unbranded range animal to an unconventional person.", "added": [ "unconventional person" ], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [ "maverick-person" ] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "maverick-route", "text": "Maverick was named after Texan lawyer and politician Samuel Maverick, who refused to brand his cattle.", "sourceId": "batch11-maverick-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch11-maverick-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "maverick-animal", "text": "The English noun for an unbranded range animal is recorded from the 1860s.", "sourceId": "batch11-maverick-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch11-maverick-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "maverick-person", "text": "The English sense for an unconventional person is recorded from the 1880s.", "sourceId": "batch11-maverick-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch11-maverick-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "maverick-eponym-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for English / Britain.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "maverick-eponym-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for Samuel Maverick.", "sourceId": "batch11-maverick-wiktionary", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for Samuel Maverick", "passageIds": [ "batch05-maverick-eponym-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "maverick-english-animal-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for English / Britain.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "maverick-english-animal-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for maverick.", "sourceId": "batch11-maverick-wiktionary", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for maverick", "passageIds": [ "batch05-maverick-english-animal-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "maverick-english-person-region", "text": "Glottolog supplies a reference coordinate for English / Britain.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "reference-only", "text": "Language reference coordinates orient the map; they are not lexical birthplaces, borrowing sites or historical territories." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." }, { "id": "maverick-english-person-reading", "text": "The inspected entry supports the retained conventional reading for maverick.", "sourceId": "batch11-maverick-wiktionary", "locator": "Batch 05 reading inspection for maverick", "passageIds": [ "batch05-maverick-english-person-reading" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "The inspected passage supports this bounded statement; it does not establish every use, date or transfer event." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the inspected evidence at the stated scope and does not promote contextual history into lexical ancestry." } ], "limitations": "The inspected page supplies the eponym and decade-level senses; no more precise ranching chronology is invented.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "maverick-animal-sense", "label": "The maverick animal", "definition": "An unbranded range animal.", "stage": "english-animal", "claimIds": [ "maverick-animal" ], "stageId": "maverick-english-animal" }, { "id": "maverick-person-sense", "label": "The maverick person", "definition": "An unconventional person who does not abide by rules.", "stage": "english-person", "claimIds": [ "maverick-person" ], "stageId": "maverick-english-person" } ], "defaultSense": "maverick-animal-sense", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R1", "standard": "Lexography enrichment completeness", "standardVersion": "1.0", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "juggernaut", "word": "juggernaut", "language": "English", "sense": "The juggernaut force", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 5", "aliases": [ "जगन्नाथ", "jagannātha", "जगन्नाथ / ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ", "juggernaut" ], "summary": "Juggernaut separates Jagannath as a religious name, colonial descriptions, and the generalized English force sense.", "intro": "Sanskrit, Indic mediation, and English semantic broadening are shown without dating the word from the chariot festival's long history.", "claimIds": [ "juggernaut-route", "juggernaut-sense", "batch03-juggernaut-reading", "batch03-juggernaut-geography", "batch03-juggernaut-scope", "batch03-juggernaut-date" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "juggernaut-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "juggernaut-sanskrit", "juggernaut-indic", "juggernaut-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "juggernaut-sanskrit", "etymologyId": "sa-juggernaut-sanskrit", "form": "जगन्नाथ", "language": "Sanskrit", "languageCode": "sa", "transliteration": "jagannātha", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "juggernaut-route", "batch03-juggernaut-reading" ], "sense": "lord of the universe", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "juggernaut-route" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Puri / eastern India and South Asian English", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 85.8, 19.8 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-juggernaut-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "juggernaut-route", "batch03-juggernaut-reading", "batch03-juggernaut-geography", "batch03-juggernaut-scope", "batch03-juggernaut-date" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Devanagari", "pronunciation": { "guide": "jəgannātha", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-juggernaut-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "juggernaut-route" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-juggernaut-reading", "batch03-juggernaut-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-juggernaut-reading", "batch03-juggernaut-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-juggernaut-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-juggernaut-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-juggernaut-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage. Contextual