The interactive controls need JavaScript. This complete reading remains available.
नारङ्ग · Sanskrit
noun · Sanskrit
Reading: naa-rang-ga
The orange tree. Sanskrit नारङ्ग (nāraṅga) is a masculine orange-tree noun. The displayed period is an upper bound inferred from the later French fruit-name evidence, not a dated first occurrence.
By c. 1200 — A conservative latest-possible bound inferred from the cited borrowing account and a later written example. It is not a first attestation, a start date or a date of oral transfer.
Sanskrit reference region — A Glottolog language reference point, not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border.
The fruit word is traced through Anglo-French, Old Occitan auranja, Arabic nāranj and Persian nārang to Sanskrit nāraṅga, an orange-tree name. Word History > Etymology
Sanskrit नारङ्ग (nāraṅga) is a masculine orange-tree noun. Sanskrit > Noun
Persian نارنگ (nārang) names the bitter orange, comes from Sanskrit nāraṅga, and supplies Arabic nāranj. Persian > Etymology 1; Noun; Descendants
A French fruit-name compound is reported around 1200. Under the selected earlier borrowing account, its antecedent fruit vocabulary must already have existed. Étymologie et histoire 1.a, pume orenge c. 1200; compare the attached borrowing-chain claim
The selected dictionary reading is /n̪ɑː.ɾɐŋ.ɡɐ/. Sanskrit > Pronunciation
The map uses the Sanskrit reference coordinate. LanguageTable row sans1269
نارنگ · Persian
noun · Persian
Reading: naa-RANG
The bitter orange. Persian نارنگ (nārang) names the bitter orange, comes from Sanskrit nāraṅga, and supplies Arabic nāranj. The displayed period is an upper bound inferred from the later French fruit-name evidence, not a dated first occurrence.
By c. 1200 — A conservative latest-possible bound inferred from the cited borrowing account and a later written example. It is not a first attestation, a start date or a date of oral transfer.
Persian reference region — A Glottolog language reference point, not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border. This modern Persian point does not map the full historical language.
The fruit word is traced through Anglo-French, Old Occitan auranja, Arabic nāranj and Persian nārang to Sanskrit nāraṅga, an orange-tree name. Word History > Etymology
Persian نارنگ (nārang) names the bitter orange, comes from Sanskrit nāraṅga, and supplies Arabic nāranj. Persian > Etymology 1; Noun; Descendants
Arabic نَارَنْج (nāranj) is a masculine bitter-orange noun borrowed from Persian nārang. Arabic > Etymology; Noun
A French fruit-name compound is reported around 1200. Under the selected earlier borrowing account, its antecedent fruit vocabulary must already have existed. Étymologie et histoire 1.a, pume orenge c. 1200; compare the attached borrowing-chain claim
The selected dictionary reading is /naː.ˈranɡ/. Persian > Pronunciation, Classical Persian
The map uses the Western Farsi reference coordinate. LanguageTable row west2369
نَارَنْج · Arabic
noun · Arabic
Reading: naa-ranj
The bitter orange. Arabic نَارَنْج (nāranj) is a masculine bitter-orange noun borrowed from Persian nārang. The displayed period is an upper bound inferred from the later French fruit-name evidence, not a dated first occurrence.
By c. 1200 — A conservative latest-possible bound inferred from the cited borrowing account and a later written example. It is not a first attestation, a start date or a date of oral transfer.
Arabic reference region — A Glottolog language reference point, not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border.
The fruit word is traced through Anglo-French, Old Occitan auranja, Arabic nāranj and Persian nārang to Sanskrit nāraṅga, an orange-tree name. Word History > Etymology
Arabic نَارَنْج (nāranj) is a masculine bitter-orange noun borrowed from Persian nārang. Arabic > Etymology; Noun
Old Occitan auranja is a feminine fruit noun traced ultimately to Arabic; Old French orenge is listed among its descendants. Old Occitan > Etymology; Noun; Descendants; FEW 19, p. 138
A French fruit-name compound is reported around 1200. Under the selected earlier borrowing account, its antecedent fruit vocabulary must already have existed. Étymologie et histoire 1.a, pume orenge c. 1200; compare the attached borrowing-chain claim
The selected dictionary reading is /naː.rand͡ʒ/. Arabic > Pronunciation
The map uses the Standard Arabic reference coordinate. LanguageTable row stan1318
auranja · Old Occitan
noun · Old Occitan
Reading: Reading not yet researched
The orange fruit. Old Occitan auranja is a feminine fruit noun traced ultimately to Arabic; Old French orenge is listed among its descendants. The displayed period is an upper bound inferred from the later French fruit-name evidence, not a dated first occurrence.
By c. 1200 — A conservative latest-possible bound inferred from the cited borrowing account and a later written example. It is not a first attestation, a start date or a date of oral transfer.
Old Occitan reference region — A Glottolog language reference point, not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border.
The fruit word is traced through Anglo-French, Old Occitan auranja, Arabic nāranj and Persian nārang to Sanskrit nāraṅga, an orange-tree name. Word History > Etymology
Old Occitan auranja is a feminine fruit noun traced ultimately to Arabic; Old French orenge is listed among its descendants. Old Occitan > Etymology; Noun; Descendants; FEW 19, p. 138
A French fruit-name compound is reported around 1200. Under the selected earlier borrowing account, its antecedent fruit vocabulary must already have existed. Étymologie et histoire 1.a, pume orenge c. 1200; compare the attached borrowing-chain claim
The map uses the Old Provençal reference coordinate. LanguageTable row oldp1253
orenge · Old French
noun · Old French
Reading: Reading not yet researched
The orange fruit. The orange fruit. Medieval examples include pume orenge around 1200, pomme d’orenge in 1314, and shortened orenge around 1393. The earlier bitter-orange name later covers the sweet fruit; dictionaries differ over Occitan and Italian mediation.
c. 1200–1400 — Approximate textual period. This period covers medieval French fruit-name expressions and their shortened form. The earliest example is an Anglo-Norman phrase; the later examples extend into Middle French. It does not attest standalone Old French orenge in 1200.