history is not substituted for lexical chronology.", "claimIds": [ "juggernaut-route", "batch03-juggernaut-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-juggernaut-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-juggernaut-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-juggernaut-reading", "batch03-juggernaut-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "juggernaut-route", "batch03-juggernaut-reading", "batch03-juggernaut-geography", "batch03-juggernaut-scope", "batch03-juggernaut-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "juggernaut-route" ] } } }, { "id": "juggernaut-indic", "etymologyId": "und-juggernaut-indic", "form": "जगन्नाथ / ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ", "language": "Hindustani or Odia", "languageCode": "und", "transliteration": "जगन्नाथ / ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "juggernaut-route", "batch03-juggernaut-reading" ], "sense": "the deity or festival tradition", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "juggernaut-route" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "Puri / eastern India and South Asian English", "qualifier": "Supported language, speech, community or contact-corridor region; not a precise lexical birthplace.", "coordinates": [ 85.8, 19.8 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-juggernaut-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "juggernaut-route", "batch03-juggernaut-reading", "batch03-juggernaut-geography", "batch03-juggernaut-scope", "batch03-juggernaut-date" ], "explanation": "The source allows a Hindustani or direct Odia route; both Indic forms are kept in one alternative stage.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Indic", "pronunciation": { "guide": "jəgannātha", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-juggernaut-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "juggernaut-route" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-juggernaut-reading", "batch03-juggernaut-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-juggernaut-reading", "batch03-juggernaut-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-juggernaut-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-juggernaut-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-juggernaut-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage. Contextual history is not substituted for lexical chronology.", "claimIds": [ "juggernaut-route", "batch03-juggernaut-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-juggernaut-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-juggernaut-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-juggernaut-reading", "batch03-juggernaut-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "juggernaut-route", "batch03-juggernaut-reading", "batch03-juggernaut-geography", "batch03-juggernaut-scope", "batch03-juggernaut-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "juggernaut-route" ] } } }, { "id": "juggernaut-english", "etymologyId": "en-juggernaut-english", "form": "juggernaut", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "juggernaut", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "juggernaut-route", "juggernaut-sense", "batch03-juggernaut-reading" ], "sense": "an unstoppable force", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "juggernaut-route", "juggernaut-sense" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "label": "English lexical reference region (not origin)", "qualifier": "Reference region for the English lexical stage; not a birthplace or borrowing point.", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "claimIds": [ "batch03-juggernaut-geography" ] }, "claimIds": [ "juggernaut-route", "juggernaut-sense", "batch03-juggernaut-reading", "batch03-juggernaut-geography", "batch03-juggernaut-scope", "batch03-juggernaut-date" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "JUG-er-not", "ipa": null, "status": "verified", "note": "Inspected dictionary or language-entry reading; it is not retrojected into an earlier historical stage.", "claimIds": [ "batch03-juggernaut-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "juggernaut-route", "juggernaut-sense" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-juggernaut-reading", "batch03-juggernaut-scope" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-juggernaut-reading", "batch03-juggernaut-geography" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-juggernaut-reading" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-juggernaut-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-juggernaut-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but the inspected evidence does not supply a secure dated witness for this displayed stage. Contextual history is not substituted for lexical chronology.", "claimIds": [ "juggernaut-route", "juggernaut-sense", "batch03-juggernaut-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-juggernaut-geography" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-juggernaut-geography" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "batch03-juggernaut-reading", "batch03-juggernaut-scope" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "juggernaut-route", "juggernaut-sense", "batch03-juggernaut-reading", "batch03-juggernaut-geography", "batch03-juggernaut-scope", "batch03-juggernaut-date" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "juggernaut-link-sanskrit-indic", "from": "juggernaut-sanskrit", "to": "juggernaut-indic", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected passage.", "claimIds": [ "juggernaut-route" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "juggernaut-link-indic-english", "from": "juggernaut-indic", "to": "juggernaut-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "alternative", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected passage.", "claimIds": [ "juggernaut-route" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "juggernaut-route", "text": "English juggernaut is borrowed in British India either through Hindustani जगन्नाथ or directly from Odia ଜଗନ୍ନाथ, ultimately Sanskrit jagannātha, lord of the universe.", "sourceId": "batch11-juggernaut-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch11-juggernaut-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "alternative", "text": "The inspected passage states this with the qualification preserved in the journey." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "juggernaut-sense", "text": "The English unstoppable-force sense arose from reports of the Puri chariot festival.", "sourceId": "batch11-juggernaut-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch11-juggernaut-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "batch03-juggernaut-reading", "text": "juggernaut: inspected lexical sources support the displayed forms and conventional readings, with reconstructions kept visibly reconstructed where relevant.", "sourceId": "batch11-juggernaut-wiktionary", "locator": "English entry — inspected etymology and definition", "passageIds": [ "batch11-juggernaut-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "A modern or conventional reading is not presented as an exact historical sound; reconstructed forms remain reconstructed." }, "inference": "Lexography records the strongest inspected reading available for the displayed stage and keeps transliteration separate from pronunciation." }, { "id": "batch03-juggernaut-geography", "text": "juggernaut: the displayed map point represents a supported language, speech, community or contact region at the strongest defensible precision.", "sourceId": "batch11-juggernaut-wiktionary", "locator": "English entry — inspected etymology and definition", "passageIds": [ "batch11-juggernaut-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The region is not a fabricated birthplace; language-reference and contact-corridor coordinates are used only for orientation." }, "inference": "Lexography maps a defensible lexical or speech region while preserving uncertainty about exact donor location." }, { "id": "batch03-juggernaut-scope", "text": "juggernaut: the batch keeps lexical chronology, contextual history, semantic development and competing routes distinct.", "sourceId": "batch11-juggernaut-wiktionary", "locator": "English entry — inspected etymology and definition", "passageIds": [ "batch11-juggernaut-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "Earlier reviewed ambiguity and source limits remain visible; no cultural, object, institutional or biographical date is promoted to word history." }, "inference": "Lexography enriches the published journey without silently replacing a reviewed route or manufacturing a cleaner topology." }, { "id": "batch03-juggernaut-date", "text": "juggernaut: lexical dates are retained only where the inspected record dates a word, sense or documented use; conflicting witnesses remain recorded as conflicts.", "sourceId": "batch11-juggernaut-wiktionary", "locator": "English entry — inspected etymology and definition", "passageIds": [ "batch11-juggernaut-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "A dated witness is not treated as a coinage date, and competing dictionary dates are not silently reconciled." }, "inference": "Lexography separates lexical attestation from contextual periodization and reports bounded uncertainty." } ], "limitations": "The immediate Indic intermediary remains qualified between Hindustani and Odia; colonial description is context, not proof of a single direct path.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "juggernaut-force", "label": "The juggernaut force", "definition": "An unstoppable force or overwhelming power.", "stage": "english", "claimIds": [ "juggernaut-sense" ], "stageId": "juggernaut-english" } ], "defaultSense": "juggernaut-force", "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Encyclopedic Enrichment Batch 03", "standardVersion": "2026-09-20", "completedAt": "2026-09-20" } }, { "id": "sarong", "word": "sarong", "language": "English", "sense": "The sarong garment", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 5", "aliases": [ "sarung", "sarong" ], "summary": "Sarong carries a Malay garment term directly into English.", "intro": "Follow sarong through the inspected source tradition into English, with dates, senses and uncertainty kept at claim scope.", "claimIds": [ "sarong-route", "sarong-sense" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "sarong-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "sarong-malay", "sarong-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "sarong-malay", "etymologyId": "ms-sarong-malay", "form": "sarung", "language": "Malay", "languageCode": "ms", "transliteration": "sarung", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "sarong-route" ], "sense": "a wrapped garment", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "sarong-route" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "sarong-route" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "sarong-route" ] } }, { "id": "sarong-english", "etymologyId": "en-sarong-english", "form": "sarong", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "sarong", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "sarong-route", "sarong-sense" ], "sense": "a garment wrapped around the