Old French reference region — Approximate Glottolog language reference point. Not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border.
orenge (orenge), Old French: The orange fruit. This pilot begins with the French fruit word, not the unrelated place-name history. English > Etymology, prose account
orenge → orenge: borrowing. The source identifies this connection. English > Etymology, prose account
Old French orenge is the orange fruit; the entry analyzes it as an ellipsis of pomme d’orenge. Old French > Etymology; Noun
orenge: c. 1200–1400 — textual period. ORANGE > Étymologie et histoire 1.a; Neckam, Mondeville, Ménagier de Paris
orenge is classified as noun for this Old French stage. Old French > Etymology; Noun
The fruit word is traced through Anglo-French, Old Occitan auranja, Arabic nāranj and Persian nārang to Sanskrit nāraṅga, an orange-tree name. Word History > Etymology
Old Occitan auranja is a feminine fruit noun traced ultimately to Arabic; Old French orenge is listed among its descendants. Old Occitan > Etymology; Noun; Descendants; FEW 19, p. 138
The medieval French name originally concerned bitter oranges; the name was later applied to the sweet-orange fruit. Étymologie et histoire 1.a, final discussion of bitter and sweet oranges
TLFi discusses the French compound as a possible calque of an Old Italian apple-and-orange expression, whose fruit element comes from Arabic. Étymologie et histoire > pome d’orenge, Italian melarancio and arancio
Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point oldf1239. LanguageTable row oldf1239; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).
orenge · Middle English
noun · Middle English
Reading: aw-REN-juh
The orange fruit. The citrus fruit, and occasionally its tree. The entry lists several spellings and includes Middle French mediation, so the displayed French-to-English connection summarizes a longer account.
Late 14th century — Wiktionary dates the fruit sense to the late 14th century. The last-quarter interval is an editorial visualization convention.
Middle English reference region — Approximate Glottolog language reference point. Not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border.
orenge (orenge), Middle English: The orange fruit. English took the fruit word from French. English > Etymology, prose account; English noun/verb definitions for the displayed sense
orenge → orenge: borrowing. The source identifies this connection. English > Etymology, prose account
orenge → orange: inheritance. The source identifies this connection. English > Etymology, prose account
Middle English orenge: Late 14th century. Wiktionary dates the fruit sense to the late 14th century. The last-quarter interval is an editorial visualization convention. English > Etymology, dating statement
Middle English orenge names the fruit and, rarely, the tree; its entry includes Middle French in the borrowing account. Middle English > Etymology; Noun
The selected reading of orenge is /ɔˈrɛnd͡ʒ(ə)/ (Middle English, one dictionary reconstruction). Middle English > Pronunciation
orenge is classified as noun for this Middle English stage. Middle English > Etymology; Noun
Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point midd1317. LanguageTable row midd1317; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).
orange · English
noun · English
Reading: OR-inj
The citrus fruit. The citrus fruit, and also its tree. The fruit supplies the model for the English color name, while continuing as a living sense in its own right.
c. 1500–now — Approximate language period. This is the conventional Modern English period for a continuing sense already represented in Middle English. It does not date the first occurrence of the modern spelling, or every later sense.
English reference region / Britain — Approximate Glottolog language reference point. Not a word origin, borrowing location or historical border.
orange (orange), English: The citrus fruit. The fruit sense and the color sense are kept as separate stages. English > Etymology, prose account; English noun/verb definitions for the displayed sense
orenge → orange: inheritance. The source identifies this connection. English > Etymology, prose account
orange → orange: semantic-change. The source identifies this connection. English > Etymology, prose account
A round citrus fruit with a fragrant peel and juicy segments, commonly sweet or sour-sweet. The same word also names the tree that bears it. English > Noun
The selected reading of orange is /ˈɒɹɪnd͡ʒ/ (Present-day British English). English > Pronunciation
orange: c. 1500–now — language period. modern English > definition
orange is classified as noun for this English stage. English > Noun
Regional orientation uses Glottolog’s reference point stan1293. LanguageTable row stan1293; Latitude, Longitude (rounded where needed).
orange · English
noun · English
Reading: OR-inj
A color between red and yellow. A colour between red and yellow, named by reference to the fruit. The two senses coexist. The reported 1510 colour date has not been checked against its original citation; Merriam-Webster’s 1532 date concerns a different fruit sense.
1510 (one account) — A reported dictionary date, not an independently inspected original citation. Merriam-Webster’s 1532 date concerns a different noun sense.
Location not yet researched — No location verified for this particular stage.
orange (orange), English: A color between red and yellow. The color term develops from the name of the fruit. English > Etymology, prose account; English noun/verb definitions for the displayed sense
orange → orange: semantic-change. The source identifies this connection. English > Etymology, prose account
Wiktionary reports English orange as a colour name in 1510. English > Etymology, dating statement
Merriam-Webster links its 1532 noun date to sense 2, for other orange-like trees or fruits, not to its colour sense 3. Noun senses 2–3; Word History > First Known Use
A round citrus fruit with a fragrant peel and juicy segments, commonly sweet or sour-sweet. The same word also names the tree that bears it. English > Noun
The selected reading of orange is /ˈɒɹɪnd͡ʒ/ (Present-day British English). English > Pronunciation
A color between red and yellow, named after the citrus fruit. The color name and the fruit name remain separate, living senses of the same word. English > Noun, color sense; Etymology
orange is classified as noun for this English stage. English > Noun, color sense; Etymology