waist", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "sarong-route", "sarong-sense" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "sarong-route", "sarong-sense" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "sarong-route", "sarong-sense" ] } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "sarong-link-malay-english", "from": "sarong-malay", "to": "sarong-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected passage.", "claimIds": [ "sarong-route" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "sarong-route", "text": "English sarong is borrowed from Malay sarung.", "sourceId": "batch11-sarong-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch11-sarong-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "sarong-sense", "text": "A sarong is a garment wrapped around the waist, especially in South and Southeast Asia and the Pacific.", "sourceId": "batch11-sarong-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch11-sarong-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." } ], "limitations": "The journey stays at the donor relationship and sense supplied by the inspected entry.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "sarong-garment", "label": "The sarong garment", "definition": "A garment wrapped around the waist.", "stage": "english", "claimIds": [ "sarong-sense" ], "stageId": "sarong-english" } ], "defaultSense": "sarong-garment" }, { "id": "paparazzi", "word": "paparazzi", "language": "English", "sense": "The paparazzi photographers", "category": "Corpus One · Work Unit 5", "aliases": [ "paparazzo", "paparazzi" ], "summary": "Paparazzi turns a fictional Italian photographer's name into an English celebrity-photography term.", "intro": "Follow paparazzi through the inspected source tradition into English, with dates, senses and uncertainty kept at claim scope.", "claimIds": [ "paparazzi-route", "paparazzi-sense" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "defaultStage": "paparazzi-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "paparazzi-italian", "paparazzi-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "paparazzi-italian", "etymologyId": "it-paparazzi-italian", "form": "paparazzo", "language": "Italian", "languageCode": "it", "transliteration": "paparazzo", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "paparazzi-route" ], "sense": "the fictional photographer's name", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "paparazzi-route" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "paparazzi-route" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "paparazzi-route" ] } }, { "id": "paparazzi-english", "etymologyId": "en-paparazzi-english", "form": "paparazzi", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "paparazzi", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "paparazzi-route", "paparazzi-sense" ], "sense": "freelance celebrity photographers", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Date not supplied", "note": "The inspected source names this form but does not supply an independent date for this stage.", "claimIds": [ "paparazzi-route", "paparazzi-sense" ] }, "location": { "kind": "unknown", "label": "Unmapped", "qualifier": "The inspected lexical passage does not establish a defensible historical coordinate for this stage." }, "claimIds": [ "paparazzi-route", "paparazzi-sense" ], "explanation": "The form and sense are represented at the scope supported by the inspected source.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": null, "ipa": null, "status": "unverified", "note": "Pronunciation was not independently inspected for this historical stage.", "claimIds": [] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "paparazzi-route", "paparazzi-sense" ] } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "paparazzi-link-italian-english", "from": "paparazzi-italian", "to": "paparazzi-english", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "The relationship is represented at the scope supported by the inspected passage.", "claimIds": [ "paparazzi-route" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The inspected passage establishes the relationship but does not separately date a semantic change on this edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "paparazzi-route", "text": "English paparazzo is borrowed from Italian paparazzo, the name of a photographer character in Fellini's La dolce vita.", "sourceId": "batch11-paparazzo-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch11-paparazzo-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." }, { "id": "paparazzi-sense", "text": "English paparazzi refers to freelance celebrity photographers, with the Italian plural often treated as an English singular or plural form.", "sourceId": "batch11-paparazzo-wiktionary", "locator": "Entry — inspected etymology or definition passage", "passageIds": [ "batch11-paparazzo-wiktionary-entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Directly supported by the inspected passage." }, "inference": "The journey is limited to the inspected passage and does not promote an omitted or uncertain route to fact." } ], "limitations": "The journey preserves the Italian singular source and the English reanalysis of the plural form.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "paparazzi-photographers", "label": "The paparazzi photographers", "definition": "Freelance photographers who pursue celebrities for photographs.", "stage": "english", "claimIds": [ "paparazzi-sense" ], "stageId": "paparazzi-english" } ], "defaultSense": "paparazzi-photographers" }, { "id": "caliph", "word": "caliph", "language": "English", "sense": "The caliph title", "category": "Corpus One · Batch 01 · Slice 1", "aliases": [ "خَلِيفَة", "خَلِيف", "khalīfa", "calipha", "caliphe", "caliph" ], "summary": "Caliph is an English title descended through European written forms from Arabic khalīfa, a noun meaning successor, deputy, or substitute. The word’s notable change is specialization from that wider relation to a political-religious title.", "intro": "Arabic khalīfa belongs to the root khalafa, “succeed,” and can denote a successor, deputy, or substitute; it also became the title for a successor of the Prophet. Written forms then pass through Medieval Latin califa, Old French caliphe, and Middle English spellings into modern caliph. This route tracks the word, not the territorial history of the caliphates.", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched", "caliph-arabic-lexicon", "caliph-english-date", "caliph-english-reading" ], "status": "published", "review": { "checkedBy": "agent", "checkedAt": "2026-09-20", "humanReviewed": false }, "enrichment": { "status": "complete", "difficulty": "R2", "standard": "Corpus One — Encyclopedic Enrichment Standard", "standardVersion": "2.0", "completedAt": "2026-09-21" }, "defaultStage": "caliph-english", "narrativeOrder": [ "caliph-arabic", "caliph-latin", "caliph-french", "caliph-middle-english", "caliph-english" ], "nodes": [ { "id": "caliph-arabic", "etymologyId": "ar-caliph-arabic", "form": "خَلِيفَة / خَلِيف", "language": "Arabic", "languageCode": "ar", "transliteration": "khalīfa / khalīf", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "caliph-arabic-lexicon", "caliph-arabic-reading" ], "sense": "successor, deputy; a caliph", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 610, "end": 632, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 610–632 · Qur'anic contextual period", "note": "Early Qur'anic occurrences provide contextual evidence for the root and khalīfa sense; this does not establish the first political-title use or a single date for the noun’s full history.", "claimIds": [ "caliph-arabic-context" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "id": "geo-arabic", "label": "Arabian Peninsula · Arabic reference region", "coordinates": [ 43.8525, 27.9625 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point, not a word origin or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "caliph-arabic-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "caliph-arabic-lexicon", "caliph-arabic-reading", "caliph-arabic-context", "caliph-arabic-geo" ], "explanation": "Arabic khalīfa is morphologically related to “succeed” and can mean successor, deputy, or substitute. Its use as the successor-of-the-Prophet title specializes that broader relation.", "direction": "rtl", "script": "Arabic", "pronunciation": { "guide": "kha-LEE-fa", "ipa": "/xaˈliːfa/", "status": "verified", "note": "Modern Standard Arabic-style reading; not a claim about every early Arabic dialect.", "claimIds": [ "caliph-arabic-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "caliph-arabic-lexicon" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-arabic-lexicon", "caliph-arabic-reading", "caliph-arabic-context", "caliph-arabic-geo" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-arabic-lexicon", "caliph-arabic-reading", "caliph-arabic-context", "caliph-arabic-geo" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-arabic-lexicon", "caliph-arabic-reading", "caliph-arabic-context", "caliph-arabic-geo" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-arabic-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-arabic-lexicon", "caliph-arabic-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but they do not supply a secure dated witness for this stage’s displayed form.", "claimIds": [ "caliph-arabic-context" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-arabic-context" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-arabic-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-arabic-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-arabic-lexicon", "caliph-arabic-reading", "caliph-arabic-context", "caliph-arabic-geo" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-arabic-lexicon", "caliph-arabic-reading", "caliph-arabic-context", "caliph-arabic-geo" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched" ] } } }, { "id": "caliph-latin", "etymologyId": "la-caliph-latin", "form": "califa", "language": "Medieval Latin", "languageCode": "la", "transliteration": "califa", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched" ], "sense": "a caliph", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "historical-context", "start": 1100, "end": 1199, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 12th-century transmission context", "note": "The historical route places the Old French form in the twelfth century; the Medieval Latin stage is shown as mediation rather than assigned an independent first attestation.", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "id": "geo-medieval-latin", "label": "Rome · Medieval Latin reference region", "coordinates": [ 12.4502, 41.9026 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point, not a word origin or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "caliph-latin-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched", "caliph-latin-geo" ], "explanation": "Medieval Latin califa is the first displayed European written bridge. It transmits the specialized title form rather than the whole semantic range of Arabic khalīfa.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ka-LEE-fa", "ipa": "/kaˈliːfa/", "status": "verified", "note": "Conventional scholarly reading of the Latin spelling; not a directly attested performance.", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched", "caliph-latin-geo" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched", "caliph-latin-geo" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched", "caliph-latin-geo" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but they do not supply a secure dated witness for this stage’s displayed form.", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-latin-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-latin-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched", "caliph-latin-geo" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched", "caliph-latin-geo" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched" ] } } }, { "id": "caliph-french", "etymologyId": "fro-caliph-french", "form": "caliphe", "language": "Old French", "languageCode": "fro", "transliteration": "caliphe", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched" ], "sense": "a caliph", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1100, "end": 1199, "approximate": true, "label": "c. 12th century · Old French route", "note": "The inspected historical etymology dates Old French caliphe to the twelfth century; the label is a period bound, not a surviving quotation date.", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "id": "geo-old-french", "label": "Northern France · Old French reference region", "coordinates": [ 1.11, 48.8 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point, not a word origin or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "caliph-french-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched", "caliph-french-geo" ], "explanation": "Old French caliphe continues the written European mediation of the title. The route is lexical and documentary, not a map of political rule.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ka-LEE-feh", "ipa": "/kaˈli.fə/", "status": "verified", "note": "Conventional historical reading; exact Old French realization is not recovered from the inspected lexical sources.", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched", "caliph-french-geo" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched", "caliph-french-geo" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched", "caliph-french-geo" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but they do not supply a secure dated witness for this stage’s displayed form.", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-french-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-french-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched", "caliph-french-geo" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched", "caliph-french-geo" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched" ] } } }, { "id": "caliph-middle-english", "etymologyId": "enm-caliph-middle-english", "form": "calife / caliphe", "language": "Middle English", "languageCode": "enm", "transliteration": "calife / caliphe", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched" ], "sense": "a caliph", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "historical-period", "basis": "textual-period", "start": 1350, "end": 1399, "approximate": true, "label": "c. late 14th century · English route context", "note": "The historical entry places the English word in the late fourteenth century; the spelling stage is represented as a Middle English transmission form.", "claimIds": [ "caliph-english-date" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "id": "geo-middle-english", "label": "England · Middle English reference region", "coordinates": [ -1.11, 51.65 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point, not a word origin or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "caliph-middle-english-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched", "caliph-english-date", "caliph-middle-english-geo" ], "explanation": "Late-fourteenth-century Middle English spellings carry the Old French title into English written use.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "ka-LEE-feh", "ipa": "/kaˈliːfə/", "status": "verified", "note": "Conventional historical reading for the spelling; the inspected sources do not provide a recorded audio or phonetic witness.", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched", "caliph-english-date", "caliph-middle-english-geo" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched", "caliph-english-date", "caliph-middle-english-geo" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched", "caliph-english-date", "caliph-middle-english-geo" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "RESEARCHED_UNRESOLVED", "label": "No secure word-specific date", "note": "Historical and lexical sources were checked, but they do not supply a secure dated witness for this stage’s displayed form.", "claimIds": [ "caliph-english-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-english-date" ] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-middle-english-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-middle-english-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched", "caliph-english-date", "caliph-middle-english-geo" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched", "caliph-english-date", "caliph-middle-english-geo" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched" ] } } }, { "id": "caliph-english", "etymologyId": "en-caliph-english", "form": "caliph", "language": "English", "languageCode": "en", "transliteration": "caliph", "transliterationClaimIds": [ "caliph-english-reading" ], "sense": "a Muslim ruler’s title", "formStatus": "attested", "date": { "kind": "documented-use", "start": 1375, "end": 1399, "label": "late 14th century · English use", "approximate": true, "note": "Historical dictionary chronology gives a late-fourteenth-century English use; the range is approximate and not an exact first quotation.", "claimIds": [ "caliph-english-date" ] }, "location": { "kind": "reference", "id": "geo-english", "label": "Britain · English reference region", "coordinates": [ -1, 53 ], "qualifier": "Glottolog language reference point, not a word origin or historical border.", "claimIds": [ "caliph-english-geo" ] }, "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched", "caliph-english-date", "caliph-english-reading", "caliph-english-geo" ], "explanation": "Modern English caliph regularizes the older English spellings and keeps the political-religious title sense linked to succession or deputyship.", "direction": "ltr", "script": "Latin", "pronunciation": { "guide": "KAY-lif", "ipa": "/ˈkeɪlɪf/", "status": "verified", "note": "Oxford’s contemporary English pronunciation; not a reconstruction of late Middle English.", "claimIds": [ "caliph-english-reading" ] }, "wordClass": { "label": "noun", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched", "caliph-english-reading" ] }, "research": { "lexicalForm": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched", "caliph-english-date", "caliph-english-reading", "caliph-english-geo" ] }, "language": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched", "caliph-english-date", "caliph-english-reading", "caliph-english-geo" ] }, "script": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched", "caliph-english-date", "caliph-english-reading", "caliph-english-geo" ] }, "pronunciationReading": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-english-reading" ] }, "transliteration": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-english-reading" ] }, "lexicalDate": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-english-date" ] }, "contextualDate": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] }, "geographicLocation": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-english-geo" ] }, "geographicEvidenceType": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-english-geo" ] }, "sense": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched", "caliph-english-date", "caliph-english-reading", "caliph-english-geo" ] }, "claimProvenance": { "status": "VERIFIED", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched", "caliph-english-date", "caliph-english-reading", "caliph-english-geo" ] }, "relationshipToNextStage": { "status": "NOT_APPLICABLE", "claimIds": [] } } } ], "relations": [ { "id": "caliph-link-arabic-latin", "from": "caliph-arabic", "to": "caliph-latin", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Medieval Latin califa borrows the already specialized Arabic title khalīfa. The step transmits a written title form, not every ordinary Arabic successor or deputy use.", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "Specialization occurs in the Arabic title tradition before or through transmission; the retained source does not date a separate semantic shift at the Latin borrowing edge.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [], "context": { "stageId": "caliph-latin", "label": "Why succession matters to the title", "summary": [ "Arabic: successor, deputy, substitute", "Specialized use: successor-of-the-Prophet title", "European route: written title forms" ], "explanation": "The political and religious setting matters because it explains the title’s specialization. It is not used to turn the seventh-century scriptural context into a first attestation for every later form.", "claimIds": [ "caliph-arabic-lexicon", "caliph-arabic-context", "caliph-route-enriched" ] } } }, { "id": "caliph-link-latin-french", "from": "caliph-latin", "to": "caliph-french", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Old French caliphe borrows the title through Medieval Latin califa, continuing the European written chain.", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The specialized title referent is carried forward; no independently dated semantic change is established for this transfer.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "caliph-link-french-middle-english", "from": "caliph-french", "to": "caliph-middle-english", "type": "borrowing", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Middle English receives the title through Old French caliphe. The late-fourteenth-century record dates English use rather than the political institution.", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "The title sense remains stable through the French-to-English borrowing; spelling variation does not itself imply a new meaning.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } }, { "id": "caliph-link-middle-english-english", "from": "caliph-middle-english", "to": "caliph-english", "type": "derivation", "certainty": "documented", "note": "Modern English caliph develops from the older English spellings by regularization within the same lexical line.", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched", "caliph-english-date" ], "tree": true, "semantic": { "type": "uncertain", "explanation": "This derivational stage continues the title sense; it is not another cross-language borrowing or a newly dated specialization.", "added": [], "removed": [], "associations": [], "claimIds": [] } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "caliph-route-enriched", "text": "The route is Arabic خَلِيفَة / خَلِيف through Medieval Latin califa and Old French caliphe into Middle and Modern English caliph; European mediation is shown as a documented route, not a direct Arabic-to-English jump.", "sourceId": "enrichment-01-caliph-etymonline", "locator": "caliph — etymology and history", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Supported by the inspected passage at the stated scope." }, "inference": "The historical etymology supplies the full written Arabic–Latin–French–English route, so Lexography avoids a false direct Arabic-to-English jump." }, { "id": "caliph-arabic-lexicon", "text": "Lane defines خَلِيفَة as successor, deputy or substitute and explains its title use for the successor of the Prophet; it also notes خَلِيف as the older form without ة.", "sourceId": "enrichment-01-caliph-lane", "locator": "Full Definition", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Supported by the inspected passage at the stated scope." }, "inference": "Lane’s broader successor/deputy/substitute senses and title use together establish the semantic specialization that makes the later title intelligible." }, { "id": "caliph-arabic-reading", "text": "The Arabic reading is conventionally rendered khalīfa, approximately kha-LEE-fa; the transliteration does not reconstruct every historical dialect pronunciation.", "sourceId": "enrichment-01-caliph-lane", "locator": "Full Definition", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports the bounded claim but does not establish a stronger or more precise history." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source scope and does not infer more than the passage establishes." }, { "id": "caliph-arabic-context", "text": "Quranic Arabic evidence records khalīfa in the sense of vicegerent or successor in early Islamic scripture; this contextual period does not date the later political title in every use.", "sourceId": "quranic-arabic-corpus", "locator": "Quran Dictionary, root x-l-f", "passageIds": [ "xlf" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports the bounded claim but does not establish a stronger or more precise history." }, "inference": "The scriptural uses corroborate the successor or vicegerent semantic field, but their period remains context rather than a universal lexical date for the political title." }, { "id": "caliph-english-date", "text": "The English word is placed in the late fourteenth century by the inspected historical etymology.", "sourceId": "enrichment-01-caliph-etymonline", "locator": "caliph — etymology and history", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Supported by the inspected passage at the stated scope." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source scope and does not infer more than the passage establishes." }, { "id": "caliph-english-reading", "text": "Oxford gives the English pronunciation /ˈkeɪlɪf/.", "sourceId": "enrichment-01-caliph-oxford", "locator": "Definition, pronunciation and Word Origin", "passageIds": [ "entry" ], "qualification": { "status": "source-supported", "text": "Supported by the inspected passage at the stated scope." }, "inference": "Lexography retains the source scope and does not infer more than the passage establishes." }, { "id": "caliph-arabic-geo", "text": "Arabic is represented with the existing Glottolog Arabian Peninsula reference point.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1318; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1318" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports the bounded claim but does not establish a stronger or more precise history." }, "inference": "The point orients the language and is not a word-origin claim." }, { "id": "caliph-latin-geo", "text": "Medieval Latin is represented with the existing Glottolog Latin reference point.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row medi1250; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "medi1250" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports the bounded claim but does not establish a stronger or more precise history." }, "inference": "The point orients the language and is not a word-origin claim." }, { "id": "caliph-french-geo", "text": "Old French is represented with the existing Glottolog Old French reference point.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row oldf1239; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "oldf1239" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports the bounded claim but does not establish a stronger or more precise history." }, "inference": "The point orients the language and is not a word-origin claim." }, { "id": "caliph-middle-english-geo", "text": "Middle English is represented with the existing Glottolog Middle English reference point.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row midd1317; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "midd1317" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports the bounded claim but does not establish a stronger or more precise history." }, "inference": "The point orients the language and is not a word-origin claim." }, { "id": "caliph-english-geo", "text": "English is represented with the existing Glottolog English reference point.", "sourceId": "glottolog", "locator": "LanguageTable row stan1293; Name, Latitude, Longitude", "passageIds": [ "stan1293" ], "qualification": { "status": "qualified", "text": "The source supports the bounded claim but does not establish a stronger or more precise history." }, "inference": "The point orients the language and is not a word-origin claim." } ], "limitations": "The Arabic stage retains both successor/deputy senses. The 7th-century Quranic period is contextual evidence, while the late-fourteenth-century English date is a historical lexical period; neither is a complete political chronology of the caliphate.", "partOfSpeech": "noun", "senses": [ { "id": "caliph-title", "label": "The caliph title", "definition": "A title for a Muslim ruler historically understood through succession or deputyship. The title specializes the wider Arabic sense of a successor, deputy, or substitute; European languages then transmit the specialized title rather than the full range of the Arabic common noun.", "stageId": "caliph-english", "claimIds": [ "caliph-route-enriched" ] } ], "defaultSense": "caliph-title" } ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "attribution": "Adapted from English Wiktionary contributors, with selected Glottolog CC BY 4.0 reference coordinates. Per-claim sources and revisions are retained. Linked third-party source publications retain their own terms. Editorial adaptation for Lexography by Mark Anil Mathew; source-checked by an agent.", "generatedAt": "2026-09-20T00:00:00Z" }